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1003481444347778956	This Is Us (season 1)	This is Us ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia This is Us ( season 1 ) This Is Us ( season 1 ) DVD cover Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of This Is Us episodes The first season of the American television series This Is Us follows the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday and the ways in which they are similar and different . The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave . Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Fogelman and Don Todd serving as showrunners . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones . The season , which premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 , and ran until March 14 , 2017 , over 18 episodes , received generally positive reviews from critics . It was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten television programs of 2016 , and received ten nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , as well as receiving nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series . The series was renewed for a second and third season on January 18 , 2017 . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Broadcast 6 References Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Recurring ( edit ) Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson Eris Baker as Tess Pearson Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette Denis O'Hare as Jessie Adam Bartley as Duke Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie Amanda Leighton as teenage Sophie Sophia Coto as young Sophie Jill Johnson as Laurie Caitlin Thompson as Madison Guest ( edit ) Alan Thicke as himself Katie Couric as herself Brad Garrett as Wes Manning Katey Sagal as Lanie Schulz Jami Gertz as Marin Rosenthal Seth Meyers as himself Jimmi Simpson as Andy Fannan Elizabeth Perkins as Janet Malone Mario Lopez as himself Wynn Everett as Shelly Ron Howard as himself Susan Blakely as Anne Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1AZC01 10.07 The intertitle references a Wikipedia - sourced statistic about how many people share the same birthdays . In 1980 , Jack Pearson was celebrating his 36th birthday when his wife Rebecca went into labor with their triplets . In the present , personal assistant Kate celebrates her 36th birthday by recommitting to lose weight , and befriends Toby at a support group . Her brother Kevin is an actor famous for starring on the sitcom The Manny ; on his 36th birthday states his dissatisfaction with his role and abruptly quits in front of a live audience . Successful Black businessman Randall , on his 36th birthday , finds and confronts the father , William , who abandoned him at a fire station on the day he was born ; Randall then invites William to his house . In 1980 , Rebecca lost one of the triplets during birth . Kevin and Kate were the surviving pair ; Randall -- brought to the same hospital by a fireman -- was their adopted brother . `` The Big Three '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1AZC02 8.75 Rebecca and Jack ( in flashbacks ) are having marital issues . In the present , Randall 's wife , Beth , has suspicions about his biological father 's motives . Toby and Kate start getting closer . At a party , Kevin is told he is contractually obligated to stay on his sitcom two more years . Kate and Toby dance at the party , despite people 's laughter . Kevin tries to turn to Randall for advice ; they are shown to have had a strained relationship since childhood . Kevin decides to leave the sitcom anyway , and do theater in New York . Rebecca is remarried to Jack 's best friend , Miguel . `` Kyle '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1AZC03 9.87 In flashbacks , Randall 's name was initially going to be Kyle . His biological father , William ( nicknamed `` Shakespeare '' ) , met his birth mother on a bus ride where they bonded over poetry , but at some point they developed substance abuse problems . William is shown on the bus as he takes his newborn son to the fire station . Rebecca is not able to bond well with `` Kyle '' , and Jack eventually admits he can not either . Rebecca prevents William from seeing his son , but renames him Randall after William 's favorite poet , Dudley Randall . In the present , Randall 's daughters do not know who William really is . After Rebecca scolds him at Randall 's home , he leaves -- Randall then scolds him even harder . Kevin is serious about moving to New York and wants to bring Kate with him , and encourages her to showcase her singing abilities , about which she is uncomfortable . Toby makes grand gestures for Kate , but feels she gives precedence to Kevin . William 's cancer is terminal . Kevin fires Kate out of love . Toby and Kate have sex . `` The Pool '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1AZC04 9.71 In flashbacks , the Pearsons go to the pool , but have setbacks : Kevin almost drowns while his parents attend to Randall and Kate ; Kate is ostracized for being overweight by her classmates ; and while Randall befriends other Black children , Rebecca takes it especially hard when one mother suggests some grooming tips for her Black son . In the present , while Kevin is determined to land a serious role on Broadway , even his nieces will not let him forget The Manny . William is wrongly accused of loitering in Randall 's affluent neighborhood and is annoyed when Randall does not defend him . Toby runs into his ex-wife while on a date with Kate . Kevin does poorly in his audition , but Olivia , his Tony - nominated scene partner , begrudgingly tells him he got the role because of his fame from The Manny . In a flashback , Kevin is shown to have been insecure since childhood , which may have led him to acting . Kate gets a job from Toby 's ex-wife , Josie , who Toby warns is not the angel she seems to be ; in fact , her affairs led to his weight gain and caused him to contemplate suicide . Kevin temporarily moves in with Randall . 5 5 `` The Game Plan '' George Tillman Joe Lawson October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1AZC05 8.68 In flashbacks , the Pittsburgh Steelers are winning Super Bowl XIV , but Jack and Rebecca are fighting about not having children . Jack punches a guy who tells him to have his wife be quiet . Kevin and Kate are conceived that night . Miguel and his wife are present at the time . Beth Pearson believes she may be pregnant again , but it turns out she is not . In the present , William reveals to Kevin he is a big fan of The Manny , and helps Kevin realize he should stop doubting himself . Kevin believes he moved to New York out of fear and uses the play to teach a life lesson to his nieces ; he also has a penchant for painting like Jackson Pollock . Kate acts weird about watching a Steelers game and has to tell Toby why football games are personal for her . It is then confirmed that Jack died at some point . 6 6 `` Career Days '' Craig Zisk Bekah Brunstetter November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1AZC06 8.48 Randall trades commodities for businesses based on weather futures , a job no one seems to understand , and he tries unsuccessfully to explain that on Career Day . Flashbacks reveal that Randall has been extraordinarily intelligent since he was a child , which got him transferred to an elite private school . Kate starts a new job as a personal assistant for Marin ( Jami Gertz ) and has to deal with Marin 's bratty overweight teenage daughter , Jemma , who is sure her mother hired Kate over the other candidates as a way to get through to her . Kate reveals she no longer talks to her mom , Rebecca . Olivia has unorthodox methods of teaching Kevin how to deal with grief . Randall decides he wants to take piano lessons , but not from William . 7 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World '' Silas Howard K.J. Steinberg November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 1AZC07 9.50 In flashbacks , teenage Kevin and Randall are bickering harder than ever . Kevin moves out of their room and into the basement and wants Randall to stay away . Tensions surface at a football game , where the two ( on opposing teams ) get in a fight . In the present , Kevin and Randall go out to dinner by themselves when Rebecca and Miguel have to cancel . It appears Kevin purposely sat them at a large table with other people so that they would not have to be alone , but he abruptly leaves when he finds out Randall has never actually seen The Manny . Randall and Kevin fight on the street , but Kevin tells onlookers they are brothers . Kate is trying hard to lose weight , but with disappointing results ; meanwhile , Toby is hitting his weight - loss goals without trying and wants to abandon the diet altogether . Beth and William eat marijuana brownies together and he accidentally reveals to her that he has known Rebecca since Randall was a baby . Ironically , Beth moves Kevin 's stuff to the basement . 8 8 `` Pilgrim Rick '' Sarah Pia Anderson Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 1AZC08 9.00 In the past , the Pearsons are going on a six - hour road trip to Rebecca 's parents ' house for Thanksgiving , but they get into a car accident and abandon the dinner completely , staying at a motel . Present - day Kate takes a break from Toby before Thanksgiving , saying she needs to get a handle on her weight and her life . Kevin invites Olivia to come celebrate Thanksgiving at Randall 's house . Beth gives Rebecca an ultimatum , since she had already had 36 years to tell Randall the truth , but he finds out before Rebecca can tell him . William advises Olivia to be kinder to Kevin while she has the chance . Kevin allows Miguel to participate in a Pearson Thanksgiving tradition . A distraught Randall confronts his mother about her knowledge of his biological father at dinner . As he leaves , Kate announces a life - changing decision having experienced a disastrous flight . 9 9 `` The Trip '' Uta Briesewitz Vera Herbert November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 1AZC09 10.53 Randall is unbearably devastated by his mother 's lies and betrayal . He , Kate , and Kevin make a trip to their family cabin ; Olivia tags along with two uninvited guests : Asher , her ex-boyfriend , and Sloane , her playwright . Olivia makes a rude comment to Kate , driving a wedge between the twins . In flashbacks , child Randall thinks he can find his birth parents by the genetic trait of tongue rolling . Rebecca never tells Jack that she knows about Randall 's parents . Adult Randall inadvertently ingests a hallucinogen , and has a vision of Jack at the cabin . Though `` Vision Jack '' is shocked Rebecca lied , he tells Randall to understand his mother 's point of view . Kate still wants to be friends with Toby , but he would rather not . Kevin does not like how Olivia and Asher are behaving and kicks them out , ending his relationship with her . He later ends up sleeping with Sloane . Randall tells his mother he will not speak to her again until Christmas . 10 10 `` Last Christmas '' Helen Hunt Donald Todd December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1AZC10 10.95 When young Kate develops appendicitis on Christmas Eve , the Pearsons take her to the hospital . There , they run into Dr. K and realize he needs their support after a potentially fatal car crash . In the present , after Olivia abandons the play , Kevin convinces Sloane to take her role . He also celebrates Hanukkah with Sloane 's family , and she joins him at Randall 's Christmas Eve party . Kate consults a doctor with her mother about the life - changing surgery she wants to have . Randall talks his co-worker out of a suicide attempt . William is revealed to be bisexual . Toby comes to Randall 's house to surprise Kate and they get back together , but he later collapses and is sent to the OR . 11 11 `` The Right Thing to Do '' Timothy Busfield Aurin Squire January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 1AZC11 10.48 The cause of Toby 's collapse was diagnosed as cardiac arrhythmia , not a heart attack . Jack and Rebecca ( in flashbacks ) look for a house to fit their growing family , but do not expect to be having triplets . Randall feels William 's time spent with Jesse is taking precious moments away from their family , but is assured it is only to spare everyone eventual pain . William decides to stop his chemotherapy treatments . Kevin and Sloane are doing well -- until Olivia returns . Jack ( in flashbacks ) asks his estranged abusive father for money and buys a house . Kate and Toby discuss marriage . 12 12 `` The Big Day '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1AZC12 9.59 The episode takes place in the lead - up to the triplets ' birth . Rebecca has a mental breakdown and forgets that it is Jack 's birthday . Miguel tries to encourage Jack to celebrate one more birthday before he becomes a father by taking him golfing . Dr. K struggles to accept the death of his wife , who died over a year earlier , including refusing to dispose of her belongings and declining an offer for dinner at a widow 's house . Fireman Joe is struggling with his marriage and he asks a priest for a miracle . William drops Randall off as a newborn at the firehouse . Joe decides to take it first to his wife , who refuses to look after him even though they could not conceive . Joe takes the baby to the hospital and Jack decides to adopt him following the death of one of the triplets . The next day , Dr. K decides to throw away his wife 's belongings and eat dinner at his friend 's house . 13 13 `` Three Sentences '' Chris Koch Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 1AZC13 9.63 When the triplets ' tenth birthday is approaching , instead of keeping the family tradition of celebrating the day as one , Kevin and Kate encourage their parents to throw them separate parties . At the birthday party , Randall only has a handful of classmates show up , while Kevin and Kate have full parties . When Kate 's best friend Sophie arrives , she and Kate 's entire party merge into Kevin 's party , leaving Kate alone and Jack trying to comfort her . In the present day , Randall is trying to bid for a project in Calgary , but is interrupted by William , who recently stopped chemotherapy treatments and is now energetic . Kate 's doctor encourages her to attend a camp instead of having weight loss surgery . After Kevin breaks up with Sloane and Toby drops Kate off at the camp , the two go to a bar together . Following Toby 's advice to pursue the woman he really loves , Kevin tries to reconcile with Sophie , Kate 's best friend from long ago and his childhood love and ex-wife . A mysterious worker at the camp tries to talk to Kate , who is now engaged to Toby , and tries to seduce her . 14 14 `` I Call Marriage '' George Tillman Jr . Kay Oyegun February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 1AZC14 9.57 The time is shown when Miguel and Shelly get divorced and , fearing their marriage will have the same fate , Jack tries to bring excitement to his and Rebecca 's relationship . In the present , Kevin tries to reconcile with his ex-wife Sophie . Toby surprises Kate at the camp she is attending and is met with unkindness . Stress mounts and Randall can not cope . Randall misses a business meeting he planned , fully knowing his daughter 's chess tournament was on the same night , when Beth insists that family come first . 15 15 `` Jack Pearson 's Son '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 1AZC15 9.03 Kate gets kicked out of fat camp and apologizes to Toby . They begin asking questions about each others ' lives to strengthen their relationship , though Kate can not yet answer when asked about how her father died . In the past , Rebecca wants to go on tour with her band but , after finding out that she once dated a member of the band , Jack tells her he does not want her to go . They have a fight and Jack has his first drink in years . Present - day Kevin is about to open his play when Randall calls him and is distressed . Kevin has a flashback to when Randall used to have nervous breakdowns over self - inflicted pressure . Kevin leaves the theater to find and comfort him . 16 16 `` Memphis '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1AZC16 9.35 Randall drives William to Memphis , his hometown . Intermittently , William 's relationship with his mother while growing up is shown , including when she leaves him as a young adult to take care of relatives in Pittsburgh . William is , at the time , playing in a cover band at his cousin 's club . He learns his mother is sick and decides to move to Pittsburgh , where she dies . In the present day , William returns to his old home , then takes Randall to his cousin 's club . Although his cousin is still angry at him for not returning to the band , he forgives him and lets him play . The next morning , William is barely conscious in his bed and transported to the hospital , where doctors tell Randall that he has hours to live . Randall calls William `` Dad '' for the first and last time , then uses Jack 's calming technique to help ease William 's fear of dying . William dies with Randall by his side . 17 17 `` What Now ? '' Wendey Stanzler K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1AZC17 11.15 In flashbacks , Rebecca leaves for her tour . Kate encourages Jack to attend Rebecca 's first show ; after rejecting a colleague 's advances at a happy hour , he sets out driving to the show despite having been drinking . In the present , per William 's wishes , Tess and Annie plan a celebration of his life , while Beth feels left out ; Randall asks her to toast William and she receives a loving postcard William sent from Memphis . Rebecca admits that she kept William a secret because she feared losing Randall ; Randall acknowledges that he and William had the time they needed , and he and Rebecca reaffirm their love . Kevin 's play premieres and the family loves it , though an important critic fails to attend . Randall quits his job over his firm 's apparent disrespect and lack of appreciation , admitting he does n't have a plan . Kevin and Sophie consummate their relationship and Ron Howard offers Kevin a film role after having seen the play . Kate struggles to tell Toby about Jack 's death , saying she is responsible for it . 18 18 `` Moonshadow '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1AZC18 12.84 In 1972 , Jack and Rebecca are set up on blind dates . Jack and a friend take Jack 's life savings to a poker match and win big on the first game , but are then robbed by the host 's enforcers . Rebecca , fighting disillusionment over failed efforts to start a singing career , leaves her blind date early to sing at an open mic night . Jack skips his date , planning to rob the bar that hosted the poker match , but is distracted by Rebecca 's singing . c. 1997 , Jack drives drunk to Cleveland to see Rebecca 's show , where her ex-boyfriend Ben tries to kiss her . Jack finds out and punches him , prompting Rebecca to drive Jack home ; they fight ; Jack apologizes and decides to stay at Miguel 's . In the present , Kate and Toby return to Los Angeles ; she looks at a photo of Rebecca and decides to pursue singing . Sophie sees Kevin off for a meeting with Ron Howard . Randall looks through a photo album of his childhood and tells Beth that he wants to adopt a baby . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Development ( edit ) Dan Fogelman and Don Todd served as the season 's showrunners . Casting ( edit ) In 2015 , Mandy Moore , Milo Ventimiglia , Justin Hartley , Sterling K. Brown , and Ron Cephas Jones were the first to be cast in Dan Fogelman 's pilot . Chrissy Metz was later cast in the pilot , followed by Susan Kelechi Watson . Jon Huertas joined the cast in 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of This Is Us received positive reviews , with critics praising cast performances and series plot . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has an approval rating of 89 % based on 56 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama , This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air . '' On Metacritic , the season has a normalized score of 76 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . TVLine gave the series `` A - '' saying , `` With emotionally resonant dialogue and top - notch performances , This Is Us should fill that Braverman - sized hole in your heart . '' TV Guide placed This Is Us at ninth among the top ten picks for the most anticipated new shows of the 2016 -- 2017 season and called it , `` a well - acted drama about love , life and family . '' This Is Us ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Writing for The Star - Ledger , Vicki Hyman lauded the series and said , `` This Is Us ( from Crazy , Stupid , Love screenwriter Dan Fogelman ) methodically weaves four seemingly disparate stories into a believable and emotional whole through tiny telling details , relateable moments , and conversations and confrontations that are funny , tender or painful , or all three at once . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Jeff Jensen wrote , `` A 21st century thirtysomething for a TV generation that likes a splash of high concept in their shows and is n't afraid of melodrama . '' Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club also reviewed the series positively saying , `` The hour accomplishes what it set out to do . It creates characters so compelling that we compulsively want to tune back in to see them again . '' In a review for The Boston Globe , Matthew Gilbert said , `` The pilot is beautifully shaped , the themes of building your own meaning in life are smart , and the actors already seem to know their characters . '' The Washington Post critic Hank Stuever said , `` While I 'd like to see another few episodes to make sure , there 's something comfortably gooey right away about This Is Us , reminding us once more that amid all the high - functioning detectives , emergency - rescue personnel and secret - agent superheroes covered in cryptic tattoos , there are very few network dramas aimed at viewers who are simply interested in everyday people and how they feel . '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 's TV critic Rob Owen wrote , `` Created and written by Dan Fogelman , This is Us manages the tricky task of telling emotional stories without getting too saccharine . And in each story , the characters are quite relatable . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times also gave the series positive reviews and said , `` The first hour works its way efficiently through an economy - size box of tissues with cleverly turned dialogue and well - inhabited performances . '' The series also received praise from critics at other publications such as USA Today , The Atlantic , The Hollywood Reporter , and The Los Angeles Times . Some were more critical towards the show , Daniel D'Addario of Time wrote , `` The show has promise , but its cynicism in terms of trying to evoke an emotional response is both what viewers will be tuning in for and its least accomplished aspect . If it could work to wring out a real response , not just an easy one , this might be a show worth watching each week . Ben Travers , Chief TV critic of Indiewire , quipped , `` ' It all works out ' seems to be the main takeaway from the pilot , but where things specifically go from here is one whopping question mark . Perhaps if this was an episodic anthology series with new characters flooding in every week and new arcs every season , This Is Us could repeat the mysterious highs of its subjectively mediocre pilot ( depending on how you like that ending ) . '' In a moderate review for Variety , Sonia Saraiya said , `` It 's deceptively difficult to build a surprising and complete story in just 40 minutes with so many characters . Yet This Is Us manages to both craft an intimate series of portraits and stitch them together . But at the same time , waves of cloying sentiment threaten to submerge everything . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) This Is Us was included on multiple Best / Top TV Shows of 2016 lists ; these are listed below in order of rank . No. 1 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette No. 1 TV Insider No. 2 Orlando Sentinel No. 2 Sioux City Journal No. 3 Lincoln Journal Star No. 3 PopSugar No. 3 San Francisco Chronicle No. 4 Newsday No. 4 NPR No. 4 People No. 5 Hidden Remote No. 5 St. Louis Post-Dispatch No. 5 Tulsa World No. 5 TVLine No. 6 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 8 St. Paul Pioneer Press No. 9 Maclean 's No. 9 The Star - Ledger No. 10 TV Guide -- American Film Institute -- Associated Press -- Cleveland Plain Dealer -- CNN -- The Huffington Post -- New York Post -- TheWrap -- Yahoo ! Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 20 , 2016 2.8 / 10 10.07 1.8 4.55 4.6 14.61 `` The Big Three '' September 27 , 2016 2.6 / 9 8.75 1.9 5.12 4.5 13.87 `` Kyle '' October 11 , 2016 2.8 / 9 9.87 1.9 4.95 4.7 14.82 `` The Pool '' October 18 , 2016 2.6 / 9 9.71 2.0 4.86 4.6 14.57 5 `` The Game Plan '' October 25 , 2016 2.4 / 8 8.68 2.1 5.11 4.5 13.83 6 `` Career Days '' November 1 , 2016 2.3 / 7 8.48 2.1 5.09 4.4 13.57 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World '' November 15 , 2016 2.6 / 9 9.50 2.1 5.20 4.7 14.70 8 `` Pilgrim Rick '' November 22 , 2016 2.4 / 9 9.00 2.1 5.46 4.5 14.46 9 `` The Trip '' November 29 , 2016 2.7 / 9 10.56 1.9 4.96 4.6 15.46 10 `` Last Christmas '' December 6 , 2016 2.8 / 9 10.95 2.1 5.45 4.9 16.40 11 `` The Right Thing to Do '' January 10 , 2017 3.0 / 11 10.48 2.0 5.33 5.0 15.81 12 `` The Big Day '' January 17 , 2017 2.6 / 8 9.53 2.5 6.20 5.1 15.80 13 `` Three Sentences '' January 24 , 2017 2.8 / 9 9.63 2.4 6.16 5.2 15.79 14 `` I Call Marriage '' February 7 , 2017 2.6 / 8 9.57 2.4 6.23 5.0 15.80 15 `` Jack Pearson 's Son '' February 14 , 2017 2.4 / 8 9.03 2.4 6.14 4.8 15.17 16 `` Memphis '' February 21 , 2017 2.5 / 8 9.35 2.5 6.35 5.0 15.70 17 `` What Now ? '' March 7 , 2017 3.0 / 10 11.15 2.3 6.04 5.3 17.18 18 `` Moonshadow '' March 14 , 2017 3.4 / 12 12.84 1.9 4.94 5.3 17.77 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 American Film Institute Awards TV Program of the Year This Is Us Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated African - American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards New Series This Is Us Nominated Episodic Drama Vera Herbert ( for `` The Trip '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Broadcast ( edit ) This Is Us premiered on September 20 , 2016 , in the U.S. on NBC . The series premiered on CTV in Canada on September 21 , 2016 , on TVNZ 2 in New Zealand on September 27 , 2016 , and in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 on December 6 , 2016 . The series premiered in Australia on Channel Ten on February 8 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Mandy Moore , Milo Ventimiglia Lead Cast Of Dan Fogelman NBC Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Chrissy Metz Joins Dan Fogelman NBC Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grease Live ' Casts Eve Plumb ; Susan Kelechi Watson Joins Dan Fogelman Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Desantis , Rachel ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` This Is Us stars share family photo from set '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Jon Huertas Joins Dan Fogelman NBC Dramedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' Chicago Fire , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' The Wall , ' ' This Is Us , ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' NCIS , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` THIS IS US : SEASON 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us Review : Yes , Parenthood Fans , It 's Safe to Cry Again '' . TVLine . September 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Our 10 Most Anticipated New TV Shows of . '' Fall 2016 `` '' . TV Guide . September 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` TV review : The gentle genius of ' This is Us ' '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Fall TV reviews : This Is Us , Speechless , Designated Survivor , Pitch , and The Exorcist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` This pilot sets a high bar for the rest of This Is Us '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` This pilot sets a high bar for the rest of This Is Us '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` TV Fall TV Preview 2016 '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuned In : Fall 's best drama pilot : Pittsburgh - set ' This is Us ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' This Is Us ' Is Skillful , Shameless Tear - Jerking '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' This is Us ' is heartfelt ( if sweet - toothed ) family drama '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` This Is Us Is Must - Weep TV '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Fall TV 's hottest pilot hits 4 out of 5 of its marks . Will ' This Is Us ' fill the ' Parenthood ' gap '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` This is Us Knows Exactly What It Is and Who It 's For '' . Time . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Review : Even After All Those Twists , We Do n't Know What ' This ' Is ( Spoilers ) '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' This Is Us ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Best of 2016 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Big Bang ' , ' Designated Survivor ' , lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang ' , ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 -- Honorees '' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld ' , ' This Is Us ' , ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : People v. O.J. , Night Manager , This Is Us , black - ish Lead Early TV Nominees '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Manchester by the Sea ' leads film SAG Award nominations '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This Is Us ' : Everything You Need To Know Before The Premiere '' . hollywoodlife . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Unveils Fall Lineup '' . broadcastermagazine.com . August 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Milo Ventimiglia talks ' This Is Us ' at CTV upfront '' . Ottawa Sun . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us is premiered Tuesday 27 September on TV2 '' . TVNZ . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Channel 4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' This Is Us '' . tvwise.co.uk . November 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Airdate : This is Us '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(season_1)&oldid=853801223 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons This Is Us ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 02 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-5889592578596384956	Signing of the United States Constitution	Signing of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Signing of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Howard Chandler Christy 's painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 , at Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention , representing 12 states ( all but Rhode Island , which declined to send delegates ) , endorsed the Constitution created during the four - month - long convention . In addition to signatures , this endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , along with the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes . The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed for it to become operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state . It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised . The U.S. Constitution lays out the frame of the nation 's federal government and delineates how its 3 branches ( legislative , executive , and judicial ) are to function . Of those who signed it , virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; seven had signed the Declaration of Independence , and thirty had served on active military duty . In general , they represented a cross-section of 18th - century American leadership , with individuals having experience in local or colonial and state government . Jonathan Dayton , age 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , age 81 , was the oldest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 About the endorsement 4 About the signers 5 Accompanying documents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth . In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names , George Washington -- President and deputy from Virginia Delaware ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) George Read Gunning Bedford , Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Blair James Madison North Carolina ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Few Abraham Baldwin New Hampshire ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Alexander Hamilton New Jersey ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Livingston David Brearly William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris The closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Word `` the '' , being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page , The Word `` Thirty '' being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page . The Words `` is tried '' being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word `` the '' being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page . Attest William Jackson Secretary Background ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy On July 24 , 1787 convention delegates selected a Committee of Detail to write - up a draft constitution reflective of the resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The final report of this committee , a twenty - three article ( plus a preamble ) document , became the first draft of the constitution . Overall , the draft produced by the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , though some portions were rephrased during the process . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . The draft constitution was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected . On September 8 , 1787 , a Committee of Style , with different members , was impaneled to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble , and a closing statement , cleverly written by Gouverneur Morris so as to make the constitution seem unanimous . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to the Congress of the Confederation . The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several delegates were disappointed by the numerous compromises contained in the final document , believing that they had impaired its quality . Alexander Hamilton called the Constitution a `` weak and worthless fabric '' , certain to be superseded . Luther Martin regarded it as a stab in the back of the goddess of liberty . The most that Madison and the majority of delegates hoped , was that this practical , workable constitution , planned to meet the immediate needs of thirteen states with approximately four million people , would last a generation . In all , twelve of the thirteen states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention ; a total of 74 were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . Several attendees left before the signing ceremony , and three that did not refused to sign . Benjamin Franklin summed up the sentiments of those who did sign , stating : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' . About the endorsement ( edit ) Gouverneur Morris , author of the Constitution 's closing endorsement The closing endorsement of the U.S. Constitution serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , plus when and where they signed . It also describes the role played by the signers in developing the document . Due to this limited function , it is frequently overlooked and no court has ever cited it when reaching a judicial decision . On the final day of the Constitutional Convention , Benjamin Franklin delivered an address ( read by James Wilson ) strongly endorsing the Constitution despite any perceived imperfections . Hoping to gain the support of critics and create a sense of common accord , Franklin then proposed , and the convention agreed , that the Constitution be endorsed by the delegates as individual witnesses of the unanimous consent of the states present . Thus the signers subscribed their names as witnesses to what was done in convention ( rather than on the part and behalf of particular states , as they had in the Articles of Confederation ) . The signers ' names are , with the exception of Convention President George Washington , grouped by state , with the listing of states arraigned geographically , from north to south . About the signers ( edit ) Seventy - four individuals were selected to attend the Constitutional Convention , but a number of them could not attend or chose not to attend . In all , fifty - five delegates participated in the convention , though thirteen of them dropped out , either for personal reasons in protest over decisions made during the deliberations . Three individuals remained engaged in the work of the convention until its completion , but then refused to sign the final draft . The names of thirty - nine delegates are inscribed upon the proposed constitution . Among them is John Dickinson , who , indisposed by illness , authorized George Read to sign his name by proxy . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , while not himself a delegate , signed the document to authenticate the results of the Convention 's sessions and the signatures . George Washington , as president of the Convention , signed first , followed by the other delegates , grouped by states in progression from north to south . Washington , however , signed near the right margin of the page , and when the delegates ran out of space they began a second column of signatures to the left . Jonathan Dayton , aged 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , aged 81 , was the oldest . Franklin was also the first signer to die , in April 1790 , while James Madison was the last , dying in June 1836 . Virtually every signer had taken part in the Revolution ; at least 29 had served in the Continental forces , most of them in positions of command . All but seven were native to the thirteen colonies : Pierce Butler , Thomas Fitzsimons , James McHenry , and William Paterson were born in Ireland , Robert Morris in England , James Wilson in Scotland , and Alexander Hamilton in the West Indies . Independence Hall 's Assembly Room , where both the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were debated and signed . The Syng inkstand , used at the signing of the Constitution and , eleven years earlier , the Declaration of Independence . Accompanying documents ( edit ) When the Constitutional Convention adjourned on September 17 , 1787 William Jackson was ordered to carry the Constitution to Congress in New York City . He also carried two letters with him . One was a resolution , adopted by the delegates , that the recommendation of the Constitutional Convention be received by Congress and distributed to the states , for their approval or disapproval . The other was written by George Washington , on behalf of the delegates , to the President of the Continental Congress , Arthur St. Clair , regarding the proposed Constitution . ( show ) Resolution to the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION Monday September 17 . 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled . Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution . By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary ( show ) Letter to the President of the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION , September 17 , 1787 . Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable . The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization . It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests . In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable . That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish . With great respect , We have the honor to be . SIR , Your Excellency 's most Obedient and humble Servants , GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT . By unanimous Order of the Convention . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor , Jr. , Morris J. ( 1987 ) . `` Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution '' . Army historical series . Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 33 -- 45 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary '' . Ashland , Ohio : TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 705 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spaulding , Matthew . `` Attestation Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.usconstitution.net/constnotes.html#Sigs Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Convention , Resolution and Letter to the Continental Congress '' . The Founders ' Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . pp. 194 -- 195 , Volume 1 , Chapter 6 , Document 11 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States . 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-8448102980101929348	300 (film)	300 ( film ) - wikipedia 300 ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2006 film . For the 2014 sequel , see 300 : Rise of an Empire . 300 Theatrical release poster Directed by Zack Snyder Produced by Mark Canton Bernie Goldmann Gianni Nunnari Jeffrey Silver Screenplay by Michael B. Gordon Kurt Johnstad Zack Snyder Based on 300 by Frank Miller and Lynn Varley Starring Gerard Butler Lena Headey David Wenham Dominic West Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Larry Fong Edited by William Hoy Production companies Legendary Pictures Virtual Studios Atmosphere Pictures Hollywood Gang Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 09 ) ( Butt - Numb - A-Thon ) March 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $456.1 million 300 is a 2006 American epic war film based on the 1998 comic series 300 by Frank Miller and Lynn Varley . Both are fictionalized retellings of the Battle of Thermopylae within the Persian Wars . The film was directed by Zack Snyder , while Miller served as executive producer and consultant . It was filmed mostly with a super-imposition chroma key technique , to help replicate the imagery of the original comic book . The plot revolves around King Leonidas ( Gerard Butler ) , who leads 300 Spartans into battle against the Persian `` god - King '' Xerxes ( Rodrigo Santoro ) and his invading army of more than 300,000 soldiers . As the battle rages , Queen Gorgo ( Lena Headey ) attempts to rally support in Sparta for her husband . The story is framed by a voice - over narrative by the Spartan soldier Dilios ( David Wenham ) . Through this narrative technique , various fantastical creatures are introduced , placing 300 within the genre of historical fantasy . The events are revealed to be a story told by Dilios , the only one of the 300 Spartans to survive the battle . 300 was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters in the United States on March 9 , 2007 , and on DVD , Blu - ray Disc , and HD DVD on July 31 , 2007 . The film received mixed reviews , receiving acclaim for its original visuals and style , but criticism for favoring visuals over characterization and its depiction of the ancient Persians in Iran , a characterization which some had deemed racist ; however , the film was a box office success , grossing over $450 million , with the film 's opening being the 24th - largest in box office history at the time . A sequel , entitled Rise of an Empire , which is based on Miller 's unpublished graphic novel prequel Xerxes , was released on March 7 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Promotion and release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Historical accuracy 6.5 Controversy 6.5. 1 Eugenics 7 Criticism 8 In popular culture 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In 479 BC , one year after the Battle of Thermopylae , Dilios , a hoplite in the Spartan Army , begins his story by depicting the life of Leonidas I from childhood to kingship via Spartan doctrine . Dilios 's story continues and Persian messengers arrive at the gates of Sparta demanding `` earth and water '' as a token of submission to King Xerxes ; the Spartans reply by killing and kicking the messengers into a well . Leonidas then visits the Ephors , proposing a strategy to drive back the numerically superior Persians through the Hot Gates ; his plan involves building a wall in order to funnel the Persians into a narrow pass between the rocks and the sea . The Ephors consult the Oracle , who decrees that Sparta will not go to war during the Carneia . As Leonidas angrily departs , a messenger from Xerxes appears , rewarding the Ephors for their covert support . Although the Ephors have denied him permission to mobilize Sparta 's army , Leonidas gathers three hundred of his best soldiers in the guise of his personal bodyguard ; they are joined along the way by Arcadians . At Thermopylae , they construct the wall made up of stones and slain Persian scouts as mortar , angering the Persian Emissary . Stelios , an elite Spartan soldier , orders him to go back to the Persian lines and warn Xerxes after cutting off his whipping arm . Meanwhile , Leonidas encounters Ephialtes , a deformed Spartan whose parents fled Sparta to spare him certain infanticide . Ephialtes asks to redeem his father 's name by joining Leonidas ' army , warning him of a secret path the Persians could use to outflank and surround the Spartans . Though sympathetic , Leonidas rejects him since his deformity physically prevents him from holding his shield high enough ; potentially compromising the phalanx formation , and Ephialtes is enraged . The battle begins soon after the Spartans ' refusal to lay down their weapons . Using the Hot Gates to their advantage , as well as their superior fighting skills , the Spartans repel wave after wave of the advancing Persian army . During a lull in the battle , Xerxes personally approaches Leonidas to persuade him to surrender , offering him wealth and power in exchange for his allegiance ; Leonidas declines and mocks Xerxes for the inferior quality of his fanatical warriors . In response , Xerxes sends in his elite guard , the Immortals , later that night . Despite some Spartans being killed , they heroically defeat the Immortals ( with slight help from the Arcadians ) . On the second day , Xerxes sends in new waves of armies from Asia and other Persian city - states , including war elephants , to crush the Spartans once and for all , but to no avail . Meanwhile , Ephialtes defects to Xerxes to whom he reveals the secret path in exchange for wealth , luxury , and a uniform . The Arcadians retreat upon learning of Ephialtes ' betrayal , but the Spartans stay . Leonidas orders an injured but reluctant Dilios to return to Sparta and tell them of what has happened , a `` tale of victory '' . In Sparta , Queen Gorgo tries to persuade the Spartan Council to send reinforcements to aid the 300 . Theron , a corrupt politician , claims that he `` owns '' the Council and threatens the Queen , who reluctantly submits to his sexual demands in return for his help . When Theron disgraces her in front of the Council , Gorgo kills him out of rage , revealing within his robe a bag of Xerxes ' gold . Marking his betrayal , the Council unanimously agrees to send reinforcements . On the third day , the Persians , led by Ephialtes , traverse the secret path , encircling the Spartans . Xerxes ' general again demands their surrender . Leonidas seemingly kneels in submission , allowing Stelios to leap over him and kill the general . A furious Xerxes orders his troops to attack . Leonidas rises and throws his spear at Xerxes ; barely missing him , the spear cuts across and wounds his face , proving the God - King 's mortality . Leonidas and the remaining Spartans fight to the last man until they finally succumb to an arrow barrage . Dilios , now back at Sparta , concludes his tale before the Council . Inspired by Leonidas ' sacrifice , Greece mobilizes . One year later , the Persians face an army of 30,000 free Greeks led by a vanguard of 10,000 Spartans . After one final speech commemorating the 300 , Dilios , now head of the Spartan Army , leads them to war , against the Persians across the fields of Plataea . Cast ( edit ) Gerard Butler as Leonidas , King of Sparta . David Wenham as Dilios , narrator and Spartan soldier . Lena Headey as Queen Gorgo , Queen of Sparta ( Gorgo has a larger role in the film than she does in the comic book , where she only appears in the beginning ) . Giovanni Cimmino as Pleistarchus , son of Leonidas and Gorgo ( Pleistarchus does not feature in the comic book ) . Dominic West as Theron , a fictional corrupt Spartan politician ( Theron is not featured in the comic book ) . Vincent Regan as Captain Artemis , Leonidas ' loyal captain and friend . Tom Wisdom as Astinos , Captain Artemis ' eldest son . In the film Astinos has a constant presence until he dies . In the comic book Astinos is only mentioned when he dies . Andrew Pleavin as Daxos , an Arcadian leader who joins forces with Leonidas . Andrew Tiernan as Ephialtes , a deformed Spartan outcast and traitor . Rodrigo Santoro as King Xerxes , The powerful and ruthless god - like supreme king of Persia . Stephen McHattie as The Loyalist , a loyal Spartan politician . Michael Fassbender as Stelios , a young , spirited and highly skilled Spartan soldier . Peter Mensah as a Persian messenger who gets kicked into the well by Leonidas . Kelly Craig as Pythia , an Oracle to the Ephors . Tyler Neitzel as young Leonidas . Robert Maillet as Über Immortal ( giant ) , a muscular and deranged Immortal who battles Leonidas during the Immortal fight . Patrick Sabongui as the Persian General who tries to get Leonidas to comply at the end of the battle . Leon Laderach as Executioner , a hulking , clawed man who executes men who have displeased Xerxes . Tyrone Benskin as the whip - wielding Persian Emissary . Production ( edit ) Above : the film version of a panel from the graphic novel ( below ) . Producer Gianni Nunnari was not the only person planning a film about the Battle of Thermopylae ; director Michael Mann already planned a film of the battle based on the book Gates of Fire . Nunnari discovered Frank Miller 's graphic novel 300 , which impressed him enough to acquire the film rights . 300 was jointly produced by Nunnari and Mark Canton , and Michael B. Gordon wrote the script . Director Zack Snyder was hired in June 2004 as he had attempted to make a film based on Miller 's novel before making his debut with the remake of Dawn of the Dead . Snyder then had screenwriter Kurt Johnstad rewrite Gordon 's script for production and Frank Miller was retained as consultant and executive producer . Frank Miller 's original graphic novel 300 was inspired by the film The 300 Spartans , which Frank Miller first saw at age 6 . The film is a shot - for - shot adaptation of the comic book , similar to the film adaptation of Sin City . Snyder photocopied panels from the comic book , from which he planned the preceding and succeeding shots . `` It was a fun process for me ... to have a frame as a goal to get to , '' he said . Like the comic book , the adaptation also used the character Dilios as a narrator . Snyder used this narrative technique to show the audience that the surreal `` Frank Miller world '' of 300 was told from a subjective perspective . By using Dilios ' gift of storytelling , he was able to introduce fantasy elements into the film , explaining that `` Dilios is a guy who knows how not to wreck a good story with truth . '' Snyder also added the subplot in which Queen Gorgo attempts to rally support for her husband . Above : A scene during filming . Below : The finished scene . Two months of pre-production were required to create hundreds of shields , spears , and swords , some of which were recycled from Troy and Alexander . Creatures were designed by Jordu Schell , and an animatronic wolf and thirteen animatronic horses were created . The actors trained alongside the stuntmen , and even Snyder joined in . Upwards of 600 costumes were created for the film , as well as extensive prosthetics for various characters and the corpses of Persian soldiers . Shaun Smith and Mark Rappaport worked hand in hand with Snyder in pre-production to design the look of the individual characters , and to produce the prosthetic makeup effects , props , weapons and dummy bodies required for the production . 300 entered active production on October 17 , 2005 , in Montreal , and was shot over the course of sixty days in chronological order with a budget of $60 million . Employing the digital backlot technique , Snyder shot at the now - defunct Icestorm Studios in Montreal using bluescreens . Butler said that while he did not feel constrained by Snyder 's direction , fidelity to the comic imposed certain limitations on his performance . Wenham said there were times when Snyder wanted to precisely capture iconic moments from the comic book , and other times when he gave actors freedom `` to explore within the world and the confines that had been set . '' Headey said of her experience with the bluescreens , `` It 's very odd , and emotionally , there 's nothing to connect to apart from another actor . '' Only one scene , in which horses travel across the countryside , was shot outdoors . The film was an intensely physical production , and Butler pulled an arm tendon and developed foot drop . Post-production was handled by Montreal 's Meteor Studios and Hybride Technologies filled in the bluescreen footage with more than 1,500 visual effects shots . Visual effects supervisor Chris Watts and production designer Jim Bissell created a process dubbed `` The Crush , '' which allowed the Meteor artists to manipulate the colors by increasing the contrast of light and dark . Certain sequences were desaturated and tinted to establish different moods . Ghislain St - Pierre , who led the team of artists , described the effect : `` Everything looks realistic , but it has a kind of a gritty illustrative feel . '' Various computer programs , including Maya , RenderMan and RealFlow , were used to create the `` spraying blood . '' The post-production lasted for a year and was handled by a total of ten special effects companies . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : 300 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack In July 2005 , composer Tyler Bates began work on the film , describing the score as having `` beautiful themes on the top and large choir , '' but `` tempered with some extreme heaviness . '' The composer had scored for a test scene that the director wanted to show to Warner Bros. to illustrate the path of the project . Bates said that the score had `` a lot of weight and intensity in the low end of the percussion '' that Snyder found agreeable to the film . The score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios and features the vocals of Azam Ali . A standard edition and a special edition of the soundtrack containing 25 tracks was released on March 6 , 2007 , with the special edition containing a 16 - page booklet and three two - sided trading cards . The score has caused some controversy in the film composer community , garnering criticism for its striking similarity to several other recent soundtracks , including James Horner and Gabriel Yared 's work for the film Troy . The heaviest borrowings are said to be from Elliot Goldenthal 's 1999 score for Titus . `` Remember Us , '' from 300 , is identical in parts to the `` Finale '' from Titus , and `` Returns a King '' is similar to the cue `` Victorius Titus . '' ( see copyright issues . ) On August 3 , 2007 , Warner Bros. Pictures acknowledged in an official statement : ... a number of the music cues for the score of 300 were , without our knowledge or participation , derived from music composed by Academy Award winning composer Elliot Goldenthal for the motion picture Titus . Warner Bros. Pictures has great respect for Elliot , our longtime collaborator , and is pleased to have amicably resolved this matter . Promotion and release ( edit ) Lena Headey at the London premiere , 2007 The official 300 website was launched by Warner Bros. in December 2005 . The `` conceptual art '' and Zack Snyder 's production blog were the initial attractions of the site . Later , the website added video journals describing production details , including comic - to - screen shots and the creatures of 300 . In January 2007 , the studio launched a MySpace page for the film . The Art Institutes created a micro-site to promote the film . At Comic - Con International in July 2006 , the 300 panel aired a promotional teaser of the film , which was positively received . Despite stringent security , the trailer was subsequently leaked on the Internet . Warner Bros. released the official trailer for 300 on October 4 , 2006 , and later on it made its debut on Apple.com where it received considerable exposure . The background music used in the trailers was `` Just Like You Imagined '' by Nine Inch Nails . A second 300 trailer , which was attached to Apocalypto , was released in theaters on December 8 , 2006 , and online the day before . On January 22 , 2007 , an exclusive trailer for the film was broadcast during prime time television . The trailers have been credited with igniting interest in the film and contributing to its box - office success . In April 2006 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment announced its intention to make a PlayStation Portable game , 300 : March to Glory , based on the film . Collision Studios worked with Warner Bros. to capture the style of the film in the video game , which was released simultaneously with the film in the United States . The National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced a series of action figures based on the film , as well as replicas of weapons and armor . Warner Bros. promoted 300 by sponsoring the Ultimate Fighting Championship 's light heavyweight champion Chuck Liddell , who made personal appearances and participated in other promotional activities . The studio also joined with the National Hockey League to produce a 30 - second TV spot promoting the film in tandem with the Stanley Cup playoffs . In August 2006 , Warner Bros. announced 300 's release date as March 16 , 2007 , but in October the release was moved forward to March 9 , 2007 . An unfinished cut of 300 was shown at Butt - Numb - A-Thon film festival on December 9 , 2006 . 300 was released on DVD , Blu - ray Disc , and HD DVD on July 31 , 2007 , in Region 1 territories , in single - disc and two - disc editions . 300 was released in single - disc and steelcase two - disc editions on DVD , BD and HD DVD in Region 2 territories beginning August 2007 . On July 21 , 2009 , Warner Bros. released a new Blu - ray Disc entitled 300 : The Complete Experience to coincide with the Blu - ray Disc release of Watchmen . This new Blu - ray Disc is encased in a 40 - page Digibook and includes all the extras from the original release as well as some new ones . These features include a Picture - in - Picture feature entitled The Complete 300 : A Comprehensive Immersion , which enables the viewer to view the film in three different perspectives . This release also includes a digital copy . On July 9 , 2007 , American cable channel TNT bought the rights to broadcast the film from Warner Bros. TNT started airing the film in September 2009 . Sources say that the network paid between $17 million and just under $20 million for the broadcasting rights . TNT agreed to a three - year deal instead of the more typical five - year deal . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) 300 was released in North America on March 9 , 2007 , in both conventional and IMAX theaters . It grossed $28,106,731 on its opening day and ended its North American opening weekend with $70,885,301 , breaking the record held by Ice Age : The Meltdown for the biggest opening weekend in the month of March and for a Spring release . Since then 300 's Spring release record was broken by Fast and Furious and 300 's March record was broken by Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland. 300 's opening weekend gross is the 24th - highest in box office history , coming slightly below The Lost World : Jurassic Park but higher than Transformers . It was the third - biggest opening for an R - rated film ever , behind The Matrix Reloaded ( $91.8 million ) and The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) . The film also set a record for IMAX cinemas with a $3.6 million opening weekend . The film grossed $456,068,181 worldwide . 300 opened two days earlier , on March 7 , 2007 , in Sparta , and across Greece on March 8 . Studio executives were surprised by the showing , which was twice what they had expected . They credited the film 's stylized violence , the strong female role of Queen Gorgo which attracted a large number of women , and a MySpace advertising blitz . Producer Mark Canton said , `` MySpace had an enormous impact but it has transcended the limitations of the Internet or the graphic novel . Once you make a great movie , word can spread very quickly . '' Critical response ( edit ) Since its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 14 , 2007 , in front of 1,700 audience members , 300 has received generally mixed reviews . While it received a standing ovation at the public premiere , it was panned at a press screening hours earlier , where many attendees left during the showing and those who remained booed at the end . Critics are divided on the film . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60 % based 225 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A simple - minded but visually exciting experience , full of blood , violence , and ready - made movie quotes . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has an average score of 52 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Some of the most unfavorable reviews came from major American newspapers . A.O. Scott of The New York Times describes 300 as `` about as violent as Apocalypto and twice as stupid , '' while criticizing its color scheme and suggesting that its plot includes racist undertones ; Scott also poked fun at the buffed bodies of the actors portraying the Spartans , declaring that the Persian characters are `` pioneers in the art of face - piercing '' , but that the Spartans had access to `` superior health clubs and electrolysis facilities '' . Kenneth Turan writes in the Los Angeles Times that `` unless you love violence as much as a Spartan , Quentin Tarantino or a video - game - playing teenage boy , you will not be endlessly fascinated . '' Roger Ebert , in his review , gave the film a two - star rating , writing , `` 300 has one - dimensional caricatures who talk like professional wrestlers plugging their next feud . '' Some critics employed at Greek newspapers have been particularly critical , such as film critic Robby Eksiel , who said that moviegoers would be dazzled by the `` digital action '' but irritated by the `` pompous interpretations and one - dimensional characters . '' Variety 's Todd McCarthy describes the film as `` visually arresting '' although `` bombastic '' while Kirk Honeycutt , writing in The Hollywood Reporter , praises the `` beauty of its topography , colors and forms . '' Writing in the Chicago Sun Times , Richard Roeper acclaims 300 as `` the Citizen Kane of cinematic graphic novels . '' Empire gave the film 3 out of 5 having a verdict of `` Visually stunning , thoroughly belligerent and as shallow as a pygmy 's paddling pool , this is a whole heap of style tinged with just a smidgen of substance . '' 300 was also warmly received by websites focusing on comics and video games . Comic Book Resources ' Mark Cronan found the film compelling , leaving him `` with a feeling of power , from having been witness to something grand . '' IGN 's Todd Gilchrist acclaimed Zack Snyder as a cinematic visionary and `` a possible redeemer of modern moviemaking . '' Accolades ( edit ) At the MTV Movie Awards 2007 , 300 was nominated for Best Movie , Best Performance for Gerard Butler , Best Breakthrough Performance for Lena Headey , Best Villain for Rodrigo Santoro , and Best Fight for Leonidas battling `` the Über Immortal '' , but only won the award for Best Fight. 300 won both the Best Dramatic Film and Best Action Film honors in the 2006 -- 2007 Golden Icon Awards presented by Travolta Family Entertainment . In December 2007 , 300 won IGN 's Movie of the Year 2007 , along with Best Comic Book Adaptation and King Leonidas as Favorite Character . The movie received 10 nominations for the 2008 Saturn Awards , winning the awards for Best Director and Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film . In 2009 , National Review magazine ranked 300 number 5 on its 25 Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years list . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Since few records about the actual martial arts used by the Spartans survive aside from accounts of formations and tactics , the fight choreography led by stunt coordinator and fight choreographer Damon Caro , was a synthesis of different weapon arts with Filipino martial arts as the base . This can be seen in the blade work and the signature use of the off hand by Arnis / Kali / Eskrima in the offensive use of the shields . The Spartans ' use of the narrow terrain , in those particular circumstances , is a military tactic known as `` defeat in detail '' . Paul Cartledge , Professor of Greek History at Cambridge University , advised the filmmakers on the pronunciation of Greek names , and said they `` made good use '' of his published work on Sparta . He praises the film for its portrayal of `` the Spartans ' heroic code '' , and of `` the key role played by women in backing up , indeed reinforcing , the male martial code of heroic honour '' , while expressing reservations about its `` ' West ' ( goodies ) vs ' East ' ( baddies ) polarization '' . Cartledge writes that he enjoyed the film , although he found Leonidas ' description of the Athenians as `` boy lovers '' ironic , since the Spartans themselves incorporated institutional pederasty into their educational system . Ephraim Lytle , assistant professor of Hellenistic History at the University of Toronto , said 300 selectively idealizes Spartan society in a `` problematic and disturbing '' fashion , as well as portraying the `` hundred nations of the Persians '' as monsters and non-Spartan Greeks as weak . He suggests that the film 's moral universe would have seemed `` as bizarre to ancient Greeks as it does to modern historians '' . Victor Davis Hanson , National Review columnist and former professor of Classical history at California State University , Fresno , who wrote the foreword to a 2007 re-issue of the graphic novel , said the film demonstrates a specific affinity with the original material of Herodotus in that it captures the martial ethos of ancient Sparta and represents Thermopylae as a `` clash of civilizations '' . He remarks that Simonides , Aeschylus , and Herodotus viewed Thermopylae as a battle against `` Eastern centralism and collective serfdom '' , which opposed `` the idea of the free citizen of an autonomous polis '' . He also said the film portrays the battle in a `` surreal '' manner , and that the intent was to `` entertain and shock first , and instruct second '' . Touraj Daryaee , now Baskerville Professor of Iranian History and the Persian World at the University of California , Irvine , criticized the film 's use of classical sources , writing : Some passages from the Classical authors Aeschylus , Diodorus , Herodotus and Plutarch are split over the movie to give it an authentic flavor . Aeschylus becomes a major source when the battle with the `` monstrous human herd '' of the Persians is narrated in the film . Diodorus ' statement about Greek valor to preserve their liberty is inserted in the film , but his mention of Persian valor is omitted . Herodotus ' fanciful numbers are used to populate the Persian army , and Plutarch 's discussion of Greek women , specifically Spartan women , is inserted wrongly in the dialogue between the `` misogynist '' Persian ambassador and the Spartan king . Classical sources are certainly used , but exactly in all the wrong places , or quite naively . The Athenians were fighting a sea battle during this . Robert McHenry , former editor - in - chief of Encyclopædia Britannica and author of How to Know said the film `` is an almost ineffably silly movie . Stills from the film could easily be used to promote Buns of Steel , or AbMaster , or ThighMaster . It 's about the romanticizing of the Spartan ' ideal ' , a process that began even in ancient times , was promoted by the Romans , and has survived over time while less and less resembling the actual historical Sparta . '' The director of 300 , Zack Snyder , stated in an MTV interview that `` the events are 90 percent accurate . It 's just in the visualization that it 's crazy ... I 've shown this movie to world - class historians who have said it 's amazing . They ca n't believe it 's as accurate as it is . '' Nevertheless , he also said the film is `` an opera , not a documentary . That 's what I say when people say it 's historically inaccurate '' . He was also quoted in a BBC News story as saying that the film is , at its core `` a fantasy film '' . He also describes the film 's narrator , Dilios , as `` a guy who knows how not to wreck a good story with truth '' . In an interview 300 writer Frank Miller said , `` The inaccuracies , almost all of them , are intentional . I took those chest plates and leather skirts off of them for a reason . I wanted these guys to move and I wanted ' em to look good . I knocked their helmets off a fair amount , partly so you can recognize who the characters are . Spartans , in full regalia , were almost indistinguishable except at a very close angle . Another liberty I took was , they all had plumes , but I only gave a plume to Leonidas , to make him stand out and identify him as a king . I was looking for more an evocation than a history lesson . The best result I can hope for is that if the movie excites someone , they 'll go explore the histories themselves . Because the histories are endlessly fascinating . '' Dr. Kaveh Farrokh in a paper entitled `` The 300 Movie : Separating Fact from Fiction '' notes that the film falsely portrays `` the Greco - Persian Wars in binary terms : the democratic , good , rational ' Us ' versus the tyrannical , evil and irrational , ' other ' of the ever - nebulous ( if not exotic ) ' Persia ' '' . He highlights three points regarding the contribution of the Achaemenid Empire to the creation of democracy and human rights . `` The founder of the Achaemenid Empire , Cyrus the Great , was the world 's first world emperor to openly declare and guarantee the sanctity of human rights and individual freedom '' , `` Cyrus was a follower of the teachings of Zoroaster , the founder of one of the world 's oldest monotheistic religions '' , and to put his own words in action `` When Cyrus defeated King Nabonidus of Babylon , he officially declared the freedom of the Jews from their Babylonian captivity . This was the first time in history that a world power had guaranteed the survival of the Jewish people , religion , customs and culture . '' Controversy ( edit ) Before the release of 300 , Warner Bros. expressed concerns about the political aspects of the film 's theme . Snyder relates that there was `` a huge sensitivity about East versus West with the studio . '' Media speculation about a possible parallel between the Greco - Persian conflict and current events began in an interview with Snyder that was conducted before the Berlin Film Festival . The interviewer remarked that `` everyone is sure to be translating this ( film ) into contemporary politics . '' Snyder replied that , while he was aware that people would read the film through the lens of current events , no parallels between the film and the modern world were intended . Outside the current political parallels , some critics have raised more general questions about the film 's ideological orientation . The New York Post 's Kyle Smith wrote that the film would have pleased `` Adolf 's boys , '' and Slate 's Dana Stevens compares the film to The Eternal Jew , `` as a textbook example of how race - baiting fantasy and nationalist myth can serve as an incitement to total war . '' Roger Moore , a critic for the Orlando Sentinel , relates 300 to Susan Sontag 's definition of `` fascist art . '' Alleanza Nazionale , an Italian neoconservative political party formed from the collapse of the neo-fascist party MSI , has used imagery from the work within candidate propaganda posters titled : `` Defend your values , your civilization , your district '' . Newsday critic Gene Seymour , on the other hand , stated that such reactions are misguided , writing that `` the movie 's just too darned silly to withstand any ideological theorizing . '' Snyder himself dismissed ideological readings , suggesting that reviewers who critique `` a graphic novel movie about a bunch of guys ... stomping the snot out of each other '' using words like `` ' neocon , ' ' homophobic , ' ' homoerotic ' or ' racist ' '' are `` missing the point . '' Snyder , however , also admitted to fashioning an effeminate villain specifically to play into the homophobia of young straight males . Slovenian critic Slavoj Žižek pointed out that the story represents `` a poor , small country ( Greece ) invaded by the army of a much large ( r ) state ( Persia ) , '' suggesting that the identification of the Spartans with a modern superpower is flawed . 300 writer Frank Miller said : `` The Spartans were a paradoxical people . They were the biggest slave owners in Greece . But at the same time , Spartan women had an unusual level of rights . It 's a paradox that they were a bunch of people who in many ways were fascist , but they were the bulwark against the fall of democracy . The closest comparison you can draw in terms of our own military today is to think of the red - caped Spartans as being like our special - ops forces . They 're these almost superhuman characters with a tremendous warrior ethic , who were unquestionably the best fighters in Greece . I did n't want to render Sparta in overly accurate terms , because ultimately I do want you to root for the Spartans . I could n't show them being quite as cruel as they were . I made them as cruel as I thought a modern audience could stand . '' Eugenics ( edit ) Ephraim Lytle , assistant professor of Hellenistic history at the University of Toronto , commented : `` Ephialtes , who betrays the Greeks , is likewise changed from a local Malian of sound body into a Spartan outcast , a grotesquely disfigured troll who by Spartan custom should have been left exposed as an infant to die . Leonidas points out that his hunched back means Ephialtes can not lift his shield high enough to fight in the phalanx . This is a transparent defence of Spartan eugenics , and convenient given that infanticide could as easily have been precipitated by an ill - omened birthmark . '' Michael M. Chemers , author of `` ' With Your Shield , or on It ' : Disability Representation in 300 '' in the Disability Studies Quarterly , said that the film 's portrayal of the hunchback and his story `` is not mere ableism : this is anti-disability . '' Frank Miller -- commenting on areas where he lessened the Spartan cruelty for narrative purposes -- said : `` I have King Leonidas very gently tell Ephialtes , the hunchback , that they ca n't use him ( as a soldier ) , because of his deformity . It would be much more classically Spartan if Leonidas laughed and kicked him off the cliff . '' Criticism ( edit ) Some interpreted the portrayal of King Xerxes ( right ) as homosexual . Snyder said of Xerxes : `` What 's more scary to a 20 - year - old boy than a giant god - king who wants to have his way with you ? '' From its opening , 300 also attracted controversy over its portrayal of Persians . Officials of the Iranian government denounced the film . Some scenes in the film portray demon - like and other fictional creatures as part of the Persian army , and the fictionalized portrayal of Persian King Xerxes I has been criticized as effeminate . Critics suggested that this was meant to stand in stark contrast to the sheer masculinity of the Spartan army . Steven Rea argued that the film 's Persians were a vehicle for an anachronistic cross-section of Western stereotypes of Asian and African cultures . The film 's portrayal of ancient Persians caused a particularly strong reaction in Iran . Various Iranian officials condemned the film . The Iranian Academy of the Arts submitted a formal complaint against the film to UNESCO , labelling it an attack on the historical identity of Iran . The Iranian mission to the U.N. protested the film in a press release , and Iranian embassies protested its screening in France , Thailand , Turkey , and Uzbekistan . The film was banned within Iran as `` hurtful American propaganda '' . Reviewers in the United States and elsewhere `` noted the political overtones of the West - against - Iran story line and the way Persians are depicted as decadent , sexually flamboyant and evil in contrast to the noble Greeks '' . With bootleg versions of the film already available in Tehran with the film 's international release and news of the film 's surprising success at the U.S. box office , it prompted widespread anger in Iran . Azadeh Moaveni of Time reported , `` All of Tehran was outraged . Everywhere I went yesterday , the talk vibrated with indignation over the film '' . Newspapers in Iran featured headlines such as `` Hollywood declares war on Iranians '' and `` 300 Against 70 Million '' ( Iran 's population ) . Ayende - No , an independent Iranian newspaper , said that `` ( t ) he film depicts Iranians as demons , without culture , feeling or humanity , who think of nothing except attacking other nations and killing people '' . Four Iranian Members of Parliament have called for Muslim countries to ban the film , and a group of Iranian film makers submitted a letter of protest to UNESCO regarding the film 's alleged misrepresentation of Iranian history and culture . Iran 's cultural advisor to president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has called the film an `` American attempt for psychological warfare against Iran '' . Moaveni identified two factors which may have contributed to the intensity of Iranian indignation over the film . First , she describes the timing of the film 's release , on the eve of Norouz , the Persian New Year , as `` inauspicious . '' Second , Iranians tend to view the era depicted in the film as `` a particularly noble page in their history '' . Moaveni also suggests that `` the box office success of 300 , compared with the relative flop of Alexander ( another spurious period epic dealing with Persians ) , is cause for considerable alarm , signaling ominous U.S. intentions '' . According to The Guardian , Iranian critics of 300 , ranging from bloggers to government officials , have described the movie `` as a calculated attempt to demonise Iran at a time of intensifying U.S. pressure over the country 's nuclear programme '' . An Iranian government spokesman described the film as `` hostile behavior which is the result of cultural and psychological warfare '' . Moaveni reported that the Iranians she interacted with were `` adamant that the movie was secretly funded by the U.S. government to prepare Americans for going to war against Iran '' . Dana Stevens of Slate states , `` If 300 , the new battle epic based on the graphic novel by Frank Miller and Lynn Varley , had been made in Germany in the mid-1930s , it would be studied today alongside The Eternal Jew as a textbook example of how race - baiting fantasy and nationalist myth can serve as an incitement to total war . Since it 's a product of the post-ideological , post-Xbox 21st century , 300 will instead be talked about as a technical achievement , the next blip on the increasingly blurry line between movies and video games . In popular culture ( edit ) 300 has been spoofed in film , television , and other media , and spawned the `` This is Sparta ! '' internet meme . Skits based upon the film have appeared on Saturday Night Live and Robot Chicken , the latter of which mimicked the visual style of 300 in a parody set during the American Revolutionary War , titled `` 1776 '' . Other parodies include an episode of South Park named `` D - Yikes ! '' , and `` BOO ! '' by Mad magazine in its September 2007 issue # 481 , written by Desmond Devlin and illustrated by Mort Drucker . 20th Century Fox released Meet the Spartans , a spoof directed by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . Universal Pictures was planning a similar parody , titled National Lampoon 's 301 : The Legend of Awesomest Maximus Wallace Leonidas . 300 , particularly its pithy quotations , has been `` adopted '' by the student body of Michigan State University ( whose nickname is the Spartans ) , with chants of `` Spartans , what is your profession ? '' becoming common at sporting events starting after the film 's release , and Michigan State basketball head coach Tom Izzo dressed as Leonidas at one student event . Nate Ebner , a football player with the New England Patriots in the National Football League and formerly with the Ohio State Buckeyes , was nicknamed `` Leonidas , '' after the Greek warrior - king hero of Sparta acted by Gerard Butler in the movie 300 , because of his intense workout regimen , and his beard . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : 300 : Rise of an Empire In June 2008 , producers Mark Canton , Gianni Nunnari and Bernie Goldmann revealed that work had begun on a sequel to 300 , 300 : Rise of an Empire . Legendary Pictures had announced that Frank Miller started writing the follow - up graphic novel , and Zack Snyder was interested in directing the adaptation , but moved on to develop and direct the Superman reboot Man of Steel . Noam Murro directed instead , while Zack Snyder produced . The film focused on the Athenian admiral , Themistocles , as portrayed by Australian actor Sullivan Stapleton . The sequel , 300 : Rise of an Empire , was released on March 7 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) List of historical period drama films and series List of book - based war films ( wars before 1775 ) Ancient Greece portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` Quint 's BNAT wrap - up , part 1 ! Zack Snyder 's 300 ! 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Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Iran 's UN mission : Movie 300 is full of deliberate distortions '' . Islamic Republic News Agency . March 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of Iran Protests at Screening of 300 Film in France '' . Fars News Agency . March 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IRI slams 300 show in Thailand '' . IRIB News . March 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` İran'ın ' 300'e tepkisi sürüyor '' . NTV ( in Turkish ) . March 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy protests to screening of anti-Iranian movie in Uzbekistan '' . Islamic Republic News Agency . April 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' 300 ' -- Fact or Fiction ? '' . RealClear Politics . March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karimi , Nasser ( 2007 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Iranians Outraged by ` 300 ' Movie '' . London : Associated Press . Archived from the original ( reprint ) on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Moaveni , Azadeh ( 2007 - 03 - 13 ) . `` 300 Versus 70 Million Iranians '' . Time . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Tait , Robert ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Iran accuses Hollywood of ' psychological warfare ' '' . London : The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` اعتراض كارگردانان ايراني به سكوت يونسكو در برابر فيلم `` 300 '' `` . Baztab ( in Persian ) . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` واكنش مشاور رئیس جمهور به فیلم 300 '' . Sharif News . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` A Movie Only a Spartan Could Love '' . Slate.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Spalding ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` How To Explore Internet Memes '' . How to Split an Atom . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Live , March 24 , 2007 '' . Backwardfive.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Moesha Poppins `` , Robot Chicken episode # 50 '' . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Travis Fickett ( April 12 , 2007 ) . `` South Park : `` D - Yikes '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BOO ! from Mad Magazine # 481 , Sept. 2007 '' . Jump up ^ Jeff Giles ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` National Lampoon + Kevin Dillon = A 300 Spoof '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' 300 '' cheer shows unity , reflects Spartan history `` . The State News . September 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of Tom Izzo at Midnight Madness '' . The State News . October 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Ebner Earns ' Leonidas ' Nickname , Dubbed Ohio State 's Most Valuable Player for Strong Work Ethic '' . NESN . Jump up ^ Frosty ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Producers Mark Canton , Gianni Nunnari and Bernie Goldmann Exclusive Video Interview '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diane Garrett ( June 29 , 2008 ) . `` New 300 rallies troops '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Xerxes ' Pic Down To Noam Murro And Jaume Collett - Serra For ' 300 ' Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' 300 ' The Prequel : Meet The New Xerxes '' . Moviepilot.com . February 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 300 ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : 300 ( film ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` 300 ( film ) '' dated February 13 , 2009 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website 300 at the American Film Institute Catalog 300 on IMDb 300 at AllMovie 300 at Rotten Tomatoes 300 at Metacritic 300 at Box Office Mojo Gerri Miller . `` Inside 300 '' . HowStuffWorks . 300 production notes Neil Miller ( February 14 , 2007 ) . `` Interview : Director Zach Snyder talks 300 '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . David C. Ryan ( August 2007 ) . `` 300 Lies ? Give poetics a chance '' . Bright Lights Film ( 57 ) . Victor Davis Hanson ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` 300 : Fact or Fiction ? '' . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . Films based on Dark Horse Comics Single films Tank Girl Barb Wire Virus Mystery Men G - Men from Hell American Splendor R.I.P.D. Film series 300 300 300 : Rise of an Empire Alien vs. Predator Alien vs. Predator Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem Hellboy Hellboy ( 2004 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army Hellboy ( upcoming ) Animated Hellboy : Sword of Storms Hellboy : Blood and Iron The Mask The Mask Son of the Mask Sin City Sin City Sin City : A Dame to Kill For Timecop Timecop Timecop 2 : The Berlin Decision Frank Miller Batman comics The Dark Knight Returns Batman : Year One Spawn / Batman The Dark Knight Strikes Again All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Other comics Written Bad Boy The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot Daredevil `` Born Again '' Elektra : Assassin Give Me Liberty Martha Washington Hard Boiled RoboCop RoboCop Versus The Terminator Written and drawn 300 Daredevil Elektra Lives Again Ronin Sin City Holy Terror Drawn The Twilight Zone Daredevil Wolverine Films RoboCop 2 ( 1990 ) RoboCop 3 ( 1993 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) 300 ( 2006 ) The Spirit ( 2008 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 -- 13 ) 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) Television and video games RoboCop Versus The Terminator ( 1993 ) The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 300 : March to Glory ( 2007 ) Zack Snyder Films directed Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) 300 ( 2006 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) Man of Steel ( 2013 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Films produced 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) See also Cruel and Unusual Films Deborah Snyder Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=300_(film)&oldid=807157057 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s action films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s war films American action films American epic films American war films American fantasy adventure films American films Battle of Thermopylae Classical war films Cruel and Unusual Films films Films about elephants Films based on works by Frank Miller Films based on Dark Horse Comics Films directed by Zack Snyder Films produced by Thomas Tull Films set in ancient Greece Films set in the 5th century BC Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Montreal Films shot in Bulgaria IMAX films Internet memes Legendary Pictures films Live - action films based on comics War epic films Warner Bros. films Iranophobia in film Siege films Fiction with unreliable narrators Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the hunchback in the movie 300	[]	[]
-7344129939930603675	List of convention centers in the United States	List of Convention centers in the United States - wikipedia List of Convention centers in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The Grand Concourse of McCormick Place in Chicago , Illinois The Orange County Convention Center in Orlando , Florida The New Orleans Morial Convention Center in New Orleans , Louisiana The Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California This is a list of convention centers in the United States by state or insular area . Contents ( hide ) 1 By state 1.1 Alabama 1.2 Arizona 1.3 Arkansas 1.4 California 1.5 Colorado 1.6 Connecticut 1.7 District of Columbia 1.8 Florida 1.9 Georgia 1.10 Hawaii 1.11 Idaho 1.12 Illinois 1.13 Indiana 1.14 Iowa 1.15 Kansas 1.16 Kentucky 1.17 Louisiana 1.18 Maine 1.19 Maryland 1.20 Massachusetts 1.21 Michigan 1.22 Minnesota 1.23 Mississippi 1.24 Missouri 1.25 Nevada 1.26 New Jersey 1.27 New Mexico 1.28 New York 1.29 North Carolina 1.30 Ohio 1.31 Oklahoma 1.32 Oregon 1.33 Pennsylvania 1.34 Rhode Island 1.35 South Carolina 1.36 Tennessee 1.37 Texas 1.38 Utah 1.39 Virginia 1.40 Washington 1.41 West Virginia 1.42 Wisconsin 2 By insular area 2.1 Puerto Rico 3 By size 4 See also 5 References By state ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Bessemer Civic Center Birmingham -- Jefferson Convention Complex Celebration Arena ( Decatur ) Daphne Civic Center Ozark Civic Center Mobile Convention Center Pelham Civic Center Von Braun Center ( Huntsville ) Arizona ( edit ) Mojave Crossing ( Fort Mohave ) Phoenix Convention Center Tucson Convention Center Walkup Skydome ( Flagstaff ) WestWorld ( Scottsdale ) Arkansas ( edit ) Pine Bluff Convention Center Statehouse Convention Center ( Little Rock ) California ( edit ) Alameda County Fairgrounds ( Pleasanton ) Anaheim Convention Center Bill Graham Civic Auditorium ( San Francisco ) Bren Events Center ( Irvine ) Business Expo Center ( Anaheim ) Carson Community Center Centennial Hall Convention Center ( Hayward ) Cow Palace ( Daly City ) Del Mar Fairgrounds ( Del Mar ) El Dorado County Fair ( Placerville ) Eureka Municipal Auditorium Fresno Convention Center Granlibakken ( Tahoe City ) Kaiser Convention Center ( Oakland ) Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center Los Angeles Convention Center Monterey Conference Center Moscone Center ( San Francisco ) Oakland Convention Center Palm Springs Convention Center Pasadena Civic Auditorium Paso Robles Event Center Rabobank Theater and Convention Center ( Bakersfield ) Riverside Convention Center Sacramento Convention Center San Diego Convention Center San Jose Convention Center Santa Clara Convention Center Santa Monica Civic Auditorium Shrine Auditorium ( Los Angeles ) Visalia Convention Center 160th Regiment State Armory ( Los Angeles ) Colorado ( edit ) Colorado Convention Center ( Denver ) Island Grove ( Greeley ) Connecticut ( edit ) Connecticut Convention Center ( Hartford ) XL Center ( Hartford ) District of Columbia ( edit ) Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center Walter E. Washington Convention Center Florida ( edit ) Broward County Convention Center ( Fort Lauderdale ) Clemente Center ( Melbourne ) Donald L. Tucker Center ( Tallahassee ) Emerald Coast Convention Center ( Okaloosa Island / Destin ) Knight International Center ( Miami ) Miami Airport Convention Center ( Miami ) Miami Beach Convention Center Ocean Center ( Daytona Beach ) Orange County Convention Center ( Orlando ) Palm Beach County Convention Center ( West Palm Beach ) Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center ( Jacksonville ) Tampa Convention Center Volusia County Fair and Expo Center ( DeLand ) Georgia ( edit ) Atlanta Exposition Centers Centennial Olympic Park ( Atlanta ) Cobb Galleria Centre ( Atlanta ) Georgia International Convention Center ( College Park ) Georgia World Congress Center ( Atlanta ) TEE Center ( Augusta ) Hawaii ( edit ) Hawai'i Convention Center ( Honolulu ) Idaho ( edit ) Boise Centre Idaho Center ( Nampa ) Illinois ( edit ) Bank of Springfield Center ( Springfield ) Donald E. Stephens Convention Center ( Rosemont ) i wireless Center ( Moline ) McCormick Place ( Chicago ) Oakley - Lindsay Center ( Quincy ) Odeum Expo Center ( Villa Park ) Peoria Civic Center Progress City USA ( Decatur ) Renaissance Schaumburg Convention Center Hotel Tinley Park Convention Center Indiana ( edit ) Allen County War Memorial Coliseum and Exposition Center ( Fort Wayne ) Old National Events Plaza ( Evansville ) Century Center ( South Bend ) Genesis Convention Center ( Gary ) Grand Wayne Convention Center ( Fort Wayne ) Honeywell Center ( Wabash ) Indiana Convention Center ( Indianapolis ) Iowa ( edit ) Grand River Event Center ( Dubuque ) Iowa Events Center ( Des Moines ) Mid-America Center ( Council Bluffs ) Quad Cities Waterfront Convention Center ( Bettendorf ) RiverCenter / Adler Theatre ( Davenport ) Kansas ( edit ) Century II Convention Hall ( Wichita ) Overland Park Convention Center Kentucky ( edit ) Eastern Kentucky Exposition Center ( Pikeville ) Frankfort Convention Center Kentucky Exposition Center ( Louisville ) Kentucky International Convention Center ( Louisville ) Lexington Center The Center for Rural Development ( Somerset ) Louisiana ( edit ) Alario Center ( Westwego ) Blackham Coliseum ( Lafayette ) Bossier Civic Center ( Bossier City ) Burton Coliseum ( Lake Charles ) Cajundome ( Lafayette ) Houma Terrebonne Civic Center ( Houma ) Ike Hamilton Expo Center ( West Monroe ) Lake Charles Civic Center Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Municipal Auditorium ( New Orleans ) Natchitoches Events Center New Orleans Morial Convention Center Pontchartrain Center ( Kenner ) Raising Cane 's River Center ( Baton Rouge ) Rapides Parish Coliseum ( Alexandria ) Shreveport Convention Center Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans ) Thomas Assembly Center ( Ruston ) University Center ( Hammond ) Vidalia Convention Center ( Vidalia ) Warren J. Harang Jr . Municipal Auditorium ( Thibodaux ) Maine ( edit ) Cross Insurance Center ( Bangor ) Portland Maine Convention Center Maryland ( edit ) Aspen Institute Wye River Conference Centers ( Queenstown ) Baltimore Convention Center Belmont Estate ( Belmont Conference Center ) ( Moore 's Morning Choice ) ( Elkridge ) Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center ( National Harbor ) Roland E. Powell Convention Center ( Ocean City ) UMUC Inn & Conference Center ( Adelphi ) Massachusetts ( edit ) Bayside Expo Center ( Boston ) - sold in 2010 to the University of Massachusetts Boston for future redevelopment Boston Convention and Exhibition Center ( Boston ) DCU Center ( Worcester ) Hynes Convention Center ( Boston ) Massachusetts Convention Center Authority MassMutual Center ( Springfield ) Michigan ( edit ) Cobo Center ( Detroit ) DeVos Place Convention Center ( Grand Rapids ) Lansing Center ( Lansing ) Suburban Collection Showplace ( Novi ) Minnesota ( edit ) Duluth Entertainment Convention Center ( DECC ) ( Duluth ) Mayo Civic Center ( Rochester ) Minneapolis Convention Center ( Minneapolis ) RiverCentre ( Saint Paul ) River 's Edge Convention Center ( Saint Cloud ) Verizon Wireless Center ( Mankato ) Mississippi ( edit ) Hattiesburg Lake Terrace Convention Center ( Hattiesburg ) Jackson Convention Complex ( Jackson ) Missouri ( edit ) America 's Center ( St. Louis ) Bartle Hall Convention Center ( Kansas City ) Branson Convention Center ( Branson ) Nevada ( edit ) See also : List of convention centers in the Las Vegas Valley Cashman Center ( Las Vegas ) Las Vegas Convention Center ( Las Vegas ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center ( Las Vegas ) MGM Grand Hotel and Casino ( Las Vegas ) Sands Expo ( Las Vegas ) New Jersey ( edit ) Atlantic City Convention Center ( Atlantic City ) Garden State Exhibit Center ( Somerset ) Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall ( frequently called Boardwalk Hall ) ( Atlantic City ) New Jersey Convention and Exposition Center ( Edison ) Meadowlands Exposition Center ( Secaucus ) Wildwoods Convention Center ( Wildwood ) New Mexico ( edit ) Albuquerque Convention Center ( Albuquerque ) Las Cruces Convention Center ( Las Cruces ) New York ( edit ) Albany Capital Center ( opening March 2017 ) ( Albany ) Brooklyn Expo Center ( Brooklyn , New York City ) Buffalo Niagara Convention Center ( Buffalo ) The Dome Center ( Henrietta ) Empire Expo Center ( Syracuse ) Jacob K. Javits Convention Center ( Manhattan , New York City ) Madison Square Garden ( Manhattan , New York City ) Madison Square Garden ( 1890 ) ( demolished ) ( Manhattan , New York City ) Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) ( demolished ) ( Manhattan , New York City ) Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ( Uniondale ) New York Coliseum ( demolished ) ( Manhattan , New York City ) Oncenter ( Syracuse ) Rochester Riverside Convention Center ( Rochester ) Westchester County Center ( White Plains ) North Carolina ( edit ) Charlotte Convention Center ( Charlotte ) Durham Convention Center ( Durham ) The Empire Room ( Greensboro ) Joseph S. Koury Convention Center ( Greensboro ) M.C. Benton Convention Center ( Winston - Salem ) Raleigh Convention Center ( Raleigh ) Wilmington Convention Center ( Wilmington ) Ohio ( edit ) Dayton Convention Center ( Dayton ) Duke Energy Convention Center ( Cincinnati ) Greater Columbus Convention Center ( Columbus ) Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland and Global Center for Health Innovation International Exposition ( I-X ) Center ( Cleveland ) John S. Knight Center ( Akron ) SeaGate Centre ( Toledo ) Sharonville Convention Center Oklahoma ( edit ) Cox Business Center ( formerly Tulsa Convention Center ) ( Tulsa ) Cox Convention Center ( Oklahoma City ) QuikTrip Center ( Tulsa ) Oregon ( edit ) Oregon Convention Center ( Portland ) Seaside Civic and Convention Center ( Seaside ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) Bayfront Convention Center ( Erie ) Blair County Convention Center ( Altoona ) Carlisle Expo Center ( Carlisle ) David L. Lawrence Convention Center ( Pittsburgh ) Frank J. Pasquerilla Conference Center ( Johnstown ) Greater Philadelphia Expo Center ( Oaks ) Greater Reading Expo Center ( closed ) ( Reading ) Hershey Lodge and Convention Center ( Hershey ) Lancaster County Convention Center ( Lancaster ) Pennsylvania Convention Center ( Philadelphia ) Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex & Expo Center ( Harrisburg ) York Expo Center ( York ) Rhode Island ( edit ) Rhode Island Convention Center ( Providence ) South Carolina ( edit ) TD Convention Center ( Greenville ) Charleston Area Convention Center ( Charleston ) Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center ( Columbia ) Myrtle Beach Convention Center ( Myrtle Beach ) Spartanburg Expo & Event Center ( Spartanburg ) Tennessee ( edit ) Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center ( Nashville ) Memphis Convention Center ( Memphis ) Music City Center ( Nashville ) Gatlinburg Convention Center ( Gatlinburg ) Texas ( edit ) American Bank Center ( Corpus Christi ) Fort Worth Convention Center Austin Convention Center ( Austin ) George R. Brown Convention Center ( Houston ) Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center ( San Antonio ) Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas ( Irving ) Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center ( Dallas ) Kay Yeager Colosseum ( Wichita Falls ) NRG Center ( Houston ) Pitser Garrison Convention Center ( Lufkin ) South Padre Island Convention Centre ( South Padre Island ) Waco Convention Center ( Waco ) Utah ( edit ) David Eccles Conference Center ( Ogden ) Davis Conference Center ( Layton ) Dixie Center ( St. George ) Golden Spike Arena ( Ogden ) Salt Palace ( Salt Lake City ) South Towne Exposition Center ( Sandy ) Utah Valley Convention Center ( Provo ) Virginia ( edit ) Chesapeake Conference Center ( Chesapeake ) Greater Richmond Convention Center ( Richmond ) Hampton Roads Convention Center ( Hampton ) The National Conference Center ( Lansdowne ) Virginia Beach Convention Center ( Virginia Beach ) Washington ( edit ) Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center ( Tacoma ) Spokane Convention Center ( Spokane ) Three Rivers Convention Center ( Tri-Cities ) Washington State Convention Center ( Seattle ) West Virginia ( edit ) Beckley - Raleigh County Convention Center ( Beckley ) Big Sandy Superstore Arena ( Huntington ) Charleston Civic Center ( Charleston ) Morgantown Event Center ( Morgantown ) Wisconsin ( edit ) Alliant Energy Center ( Madison ) Fox Cities Exhibition Center ( Appleton ) Under construction Kalahari Resorts ( Wisconsin Dells ) Monona Terrace ( Madison ) Shopko Hall ( Ashwaubenon ) Wisconsin Center ( Milwaukee ) By insular area ( edit ) Puerto Rico ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of convention centers in Puerto Rico . By size ( edit ) Name Location Exhibition space Total space McCormick Place Chicago , Illinois 2,670,000 sq ft ( 248,000 m ) Orange County Convention Center Orlando , Florida 2,100,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) . 7,000,000 sq ft ( 650,000 m ) Georgia World Congress Center Atlanta , Georgia 1,500,000 sq ft ( 140,000 m ) 3,900,000 sq ft ( 360,000 m ) Las Vegas Convention Center Las Vegas , Nevada 2,182,167 sq ft ( 202,729.9 m ) 3,200,000 sq ft ( 300,000 m ) New Orleans Morial Convention Center New Orleans , Louisiana 1,100,000 sq ft ( 100,000 m ) 3,100,000 sq ft ( 290,000 m ) San Diego Convention Center San Diego , California 615,700 sq ft ( 57,200 m ) 2,600,000 sq ft ( 240,000 m ) Cobo Center Detroit , Michigan 722,500 sq ft ( 67,120 m ) 2,400,000 sq ft ( 220,000 m ) Walter E. Washington Convention Center Washington , D.C. 703,000 sq ft ( 65,300 m ) 2,300,000 sq ft ( 210,000 m ) Sands Expo and Convention Center Las Vegas , Nevada 2,250,000 sq ft ( 209,000 m ) International Exposition Center ( I-X Center ) Cleveland , Ohio 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) 2,200,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) Colorado Convention Center Denver , Colorado 584,000 sq ft ( 54,300 m ) 2,200,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) Dallas Convention Center Dallas , Texas 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) 2,000,000 sq ft ( 190,000 m ) George R. Brown Convention Center Houston , Texas 853,000 sq ft ( 79,200 m ) 1,800,000 sq ft ( 170,000 m ) Jacob K. Javits Convention Center New York City , New York 840,000 sq ft ( 78,000 m ) 1,800,000 sq ft ( 170,000 m ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center Las Vegas , Nevada 1,700,000 sq ft ( 160,000 m ) Greater Columbus Convention Center Columbus , Ohio 426,000 sq ft ( 39,600 m ) 1,700,000 sq ft ( 160,000 m ) Anaheim Convention Center Anaheim , California 815,000 sq ft ( 75,700 m ) 1,600,000 sq ft ( 150,000 m ) Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center San Antonio , Texas 514,000 sq ft ( 47,800 m ) 1,500,000 sq ft ( 140,000 m ) David L. Lawrence Convention Center Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 330,000 sq ft ( 31,000 m ) 1,450,000 sq ft ( 135,000 m ) NRG Center Houston , Texas 706,000 sq ft ( 65,600 m ) 1,400,000 sq ft ( 130,000 m ) Indiana Convention Center Indianapolis , Indiana 566,600 sq ft ( 52,640 m ) 1,300,000 sq ft ( 120,000 m ) Baltimore Convention Center Baltimore , Maryland 425,000 sq ft ( 39,500 m ) 1,225,000 sq ft ( 113,800 m ) Music City Center Nashville , Tennessee 350,000 sq ft ( 33,000 m ) 2,100,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) Kentucky Exposition Center Louisville , Kentucky 1,200,000 sq ft ( 110,000 m ) Hawaii Convention Center Honolulu , Hawaii 1,100,000 sq ft ( 100,000 m ) Cleveland Convention Center and Global Center for Health Innovation Cleveland , Ohio 767,000 sq ft ( 71,300 m ) 1,002,000 sq ft ( 93,100 m ) Oregon Convention Center Portland , Oregon 255,000 sq ft ( 23,700 m ) 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) Pennsylvania Convention Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 679,000 sq ft ( 63,100 m ) 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Beach , Florida 502,000 sq ft ( 46,600 m ) 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston , Massachusetts 516,000 sq ft ( 47,900 m ) 976,000 sq ft ( 90,700 m ) Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix , Arizona 312,000 sq ft ( 29,000 m ) 900,000 sq ft ( 84,000 m ) Austin Convention Center Austin , Texas 246,092 sq ft ( 22,862.7 m ) 881,400 sq ft ( 81,880 m ) Donald E. Stephens Convention Center Rosemont , Illinois 840,000 sq ft ( 78,000 m ) Los Angeles Convention Center Los Angeles , California 720,000 sq ft ( 67,000 m ) 867,000 sq ft ( 80,500 m ) Moscone Convention Center San Francisco , California 700,000 sq ft ( 65,000 m ) Tampa Convention Center Tampa , Florida 600,000 sq ft ( 56,000 m ) America 's Center St. Louis , Missouri 523,000 sq ft ( 48,600 m ) Salt Palace Convention Center Salt Lake City , Utah 515,000 sq ft ( 47,800 m ) 679,000 sq ft ( 63,100 m ) Atlantic City Convention Center Atlantic City , New Jersey 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m ) Raleigh Convention Center Raleigh , North Carolina 150,000 sq ft ( 14,000 m ) 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m ) Bartle Hall Convention Center Kansas City , Missouri 388,000 sq ft ( 36,000 m ) Reno - Sparks Convention Center Reno , Nevada 381,000 sq ft ( 35,400 m ) Charlotte Convention Center Charlotte , North Carolina 280,000 sq ft ( 26,000 m ) 850,000 sq ft ( 79,000 m ) Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center Jacksonville , Florida 265,000 sq ft ( 24,600 m ) Wisconsin Center Milwaukee , Wisconsin 226,201 sq ft ( 21,014.8 m ) Washington State Convention Center Seattle , Washington 205,700 sq ft ( 19,110 m ) Hynes Convention Center Boston , Massachusetts 193,000 sq ft ( 17,900 m ) Roland E. Powell Convention Center Ocean City , Maryland 182,200 sq ft ( 16,930 m ) Connecticut Convention Center Hartford , Connecticut 140,000 sq ft ( 13,000 m ) 191,500 sq ft ( 17,790 m ) San Jose Convention Center San Jose , California 143,000 sq ft ( 13,300 m ) See also ( edit ) List of convention and exhibition centers List of convention centers named after people References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Convention centers in the United States . Jump up ^ Forry , Ed ( 16 Dec 2009 ) . `` UMass - Boston Seeks to Buy Bayside Expo -- Motley Says No Plans for Dorms '' . The Dorchester Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hil ( 18 Dec 2009 ) . `` Boston 's Bayside Expo Site Sold to University '' . Trade Show Executive . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.albanycapitalcenter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Durham Convention Center '' . www.visitnc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` theempireroom.com '' . theempireroom.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` businessmadecasual.com '' . businessmadecasual.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Salt Palace Convention Center '' . visitsaltlake.com/salt-palace-convention-center . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormickPlace.com . `` About Us '' . Mccormickplace.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Booking a Trade Show or Convention at the OCCC '' . Orange County Convention Center . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts '' . Georgia World Congress Center . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Convention Center Las Vegas Meeting Facilities '' . Vegasmeansbusiness.com. 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Convention Center '' . Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Convention Center : Convention Facility Floor Plans '' . Visitsandiego.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.dcconvention.com Jump up ^ `` Sands Expo and Convention Center - Show Managers - Why Meet at Sands Expo '' . Sandsexpo.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Booking Information '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.facilitiesonline.com/pdf/Javitz.pdf Jump up ^ `` Javits Convention Center - I.M. Pei - Great Buildings Architecture '' . Greatbuildings.com. 1992 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Meeting Facilities - Mandalay Bay Convention Center '' . Mandalaybay.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Convention Center '' . Anaheim Convention Center . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Henry B. González Convention Center '' . City of San Antonio . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` About cmm '' . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Convention Center '' . VisitNC.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Events and Conventions '' . Wscc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_convention_centers_in_the_United_States&oldid=801759346 '' Categories : Lists of convention centers in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the biggest convention center in the us	[ "\n\nName\nLocation\nExhibition space[citation needed]\nTotal space[citation needed]\n\n\nMcCormick Place\nChicago, Illinois\n2,670,000 sq ft (248,000 m2)[8]\n\n\n\nOrange County Convention Center\nOrlando, Florida\n2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2).\n7,000,000 sq ft (650,000 m2)[9]\n\n\nGeorgia World Congress Center\nAtlanta, Georgia\n1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2)\n3,900,000 sq ft (360,000 m2)[10]\n\n\nLas Vegas Convention Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n2,182,167 sq ft (202,729.9 m2)[11]\n3,200,000 sq ft (300,000 m2)[12]\n\n\nNew Orleans Morial Convention Center\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2)\n3,100,000 sq ft (290,000 m2)\n\n\nSan Diego Convention Center\nSan Diego, California\n615,700 sq ft (57,200 m2)\n2,600,000 sq ft (240,000 m2)[13]\n\n\nCobo Center\nDetroit, Michigan\n722,500 sq ft (67,120 m2)\n2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m2)\n\n\nWalter E. Washington Convention Center\nWashington, D.C.\n703,000 sq ft (65,300 m2)\n2,300,000 sq ft (210,000 m2)[14]\n\n\nSands Expo and Convention Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n\n2,250,000 sq ft (209,000 m2)[15]\n\n\nInternational Exposition Center (I-X Center)\nCleveland, Ohio\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)[16]\n\n\nColorado Convention Center\nDenver, Colorado\n584,000 sq ft (54,300 m2)\n2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)\n\n\nDallas Convention Center\nDallas, Texas\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2)\n\n\nGeorge R. Brown Convention Center\nHouston, Texas\n853,000 sq ft (79,200 m2)\n1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)\n\n\nJacob K. Javits Convention Center\nNew York City, New York\n840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2)[17]\n1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)[18]\n\n\nMandalay Bay Convention Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n\n1,700,000 sq ft (160,000 m2)[19]\n\n\nGreater Columbus Convention Center\nColumbus, Ohio\n426,000 sq ft (39,600 m2)\n1,700,000 sq ft (160,000 m2)\n\n\nAnaheim Convention Center\nAnaheim, California\n815,000 sq ft (75,700 m2)[20]\n1,600,000 sq ft (150,000 m2)\n\n\nHenry B. Gonzalez Convention Center\nSan Antonio, Texas\n514,000 sq ft (47,800 m2)[21]\n1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2)\n\n\nDavid L. Lawrence Convention Center\nPittsburgh, Pennsylvania\n330,000 sq ft (31,000 m2)\n1,450,000 sq ft (135,000 m2)\n\n\nNRG Center\nHouston, Texas\n706,000 sq ft (65,600 m2)\n1,400,000 sq ft (130,000 m2)\n\n\nIndiana Convention Center\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n566,600 sq ft (52,640 m2)\n1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2)\n\n\nBaltimore Convention Center\nBaltimore, Maryland\n425,000 sq ft (39,500 m2)\n1,225,000 sq ft (113,800 m2)\n\n\nMusic City Center\nNashville, Tennessee\n350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2)\n2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)\n\n\nKentucky Exposition Center\nLouisville, Kentucky\n\n1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2)\n\n\nHawaii Convention Center\nHonolulu, Hawaii\n\n1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2)\n\n\nCleveland Convention Center and Global Center for Health Innovation\nCleveland, Ohio\n767,000 sq ft (71,300 m2)\n1,002,000 sq ft (93,100 m2)[22]\n\n\nOregon Convention Center\nPortland, Oregon\n255,000 sq ft (23,700 m2)\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n\n\nPennsylvania Convention Center\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n679,000 sq ft (63,100 m2)\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n\n\nMiami Beach Convention Center\nMiami Beach, Florida\n502,000 sq ft (46,600 m2)\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n\n\nBoston Convention and Exhibition Center\nBoston, Massachusetts\n516,000 sq ft (47,900 m2)\n976,000 sq ft (90,700 m2)\n\n\nPhoenix Convention Center\nPhoenix, Arizona\n312,000 sq ft (29,000 m2)\n900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2)\n\n\nAustin Convention Center\nAustin, Texas\n246,092 sq ft (22,862.7 m2)\n881,400 sq ft (81,880 m2)\n\n\nDonald E. Stephens Convention Center\nRosemont, Illinois\n840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2)\n\n\n\nLos Angeles Convention Center\nLos Angeles, California\n720,000 sq ft (67,000 m2)\n867,000 sq ft (80,500 m2)\n\n\nMoscone Convention Center\nSan Francisco, California\n700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2)\n\n\n\nTampa Convention Center\nTampa, Florida\n\n600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2)\n\n\nAmerica's Center\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n523,000 sq ft (48,600 m2)\n\n\n\nSalt Palace Convention Center\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n515,000 sq ft (47,800 m2)\n679,000 sq ft (63,100 m2)\n\n\nAtlantic City Convention Center\nAtlantic City, New Jersey\n500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2)\n\n\n\nRaleigh Convention Center\nRaleigh, North Carolina\n150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2)\n500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2)\n\n\nBartle Hall Convention Center\nKansas City, Missouri\n388,000 sq ft (36,000 m2)\n\n\n\nReno-Sparks Convention Center\nReno, Nevada\n381,000 sq ft (35,400 m2)\n\n\n\nCharlotte Convention Center\nCharlotte, North Carolina\n280,000 sq ft (26,000 m2)\n850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2)[23]\n\n\nPrime F. Osborn III Convention Center\nJacksonville, Florida\n\n265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2)\n\n\nWisconsin Center\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin\n\n226,201 sq ft (21,014.8 m2)\n\n\nWashington State Convention Center\nSeattle, Washington\n205,700 sq ft (19,110 m2)[24]\n\n\n\nHynes Convention Center\nBoston, Massachusetts\n\n193,000 sq ft (17,900 m2)\n\n\nRoland E. Powell Convention Center\nOcean City, Maryland\n\n182,200 sq ft (16,930 m2)\n\n\nConnecticut Convention Center\nHartford, Connecticut\n140,000 sq ft (13,000 m2)\n191,500 sq ft (17,790 m2)\n\n\nSan Jose Convention Center\nSan Jose, California\n\n143,000 sq ft (13,300 m2)\n\n" ]	[ "McCormick Place" ]
-6210718125279906827	Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights	Article 8 of the European Convention on Human rights - wikipedia Article 8 of the European Convention on Human rights Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one 's `` private and family life , his home and his correspondence '' , subject to certain restrictions that are `` in accordance with law '' and `` necessary in a democratic society '' . The European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) ( formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ) is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Right 1.1 Private life 1.2 Family life 1.3 Home 2 Case law 2.1 Cases involving LGBT rights 3 Violation of the convention by mass surveillance 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Right ( edit ) Article 8 -- Right to respect for private and family life 1 . Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life , his home and his correspondence . 2 . There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security , public safety or the economic well - being of the country , for the prevention of disorder or crime , for the protection of health or morals , or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others . Article 8 is considered to be one of the Convention 's most open - ended provisions . Private life ( edit ) For better understanding of perception of `` private life '' case law should be analyzed . In Niemietz v. Germany , the Court held that it `` does not consider it possible or necessary to attempt an exhaustive definition of the notion of ' private life ' . However , it would be too restrictive to limit the notion to an ' inner circle ' in which the individual may live his own personal life as he choose and to exclude therefrom entirely the outside world not encompassed within that circle . Respect for private life must also compromise to a certain degree the right to establish and develop relationship and develop relationship with other human beings . '' Family life ( edit ) In X , Y , and Z v. UK , the Court recalls that `` the notion of ' family life ' in Article 8 is not confined solely so the families based on marriage and may encompass other de facto relationship . When deciding whether a relationship can be said to amount to ' family life ' , a number of factors may be relevant , including whether the couples live together , the length of their relationship and whether they have demonstrated their commitment to each other by having children together or by any other means . '' Home ( edit ) In Niemietz v Germany case the Court gave broader meaning to the ' home ' notion including professional / business premises such as a lawyer 's office . Case law ( edit ) Article 8 clearly provides a right to be free of unlawful searches , but the Court has given the protection for `` private and family life '' that this article provides a broad interpretation , taking for instance that prohibition of private consensual homosexual acts violates this article . This may be compared to the jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court , which has also adopted a somewhat broad interpretation of the right to privacy . Furthermore , Article 8 sometimes comprises positive obligations : whereas classical human rights are formulated as prohibiting a State from interfering with rights , and thus not to do something ( e.g. not to separate a family under family life protection ) , the effective enjoyment of such rights may also include an obligation for the State to become active , and to do something ( e.g. to enforce access for a divorced father to his child ) . Golder v. United Kingdom ( 1975 ) 1 EHRR 524 -- A prisoner requested a lawyer because he said he wanted to sue a guard for defamation . Access was denied . This violated the right to a fair trial ( Article 6 ECHR ) and client confidentiality . Silver v. United Kingdom ( 1981 ) 3 EHRR 475 -- Censorship of a prisoner 's correspondence regarding conditions in prison breached Article 8 . R v Brown ( 1994 ) 1 AC 212 -- Article 8 was deemed not to `` ( invalidate ) a law which forbids violence which is intentionally harmful to body and mind '' ( specifically , assault occasioning actual bodily harm as part of consensual sadomasochistic sex acts ) by the UK House of Lords . Rotaru v. Romania ( 2000 ) ECHR 192 -- Public information that is systematically collected and stored in files held by a state or its agents falls within the scope of private life . Pretty v. United Kingdom ( 2002 ) Article 8 extends to protect the right to die . Like with articles 9 , 10 and 11 , it can be interfered with provided there 's valid justification , as there was in Pretty . Mosley v News Group Newspapers ( 2008 ) EWHC 1777 ( QB ) -- Per Eady J , equitable breach of confidence is extended to protect Art . 8 rights . S and Marper v United Kingdom ( 2008 ) ECHR 1581 -- Retention of DNA information in respect of persons arrested but not convicted of an offence was held to breach Article 8 . A , B and C v Ireland ( 2010 ) ECHR 2032 -- Article 8 does not confer a `` right to abortion '' , but the Republic of Ireland breached it by making it difficult for a woman to establish whether she qualifies for a legal abortion . Gillan and Quinton v United Kingdom ( 2010 ) ECHR 28 -- Stop and search powers granted to police under ss. 44 -- 47 of the Terrorism Act 2000 were neither sufficiently circumscribed nor subject to adequate legal safeguards against abuse . As such , the Court found the powers not to be `` in accordance with the law '' , in violation of Article 8 . Birmingham City Council v Clue ( 2010 ) EWCA Civ 460 29 / 4 / 2010 -- A challenge to the decision to refuse to provide Ms Clue and her family with essential support pending the UK Border Agency 's determination of her application for indefinite leave to remain in the UK . In a ground - breaking decision of the Court of Appeal , the judgment extends the scope of community care provision for families subject to immigration control who seek to remain in the UK on Article 8 ECHR grounds . Plantagenet Alliance v Ministry of Justice and others ( 2014 ) EWHC 1662 -- Article 8 did not entitle modern - day descendants of the House of Plantagenet to be consulted on the place of re-interment of Richard III . Zakharov v. Russia ( 2015 ) -- The Court examined Russian surveillance legislation in abstracto , finding unanimously that the existence of inadequate legislation and its application in practice themselves amounted to a violation of the applicant 's rights under Article 8 . The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission 's Application ( 2015 ) NIQB 96 -- Northern Ireland 's criminalization of abortion in cases of fatal foetal abnormality , rape or incest declared incompatible with Article 8 The notion of private life in the Article 8 is also interpreted as including some duty of environmental protection . Cases involving LGBT rights ( edit ) The following cases deal with the applicability of Article 8 to issues related to LGBT people including the recognition of same - sex marriage , laws prohibiting sodomy , and access to health services for transgender people . Modinos v. Cyprus ( 1993 ) -- Ruling invalidating Section 171 of the Criminal Code of Cyprus under which male homosexual acts were banned , finding that there had been a breach under Article 8 of the applicant 's right to respect for private life . Smith and Grady v United Kingdom ( 1999 ) 29 EHRR 493 -- The investigation into and subsequent discharge of personnel from the Royal Navy on the basis of sexual orientation was a breach of the right to a private life under Article 8 . Van Kück v. Germany ( 2003 ) ECHR 285 -- Inadequate access to a fair hearing in a case involving reimbursement by a private medical insurer for costs of hormone replacement therapy and gender reassignment surgery by a transsexual woman , where undue burden had been placed upon her to prove the medical necessity of the treatment , was a violation under Article 8 and Article 6 § 1 . Oliari and Others v Italy ( 2015 ) -- Italy violated Article 8 by not providing legal recognition to same - sex couples . Violation of the Convention by mass surveillance ( edit ) Mass surveillance , such as by the programs revealed in Edward Snowden 's global surveillance disclosures , is often accused of violating the 8th article of the European Convention on Human Rights . A 2014 report to the UN General Assembly by the United Nations ' top official for counter-terrorism and human rights condemned mass electronic surveillance as a clear violation of core privacy rights guaranteed by multiple treaties and conventions and makes a distinction between `` targeted surveillance '' -- which `` depend ( s ) upon the existence of prior suspicion of the targeted individual or organization '' -- and `` mass surveillance '' , by which `` states with high levels of Internet penetration can ( ) gain access to the telephone and e-mail content of an effectively unlimited number of users and maintain an overview of Internet activity associated with particular websites '' . Only targeted interception of traffic and location data in order to combat serious crime , including terrorism , is justified , according to a decision by the European Court of Justice . See also ( edit ) Article 10 ECHR Entick v Carrington Semayne 's case Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wicks ; Bernadette Rainey ; Clare Ovey ( 12 June 2014 ) . Jacobs , White and Ovey : the European Convention on Human Rights . Oxford University Press . p. 334 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 965508 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Alastair ( 2007 ) . Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920674 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` R v Brown ( 1993 ) UKHL 19 ( 11 March 1993 ) '' . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Rotaru v. Romania ( 2000 ) ECHR 28341 / 95 , paras. 43 -- 44 : `` Moreover , public information can fall within the scope of private life where it is systematically collected and stored in files held by the authorities . That is all the truer where such information concerns a person 's distant past ... In the Court 's opinion , such information , when systematically collected and stored in a file held by agents of the State , falls within the scope of ' private life ' for the purposes of Article 8 ( 1 ) of the Convention . '' Jump up ^ `` Gillan and Quinton v United Kingdom '' . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HUDOC Press Release : Arbitrary and abusive secret surveillance of mobile telephone communications in Russia '' . hudoc.echr.coe.int. 2015 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission 's Application ( 2015 ) NIHC 96 ( QB ) , ( 2015 ) NIQB 96 ( 30 November 2015 ) , High Court ( Northern Ireland ) Jump up ^ Antoine Buyse ( 2009 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Nuisance From Outside the Prison '' . Echrblog.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Courts ' refusal to order reimbursement of top - up costs of transsexual 's gender re-assignment treatment '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 26 January 2015 ) . `` Mass surveillance is fundamental threat to human rights , says European report '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn . `` UN Report Finds Mass Surveillance Violates International Treaties and Privacy Rights '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kieren . `` European human rights court rules mass surveillance illegal '' . The Register . Jump up ^ `` UN Says Mass Surveillance Violates Human Rights '' . Techdirt . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Does government spying violate human rights law ? - Right Now '' . Right Now . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Asthana , Anushka ( 25 December 2016 ) . `` Revealed : British councils used Ripa to secretly spy on public '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) A guide to the implementation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights ( PDF ) hide Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Article 5 Article 6 Article 7 Article 8 Article 9 Article 10 Article 11 Article 12 Article 13 Article 14 Article 15 Article 16 Article 17 Article 18 Protocols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_8_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&oldid=844850054 '' Categories : Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights Privacy law Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	article 8 of the convention on human rights	[]	[]
-8492009711467415278	Lord Voldemort	Lord Voldemort - wikipedia Lord Voldemort `` Voldemort '' redirects here . For the software project , see Voldemort ( distributed data store ) . `` He Who Cannot Be Named '' redirects here . For the member of the Dwarves , see Dwarves ( band ) . For Him Who Is Not to be Named , see Hastur . Lord Voldemort Harry Potter character Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Ralph Fiennes , as the Dark Lord finally resurrected from HP4 to the end of the film series in HP7 -- Part 2 Frank Dillane , as a fifteen - year - old in HP6 Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , as an eleven - year - old in HP6 Christian Coulson , as a sixteen - year - old in HP2 Ian Hart , voice in HP1 Richard Bremmer , non-faced in HP1 Voiced by Eddie Izzard , The Lego Batman Movie House Slytherin Full name Tom Marvolo Riddle Lord Voldemort ( / ˈvoʊldəmɔːr / , / - mɔːrt / in the films ; born Tom Marvolo Riddle ) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J.K. Rowling 's series of Harry Potter novels . Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which was released in 1997 . Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series , except the third , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , where he is only mentioned . Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter , who according to a prophecy has `` the power to vanquish the Dark Lord '' . Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name , and refers to him instead with such expressions as `` You - Know - Who '' , `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' or `` the Dark Lord '' . Voldemort 's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle ( non-magical ) heritage and to conquer both worlds , Muggle and wizarding , to achieve pure - blood dominance . Through his mother 's family , he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin , one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . He is the leader of the Death Eaters , a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.8 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Outward appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 5 Pronunciation 6 Family 6.1 Family tree 6.2 Riddle family 6.3 Gaunt family 7 Reception 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 External links Character development In a 2001 interview , Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter ( the protagonist of the novels ) , and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemort 's backstory at first . `` The basic idea ( was that Harry ) did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him ... Harry has to find out , before we find out . And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . '' In the second book , Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure - blood wizards , despite being a half - blood himself . In a 2000 interview with the BBC , Rowling described Voldemort as a self - hating bully : `` Well I think it is often the case that the biggest bullies take what they know to be their own defects , as they see it , and they put them right on someone else and then they try and destroy the other and that 's what Voldemort does . '' In the same year , Rowling became more precise about Voldemort . She began to link him to real - life tyrants , describing him as `` a raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' . In 2004 , though , Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person . In 2006 , Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear : the fear of death . She said : `` Voldemort 's fear is death , ignominious death . I mean , he regards death itself as ignominious . He thinks that it 's a shameful human weakness , as you know . His worst fear is death . '' Throughout the series , Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name . Most characters in the novels refer to him as `` You - Know - Who '' or `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' rather than say his name aloud . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , a `` taboo '' spell is placed upon the name , such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it . By this means , his followers eventually find and capture Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . In the second book , Rowling reveals that I am Lord Voldemort is an anagram of the character 's birth name , Tom Marvolo Riddle . According to the author , Voldemort 's name is an invented word . Some literary analysts have considered possible meanings in the name : Philip Nel believes that Voldemort is derived from the French for `` flight of death '' , and in a 2002 paper , Nilsen and Nilsen suggest that readers get a `` creepy feeling '' from the name Voldemort , because of the French word `` mort '' ( `` death '' ) within it and that word 's association with cognate English words derived from the Latin mors . Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort on the back of Professor Quirrell 's head in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort makes his debut in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In this story , Rowling introduces him as the Dark Lord who murdered Harry 's parents , James and Lily , but as a result of his mother 's love and willingness to sacrifice herself for him , baby Harry survives when Voldemort tries to murder him with a Killing Curse . Voldemort is disembodied , and Harry carries a mysterious scar on his forehead as a result . In the book , Voldemort unsuccessfully tries to regain his dissolved body by stealing the titular Philosopher 's Stone . To achieve his objective , Voldemort uses Professor Quirrell 's aid by latching onto the back of Quirrell 's head . However , at the climax of the book , Harry manages to prevent Voldemort from stealing the stone . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second instalment , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Rowling introduces Tom Marvolo Riddle , a manifestation of a teenage Voldemort that resides inside a magical diary found by Ginny Weasley . In this book , Ginny is written as a shy girl with a crush on Harry . Feeling anxious and lonely , she begins to write into the diary and shares her deepest fears with the sympathetic Tom . However , at the climax of the story , when Riddle rearranges the letters in his name to write `` I am Lord Voldemort '' , Riddle is revealed as a magical manifestation of the boy who would later grow up to become the Dark Lord . Riddle states he has grown strong on Ginny 's fears and eventually possesses her , using her as a pawn to unlock the Chamber of Secrets , whence a basilisk is set free and petrifies several Hogwarts students . Harry defeats the manifestation of Riddle from the diary and the basilisk . In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Voldemort does not appear in the third book , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , either in person or as a magical manifestation . He is , however , heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor . Towards the end of the story Sybill Trelawney , the Divination professor , makes a rare genuine prophecy : The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless , abandoned by his followers . His servant has been chained these twelve years . Tonight , before midnight , the servant will break free and set out to rejoin his master . The Dark Lord will rise again with his servant 's aid , greater and more terrible than ever before . Tonight ... before midnight ... the servant ... will set out ... to rejoin ... his master ... Though it is initially implied that the prophecy refers to Sirius Black , the book 's ostensible antagonist , the servant is eventually revealed to be Peter Pettigrew , who , for the 12 years since Voldemort 's fall , has been disguised as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth instalment of the series , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort appears at the start and the climax of the book . Rowling lets many seemingly unrelated plot elements fall into order . It is revealed that Voldemort 's minion Barty Crouch Jr , disguised as Hogwarts professor Mad - Eye Moody , has manipulated the events of the Triwizard Tournament in Harry 's favour . Voldemort 's goal is to teleport Harry under Dumbledore 's watch as a reluctant participant to the Little Hangleton graveyard , where the Riddle family is buried . Harry is captured and , after Pettigrew uses Harry 's blood to fulfil a gruesome magical ritual , Voldemort regains his body and is restored to his full power . For the first time in the series , Rowling describes his appearance : `` tall and skeletally thin '' , with a face `` whiter than a skull , with wide , livid scarlet eyes and a nose that was as flat as a snake 's with slits for nostrils '' . Rowling writes that his `` hands were like large , pale spiders ; his long white fingers caressed his own chest , his arms , his face ; the red eyes , whose pupils were slits , like a cat 's , gleamed still more brightly through the darkness '' . It was revealed that , while in Albania , Pettigrew had captured the Ministry of Magic official Bertha Jorkins , who was tortured for information about the Ministry . After they learned that Barty Crouch Jr , a faithful Death Eater , had been smuggled out of Azkaban and was privately confined at his father 's house , they killed her . With Pettigrew 's help , Voldemort creates a small , rudimentary body , corporeal enough to travel and perform magic , and formulated a plan to restore his own body by capturing Harry . A portion of the plan had been overheard by Frank Bryce , a gardener , whom Voldemort then killed . Voldemort then completes his plan and returns to life in his full body as a result of the ritual with Harry 's blood . He then summons his Death Eaters to the graveyard to witness the death of Harry as he challenges Harry to a duel . However , when Voldemort duels Harry , their wands become magically locked together due to the twin Phoenix feather cores of the wands . Because of a phenomenon later revealed as Priori Incantatem , ghost - like manifestations of Voldemort 's most recent victims ( including Harry 's parents ) then appear and distract Voldemort , allowing Harry just enough time to escape via Portkey with the body of fellow - student , Cedric Diggory , who was murdered by Pettigrew on Voldemort 's orders . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Voldemort appears at the climax of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , having again plotted against Harry . In this book , Harry goes through extreme emotional stress , and according to Rowling , it was necessary to prove that Harry is emotionally vulnerable and thus human , in contrast to his nemesis Voldemort , who is emotionally invulnerable and thus inhuman : `` ( Harry is ) a very human hero , and this is , obviously , there 's a contrast , between him , as a very human hero , and Voldemort , who has deliberately dehumanised himself . ( ... ) and Harry , therefore , did have to reach a point where he did almost break down . '' In this book , Voldemort makes liberal use of the Ministry of Magic 's refusal to believe that he has returned . Voldemort engineers a plot to free Bellatrix Lestrange and other Death Eaters from Azkaban and then embarks on a scheme to retrieve the full record of a prophecy stored in the Department of Mysteries regarding Harry and himself . He sends a group of Death Eaters to retrieve the prophecy , where the Order of the Phoenix meets them . All but Bellatrix are captured , and Voldemort engages in a ferocious duel with Dumbledore . When Dumbledore gets the upper hand , Voldemort attempts to possess Harry but finds that he can not ; Harry is too full of that which Voldemort finds incomprehensible , and which he detests as weakness : love . Sensing that Dumbledore could win , Voldemort disapparates , but not before the Minister for Magic sees him in person , making his return to life public knowledge in the next book . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Voldemort does not appear in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although his presence and actions are felt : he once again declares war , and begins to rise to power once more . He murders Amelia Bones of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and begins to target members of the Order of the Phoenix , including Emmeline Vance . Rowling uses several chapters as exposition to establish Voldemort 's backstory . In a series of flashbacks , using the pensieve as a plot device , she reveals that Voldemort was the son of the witch Merope Gaunt and a Muggle called Tom Riddle . Riddle abandoned Merope before their child 's birth , soon after which Merope died , just hours after giving birth . After living in an orphanage , young Riddle met Dumbledore , who told him he was a wizard and arranged for him to attend Hogwarts . Riddle was outwardly a model student , but was in reality a psychopath who takes sadistic pleasure in using his powers to harm and control people . He eventually murdered his father and grandparents as revenge for abandoning him . The book also discusses Riddle 's hatred of `` Muggles '' , his obsession with Horcruxes , and his desire to split his soul to achieve immortality . Rowling stated Voldemort 's conception under the influence of a love potion symbolises the prejudicial circumstances under which he was brought into the world . In the main plot of the book , Voldemort 's next step is to engineer an assault on Hogwarts , and to attack Dumbledore . This is accomplished by Draco Malfoy , who arranges transportation of Death Eaters into Hogwarts by a pair of Vanishing Cabinets , which bypass the extensive protective enchantments placed around the school . The cabinets allow Voldemort 's Death Eaters to enter Hogwarts , where battle commences and Dumbledore is cornered . Hogwarts professor ( and re-doubled agent ) Severus Snape uses the Killing Curse against Dumbledore when Draco could not force himself to do so . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Further information : Deathly Hallows ( objects ) In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Voldemort furthers his quest for ultimate power . He disposes of the Minister for Magic and replaces him with Pius Thicknesse , who is under the Imperius Curse . Establishing a totalitarian police state , he has Muggle - borns persecuted and arrested for `` stealing magic '' from the `` pure blood '' wizards . After failing to kill Harry with Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy 's borrowed wand ( to avoid the effect of Priori Incantatem ) , he goes on a murderous search for the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand ever created , seeing it as the weapon he needs to overcome Harry 's wand and make him truly invincible . He goes on a quest that takes him out of the country to Gregorovitch 's wand shop , where he kills the old wandmaker . His journey also takes him to Nurmengard , the prison where Gellert Grindelwald is kept , and he kills Grindelwald as well . He finally locates the Elder Wand and steals it from Dumbledore 's tomb . Later , Voldemort finds out that Harry and his friends are hunting and destroying his Horcruxes when informed of their heist on the Lestranges ' vault at Gringotts in search for Hufflepuff 's Cup . After offering the occupants of Hogwarts mercy if they give up Harry , he assembles a large army and launches an invasion of the castle , where Harry is searching for Ravenclaw 's Diadem . Voldemort orders his pet snake Nagini to execute Snape , believing it would make him the true master of the Elder Wand , since Snape killed Dumbledore . He then calls an hour 's armistice , in exchange for Harry . When Harry willingly walks into Voldemort 's camp in the Forbidden Forest , Voldemort strikes him down with the Elder Wand . However , the use of Harry 's blood to resurrect Voldemort 's body proves to be a major setback : while Harry 's blood runs in Voldemort 's veins , Harry can not be killed as his mother 's protection lives on now in Voldemort too . Instead , Voldemort destroys the part of his own soul that resides in Harry 's body . Voldemort forces Rubeus Hagrid to carry Harry 's apparently lifeless body back to the castle as a trophy , sparking another battle during which Nagini , his last Horcrux , is destroyed by Neville Longbottom . The battle then moves into the Great Hall , where Voldemort fights Minerva McGonagall , Kingsley Shacklebolt , and Horace Slughorn simultaneously . Harry then reveals himself and explains to Voldemort that Draco became the true master of the Elder Wand when he disarmed Dumbledore ; Harry , in turn , won the wand 's allegiance when he took Draco 's wand . Refusing to believe this , Voldemort casts the Killing Curse with the Elder Wand while Harry uses a Disarming Charm with Draco 's , but the Elder Wand refuses to kill its master and the spell rebounds on Voldemort who , with all of his Horcruxes destroyed , finally dies . His body is laid in a different chamber from all the others who died battling him . Rowling stated that after his death , Voldemort is forced to exist in the stunted infant - like form that Harry sees in the King 's Cross-like Limbo after his confrontation with Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest . Rowling also mentioned that , despite his extreme fear of death , he can not become a ghost . Harry Potter and the Cursed child In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , it is revealed that Bellatrix gave birth to Voldemort 's daughter Delphi in Malfoy Manor before the Battle of Hogwarts . Twenty - two years later , Delphi poses as Cedric 's cousin and manipulates Harry and Ginny 's second son Albus Severus Potter , his friend , Draco and Astoria Greengrass 's son Scorpius Malfoy into stealing a prototype Time Turner with which she hopes to resurrect her father . Using the Time Turner , Scorpius accidentally creates an alternative timeline where Voldemort killed Harry at the battle and now rules the wizarding world . In an attempt to achieve this future , Delphi travels to Godric 's Hollow on the night Voldemort killed Harry 's parents , hoping to avert the prophecy that led to her father 's downfall . After receiving a message from his son , Harry , together with Ron , Hermione and Draco ( who by now has become friends with Harry after they join forces to save their respective sons ) transfigures himself into Voldemort so that he can distract Delphi , allowing them to overpower her . The real Voldemort kills Harry 's parents as prophesied , and Delphi is sent to Azkaban . Portrayals within films Young Tom in his fifth year at Hogwarts as played by Christian Coulson in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Voldemort appears in seven Harry Potter films , namely Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Several actors have portrayed him in his varying incarnations and ages . In Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Voldemort 's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell 's head , an effect achieved by computer generated imagery . Ian Hart , the actor who played Quirrell in the same film , provided the voice and the facial source for this character . Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn . As Voldemort 's face was altered enough by CG work , and Hart 's voice was affected enough , there was no confusion by Hart 's playing of the two roles . In that film , he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them . In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer , though his face is never seen . His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle ( portrayed by Christian Coulson ) . Ralph Fiennes portrays Voldemort from Goblet of Fire to Deathly Hallows Part 2 . In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort is initially only heard , possessing the scratchy , weak voice heard in the first film . By the film 's climax , however , he appears in his physical form for the first time , played by Ralph Fiennes . As in the book , Voldemort is shown clad in dark black robes , being tall and emaciated , with no hair and yellowish teeth ; his wand has a white tone and the handle appears to be made of bone ; his finger nails are long and pale blue while his toe nails appear to be infected . Unlike in the book , his pupils are not cat - like and his eyes are blue , because producer David Heyman felt that his evil would not be able to be seen and would not fill the audience with fear ( his eyes do briefly take on a snake - like appearance when he opens them after turning human , but quickly turn normal ) . As in the book , the film version of Voldemort has snake - like slit nostrils with the flesh of his nose significantly pressed back . Ralph Fiennes ' nose was not covered in makeup on the set , but was digitally removed in post-production . In this first appearance , Voldemort also has a forked tongue , but this element was removed for the subsequent films . Fiennes stated that he had two weeks to shoot the climactic showdown scene where he is gloating over a terrified Harry , played by Daniel Radcliffe . Fiennes said with a chuckle : `` I have no doubt children will be afraid of me now if they were n't before . '' In preparation , he read the novel Goblet of Fire , but jokingly conceded : `` I was only interested in my scene , and I had to go through thousands and thousands of other scenes which I did , dutifully , until I got to my scene and I read it many , many , many , many , many times and that was my research . '' Fiennes reprised his role as Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Fiennes 's nephew , Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , portrayed Tom Riddle as a child in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . By the time filming arrived Christian Coulson was 29 , and not considered suitable to return as the adolescent Riddle . Thomas James Longley was originally scheduled to take over the role , but last minute renegotiations saw Frank Dillane cast instead . Characterisation Outward appearance After he regains his body in the fourth book , Rowling describes Voldemort as having pale skin , a chalk - white , skull - like face , snake - like slits for nostrils , red eyes and cat - like slits for pupils , a skeletally thin body and long , thin hands with unnaturally long fingers . As mentioned in the first chapter of the seventh book , he also has no hair or lips . Earlier in life , as seen through flashbacks contained in the second and sixth books , Tom Marvolo Riddle was handsome and tall with pale skin , jet black hair , and dark brown eyes . He could charm many people with his looks . The transformation into his monstrous state is believed to have been the result of creating his Horcruxes and becoming less human as he continued to divide his soul . In the films , Voldemort 's eyes are blue with round pupils . Personality Rowling described Voldemort as `` the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years '' . She elaborated that he is a `` raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' , and whose only ambition in life is to become all - powerful and immortal . He is also a sadist who hurts and murders people -- especially Muggles -- just for pleasure . He has no conscience , feels no remorse , and does not recognise the worth and humanity of anybody except himself . He feels no need for human companionship or friendship , and can not comprehend love or affection for another . He believes he is superior to everyone around him , to the point that he frequently refers to himself in the third - person as `` Lord Voldemort '' . Rowling also stated that Voldemort is `` incredibly power hungry . Racist , really '' , and that if Voldemort were to look into the Mirror of Erised , he would see `` Himself , all - powerful and eternal . That 's what he wants . '' Rowling also stated that Voldemort 's conception by influence of Amortentia -- a love potion administered by his mother , a witch named Merope Gaunt , to the Muggle Tom Riddle -- is related to his inability to understand love ; it is `` a symbolic way of showing that he came from a loveless union -- but of course , everything would have changed if Merope had survived and raised him herself and loved him . The enchantment under which Tom Riddle fathered Voldemort is important because it shows coercion , and there ca n't be many more prejudicial ways to enter the world than as the result of such a union '' . Like most archetypical villains , Voldemort 's arrogance leads to his downfall . He also suffers from a pathological fear of death , which he regards as a shameful and ignominious human weakness . However , while he had many traits of a megalomaniac , he did not have all , as one common trait associated with megalomania and narcissists was shifting blame . Voldemort admitted he paid an expensive price in attacking the parents of Harry Potter , and carefully studied what went wrong when reorganizing his Death Eaters , ultimately placing the blame upon himself . According to Rowling , his Boggart would be his own corpse . Rowling also said that the difference between Harry and Voldemort is that Harry accepts mortality , and thus Harry is in the end stronger than his nemesis . Magical abilities and skills Throughout the series , Rowling establishes Voldemort as an extremely powerful , intelligent , and ruthless Dark Wizard . He is known as one of the greatest Legilimens in the world and a highly accomplished Occlumens ; he can read minds and shield his own from penetration . Besides Dumbledore , he is also the only wizard ever known to be able to apparate silently . Voldemort was also said to fear one wizard alone , Dumbledore . In the final book , Voldemort flies unsupported , something that amazes those who see it . Voldemort , like his ancestral family , the Gaunts , is a Parselmouth , meaning he can converse with serpents . This skill was inherited from his ancestor , Salazar Slytherin . The Gaunt family speak Parseltongue among themselves . This highly unusual trait may be preserved through inbreeding , a practice employed by the Gaunt Family to maintain their blood 's purity . When Voldemort attempts to kill Harry his ability to speak Parseltongue is passed to Harry through the small bit of the former 's soul . After that bit of soul is destroyed , Harry loses this ability . In a flashback in the sixth novel , Voldemort boasts to Dumbledore during a job interview that he has `` pushed the boundaries of magic farther than they had ever before '' . Dumbledore states that Voldemort 's knowledge of magic is more extensive than any wizard alive and that even Dumbledore 's most powerful protective spells and charms would likely be insufficient if Voldemort returned to full power . Dumbledore also said that Voldemort was probably the most brilliant student Hogwarts has ever seen . Although Voldemort remains highly accomplished and prodigious in skill , he is enormously lacking and highly inept in the most powerful magic , love . This inability to love and trust others proves to be Voldemort 's greatest weakness in the series . Voldemort initially voices scepticism that his own magic might not be the most powerful , but upon returning to power , he admits to his Death Eaters that he had overlooked the ancient and powerful magic which Lily Potter invoked and that would protect Harry from harm . On her website , Rowling wrote that Voldemort 's wand is made of yew , whose sap is poisonous and which symbolises death . It forms a deliberate contrast to Harry 's wand , which is made of holly , which she chose because holly is alleged to repel evil . Rowling establishes in the books that Voldemort is magically connected to Harry via Harry 's forehead scar . He disembodies himself when his Killing Curse targeting Harry rebounds on him , leaving the scar on Harry 's forehead . In the books , and to a lesser extent in the films , Harry 's scar serves as an indicator of Voldemort 's presence : it burns when the Dark Lord is near or when Voldemort is feeling murderous or exultant . According to Rowling , by attacking Harry when he was a baby Voldemort gave him `` tools ( that ) no other wizard possessed -- the scar and the ability it conferred , a magical window into Voldemort 's mind '' . Pronunciation According to Rowling , the ' t ' in `` Voldemort '' is silent , as it is in the French word for death , `` mort '' . Jim Dale pronounced it so in the US audiobooks that came before the release of the film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , where the characters pronounced the `` t '' . After this , Dale changed his audiobook pronunciation accordingly . For all the UK audiobooks Stephen Fry pronounced the name including the `` t '' . Family Family tree Note : The names ' Thomas ' and ' Mary ' Riddle are taken from the films , and Delphini appears only in the Cursed Child play . The Potter Family is not shown . show Voldemort family tree Salazar Slytherin The Peverell Family Thomas Riddle Mary Riddle Marvolo Gaunt Tom Riddle Sr . Merope Gaunt Morfin Gaunt Tom Marvolo Riddle Bellatrix Lestrange Delphini Harry Potter Notes : Riddle family The Riddle family , an old gentry family , consisted of old Thomas and Mary Riddle and their son , Tom Riddle , Esq . They owned over half of the valley that the town of Little Hangleton lay in , and Thomas was the most prominent inhabitant of that town . They lived in a large house with fine gardens , but were unpopular amongst the local residents due to their snobbish attitudes . Tom , apparently the only child of Thomas and Mary , indulged in the typical pursuits of the upper class in the first half of the twentieth century , socialising with attractive women of his class , riding horses , and enjoying his status in the town . Rowling revealed in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince that young Merope Gaunt made efforts to get as close to Tom as she could , peering at him through the windows and bushes at every opportunity . Morfin noticed his sister 's affection for Tom and hexed him as he rode by , covering him in hives . This breach of wizarding law , and the ensuing violent struggle with Ministry of Magic officials , led to Marvolo and Morfin being imprisoned in Azkaban . As surmised by Dumbledore , once Merope was alone and no longer dominated by her father , she could make her move for Tom . Merope offered Tom a drink laced with a love potion as he rode by one day without his attractive companion , Cecilia . He became infatuated with Merope and they eloped . Within three months of the marriage , Merope became pregnant . Merope decided to stop giving Tom the love potion , having come to the belief such enchantment of a man was tantamount to slavery . She also revealed her witch status to Tom , believing either that he had fallen in love with her on his own or he would at least stay for their unborn child . She was wrong , and Tom quickly left his pregnant wife and went home to his parents , claiming to have been `` hoodwinked '' and tricked into marrying Merope . Tom Marvolo Riddle , their son , was born on 31 December 1926 and was left to grow up in an orphanage , as Merope had died soon after giving birth . Readers first learn about the doom of the Riddles in the beginning of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Tom Riddle , Esq. and his parents were murdered by Tom Marvolo Riddle . The Riddles ' gardener Frank Bryce was blamed for the murders in the Muggle world , though he was never charged or tried , while in the wizarding world Morfin Gaunt was framed for them and died in Azkaban prison . In the film adaptation of The Goblet of Fire , Voldemort 's grandparents were given the names Thomas and Mary Riddle . Gaunt family Most of the exposition of the House of Gaunt 's background occurs in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , through the medium of Dumbledore 's Pensieve . The Gaunts were once a powerful and influential family , and are the last known descendants of Salazar Slytherin . However , an infamous streak of instability and violence that was reinforced by cousin marriages intended to preserve the pureblood line had reduced them to poverty and squalour , as shown in the Pensieve 's `` memory '' that Harry and Dumbledore witnessed . Like Salazar Slytherin , the Gaunts spoke Parseltongue . At the time of the story , the Gaunts owned hardly any assets save for a ramshackle shanty in Little Hangleton , which stood in a thicket in a valley opposite the Riddle House . Like the Riddles , the Gaunts were also unpopular with the local residents , but for the opposite reason ; their squalour was looked down upon and the vicious behavior of the Gaunt men earned them a reputation for being vulgar and intimidating . Marvolo Gaunt was the last Gaunt family patriarch . He was sentenced to a short term in Azkaban for his and his son 's assault upon a Ministry of Magic official ; this affected his health and he died soon after returning home . His signet ring passed to his son , Morfin Gaunt , who was convicted of assaulting a Muggle , and later died in Azkaban , convicted this time as a party to the murder of Tom Riddle Sr and Riddle 's parents by his nephew . The real culprit was discovered much later by Dumbledore , who visited Morfin in Azkaban to gather information about Voldemort . After Dumbledore successfully extracted Morfin 's memory of his encounter with his nephew , he tried to use the evidence to have Morfin released , but Morfin died before the decision could be made . Morfin being the last male Gaunt , the House of Gaunt ended with his death . Merope Gaunt ( / mɛˈroʊpi / ) was the daughter of Marvolo , sister of Morfin . Harry 's first impression of her was that she looked `` like the most defeated person he had ever seen '' , probably because she lived in raggedness , squalour , and abuse . She married Tom Riddle Sr and became pregnant within three months of the wedding . It is suggested that she tricked her husband into loving her by using a love potion , but when she became pregnant , she chose to stop administering the potion . It is implied that Merope had grown tired of living the lie and thought that her husband might have grown to love her , or that he might have stayed for the sake of their unborn child ; however , he left her . Desperate , Merope wandered through the streets of London . The only thing she had left was the heavy gold locket that had once belonged to Salazar Slytherin , one of her family 's most treasured items , which she sold for a small amount . When she was due to give birth , she stumbled into a Muggle orphanage , where she gave birth to her only son , Tom Marvolo Riddle . She died within the next hour . Gormlaith Gaunt was a 17th - century descendant of Salazar Slytherin , and like Salazar , a Parselmouth . Her wand was that which once belonged to Salazar himself . Educated at Hogwarts , Gormlaith lived in Ireland in the early 1600s . In about 1608 , Gormlaith killed her estranged unnamed sister , and her sister 's husband , William Sayre ( a descendant of the Irish witch Morrigan ) , and kidnapped their five - year - old daughter , Isolt Sayre , raising her in the neighbouring valley of Coomcallee , or `` Hag 's Glen '' , because she felt that her parents ' association with Muggles would badly influence Islot . Fanatical and cruel , Gormlaith used Dark magic to isolate Islot from others , forbade her a wand , and did not allow her to attend Hogwarts as she herself had , disgusted that it was now filled with Muggle - borns . After twelve years with Gormlaith , Islot stole Gormlaith 's wand and fled to the Colonies and settled in Massachusetts , where she founded the Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . When Gormlaith learned of the school , she pursued her niece in Massachusetts , where she was killed by Isolt 's friend , William the Pukwudgie , with a venom - tipped arrow . The Gaunts , including Voldemort , are distantly related to Harry because they are descendants of the Peverell brothers . Reception Several people have drawn a parallel between Voldemort and some politicians . Rowling has admitted that Voldemort was `` a sort of '' Adolf Hitler , and that there is some parallel with Nazism in her books . Rowling also compared Voldemort with Joseph Stalin , with whom he shares several traits , including that of renouncing his family name in favour of one which would invoke fear and strength . Alfonso Cuarón , director of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban compared Voldemort with George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein , as the two of them `` ... have selfish interests and are very much in love with power . Also , a disregard for the environment . A love for manipulating people . '' Andrew Slack and the Harry Potter Alliance compare media consolidation in the US to Voldemort 's regime in Deathly Hallows and its control over the Daily Prophet and other media saying that `` Once Voldemort took over every form of media in the wizarding world , Dumbledore 's Army and the Order of the Phoenix formed an independent media movement called ' Potterwatch ' . Now the HP Alliance and Wizard Rock have come together to fight for a Potterwatch movement in the real world to fight back against Big VoldeMedia from further pushing out local and foreign news , minority representation , and the right to a Free Press . '' Julia Turner from Slate Magazine also noted similarities between the events of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and the current War on Terror . She said that Voldemort takes up terrorism by destroying bridges , murdering innocents , and forcing children to kill their elders . Voldemort has also been compared with other characters within fiction , for example Sauron from The Lord of the Rings ; they are , during the time when the main plot takes place , seeking to recover their lost power after having been considered dead or at least no longer a threat , and are also so feared that they are sometimes unnamed . IGN listed Voldemort as their seventh favourite Harry Potter character , calling him `` truly frightening '' . In 2014 , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 7 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list , while they ranked him # 1 on their `` Top 10 Most Evil Harry Potter Villains '' and `` Top 10 Most Gut - Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths '' lists two years later . In popular culture Several campaigns have used Voldemort to compare his evilness to the influence of politicians , large media and corporations . `` Lord Voldemort '' is a nickname sometimes used for Peter Mandelson . Voldemort is also a recurring theme among wizard rock bands . Voldemort Ca n't Stop the Rock ! is the second album from Harry and the Potters , and the character is mentioned in songs such as `` The Dark Lord Lament '' and `` Flesh , Blood , and Bone '' . Voldemort has been parodied in various venues . In The Simpsons 13th season 's premiere , `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' , Montgomery Burns appears as Lord Montymort . A parody of Voldemort appears in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as Lord Moldybutt , an enemy of Nigel Planter ( a parody of Harry ) . Voldemort also appears in the Potter Puppet Pals sketches by Neil Cicierega . One of the episodes including him was the seventeenth most viewed video of all time as of 2008 and the winner for `` Best Comedy '' of the year 2007 at YouTube . In Time , Lon Tweeten shows with Continuing the Magic possible future book covers laced with pop culture references . One of them , the `` Dark Lord of the Dance '' , shows Voldemort teaming up with Harry on Broadway . In the MAD Magazine parodies of the films , the character is called Lord Druckermort , a backwards reference to the magazine 's longtime caricaturist Mort Drucker . In Alan Moore 's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 , a young Tom Marvolo Riddle ( introduced as `` Tom '' , whose middle name is a `` marvel '' and last name is a `` conundrum '' ) appears , and becomes the new avatar of Oliver Haddo at the story 's conclusion . In A Very Potter Musical , Voldemort is played by actor Joe Walker . Voldemort also appeared in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London as an inflatable representation of children 's literature villains , alongside The Queen of Hearts , Captain Hook , and Cruella de Vil . Outside of the Harry Potter video games , Voldemort is also playable in Lego Dimensions , with archive audio of Ralph Fiennes 's portrayal in the films used for his voiceovers . Voldemort also appears in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Eddie Izzard as one of the prisoners in the Phantom Zone that the Joker recruits to take over Gotham City . A 2018 Italian fan film titled Voldemort : Origins of the Heir depicts the story of Tom Riddle 's rise to power . References ^ Jump up to : Takahama , Valerie ( 26 October 1999 ) . `` Enchanted with Potter Literature : Fans line up for hours to get their books signed '' . The Orange County Register . Santa Ana , California : Digital First Media . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : HPL : Lord Voldemort : Quick facts Archived 24 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . ; Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling on The Diane Rehm Show '' . WAMU Radio Washington , D.C. 20 October 1999 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling talks about Book Four '' . cBBC Newsround. 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` ' Fire ' Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling 's World Book Day Chat '' . 4 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Anelli , Melissa & Spartz , Emerson ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part Two '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nel , Philip ( 2001 ) . J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter Novels : A Reader 's Guide ( illustrated ed . ) . London , England : Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pace Nilsen , Alleen ; Nilsen , Don L.F. ( November 2002 ) . `` Lessons in the teaching of vocabulary from September 11 and Harry Potter '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy . Hoboken , New Jersey . 46 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 260 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . `` The Heir of Slytherin '' . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1999 ) . `` Professor Trelawney 's Prediction '' . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747542155 . ^ Jump up to : , chapters 32 to 35 Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Riddle House '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Parting of the Ways '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2003 ) . `` Beyond the Veil '' . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747551006 . Jump up ^ `` Living With Harry Potter '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` The House of Gaunt '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Muggle - Born Registration Commission '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` A Sluggish Memory '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Horcruxes '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' J . '' K. rowling web chat transcript `` . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` The Lightning - Struck Tower '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Seven Potters '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Thief '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Final Hiding Place '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Hogwarts '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Elder Wand '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Forest Again '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Flaw in the Plan '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ `` Webchat with J.K. Rowling '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Credit Confusion '' . MuggleNet . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Paul . `` Ralph Fiennes for `` White Countess '' and `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' `` . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter Joins the All - Star Cast and Nicholas Hooper Signs on to Compose the Score of Warner Bros. Pictures ' Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix '' . Warner Bros. 2 August 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas James Longley '' . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Trivia '' . Dark Horizons . 15 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Fire Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ A Good Scare . Time . 30 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What Jo says about ... Lord Voldemort , aka Tom Marvolo Riddle '' . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' Anelli , Melissa and Emerson Spartz . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part Two , '' The Leaky Cauldron `` . 16 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling web chat transcript '' . 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Lord Voldemort 's Request '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2003 ) . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747551006 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Death Eaters '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . Jump up ^ `` Section : Extra Stuff WANDS '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` jkrowling.com F.A.Q '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Clarifies Voldemort Pronunciation in Harry Potter '' . / Film . 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You got this Harry Potter character 's name wrong '' . Digital Spy. 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling responds to Stephen Fry ' Harry Potter ' feud rumours '' . NME. 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ F.A.Q Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry '' . Pottermore . Jump up ^ `` TIME Person of The Year Runner - up : J.K. Rowling '' . Time . 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' `` . The Volkskrant. 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Dumbledore ! '' . Entertainment Weekly -- PopWatch Blog . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ * Pierce , Nev . Reel Life , 28 July 2003 BBC Carla Power & Devin Gordon ( 4 August 2003 ) . `` Caution : Wizard at Work '' . Newsweek magazine . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ * Steel , Sharon ( 20 December 2007 ) . `` Challenging Voldemedia '' . The Boston Phoenix Slack , Andrew ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter Fans and the Fight Against ' VoldeMedia ' '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Turner , Julia When Harry Met Osama ; Terrorism comes to Hogwarts , 20 July 2005 Jump up ^ Monroe , Caroline . `` How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien ? '' . GreenBooks . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph page 23 , 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' episode capsule at The Simpsons Archive Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al Yankovic Biography ( 1959 -- ) '' ... filmreference.com . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lon Tweeten ( 2007 ) . `` Continuing the Magic '' ( PDF ) . Time . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Echites , Giulia ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` CINEMA Le origini di Voldemort in un film tutto italiano '' . Repubblica.it ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( 2018 ) . `` Voldemort : Origins of the Heir review : a fun - free Harry Potter fan film lifted by magical effects '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Tom Riddle on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Lord Voldemort at Harry Potter Lexicon Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord Voldemort hide The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Voldemort&oldid=846565731 '' Categories : Fictional English people Harry Potter characters Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters with immortality Fictional cult leaders Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators Fictional mass murderers Fictional necromancers Fictional orphans Fictional patricides Fictional serial killers Fictional telepaths Fictional torturers Literary villains Male characters in film Male characters in literature Narcissism in fiction Psychopathy in fiction Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2018 EngvarB from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	harry potter the name that cannot be said	[ "Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has \"the power to vanquish the Dark Lord\". Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name, and refers to him instead with such expressions as \"You-Know-Who\", \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" or \"the Dark Lord\". Voldemort's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle (non-magical) heritage and to conquer both worlds, Muggle and wizarding, to achieve pure-blood dominance. Through his mother's family, he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin,[3] one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler." ]	[ "Voldemort" ]
2094392886389474592	College Area, San Diego	College Area , San Diego - wikipedia College Area , San Diego Community of San Diego in California , United States of America College Area , San Diego Community of San Diego College Area Campanile Drive College Area , San Diego Location within San Diego Coordinates : 32 ° 46 ′ 19 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 08 '' W / 32.771831 ° N 117.068939 ° W / 32.771831 ; - 117.068939 Country United States of America State California County San Diego City San Diego The College Area is a neighborhood of the Mid-City region of San Diego , California , United States . The College Area is dominated by San Diego State University ( SDSU ; once known as San Diego State College ) , after which the area is named . Several neighborhoods in the College Area were developed in the 1930s , with others becoming established in the post-war period . The College Area is bordered on the west by Kensington and Talmadge and on the east by the city of La Mesa . El Cajon Boulevard is a busy shopping district ; additional retail is in development near SDSU . The College Area includes the neighborhoods of the Catoctin Area , Dennstedt Point , East Falls View Drive , Saranac - Mohawk , and an Orthodox Jewish neighborhood in the area near Congregation Beth Jacob Orthodox Synagogue on College Avenue . The region includes Alvarado Hospital , a 306 - bed acute care facility , and the College - Rolando branch of the San Diego Public Library . Contents 1 Geography 2 Transportation 3 Traffic 4 Education 4.1 Elementary schools 4.2 K through 8 4.3 K through 12 4.4 Colleges and universities 5 References 6 External links Geography ( edit ) The college area lies on a plateau which overlooks Interstate 8 . The neighborhood 's borders are defined by Montezuma Road / Collwood Boulevard to the southwest , Interstate 8 to the north , 73rd Street to the east , and El Cajon Boulevard to the south . Transportation ( edit ) MTS ( Metropolitan Transit System ) operates the San Diego Trolley to SDSU Transit Center and the Alvarado Medical Center trolley station , both of which are in the College Area . The trolley station at SDSU , as well as a bus plaza , make up the SDSU Transit Center . Bus routes 11 , 11A , 14 , 936 , and Rapid Bus 215 go to the Transit Center , to name a few . Transfers are made from the SDSU trolley subway station located at the Transit Center , underneath the bus plaza . Riders can go up to the bus plaza via elevator or stairs . As of October 12 , 2014 , the SDSU Transit Station serves as the starting point for MTS Rapid Bus Route 215 . A high - frequency , limited - stop service runs between San Diego State University and Downtown San Diego via El Cajon Boulevard and Park Boulevard . This route provides a convenient transit option for visitors and nearby neighbors from downtown San Diego , North Park and Hillcrest to shop and dine in the busy commercial corridor . All mass transit routes noted enable visitors from the San DIego region to explore San Diego State University 's beautiful campus and enjoy the leisure , arts and culture provided by this institution of higher learning . Traffic ( edit ) The College Area is accessible from Interstate 8 , State Route 94 . Surface streets entering into the College Area include 70th Street ( accessible from I - 8 ) , College Avenue ( accessible from I - 8 and SR94 ) and 54th Street and Montezuma Road ( accessible from I - 8 ) . Built in July 2005 there is also a mass transit connection by MTS San Diego Trolley accessing the SDSU on - campus underground station . Traffic can be high during the day however , local residents and City officials working together to increase pedestrian and bicycle routes and modifying the street infrastructure to eleviate any congestion in the area as the population grows in the neighborhoods . Education ( edit ) The college area is home to one traditional elementary school , one private K - 8 school , two alternative K - 8 schools , and SDSU . Elementary schools ( edit ) Hardy ( San Diego Unified School District ) K through 8 ( edit ) Blessed Sacrament Parish School K through 12 ( edit ) San Diego Unified School District Language Academy Tubman Village Charter Colleges and universities ( edit ) San Diego State University References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Historical Neighborhoods . '' College Neighborhoods , 2013 . http://collegeneighborhoods.com/history/baja.html . Jump up ^ Transit.511sd.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to College Area , San Diego . City Council District 9 Neighborhood : College Area College Area Community Council Alvarado Estates College View Estates Rolando Community Council Rolando Village , located in San Diego 's college area , 92115 College Neighborhoods Foundation Mission Times Courier , community newspaper College Area Business District Neighborhoods of San Diego Northern Bay Ho Bay Park Carmel Valley Clairemont Del Mar Heights Del Mar Mesa La Jolla La Jolla Village Mission Beach North City Pacific Beach Pacific Highlands Ranch Torrey Hills Torrey Pines University City Village of La Jolla Northeastern Black Mountain Ranch Carmel Mountain Ranch Mira Mesa Miramar Rancho Bernardo Rancho Encantada Rancho Peñasquitos Sabre Springs San Pasqual Valley Scripps Ranch Sorrento Valley Sorrento Mesa Torrey Highlands Eastern Birdland East Elliott Kearny Mesa Mission Valley East Navajo ( Allied Gardens Del Cerro Grantville San Carlos ) Serra Mesa Tierrasanta Western Burlingame Hillcrest ( Marston Hills ) Linda Vista Midtown Mission Hills Mission Valley West Morena North Park Ocean Beach Old Town Point Loma ( La Playa Liberty Station Loma Portal Midway Point Loma Heights Roseville - Fleetridge Sunset Cliffs Wooded Area ) University Heights Central Downtown ( Columbia Core Cortez Hill East Village Gaslamp Quarter Harborview Little Italy Marina ) Balboa Park Bankers Hill Barrio Logan Golden Hill Grant Hill Logan Heights Memorial Middletown Sherman Heights South Park Stockton Mid-City City Heights College Area El Cerrito Fairmount Park Gateway Islenair Kensington Normal Heights Oak Park Redwood Village Rolando Rolando Park Swan Canyon Talmadge Webster Southeastern Alta Vista Bay Terraces Broadway Heights Chollas View Emerald Hills Encanto Jamacha Lincoln Park Lomita Mountain View Mount Hope Paradise Hills Shelltown Skyline Southcrest Valencia Park Southern Border Egger Highlands Nestor Ocean View Hills Otay Mesa Otay Mesa West Palm City San Ysidro Tijuana River Valley Coordinates : 32 ° 46 ′ 18.59 '' N 117 ° 4 ′ 8.18 '' W / 32.7718306 ° N 117.0689389 ° W / 32.7718306 ; - 117.0689389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_Area,_San_Diego&oldid=844919870 '' Categories : Neighborhoods in San Diego Urban communities in San Diego San Diego State University Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what area of san diego is sdsu in	[ "The College Area is a neighborhood of the Mid-City region of San Diego, California, United States. The College Area is dominated by San Diego State University (SDSU; once known as San Diego State College), after which the area is named. Several neighborhoods in the College Area were developed in the 1930s, with others becoming established in the post-war period.[1] The College Area is bordered on the west by Kensington and Talmadge and on the east by the city of La Mesa. El Cajon Boulevard is a busy shopping district; additional retail is in development near SDSU.\n" ]	[ "The College Area" ]
3341409192358088701	Blowin' in the Wind	Blowin ' in the Wind - wikipedia Blowin ' in the Wind `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan B - side `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' Released August 1963 Format 7 '' single Recorded July 9 , 1962 Studio Columbia Recording Studios , New York City , New York Genre Folk Length 2 : 48 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) John H. Hammond Bob Dylan singles chronology `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' ( 1963 ) `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' ( 1963 ) `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( 1965 ) The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan track listing 13 tracks Side one `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` Girl from the North Country '' `` Masters of War '' `` Down the Highway '' `` Bob Dylan 's Blues '' `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' Side two `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' `` Bob Dylan 's Dream '' `` Oxford Town '' `` Talkin ' World War III Blues '' `` Corrina , Corrina '' `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` I Shall Be Free '' Audio sample file help `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1962 and released as a single and on his album The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan in 1963 . Although it has been described as a protest song , it poses a series of rhetorical questions about peace , war , and freedom . The refrain `` The answer , my friend , is blowin ' in the wind '' has been described as `` impenetrably ambiguous : either the answer is so obvious it is right in your face , or the answer is as intangible as the wind '' . In 1994 , the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , it was ranked number 14 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents 1 Origins and initial response 2 Personnel 3 Legacy 4 Other versions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Origins and initial response ( edit ) Dylan originally wrote and performed a two - verse version of the song ; its first public performance , at Gerde 's Folk City on April 16 , 1962 , was recorded and circulated among Dylan collectors . Shortly after this performance , he added the middle verse to the song . Some published versions of the lyrics reverse the order of the second and third verses , apparently because Dylan simply appended the middle verse to his original manuscript , rather than writing out a new copy with the verses in proper order . The song was published for the first time in May 1962 , in the sixth issue of Broadside , the magazine founded by Pete Seeger and devoted to topical songs . The theme may have been taken from a passage in Woody Guthrie 's autobiography , Bound for Glory , in which Guthrie compared his political sensibility to newspapers blowing in the winds of New York City streets and alleys . Dylan was certainly familiar with Guthrie 's work ; his reading of it had been a major turning point in his intellectual and political development . In June 1962 , the song was published in Sing Out ! , accompanied by Dylan 's comments : There ai n't too much I can say about this song except that the answer is blowing in the wind . It ai n't in no book or movie or TV show or discussion group . Man , it 's in the wind -- and it 's blowing in the wind . Too many of these hip people are telling me where the answer is but oh I wo n't believe that . I still say it 's in the wind and just like a restless piece of paper it 's got to come down some ... But the only trouble is that no one picks up the answer when it comes down so not too many people get to see and know ... and then it flies away . I still say that some of the biggest criminals are those that turn their heads away when they see wrong and know it 's wrong . I 'm only 21 years old and I know that there 's been too many ... You people over 21 , you 're older and smarter . Dylan recorded `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' on July 9 , 1962 , for inclusion on his second album , The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan , released in May 1963 . In his sleeve notes for The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 , John Bauldie wrote that Pete Seeger first identified the melody of `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' as an adaptation of the old African - American spiritual `` No More Auction Block / We Shall Overcome '' . According to Alan Lomax 's The Folk Songs of North America , the song originated in Canada and was sung by former slaves who fled there after Britain abolished slavery in 1833 . In 1978 , Dylan acknowledged the source when he told journalist Marc Rowland : `` ' Blowin ' in the Wind ' has always been a spiritual . I took it off a song called ' No More Auction Block ' -- that 's a spiritual and ' Blowin ' in the Wind ' follows the same feeling . '' Dylan 's performance of `` No More Auction Block '' was recorded at the Gaslight Cafe in October 1962 , and appeared on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 . The critic Michael Gray suggested that the lyric is an example of Dylan 's incorporation of Biblical rhetoric into his own style . A particular rhetorical form deployed time and again in the New Testament and based on a text from the Old Testament book of Ezekiel ( 12 : 1 -- 2 ) is : `` The word of the Lord came to me : ' Oh mortal , you dwell among the rebellious breed . They have eyes to see but see not ; ears to hear , but hear not . '' In `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' , Dylan transforms this into `` Yes'n ' how many ears must one man have ... ? '' and `` Yes ' n ' how many times must a man turn his head / Pretending he just does n't see ? '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' has been described as an anthem of the civil rights movement . In Martin Scorsese 's documentary on Dylan , No Direction Home , Mavis Staples expressed her astonishment on first hearing the song and said she could not understand how a young white man could write something that captured the frustration and aspirations of black people so powerfully . Sam Cooke was similarly deeply impressed by the song , incorporating it into his repertoire soon after its release ( a version would be included on Sam Cooke at the Copa ) , and being inspired by it to write `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' . `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' was first covered by The Chad Mitchell Trio , but their record company delayed release of the album containing it because the song included the word death , so the trio lost out to Peter , Paul and Mary , who were represented by Dylan 's manager , Albert Grossman . The single sold a phenomenal 300,000 copies in the first week of release and made the song world - famous . On August 17 , 1963 , it reached number two on the Billboard pop chart , with sales exceeding one million copies . Peter Yarrow recalled that , when he told Dylan he would make more than $5,000 ( equivalent to $40,000 in 2017 ) from the publishing rights , Dylan was speechless . Peter , Paul and Mary 's version of the song also spent five weeks atop the easy listening chart . The critic Andy Gill wrote , `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' marked a huge jump in Dylan 's songwriting . Prior to this , efforts like `` The Ballad of Donald White '' and `` The Death of Emmett Till '' had been fairly simplistic bouts of reportage songwriting . `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' was different : for the first time , Dylan discovered the effectiveness of moving from the particular to the general . Whereas `` The Ballad of Donald White '' would become completely redundant as soon as the eponymous criminal was executed , a song as vague as `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' could be applied to just about any freedom issue . It remains the song with which Dylan 's name is most inextricably linked , and safeguarded his reputation as a civil libertarian through any number of changes in style and attitude . Dylan performed the song for the first time on television in the UK in January 1963 , when he appeared in the BBC television play Madhouse on Castle Street . He also performed the song during his first national US television appearance , filmed in March 1963 , a performance made available in 2005 on the DVD release of Martin Scorsese 's PBS television documentary on Dylan , No Direction Home . An allegation that the song was written by a high - school student named Lorre Wyatt and subsequently purchased or plagiarised by Dylan before he gained fame was reported in an article in Newsweek magazine in November 1963 . The plagiarism claim was eventually shown to be untrue . Personnel ( edit ) Bob Dylan -- guitar , harmonica , vocals Legacy ( edit ) The first line of the song ( `` How many roads must a man walk down ? '' ) is proposed as the `` Ultimate Question '' in the science fiction novel The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , by Douglas Adams . In the 1994 film Forrest Gump , Jenny sings this song for a show in a strip club and is introduced as `` Bobbi Dylan '' . The film 's soundtrack album features Joan Baez 's 1976 live recording of the song , from her album From Every Stage . In 1975 , the song was included as poetry in a high - school English textbook in Sri Lanka . The textbook caused controversy because it replaced Shakespeare 's work with Dylan 's . During the protests against the Iraq War , commentators noted that protesters were resurrecting songs such as `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' rather than creating new ones . The song has been embraced by many liberal churches , and in the 1960s and 1970s it was sung both in Catholic church `` folk masses '' and as a hymn in Protestant ones . In 1997 , Bob Dylan performed three other songs at a Catholic church congress . Pope John Paul II , who was in attendance , told the crowd of some 300,000 young Italian Catholics that the answer was indeed `` in the wind '' -- not in the wind that blew things away , but rather `` in the wind of the spirit '' that would lead them to Christ . In 2007 , Pope Benedict XVI ( who had also been in attendance ) wrote that he was uncomfortable with music stars such as Dylan performing in a church environment . In 2009 , Dylan licensed the song to be used in an advertisement for the British consumer - owned Co-Operative Group . The Co-Op claimed that Dylan 's decision was influenced by `` the Co-Op's high ethical guidelines regarding fair trade and the environment . '' The Co-Op , which is owned by about 3 million consumers , also includes Britain 's largest funeral parlour and farming business . He was described by David Barrett in 2017 as a ' living legend ' and ' a true inspiration ' to customer service representatives around the globe . Other versions ( edit ) `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' Single by Peter , Paul and Mary from the album In the Wind B - side `` Flora '' Released 1963 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1963 Genre Folk Length 2 : 53 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Albert Grossman Peter , Paul and Mary singles chronology `` Settle Down ( Goin ' Down That Highway ) '' '' ( 1963 ) `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' ( 1963 ) `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' ( 1963 ) `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' Single by Marianne Faithfull B - side `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Released 1964 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Andrew Loog Oldham Marianne Faithfull singles chronology `` As Tears Go By '' ( 1964 ) `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' ( 1964 ) `` Come and Stay With Me '' ( 1965 ) `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' has been recorded by hundreds of artists . The most commercially successful version is by folk music trio Peter , Paul and Mary , who released the song in June 1963 , three weeks after The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan was issued . Albert Grossman , then managing both Dylan and Peter , Paul and Mary , brought the trio the song which they promptly recorded ( on a single take ) and released . The trio 's version , which was the title track of their third album , peaked at number 2 on the Billboard charts . The group 's version also went to number one on the Middle - Road charts for five weeks . Other notable recordings include those by Sielun Veljet , who released it as a single , and Stevie Wonder , whose version became a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1966 . The Me First and the Gimme Gimmes ' version appears on their album Blow in the Wind , a play on the title of the song . Marlene Dietrich recorded a German version of the song ( titled Die Antwort Weiss Ganz Allein Der Wind `` ) which peak at # 32 in Germany charts . Tore Lagergren wrote lyrics in Swedish , `` Och vinden ger svar '' ( `` and the wind gives answer '' ) , which charted at Svensktoppen for two weeks in 1963 , first as recorded by Otto , Berndt och Beppo , peaking at number 8 on October 12 , and by Lars Lönndahl during November 9 -- 15 with sixth & seventh position . Both were released on single A-sides in 1963 . This version was also recorded by Sven - Ingvars as the B - side of the single `` Du ska tro på mej '' , released in March 1967 . With these lyrics , the song also charted at Svensktoppen in 1970 , with Michael med Salt och peppar . Glen Campbell recorded an instrumental version of the song for his 1964 album The Astounding 12 - String Guitar of Glen Campbell . Neil Young recorded an electric version of the song for his 1991 live album Weld_ ( album ) . Dolly Parton recorded the song for her 2005 covers album Those Were the Days . Steve Alaimo recorded the song in 1965 . Despite his national presence on Where the Action Is , his version failed to chart on Billboard 's Hot 100 . It did however reach # 139 on Cashbox charts . In some live performances , Pete Seeger includes an additional verse as a spoof which criticizes Dylan 's use of over-extended metaphors and wordiness . The verse is usually sung as follows , `` How many words can be written on a page , before they begin to bleed ? How many books can one man own , before he has learned to read ? How many meanings can he give to a phrase , before , from his lexicon he 's freed ? '' See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs List of Bob Dylan songs based on earlier tunes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bjorner , Olof ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` 1962 Concerts and Recording Sessions '' . Still on the Road . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gold , Mick ( 2002 ) . `` Life and Life Only : Dylan at 60 '' . Judas ! magazine , April 2002 . p. 43 . Jump up ^ A photo of Dylan 's original lyrics with the third verse scribbled at the bottom was published on page 52 of Dylan , Lyrics 1962 -- 2001 Jump up ^ Williams , Dylan : a man called alias , 42 Jump up ^ Hampton , Wayne ( 1986 ) . Guerrilla Minstrels . University of Tennessee Press . p. 160 , citing Bound for Glory , New York : Dutton , 1946 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Gray ( 2006 ) . The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Quoted in John Bauldie 's sleeve notes for The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Jump up ^ Gray ( 2006 ) . The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia . pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Bob ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` How `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' Came to Be `` . RightWingBob.com . Jump up ^ `` Sam Cooke And The Song That ' Almost Scared Him ' '' . NPR ( National Public Radio ) . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gray , The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia , 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sounes . Down the Highway : The Life of Bob Dylan . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Gill . My Back Pages . p. 23 Jump up ^ `` Dylan in the Madhouse '' . BBC TV . 2007 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` False Claim on `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` . Snopes.com , Rumor has it . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper ( August 14 , 1993 ) . `` Lives of the Great Songs : Blowin ' this way and that '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samaranayake , Ajith ( 2004 - 12 - 19 ) . `` A Life in Ideas and Writing '' . Sunday Observer . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Haththotuwegama , GK ( 2005 - 01 - 26 ) . `` E.F.C. Ludowyk Memorial Lecture '' . Official website of GK Haththotuwegama . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Louise ( 2003 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Activists Ask , Where Have All the Peace Songs Gone ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Pope Opposed Bob Dylan Singing to John Paul in 1997 '' . Reuters. 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan Allows British Ad to Use Blowin ' in the Wind '' . The Earth Times . 2009 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 2009 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Bob Dylan Song to Soundtrack Co-op Ad '' . Guardian.co.uk . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( 2017 ) . `` Life in the Fast Lane '' p. 30 Jump up ^ Peter Yarrow interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Gray . The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) , Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 , Record Research , p. 192 Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 25 , The Soul Reformation : Phase Two , the Motown Story . ( Part 4 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ - `` Marlene Dietrich -- Die Antwort Weiss Ganz Allein Der Wind '' ( in German ) . musicline.de . PHONONET GmbH . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Svensktoppen -- 1963 Jump up ^ Information på Svensk mediedatabas Jump up ^ Svensktoppen , 1970 , retrieved 31 May 2011 References ( edit ) Gill , Andy ( 1999 ) , Classic Bob Dylan : My Back Pages , Carlton , ISBN 1 - 85868 - 599 - 0 Gray , Michael ( 2006 ) , The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia , Continuum International , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 6933 - 7 Sounes , Howard ( 2001 ) , Down The Highway : The Life Of Bob Dylan , Grove Press , ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1686 - 8 Williams , Richard ( 1992 ) , Dylan : a man called alias , Bloomsbury , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 1084 - 9 External links ( edit ) Lyrics The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan Songs Side one `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` Girl from the North Country '' `` Masters of War '' `` Down the Highway '' `` Bob Dylan 's Blues '' `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' Side two `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' `` Bob Dylan 's Dream '' `` Oxford Town '' `` Talkin ' World War III Blues '' `` Corrina , Corrina '' `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` I Shall Be Free '' Supporting tours Bob Dylan England Tour 1965 Bob Dylan singles discography 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Stevie Wonder Studio albums The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Tribute to Uncle Ray With a Song in My Heart Stevie at the Beach Up - Tight Down to Earth I Was Made to Love Her Someday at Christmas Eivets Rednow For Once in My Life My Cherie Amour Signed , Sealed & Delivered Where I 'm Coming From Music of My Mind Talking Book Innervisions Fulfillingness ' First Finale Songs in the Key of Life Hotter than July In Square Circle Characters Conversation Peace A Time to Love Live albums Recorded Live : The 12 Year Old Genius Stevie Wonder Live Live at the Talk of the Town Natural Wonder Soundtracks Stevie Wonder 's Journey Through `` The Secret Life of Plants '' The Woman in Red Jungle Fever Compilations Looking Back Stevie Wonder 's Original Musiquarium I Song Review : A Greatest Hits Collection At the Close of a Century Ballad Collection The Definitive Collection 20th Century Masters The Complete Stevie Wonder Top ten singles `` Fingertips - Part 2 '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` A Place in the Sun '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I 'm Wondering '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` For Once in My Life '' `` My Cherie Amour '' `` Yester - Me , Yester - You , Yesterday '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` If You Really Love Me '' `` Superstition '' `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Living for the City '' `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' `` Boogie On Reggae Woman '' `` I Wish '' `` Sir Duke '' `` Send One Your Love '' `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Happy Birthday '' `` That Girl '' `` Do I Do '' `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' `` Love Light in Flight '' `` Part - Time Lover '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Go Home '' Other singles `` Hey Harmonica Man '' `` Hey Love '' `` I Do n't Know Why '' `` Never Dreamed You 'd Leave in Summer '' `` Superwoman ( Where Were You When I Needed You ) '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' `` As '' `` Another Star '' `` Lately '' `` Ribbon in the Sky '' `` Overjoyed '' `` Faith '' Other songs `` You and I ( We Can Conquer the World ) '' `` Golden Lady `` All in Love Is Fair '' `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' `` Pastime Paradise '' `` Is n't She Lovely '' `` Black Man '' Collaborations `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` We Are the World '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` California Roll '' Related articles Discography Lula Mae Hardaway Syreeta Wright KJLH Wonderin ' `` Wonder - ful '' Book Peter , Paul and Mary Peter Yarrow Paul Stookey Mary Travers Studio albums Peter , Paul and Mary Moving In the Wind A Song Will Rise See What Tomorrow Brings The Peter , Paul and Mary Album Album 1700 Late Again Peter , Paul and Mommy No Easy Walk to Freedom In These Times Compilation albums The Best of Peter , Paul and Mary : Ten Years Together Songs of Conscience and Concern Live albums In Concert Peter , Paul & Mommy , Too Singles `` Lemon Tree '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` Puff , the Magic Dragon '' `` 500 Miles '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' `` Stewball '' `` Tell It on the Mountain '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' `` When the Ship Comes In '' `` San Francisco Bay Blues '' `` Early Morning Rain '' `` I Dig Rock and Roll Music '' `` Too Much of Nothing '' `` Day Is Done '' `` Leaving on a Jet Plane '' Other songs `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' `` And When I Die '' `` El Salvador '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' `` Light One Candle '' Marlene Dietrich Studio albums Marlene Dietrich Overseas ( 1951 ) Die neue Marlene ( 1965 ) Marlene singt Berlin , Berlin ( 1965 ) Live albums Live at the Café de Paris ( 1954 ) Dietrich in Rio ( 1959 ) Wiedersehen mit Marlene ( 1960 ) Dietrich in London ( 1965 ) Selected singles `` Falling in Love Again '' `` The Boys in the Backroom '' `` Lili Marlene '' `` Sag ' mir , wo die Blumen sind '' `` Die Antwort weiß ganz allein der Wind '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' Videos An Evening with Marlene Dietrich ( 2003 ) Related articles Discography Filmography Marlene BNF : cb16230041j ( data ) GND : 1038106850 VIAF : 183974483 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blowin%27_in_the_Wind&oldid=853147925 '' Categories : Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles 1963 singles 1966 singles Anti-war songs Songs written by Bob Dylan Bob Dylan songs Elvis Presley songs Glen Campbell songs Dolly Parton songs Joan Baez songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs The Kingston Trio songs Protest songs Stevie Wonder songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients American folk songs Columbia Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Decca Records singles Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording 1962 songs Song recordings produced by John Hammond ( producer ) Song recordings produced by Albert Grossman Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 19 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many times must a man walk down bob dylan	[]	[]
675223171748975419	Tucker bag	Tucker bag - wikipedia Tucker bag This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 80.187. 105.180 ( talk ) at 09 : 16 , 9 May 2017 ( Yes ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 09 : 16 , 9 May 2017 by 80.187. 105.180 ( talk ) ( Yes ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search A tucker bag is a traditional food or dinner storage bag used in the Australian outback . Typically a tucker bag was carried by a swagman or bushman . In its basic design a tucker bag is a pouch or bag with a single entry typically closed with a hoden . Tucker bags can come in a variety of sizes and in its larger form can be used for carrying other utensils and sleeping gear other than food . In this way the tucker bag can be regarded as an early form of backpack . Common materials used to make tucker bags were leather or oilskin . The term tucker bag appears in a number of traditional Australian songs and poems , including the lyrics in Waltzing Matilda `` Whose is that jumbuck you 've got in your tucker bag ? '' , reflecting the tucker bag 's place in Australian culture and history . The title of the song itself derives from the way a tucker bag swayed to - and - fro on a swagman 's back as he walked along , who was said to be out `` waltzing Matilda '' , i.e. , the tucker bag . In more modern times , tucker bags have become associated with reusable grocery bags used when shopping or traveling . Modern bags are typically made from polyester and come in a variety of styles and designs . See also ( edit ) Bush tucker ( hide ) Bags and flexible containers Carried Bayong Bindle Briefcase Dillybag Dromedary bag Grocery bag Handbag Haversack Laundry bag Medical bag Money bag Plastic shopping bag Reusable shopping bag Shell purse Shopping bag String bag Swag Tote bag Tucker bag Worn Backpack Bandolier bag Bivouac sack Book bag Fanny pack Golf bag Lightweight Rucksack Medicine bag Messenger bag Randoseru Sabretache Satchel Sporran Luggage Battle bag Carpet bag Diaper bag Diplomatic bag / pouch Dopp bag Duffel bag Gig bag Gladstone bag Hobo bag Holdall Nomadic bag Norfolk case Portmanteau Saddlebag Suitcase Travel pack Trunk Postal Catcher pouch Mail bag Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Padded mailer Mochila Portmanteau Containers Antistatic bag Bag - in - box Bin bag Bota bag Flexible intermediate bulk container Boil - in - Bag Mashk Milk bag Packet ( container ) Paper bag Parfleche Pipe bag Plastic bag Reusable shopping bag Sachet Security bag Shopping bag Thermal bag Tobacco pouch Trash bag Zipper storage bag Purses / Handbags Bayong Birkin bag Coin purse Evening bag Handbag It Bag Kelly bag Messenger bag Minaudière Money bag Tote bag Wallet Wristlet Other Body bag Burn bag Doggy bag Dry bag Duluth pack Feedbag Flour sack Gamow bag Gunny sack Sandbag Schultüte Sickness bag Sleeping bag Stuff sack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tucker_bag&oldid=779507260 '' Categories : Australian slang Bags Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 9 May 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does this way to the tucker mean	[]	[]
-403849479092276536	List of Major League Baseball perfect games	List of major League Baseball perfect games - wikipedia List of major League Baseball perfect games Jump to : navigation , search Lee Richmond , pitcher of the first perfect game in major league history Over the 140 years of Major League Baseball history , and over 210,000 games played , there have been 23 official perfect games by the current definition . No pitcher has ever thrown more than one . The perfect game thrown by Don Larsen in game 5 of the 1956 World Series is the only postseason perfect game in major league history and one of only two postseason no - hitters , the other being a no - hitter thrown by Roy Halladay in game 1 of the 2010 National League Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds . The first two major league perfect games , and the only two of the premodern era , were thrown in 1880 , five days apart . The most recent perfect game was thrown on August 15 , 2012 by Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners . There were three perfect games in 2012 , with no other year ever having more than two thrown . By contrast , there have been spans of 23 and 33 consecutive seasons in which not a single perfect game was thrown . The first two pitchers to accomplish the feat did so in 1880 , under rules that differed in many important respects from those of today 's game : for example , only underhand pitching -- from a flat , marked - out box 45 feet from home plate -- was allowed , it took eight balls to draw a walk , and a batter was not awarded first base if hit by a pitch . Lee Richmond , a left - handed pitcher for the Worcester Ruby Legs , threw the first perfect game . He played professional baseball for six years and pitched full - time for only three , finishing with a losing record . The second perfect game was thrown by John Montgomery Ward for the Providence Grays . Ward , an excellent pitcher who became an excellent position player , went on to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Though convention has it that the modern era of Major League Baseball begins in 1900 , the essential rules of the modern game were in place by the 1893 season . That year the pitching distance was moved back to 60 feet , 6 inches , where it remains , and the pitcher 's box was replaced by a rubber slab against which the pitcher was required to place his rear foot . Two other crucial rules changes had been made in recent years : In 1887 , the rule awarding a hit batsman first base was instituted in the National League ( this had been the rule in the American Association since 1884 : first by the umpire 's judgment of the impact ; as of the following year , virtually automatically ) . In 1889 , the number of balls required for a walk was reduced to four . Thus , from 1893 on , pitchers sought perfection in a game whose most important rules are the same as today , with two significant exceptions : counting a foul ball as a first or second strike , enforced by the National League as of 1901 and by the American League two years later , and the use of the designated hitter in American League games since the 1973 season . During baseball 's modern era , 21 pitchers have thrown perfect games . Most were accomplished major leaguers . Six have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cy Young , Addie Joss , Jim Bunning , Sandy Koufax , Catfish Hunter , and Randy Johnson . Roy Halladay won two Cy Young Awards and was named to eight All - Star teams . David Cone won the Cy Young once and was named to five All - Star teams . Four other perfect - game throwers , Dennis Martínez , Kenny Rogers , David Wells and Mark Buehrle each won over 200 major league games . Matt Cain is a three - time All - Star and three - time World Series champion and has finished in the top ten of the Cy Young voting twice . Félix Hernández has also been a Cy Young Award winner , as well as a six - time All - Star . For a few , the perfect game was the highlight of an otherwise unremarkable career . Mike Witt and Tom Browning were solid major league pitchers ; Browning was a one - time all - star with a career record of 123 - 90 in 12 seasons , while Witt was a two - time all - star , going 117 - 116 in 12 seasons . Larsen , Charlie Robertson , and Len Barker were journeyman pitchers ; each finished his major - league career with a losing record . Dallas Braden retired with a losing record after five seasons due to a shoulder injury . Philip Humber had never before thrown so much as a complete game prior to his perfect game , and his 16 career wins through the 2013 season are less than a third of any other perfect game pitcher 's total aside from Braden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major League Baseball perfect games 1.1 19th century 1.1. 1 Lee Richmond 1.1. 2 John Montgomery Ward 1.2 Modern era 1.2. 1 Cy Young 1.2. 2 Addie Joss 1.2. 3 Charlie Robertson 1.2. 4 Don Larsen 1.2. 5 Jim Bunning 1.2. 6 Sandy Koufax 1.2. 7 Catfish Hunter 1.2. 8 Len Barker 1.2. 9 Mike Witt 1.2. 10 Tom Browning 1.2. 11 Dennis Martínez 1.2. 12 Kenny Rogers 1.2. 13 David Wells 1.2. 14 David Cone 1.2. 15 Randy Johnson 1.2. 16 Mark Buehrle 1.2. 17 Dallas Braden 1.2. 18 Roy Halladay 1.2. 19 Philip Humber 1.2. 20 Matt Cain 1.2. 21 Félix Hernández 1.3 General notes 2 Perfect games by team 3 Unofficial perfect games 4 Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter 5 Other notable near - perfect games 5.1 Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection 5.2 No - hitters with no walks issued and no batters hit by pitch 6 See also 7 References Major League Baseball perfect games ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) Pitcher Date Game Lee Richmond ( Wor ) LHP , 23 5 K June 12 , 1880 Cleveland Blues , 0 at Worcester Worcesters , 1 Venue : Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds Time : 1 : 26 Caught by : Charlie Bennett Umpired by : Foghorn Bradley Box score John Montgomery Ward ( Prov ) RHP , 20 5 K June 17 , 1880 Providence Grays , 5 vs. Buffalo Bisons , 0 Venue : Messer Street Grounds Attendance : n.a. Time : n.a. Caught by : Emil Gross Umpired by : Charles F. Daniels Box score Lee Richmond ( edit ) Scorecard for Richmond 's perfect game : `` R-A '' notation in fifth inning represents the 9 -- 3 putout Richmond was pitching in his first full season in the big leagues after appearing in one game in 1879 . He was apparently considered a good hitter , as he batted second in the lineup . His perfect game featured an unusual 9 -- 3 putout , with Worcester right fielder Lon Knight throwing out Cleveland 's Bill Phillips at first . The play came on one of three balls Cleveland hit out of the infield . Three outs were recorded on `` foul bounds '' : balls caught after bouncing once in foul territory ( the foul bound rule was eliminated three years later ) . In the seventh inning , the game was delayed for seven minutes due to rain ; Richmond dried the ball off with sawdust when he returned to the mound . A monument marks the site of the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds where the game took place , now part of the campus of Becker College . The feat was recognized as unusual : a newspaper report described it as `` the most wonderful game on record '' . John Montgomery Ward ( edit ) Monte Ward threw his perfect game at the Grays ' park in Providence , but Buffalo , by virtue of a coin toss , which was the custom under the rules at that time , was officially the `` home '' team , batting in the bottom of each inning . At the age of 20 years , 105 days , Ward is the youngest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game . He batted sixth in the lineup . Beginning in 1881 , the year after his perfect game , Ward spent more time as a position player than a pitcher ; in 1885 , following an arm injury , he became a full - time infielder . The five days between Ward 's game and Richmond 's is the shortest amount of time between major - league perfect games . Modern era ( edit ) Pitcher Date Game Cy Young ( BOS ) RHP , 37 8 K May 5 , 1904 Philadelphia A 's , 0 at Boston Americans , 3 Venue : Huntington Avenue Grounds , day game Attendance : 10,267 Time : 1 : 25 Caught by : Lou Criger Umpired by : Frank Dwyer Box score Addie Joss ( CLE ) RHP , 28 74 pitches , 3 K October 2 , 1908 Chicago White Sox , 0 at Cleveland Naps , 1 Venue : League Park , day game Attendance : 10,598 Time : 1 : 40 Caught by : Nig Clarke Umpired by : Tommy Connolly Box score Charlie Robertson ( CHW ) RHP , 26 90 pitches , 6 K April 30 , 1922 Chicago White Sox , 2 at Detroit Tigers , 0 Venue : Navin Field , day game Attendance : 25,000 Time : 1 : 55 Caught by : Ray Schalk Umpires : HP : Dick Nallin 1B : Billy Evans Box score Don Larsen ( NYY ) RHP , 27 97 pitches , 7 K October 8 , 1956 Brooklyn Dodgers , 0 at New York Yankees , 2 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game ( Game 5 of the World Series ) Attendance : 64,519 Time : 2 : 06 Caught by : Yogi Berra Umpires : HP : Babe Pinelli 1B : Hank Soar 2B : Dusty Boggess 3B : Larry Napp LF : Tom Gorman RF : Ed Runge Box score and play - by - play Jim Bunning ( PHI ) RHP , 32 90 pitches , 10 K June 21 , 1964 Philadelphia Phillies , 6 at New York Mets , 0 Venue : Shea Stadium , day game ( first game of doubleheader ) Attendance : 32,026 Time : 2 : 19 Caught by : Gus Triandos Umpires : HP : Ed Sudol 1B : Paul Pryor 2B : Frank Secory 3B : Ken Burkhart Box score and play - by - play Sandy Koufax ( LAD ) LHP , 29 113 pitches , 14 K September 9 , 1965 Chicago Cubs , 0 at Los Angeles Dodgers , 1 Venue : Dodger Stadium , night game Attendance : 29,139 Time : 1 : 43 Caught by : Jeff Torborg Umpires : HP : Ed Vargo 1B : Chris Pelekoudas 2B : Bill Jackowski 3B : Paul Pryor Box score and play - by - play Catfish Hunter ( OAK ) RHP , 22 107 pitches , 11 K May 8 , 1968 Minnesota Twins , 0 at Oakland A 's , 4 Venue : Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , night game Attendance : 6,298 Time : 2 : 28 Caught by : Jim Pagliaroni Umpires : HP : Jerry Neudecker 1B : Larry Napp 2B : Al Salerno 3B : Bill Haller Box score and play - by - play Len Barker ( CLE ) RHP , 25 103 pitches , 11 K May 15 , 1981 Toronto Blue Jays , 0 at Cleveland Indians , 3 Venue : Cleveland Stadium , night game Attendance : 7,290 Time : 2 : 09 Caught by : Ron Hassey ( 1 ) Umpires : HP : Rich Garcia 1B : Greg Kosc 2B : Don Denkinger 3B : Jim McKean Box score and play - by - play Mike Witt ( CAL ) RHP , 24 94 pitches , 10 K September 30 , 1984 California Angels , 1 at Texas Rangers , 0 Venue : Arlington Stadium , day game Attendance : 8,375 Time : 1 : 49 Caught by : Bob Boone Umpires : HP : Greg Kosc 1B : Ted Hendry 2B : Drew Coble 3B : Jim Evans Box score and play - by - play Tom Browning ( CIN ) LHP , 28 100 pitches , 7 K September 16 , 1988 Los Angeles Dodgers , 0 at Cincinnati Reds , 1 Venue : Riverfront Stadium , night game Attendance : 16,591 Time : 1 : 51 Caught by : Jeff Reed Umpires : HP : Jim Quick 1B : Mark Hirschbeck 2B : John Kibler 3B : Eric Gregg Box score and play - by - play Dennis Martínez ( MON ) RHP , 36 95 pitches , 5 K July 28 , 1991 Montreal Expos , 2 at Los Angeles Dodgers , 0 Venue : Dodger Stadium , day game Attendance : 45,560 Time : 2 : 14 Caught by : Ron Hassey ( 2 ) Umpires : HP : Larry Poncino 1B : Bruce Froemming 2B : Dana DeMuth 3B : Greg Bonin Box score and play - by - play Kenny Rogers ( TEX ) LHP , 29 98 pitches , 8 K July 28 , 1994 California Angels , 0 at Texas Rangers , 4 Venue : The Ballpark in Arlington , night game Attendance : 46,581 Time : 2 : 08 Caught by : Iván Rodríguez Umpires : HP : Ed Bean 1B : Don Denkinger 2B : John Shulock 3B : Tim Tschida Box score and play - by - play David Wells ( NYY ) LHP , 34 120 pitches , 11 K May 17 , 1998 Minnesota Twins , 0 at New York Yankees , 4 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game Attendance : 49,820 Time : 2 : 40 Caught by : Jorge Posada Umpires : HP : Tim McClelland 1B : John Hirschbeck 2B : Rich Garcia 3B : Mike Reilly Box score and play - by - play David Cone ( NYY ) RHP , 36 88 pitches , 10 K July 18 , 1999 Montreal Expos , 0 at New York Yankees , 6 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game Attendance : 41,930 Time : 2 : 16 ( with a 33 - minute rain delay ) Caught by : Joe Girardi Umpires : HP : Ted Barrett ( 1 ) 1B : Larry McCoy 2B : Jim Evans 3B : Chuck Meriwether Box score and play - by - play Randy Johnson ( ARI ) LHP , 40 117 pitches , 13 K May 18 , 2004 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2 at Atlanta Braves , 0 Venue : Turner Field , night game Attendance : 23,381 Time : 2 : 13 Caught by : Robby Hammock Umpires : HP : Greg Gibson 1B : Bruce Dreckman 2B : Gerry Davis 3B : Larry Poncino Box score and play - by - play Mark Buehrle ( CHW ) LHP , 30 116 pitches , 6 K July 23 , 2009 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Chicago White Sox , 5 Venue : U.S. Cellular Field , day game Attendance : 28,036 Time : 2 : 03 Caught by : Ramón Castro Umpires : HP : Eric Cooper 1B : Mike Reilly 2B : Chuck Meriwether 3B : Laz Díaz Box score and play - by - play Dallas Braden ( OAK ) LHP , 26 109 pitches , 6 K May 9 , 2010 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Oakland Athletics , 4 Venue : Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , day game Attendance : 12,288 Time : 2 : 07 Caught by : Landon Powell Umpires : HP : Jim Wolf 1B : Derryl Cousins 2B : Jim Joyce 3B : Todd Tichenor Box score and play - by - play Roy Halladay ( PHI ) RHP , 34 115 pitches , 11 K May 29 , 2010 Philadelphia Phillies , 1 at Florida Marlins , 0 Venue : Sun Life Stadium , night game Attendance : 25,086 Time : 2 : 13 Caught by : Carlos Ruiz Umpires : HP : Mike DiMuro 1B : Tim Welke 2B : Jim Reynolds 3B : Bill Welke Box score and play - by - play Philip Humber ( CHW ) RHP , 29 96 pitches , 9 K April 21 , 2012 Chicago White Sox , 4 at Seattle Mariners , 0 Venue : Safeco Field , day game Attendance : 22,472 Time : 2 : 17 Caught by : A.J. Pierzynski Umpires : HP : Brian Runge 1B : Marvin Hudson 2B : Tim McClelland 3B : Ted Barrett Box score and play - by - play Matt Cain ( SF ) RHP , 27 125 pitches , 14 K June 13 , 2012 Houston Astros , 0 at San Francisco Giants , 10 Venue : AT&T Park , night game Attendance : 42,298 Time : 2 : 36 Caught by : Buster Posey Umpires : HP : Ted Barrett ( 2 ) 1B : Mike Muchlinski 2B : Angel Campos 3B : Brian Runge Box score and play - by - play Félix Hernández ( SEA ) RHP , 26 113 pitches , 12 K August 15 , 2012 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Seattle Mariners , 1 Venue : Safeco Field , day game Attendance : 21,889 Time : 2 : 22 Caught by : John Jaso Umpires : HP : Rob Drake 1B : Joe West 2B : Sam Holbrook 3B : Andy Fletcher Box score and play - by - play Cy Young ( edit ) Main article : Cy Young 's perfect game Young 's perfect game was part of a hitless streak of 24 or 251⁄3 straight innings -- depending on whether partial innings at either end of the streak are included . In either calculation , the streak remains a record . It was also part of a streak of 45 straight innings in which Young did not give up a run , which was then a record . Of the 20 perfect games for which pitch counts are available , Addie Joss 's was the most efficient -- 74 pitches , fewer than three per batter . Addie Joss ( edit ) Main article : Addie Joss ' perfect game Joss 's was the most pressure - packed of any regular - season perfect game . With just four games left on their schedule , the Cleveland Naps were involved in a three - way pennant race with the Tigers and the White Sox , that day 's opponents . Joss 's counterpart , the great Ed Walsh , struck out 15 and gave up just four scattered singles . The lone , unearned run scored as a result of a botched pickoff play and a wild pitch . The Naps ended the day tied with the Tigers for first , with the White Sox two games back ; the Tigers would ultimately win the league by a half game over the Naps . Joss would throw a second no - hitter against the White Sox in 1910 , making him and Tim Lincecum of the San Francisco Giants the only major league pitchers ever to throw two no - hitters against the same team . Charlie Robertson ( edit ) Main article : Charlie Robertson 's perfect game Robertson 's perfect game was only his fifth appearance , and fourth start , in the big leagues . He finished his career with the fewest wins and lowest winning percentage ( 49 -- 80 , . 380 ) of any perfect - game pitcher until Philip Humber , who pitched his perfect game in 2012 . The Tigers , led by player - manager Ty Cobb , accused Robertson of illegally doctoring the ball with oil or grease . In terms of the opposing team 's ability to get on base , this is statistically the most unlikely of perfectos : the 1922 Tigers had an on - base percentage ( OBP ) of . 373 . Don Larsen ( edit ) Main article : Don Larsen 's perfect game See also : 1956 World Series Larsen did not know he would pitch in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series until a few hours before gametime . This was his second start of the Series ; he 'd lasted less than two innings in Game 2 . In his perfect game , Larsen employed the style he had adopted in mid-season , working without a windup . Just one Dodgers batter -- Pee Wee Reese , in the first inning -- worked a three - ball count . The Dodgers had the highest season winning percentage of any team ever to lose a perfect game : . 604 . The image of catcher Yogi Berra leaping into Larsen 's arms after the final strike is one of the most famous in baseball history . The 34 years between Robertson 's feat and Larsen 's is the longest gap between perfect games . Jim Bunning ( edit ) Main article : Jim Bunning 's perfect game Bunning 's perfect game , pitched on Father 's Day , was the first in the National League since Ward 's 84 years before . Defying the baseball superstition that holds one should not talk about a no - hitter in progress , Bunning spoke to his teammates about the perfect game as it developed to loosen them up and relieve the pressure . Sandy Koufax ( edit ) Main article : Sandy Koufax 's perfect game Sandy Koufax 's perfect game was the last of his four no - hitters , pitched in four consecutive seasons . Koufax 's perfect game was the first one pitched at night . It was nearly a double no - hitter , as Cubs pitcher Bob Hendley gave up only one hit , a bloop double to left - fielder Lou Johnson in the seventh inning that did not figure in the scoring . The Dodgers scored their only run in the fifth inning : Lou Johnson reached first on a walk , advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt , stole third , and scored when Cubs catcher Chris Krug overthrew third base on the play . The game also set records for the fewest number of hits by both teams , one , and the fewest number of base runners by both teams , two ( both Johnson ) . Koufax 's 14 strikeouts are tied with Matt Cain for the most ever thrown by a perfect game pitcher . Catfish Hunter ( edit ) Main article : Catfish Hunter 's perfect game Hunter , a talented batter , was also the hitting star of his perfect game . He went 3 for 4 with a double and 3 RBIs , including a bunt single that drove home the first and thus winning run in the seventh inning -- easily the best offensive performance ever by a perfect game pitcher . This was the first no - hitter of the Athletics ' Oakland tenure , which was only 25 games old . He was also the youngest pitcher ever to pitch a modern - era perfect game , at 22 years and 30 days old . Len Barker ( edit ) Main article : Len Barker 's perfect game Barker 's perfect game was the first one in which designated hitters were used . He did n't reach a three - ball count in the entire game . Toronto shortstop Alfredo Griffin , who played for the losing team in this game , went on to play for the losers in the perfect games of Browning and Martínez . Also on the losing end of this game was Danny Ainge , who would play 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association . All 11 of Barker 's strikeouts were swinging . Mike Witt ( edit ) Main article : Mike Witt 's perfect game Witt 's perfect game came on the last day of the 1984 season . Reggie Jackson , who drove in the only run of the game on a seventh - inning fielder 's choice ground ball , was also on the winning team in Witt 's perfect game . On April 11 , 1990 , Witt , pitching out of the bullpen , combined with starting pitcher Mark Langston to throw a no - hitter for the California Angels . Tom Browning ( edit ) A ticket from Browning 's perfect game . Main article : Tom Browning 's perfect game Browning 's perfect game , for the Cincinnati Reds against the Los Angeles Dodgers in September 1988 , came against the team that eventually won that year 's World Series , the only time that has happened . A two - hour , twenty - seven - minute rain delay caused the game to start at approximately 10 PM . Right fielder Paul O'Neill , who played for the winning side in this game , also played for the winning side in the perfect games of Wells and Cone . The following July 4 , Browning came within an inning of becoming the first pitcher to throw two perfect games , retiring the first 24 batters in a game against the Phillies before surrendering a leadoff double in the ninth . Dennis Martínez ( edit ) Main article : Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Martínez , born in Granada , Nicaragua , was the first major league pitcher born outside of the United States to throw a perfect game . He achieved the feat for the Montreal Expos against the Los Angeles Dodgers in July 1991 . Martínez reached only one three - ball count . Opposing pitcher Mike Morgan was perfect through five full innings , the latest the opposing starter in a perfect game has remained perfect . Two days earlier , Expos pitcher Mark Gardner no - hit the Dodgers through nine innings but lost the no - hitter in the tenth , meaning the Expos narrowly missed throwing a no - hitter and a perfect game in the same series . Martínez 's catcher , Ron Hassey , had also caught Len Barker 's perfect game . This was the third perfect game pitched against the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers , joining those of Larsen and Browning ; the only other teams to lose more than one perfect game are the Twins ( Hunter and Wells ) and the Rays ( Buehrle , Hernandez and Braden ) . Kenny Rogers ( edit ) Main article : Kenny Rogers ' perfect game Rogers benefited from center fielder Rusty Greer 's fantastic diving catch of a line drive hit by Rex Hudler , leading off the ninth inning. Rogers ' performance against the Angels came 10 seasons after Witt 's perfect game against the Rangers . The Angels and Rangers are the only major league teams to record perfect games against each other . The home plate umpire was a minor league fill - in , Ed Bean , who was working his 29th Major League game and seventh behind the plate . Bean , who was substituting for 17 - year veteran Ken Kaiser , worked only seven more MLB games following Rogers ' performance . David Wells ( edit ) Main article : David Wells ' perfect game Wells attended the same high school as Don Larsen : Point Loma High School , San Diego , California . They also both enjoyed the night life . Casey Stengel once said of Larsen , `` The only thing he fears is sleep . '' Wells has claimed to have been `` half - drunk '' and suffering from a `` raging , skull - rattling hangover '' during his perfect game . Wells ' perfect game comprised the core of a streak of 38 consecutive retired batters ( May 12 -- 23 , 1998 ) , an American League record he held until 2007 . David Cone ( edit ) Main article : David Cone 's perfect game Cone 's perfect game occurred on Yogi Berra Day . Don Larsen threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Berra , who had been his catcher during the 1956 World Series perfect game . As the game wore on , television cameras showed Larsen , the only perfect game pitcher to attend another perfect game . No Expo worked even a three - ball count . Cone 's perfect game took only 88 pitches even though it was interrupted by a 33 - minute rain delay and is the only one to date in regular - season interleague play . Following teammate Wells ' perfect game the previous season , this also represents the only time two successive perfect games have been thrown by the same team . This was the third perfect game in Yankee history ; the Indians ( Joss and Barker ) , White Sox ( Robertson , Buehrle , and Humber ) , A 's ( Hunter and Braden ) , and Phillies ( Bunning and Halladay ) are the other teams to have more than one perfect game . In 2004 , Randy Johnson , then with the Arizona Diamondbacks , became the oldest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game . Randy Johnson ( edit ) Main article : Randy Johnson 's perfect game Johnson threw his perfect game at the age of 40 years , 256 days , becoming by more than three and a half years the oldest pitcher to achieve the feat . The former holder of the mark , Cy Young , threw his at the age of 37 years , 37 days . Johnson is also the tallest perfect game pitcher at 6 ' 10 `` , surpassing Mike Witt by three inches . Of the 20 teams to have a perfect game thrown against them , the 2004 Braves have the second - highest OBP (. 343 ) and are tied for the second - highest winning percentage (. 593 ) . In contrast , the Diamondbacks had by far the worst season winning percentage (. 315 ) of any team to benefit from a perfect game . Mark Buehrle ( edit ) Main article : Mark Buehrle 's perfect game Buehrle was assisted by a dramatic ninth - inning wall - climbing catch by center fielder DeWayne Wise to rob Gabe Kapler of a home run ; Wise had just entered the game as a defensive replacement before Kapler 's at - bat . This was the first major league perfect game in which the pitcher and catcher were battery - mates for the first time ; Ramón Castro had been acquired by the White Sox less than two months before . This was also the first perfect game to feature a grand slam , by Josh Fields in the bottom of the second inning . Umpire Eric Cooper , who called the game , had been behind the plate for Buehrle 's previous no - hitter . On July 28 , Buehrle followed up with another 5 2 / 3 perfect innings to set the major league record for consecutive batters retired at 45 ( this includes the final batter he faced in his appearance before the perfect game ) . That record was broken by Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants in 2014 Dallas Braden ( edit ) Main article : Dallas Braden 's perfect game Braden 's perfect game , pitched on Mother 's Day , was the first complete game of his career . His grandmother attended the game and celebrated on the field with him . It was the first time a perfect game had been pitched against the team with the best record in the majors at the time ; coming into the contest , the Rays were 22 -- 8 . The 2010 Rays are tied for the second - highest winning percentage (. 593 ) of any team to be on the receiving end of a perfect game . MLB 's previous perfect game had also been thrown against the Rays , making them the second team to have successive perfect games against them ( the first was the Dodgers in 1988 and 1991 ) . This game came 290 days after Buehrle 's , the shortest period between modern - day perfect games -- a record which would last just three weeks until Halladay 's . Roy Halladay ( edit ) Main article : Roy Halladay 's perfect game Halladay pitched the second perfect game of the 2010 season 20 days after Braden 's , the shortest period between perfect games in the modern era . Mark Buehrle 's perfect game had been 10 months earlier , marking the first time that three perfect games occurred within a one - year span . Seven batters reached three - ball counts against Halladay . Halladay nearly pitched a second perfect game in the 2010 NL Division Series against the Reds but gave up a walk to Jay Bruce . The hurler had to settle for a no - hitter and became the only perfect game pitcher to throw another no - hitter in the same season , and the fifth with two no - hitters . Halladay is the second pitcher to throw a perfect game and win the Cy Young Award in the same season ; Sandy Koufax did so in 1965 . Philip Humber ( edit ) Main article : Philip Humber 's perfect game On April 21 , 2012 , Philip Humber of the Chicago White Sox pitched the third perfect game in White Sox history . The final out of Humber 's perfect game came after a full - count check - swing third strike to Brendan Ryan on a ball that catcher A.J. Pierzynski dropped . As Ryan disputed umpire Brian Runge 's decision that he had swung , Pierzynski threw the ball to first base for the final out . As with Braden , Humber 's perfect game was the first complete game of his career . Humber , who last pitched in Major League Baseball in 2013 , has a lifetime record of 16 - 23 , thus having the fewest career wins and lowest career winning percentage of any pitcher who has thrown a perfect game in the Major Leagues . The White Sox became the second franchise with three perfect games , joining the Yankees . Matt Cain ( edit ) Main article : Matt Cain 's perfect game On June 13 , 2012 , Matt Cain of the San Francisco Giants pitched the first perfect game in Giants franchise history , the second of 3 in 2012 , and the 22nd in MLB history . Third baseman Joaquín Árias threw out Jason Castro for the final out on a deep 1 - 2 ground ball . Buster Posey was the catcher . Cain tallied 14 strikeouts , tying Sandy Koufax for the most strikeouts in a perfect game . Cain 's 125 pitches are the most ever thrown in a perfect game . Cain was aided by a running catch at the wall by Melky Cabrera in the 6th and a diving catch by Gregor Blanco in the 7th . The winning Giants scored 10 runs , making this the highest scoring perfect game . Félix Hernández ( edit ) Main article : Félix Hernández 's perfect game On August 15 , 2012 , Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners threw the 23rd perfect game in MLB history ( and the first in August ) against the Tampa Bay Rays . This was the first perfect game in Mariners history , and the franchise 's fourth no - hitter . Hernandez 's performance was highlighted by 12 strikeouts and a career - high 26 swinging - strikes . In an on - field interview immediately following the last out , Hernandez said he had started thinking about the possibility of a perfect game in the second inning . It was the third time in the last four seasons that Tampa Bay was the losing side of a perfect game . Four Rays -- Evan Longoria , Carlos Peña , B.J. Upton and Ben Zobrist -- joined Alfredo Griffin in having played in three perfect games for the losing team ; all four players participated in Buehrle 's and Braden 's . General notes ( edit ) Three perfect - game pitchers had RBIs in their games : Hunter ( 3 ) , Bunning ( 2 ) , and Young ( 1 ) . Hunter had three hits ; Richmond , Ward , Bunning , Martínez , and Cain each had one . Cain is the only pitcher to score a run during a perfect game ( Gregor Blanco followed him in the order and hit a home run ) . Barker , Witt , Rogers , Wells , Cone , Buehrle , Braden , Humber , and Hernández did not bat in their perfect games , as the American League adopted the designated hitter rule in 1973 . The latest the winning runs have been scored in a perfect game is the seventh inning -- this occurred in the games of Hunter ( bottom ) , Witt ( top ) , and Martínez ( top ) . Seven perfect - game pitchers have also thrown at least one additional no - hitter : Young , Joss , Bunning , Koufax , Johnson , Buehrle , and Halladay . Witt participated in a combined no - hitter . Koufax has the most total no - hitters of any perfect - game pitcher , with four . Richmond and Robertson were rookies , though each had made a single appearance in a previous season . Although by the latter part of the twentieth century , major league games were being played predominantly at night , six of the last ten perfect games , and four of the last six , have taken place in the daytime . Since 1973 , nine perfect games have been thrown with the DH rule in effect ( including one interleague game held at an American League park ) and only five without it . Perfect games by team ( edit ) Of the thirty franchises that currently make up Major League Baseball , seven have never as of the end of the 2016 season been involved in a perfect game ( win or lose ) , including three of the `` Original 16 '' franchises ( the Cardinals , Pirates and Orioles ) and four of the fourteen teams that joined MLB in the expansion era ( the Royals , Brewers , Padres and Rockies ) . The number of perfect games won and lost by the remaining twenty - three extant franchises is as follows . Franchise Perfect games won Perfect games won against Angels Astros 0 Athletics / A 's Blue Jays 0 Braves 0 Cubs 0 Diamondbacks 0 Dodgers Giants 0 Indians 0 Mariners Marlins 0 Mets 0 Expos / Nationals Phillies 0 Senators / Rangers Devil Rays / Rays 0 Reds 0 Americans / Red Sox 0 Tigers 0 Senators / Twins 0 White Sox Yankees 0 Unofficial perfect games ( edit ) Boston Red Sox pitchers Babe Ruth and Ernie Shore . In a 1917 game , Ruth was ejected after walking the first batter . Shore replaced him , erased the baserunner , and completed the game without allowing another . There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner , but , by the current definition , is not credited with a perfect game , either because there was already a baserunner when he took the mound , or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base : On June 23 , 1917 , Babe Ruth , then a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox , walked the Washington Senators ' first batter , Ray Morgan , on four straight pitches . Ruth , who had already been shouting at umpire Brick Owens about the quality of his calls , became even angrier and , in short order , was ejected . Enraged , Ruth charged Owens , swung at him , and had to be led off the field by a policeman . Ernie Shore came in to replace Ruth , while catcher Sam Agnew took over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas . Morgan was caught stealing by Agnew on the first pitch by Shore , who proceeded to retire the next 26 batters . All 27 outs were made while Shore was on the mound . Once recognized as a perfect game by Major League Baseball , this still counts as a combined no - hitter . On May 26 , 1959 , Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitched what is often referred to as the greatest game in baseball history . Haddix carried a perfect game through 12 innings against the Milwaukee Braves , only to have it ruined when an error by third baseman Don Hoak allowed Félix Mantilla , the leadoff batter in the bottom of the 13th inning , to reach base . A sacrifice by Eddie Mathews and an intentional walk to Hank Aaron followed ; the next batter , Joe Adcock , hit a home run that became a double when he passed Aaron on the bases . Haddix and the Pirates had lost the game 1 -- 0 ; despite their 12 hits in the game , they could not bring a run home . The 12 perfect innings -- 36 consecutive batters retired in a single game -- remains a record . On June 3 , 1995 , Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos had a perfect game through nine innings against the San Diego Padres . The Expos scored a run in the top of the tenth inning , but in the bottom , Martínez gave up a leadoff double to Bip Roberts , and was relieved by Mel Rojas , who retired the next three batters . Martínez was therefore the winning pitcher in a 1 -- 0 Expos victory . Four other games in which one team failed to reach base are not official perfect games because they were called off before nine innings were played : On August 11 , 1907 , Ed Karger of the St. Louis Cardinals pitched seven perfect innings against the Boston Braves ; second game of doubleheader called by prior agreement . On October 5 , 1907 , Rube Vickers of the Philadelphia Athletics pitched five perfect innings against the Senators ; second game of doubleheader called on account of darkness . Vickers achieved his feat on the last day of the season . He also pitched the final 12 innings of the 15 - inning first game . His back - to - back victories were his only wins of the year . On August 6 , 1967 , Dean Chance of the Minnesota Twins pitched five perfect innings against the Red Sox ; game called on account of rain . On April 21 , 1984 , David Palmer of the Expos pitched five perfect innings against the Cardinals ; second game of doubleheader called on account of rain . On March 14 , 2000 , in a spring training game -- by definition unofficial -- the Red Sox used six pitchers to retire all 27 Toronto Blue Jays batters in a 5 -- 0 victory . The starting pitcher for the Red Sox was Pedro Martínez ( see above ) . Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter ( edit ) On thirteen occasions in Major League Baseball history , a perfect game has been spoiled when the batter representing what would have been the third and final out in the ninth inning reached base . Unless otherwise noted , the pitcher in question finished and won the game without allowing any more baserunners : On July 4 , 1908 , Hooks Wiltse of the New York Giants hit Philadelphia Phillies pitcher George McQuillan on a 2 -- 2 count in a scoreless game -- the only time a 0 -- 0 perfect game has been broken up by the 27th batter . Umpire Cy Rigler later admitted that he should have called the previous pitch strike 3 . Wiltse pitched on , winning 1 -- 0 ; his ten - inning no - hitter set a record for longest complete game no - hitter that has been tied twice but never broken . On August 5 , 1932 , Tommy Bridges of the Detroit Tigers gave up a pinch - hit single to the Washington Senators ' Dave Harris . On June 27 , 1958 , Billy Pierce of the Chicago White Sox gave up a double , which landed just inches in fair territory , on his first pitch to Senators pinch hitter Ed Fitz Gerald . On September 2 , 1972 , Milt Pappas of the Chicago Cubs walked San Diego Padres pinch hitter Larry Stahl on a borderline 3 -- 2 pitch . Pappas finished with a no - hitter . The umpire , Bruce Froemming , was in his second year ; he went on to a 37 - year career in which he umpired a record 11 no - hitters . Pappas believed he had struck out Stahl , and years later continued to bear ill will toward Froemming . On April 15 , 1983 , Milt Wilcox of the Tigers surrendered a pinch - hit single to the White Sox ' Jerry Hairston , Sr . On May 2 , 1988 , Ron Robinson of the Cincinnati Reds gave up a two - strike single to the Montreal Expos ' Wallace Johnson . Robinson then allowed a two - run homer to Tim Raines and was removed from the game . The final score was 3 -- 2 , with Robinson the winner . ( Robinson 's teammate Tom Browning threw his perfect game later that season . ) On August 4 , 1989 , Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays gave up a double to the New York Yankees ' Roberto Kelly , followed by an RBI single by Steve Sax . Stieb finished with a 2 -- 1 victory . This was the third time Stieb had a no - hitter broken up with two outs in the ninth inning . On April 20 , 1990 , Brian Holman of the Seattle Mariners gave up a home run to Ken Phelps of the Oakland Athletics . On September 2 , 2001 , Mike Mussina of the Yankees gave up a two - strike single to Boston Red Sox pinch hitter Carl Everett . The opposing pitcher in the game was David Cone , who had thrown the most recent perfect game two years earlier as a Yankee . On June 2 , 2010 , Armando Galarraga of the Tigers was charged with a single when first - base umpire Jim Joyce incorrectly ruled Jason Donald of the Cleveland Indians safe on an infield grounder . After the game , Joyce acknowledged his mistake : `` I just cost that kid a perfect game . I thought he beat the throw . I was convinced he beat the throw , until I saw the replay . '' Tyler Kepner of the New York Times wrote that no call had been `` so important and so horribly botched '' since the 1985 World Series . Galarraga retired the next batter as Donald advanced to third base via defensive indifference . Having taken place just four days after Halladay 's feat , the game would have set a new mark for proximity had it been perfect ; it would also have been the third perfect game in a 25 - day span . Donald was awarded first base on Galarraga 's 83rd pitch , which would have made it the second most efficient perfect game on record . Main article : Armando Galarraga 's near - perfect game On April 2 , 2013 , Yu Darvish of the Texas Rangers gave up a first pitch single to Marwin González of the Astros on a ground ball between Darvish 's legs and through the middle infield . Darvish was removed from the game without facing another batter , having thrown 111 pitches . With 14 strikeouts through the first 26 batters , Darvish had a chance to tie ( or exceed , had he struck out González ) a record for a perfect game . The Rangers would go on to win the game 7 - 0 . On September 6 , 2013 , Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants retired the first 26 Arizona Diamondbacks batters before giving up a single to pinch hitter Eric Chávez on a 3 - 2 pitch . Giants right fielder Hunter Pence dove for the ball but came up just a couple of inches short . Petit retired the next batter to finish the one - hit shutout . On June 20 , 2015 , Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals retired the first 26 Pittsburgh Pirates batters before hitting pinch - hitter José Tábata with a pitch in a 2 - 2 count . It has been contested that Tábata intentionally leaned into the pitch , which , if called as such , would not have resulted in him being awarded first base , preserving the perfect game . Scherzer retired the following batter to achieve the no - hitter . Other notable near - perfect games ( edit ) Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection ( edit ) There have been fifteen occasions in Major League Baseball history when a pitcher -- or , in one case , multiple pitchers -- recorded at least 27 consecutive outs after one or more runners reached base . In four instances , the game went into extra innings and the pitcher ( s ) recorded more than 27 consecutive outs : On May 11 , 1919 , Walter Johnson , pitching for the Senators against the Yankees , retired 28 batters in row : After surrendering a one - out single in the first to Roger Peckinpaugh and then retiring the next two batters to end the inning , he was perfect in the second through the ninth . He recorded two outs in the tenth , before giving up a walk to Home Run Baker . The first Sunday game to be played legally in New York , it was ended after the 12th inning , still scoreless , because Yankee owner Jacob Ruppert mistakenly believed the new law barred play after 6 PM . On September 24 , 1919 , Waite Hoyt , pitching for the Red Sox against the Yankees in the second game of a doubleheader , gave up a run in the second inning . The Red Sox tied the game in the ninth on a solo home run by Babe Ruth , his then record - breaking 28th of the season . The game report in the New York Times states , `` Hoyt gave a remarkable performance of his pitching skill , and from the fourth inning to the thirteenth he did not allow a hit and not a Yankee runner reached first base . In these nine hitless innings the youngster was at the top of his form '' . The Yankees eventually won 2 -- 1 when , in the 13th , Wally Pipp tripled and was brought home by a sacrifice fly . ( The New York Times report states that Pipp tripled with `` two out '' -- evidently a typographical or counting error , as the subsequent sacrifice fly , which is described in detail , would not then have been possible . ) Play - by - play records are not currently available for the game , but it appears that Hoyt recorded no less than 28 consecutive outs -- the last out in the third inning and 27 in the perfect nine innings encompassing the fourth through the 12th . On September 18 , 1971 , Rick Wise , pitching for the Phillies against the Cubs , gave up a home run to the leadoff batter in the second inning , Frank Fernández . He did not allow another baserunner until Ron Santo singled with two outs in the top of the 12th . Wise retired the next batter and the Phillies scored in the bottom of the inning , making him the winner , 4 -- 3 . Wise had been perfect for 10 2 / 3 , retiring 32 consecutive batters -- the record for most consecutive outs in a game by a winning pitcher . At the plate , Wise helped his cause by going 3 for 6 , with a double and the game - winning RBI in the bottom of the 12th . The starting pitcher for the Cubs was Milt Pappas , who would have his near - perfect game one year later . On July 6 , 2005 , A.J. Burnett , then pitching for the Florida Marlins , surrendered a two - out single in the third inning that gave the Milwaukee Brewers a 4 -- 1 lead . It was the fourth hit he had given up , on top of five walks . He then retired the next ten batters before leaving the game with the Marlins trailing 4 -- 2 . In his six innings , he struck out 14 . Jim Mecir pitched a perfect seventh and Guillermo Mota pitched a perfect eighth and ninth as the Marlins rallied to send the game into extra innings . Todd Jones was perfect in the 10th and 11th and Valerio de los Santos picked up the win with a perfect 12th , for a total of 28 straight batters retired starting with the final batter of the third inning . Cy Young , first perfect game pitcher of the modern era . His 1908 no - hitter was a solo version of the Ruth -- Shore game of 1917 : a leadoff walk , a caught stealing , and perfection the rest of the way . In the eleven other instances , the leadoff batter ( or batters ) reached base in the first inning , followed by 27 consecutive batters ( or batters and baserunners ) being retired through the end of a nine - inning game . In one case , the leadoff baserunner was retired , meaning the pitcher faced the minimum : On June 30 , 1908 , Red Sox pitcher Cy Young walked the New York Highlanders ' leadoff batter , Harry Niles , who was caught stealing . No one else reached base against Young , who also had three hits and four RBIs in Boston 's 8 -- 0 win . It was the third no - hitter of Young 's career and about as close as possible to being his second perfect game . He is the only pitcher in major league history to retire 27 consecutive men in a game on two separate occasions . The remaining instances in which a pitcher recorded 27 consecutive outs in a game , noting how the opponent 's leadoff batter ( or batters ) reached base : May 24 , 1884 , Al Atkinson / Philadelphia Athletics ( Pittsburgh Alleghenys ' Ed Swartwood hit by pitch , stole second , reached third on a groundout , and scored on a passed ball ) On June 23 , 1917 , Babe Ruth and Ernie Shore pitched their combined no - hitter in which the leadoff hitter walked and was thrown out stealing second ( see `` Unofficial perfect games '' above ) . May 16 , 1953 , Curt Simmons / Philadelphia Phillies ( single by Milwaukee Braves ' Bill Bruton ) May 13 , 1954 , Robin Roberts / Phillies ( home run by Reds ' Bobby Adams ) July 1 , 1966 , Woodie Fryman / Pittsburgh Pirates ( single by New York Mets ' Ron Hunt ) May 19 , 1981 , Jim Bibby / Pirates ( single by Atlanta Braves ' Terry Harper ) June 11 , 1982 , Jerry Reuss / Los Angeles Dodgers ( double by Reds ' Eddie Milner , who reached third on a sacrifice bunt and scored on a fielder 's choice ) April 22 , 1993 , Chris Bosio / Seattle Mariners ( walks by Red Sox Ernest Riles and Carlos Quintana , the latter of whom was retired on a double play ) July 7 , 2006 , John Lackey / Los Angeles Angels ( double by Oakland Athletics ' Mark Kotsay ) May 10 , 2013 , Shelby Miller / St. Louis Cardinals ( single by Colorado Rockies ' Eric Young , Jr . ) No - hitters with no walks issued and no batters hit by pitch ( edit ) On eleven occasions in Major League Baseball history , a pitcher recorded 27 outs without surrendering a hit , walk , or having a batter reach on a hit - by - pitch , but lost a perfect game because a baserunner reached through a fielding error : Perfect games ruined by errors committed by the pitcher : July 19 , 1974 -- Dick Bosman , Cleveland Indians vs. Oakland Athletics ( throwing error by Bosman with two outs in the 4th inning ) Perfect games ruined by errors committed by other players : June 13 , 1905 -- Christy Mathewson , New York Giants vs. Chicago Cubs ( fielding error by Bill Dahlen with one out in the 4th inning , and fielding error by Billy Gilbert with one out in the 6th inning ) September 5 , 1908 -- Nap Rucker , Brooklyn Superbas vs. Boston Doves ( three errors ) July 1 , 1920 -- Walter Johnson , Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox ( fielding error by Bucky Harris with no outs in the 7th inning ) September 3 , 1947 -- Bill McCahan , Washington Senators at Philadelphia Athletics ( throwing error by Ferris Fain with one out in the 2nd inning ) June 27 , 1980 -- Jerry Reuss , Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants ( throwing error by Bill Russell with two outs in the 1st inning ) August 15 , 1990 -- Terry Mulholland , Philadelphia Phillies vs. San Francisco Giants ( throwing error by Charlie Hayes with no outs in the 7th inning ) July 10 , 2009 -- Jonathan Sánchez , San Francisco Giants vs. San Diego Padres ( fielding error by Juan Uribe with one out in the 8th inning ) June 18 , 2014 -- Clayton Kershaw , Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Colorado Rockies ( throwing error by Hanley Ramírez with no outs in the 7th inning ) October 3 , 2015 -- Max Scherzer , Washington Nationals vs. New York Mets ( throwing error by Yunel Escobar with no outs in the 6th inning ) August 23 , 2017 -- Rich Hill , Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Pittsburgh Pirates ( fielding error by Logan Forsythe with no outs in the 9th inning ) There has never been an occasion in which a perfect game was solely ruined through an uncaught third strike . The closest instance of this happening was during Philip Humber 's perfect game . His 27th out was recorded on a dropped third strike ; however , catcher A.J. Pierzynski was able to retrieve the ball in time to throw to first base . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball no - hitters Nippon Professional Baseball perfect games Golden set in tennis Maximum break in snooker Nine - dart finish in darts Perfect game in bowling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forman , Sean . `` MLB 's 200,000 th Game '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemec ( 2006 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 , 85 , 123 . Jump up ^ Dickson ( 2009 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Rules Chronology 1845 -- 1899 '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Rules Chronology 1900 -- present '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Akin , William ( 2003 ) . `` Bill Phillips '' . SABR Baseball Biography Project . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hanlon ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ `` J. Lee Richmond 's Remarkable 1879 Season '' Jump up ^ `` Becker College : History '' . Becker College . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Egan ( 2008 ) , pp. 100 , 295 n . 6 , quotes the line within a longer passage quoted from the Cleveland Leader , June 14 , 1880 . Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 14 , credits the Chicago Tribune with the line . Deutsch ( 1975 ) , p. 14 , presents a clipping from the New York Herald with the line . Jump up ^ Okrent and Wulf ( 1989 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 , describe a story that later emerged that Richmond hurled his historic perfecto after staying up all night following a pre-graduation dinner at Brown University , pitching in an early morning class game , and taking a train to Worcester just in time to perform his professional duties . The BaseballLibrary.com entry on Richmond Archived July 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . claims that a similar sequence of events preceded not his perfect game , but a game he pitched against the Chicago White Stockings on June 16 . Egan ( 2008 ) , p. 101 , debunks the tale . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E05E1D9173EE033A25750C0A9669D946997D6CF Jump up ^ `` Charlie Robertson Perfect Game Box Score '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Browning ( 2003 ) , pp. 145 , 248 . Jump up ^ Coffey ( 2004 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . BaseballLibrary.com claims it was a passed ball . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) , pp. 58 , 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ 1922 American League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on September 16 , 2010 . See Coffey ( 2004 ) , p. 43 , for an analysis of Detroit 's relatively desultory hitting at the point in the season when the game was played . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Lupica ( 1999 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. vi . Jump up ^ 1968 Oakland Athletics Game Log . Retrosheet . Retrieved on July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Most Memorable Reds Moments of the 20th Century '' . Cincinnati Enquirer. 1999 . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Box score : July 4 , 1989 -- Cincinnati Reds at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` The Pitcher Is Perfect , but Greer Gets the Save '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Richards , Charles ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` Rogers Fires Perfect Game For Rangers ; Diving Grab in 9th Saves Gem '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Claims `` 25 to 40 Percent '' of Players Use Steroids `` . ESPN / Associated Press . February 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallagher ( 2003 ) , p. 431 . Jump up ^ baseball almanac . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The OBP of the 2009 Rays , against which Buehrle later threw his perfect game , also rounds to . 343. 2004 Atlanta Braves Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics . Baseball-Reference.com. 2009 Tampa Bay Rays Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2004 National League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlegel , John ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` For Buehrle , a Perfect Day for History '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Just , David ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Same Ump Called Both Buehrle No - Nos '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Buehrle Breaks Record '' . ESPN.com . July 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SB Nation '' . SBNation.com . August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Standings and Games on Saturday , May 8 , 2010 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2010 American League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Braden 's Perfect Game 19th Ever and Second Straight Against Rays '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Phillie : Halladay Pitches Perfect Game '' . MSNBC . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Halladay 's Perfect Game Is This Season 's Second '' . ESPN / Associated Press . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Second Cy Young Boosts Halladay 's Hall of Fame Credentials '' . Sports Illustrated . November 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phil Humber Completes Perfect Game , MLB.com. April 21 , 2012 . Caple , Jim . ( April 22 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Powers , Scott ( April 21 , 2012 ) . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez pitches perfect game '' . USA Today . August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vass ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Ernie Shore hastily relieves and Sam Agnew takes over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas Baseball Library . Retrieved on May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Chen ( 2009 ) ; Reisler ( 2007 ) , p. 57 ; Thielman ( 2005 ) , p. 169 ; Sullivan ( 2002 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Tuesday , May 26 , 1959 ( N ) at County Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , June 3 , 1995 ( N ) at Jack Murphy Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins ( 2004 ) , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Rothe , Emil H. The Shortened No - Hitters Baseball Research Journal . SABR . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zingg and Medeiros ( 1994 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , April 21 , 1984 ( N ) at Busch Stadium II Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pedro Martinez : Perfect Game -- Spring Training 1918RedSox.com . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holtzman ( 2003 ) . Holtzman 's article was published before the near - perfect game by Armando Galarraga . Note that Coffey ( 2004 ) gives incorrect years for the near - perfect games of Wiltse , Stieb , Holman , and Mussina ( p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Nemec ( 2006 ) , pp. 86 -- 87 ; Simon ( 2004 ) , p. 54 ; `` No Hitter Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Vass ( 1998 ) notes that this is one of only three otherwise perfect games where the sole lapse was a hit batsman . The pitchers in the two other cases were Lew Burdette ( August 18 , 1960 ; fifth inning ) and Kevin Brown ( June 10 , 1997 ; eighth inning ) . Jump up ^ Deveaux ( 2001 ) , p. 111 ; James ( 2003 ) , p. 891 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , June 27 , 1958 ( N ) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet ; Billy Pierce Interview Baseball Almanac . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , September 2 , 1972 ( D ) at Wrigley Field Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 ; Amspacher , Bruce ( April 11 , 2003 ) . `` What Really Happened ? An Interview with Major League Pitching Great Milt Pappas '' . Professional Sports Authenticator . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Weinbaum , William ( September 20 , 2007 ) . `` Froemming Draws Pappas ' Ire , 35 Years Later '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , April 15 , 1983 ( N ) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Monday , May 2 , 1988 ( N ) at Riverfront Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Box score : August 4 , 1989 -- New York Yankees at Toronto Blue Jays Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Brown , August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Box score : April 20 , 1990 -- Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Larry Stone ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Losing a perfect game was tough -- but Brian Holman 's been through tougher '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Box score : September 2 , 2001 -- New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Umpire : ' I Just Cost That Kid a Perfect Game ' '' . ESPN / Associated Press . June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Pitcher Loses Perfect Game on Questionable Call '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com At Bat '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2015_06_20_pitmlb_wasmlb_1#game=2015_06_20_pitmlb_wasmlb_1,game_state=Wrapup,game_tab=box Jump up ^ Deveaux ( 2001 ) , p. 49 ; Washington Post , `` The Game in Detail '' , May 12 , 1919 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ New York Times , `` Ruth Wallops Out His 28th Home Run '' , September 24 , 1919 , p. 23 ( available online ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Cook ( 2004 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Nowlin ( 2005 ) , p. 69 ; Box score : September 18 , 1971 -- Chicago Cubs at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett K 's 14 over Six Innings Associated Press via ESPN.com . Retrieved on August 13 , 2010 ; Box score : July 6 , 2005 -- Milwaukee Brewers at Florida Marlins Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Bill ( July 14 , 2006 ) . `` Beyond the Box Score -- Almost Perfect '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Arnold does not list Bosio 's 1993 game , as his list is restricted to games in which only the leadoff man reached base before the next 27 batters were retired . Jump up ^ Elston ( 2006 ) , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Charlton 's Baseball Chronology -- 1884 ( May ) Archived October 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Baseball Library . Retrieved on May 11 , 2009 . Note that this was an American Association game ; the National League had not yet instituted the rule awarding hit batsmen first base . Charlton 's Baseball Chronology , the source for this game , incorrectly describes Monte Ward retiring 27 straight batters after the first singled in a game of July 23 , 1880 . In fact , he also walked a batter and another reached on an error . See Boston Globe , `` Providence 5 , Cincinnati 0 '' , July 24 , 1880 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , May 16 , 1953 ( D ) at County Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Thursday , May 13 , 1954 ( N ) at Connie Mack Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , July 1 , 1966 ( N ) at Shea Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Tuesday , May 19 , 1981 ( N ) at Three Rivers Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , June 11 , 1982 ( N ) at Dodger Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Thursday , April 22 , 1993 ( N ) at Kingdome Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , July 7 , 2006 ( N ) at Network Associates Coliseum Retrosheet . Retrieved on November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , May 10 , 2013 at Busch Stadium ESPN . Retrieved on May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ July 19 , 1974 Oakland Athletics at Cleveland Indians Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` M'Graw Put Matty In To Beat The Cubs '' . The Evening World . July 13 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The San Francisco Call . September 6 , 1908 . Jump up ^ July 1 , 1920 Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ September 3 , 1947 Washington Senators at Philadelphia Athletics Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ June 27 , 1980 Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ August 15 , 1990 San Francisco Giants at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ July 10 , 2009 San Diego Padres at San Francisco Giants Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Kershaw tosses first no - no as Dodgers rout Rockies '' . mlb.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` October 3 , 2015 Washington Nationals at New York Mets Box Score and Play by Play '' . espn.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ August 23 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers at Pittsburgh Pirates Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on August 24 , 2017 . Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Major League Baseball pitchers who have pitched a perfect game Lee Richmond ( game ) John Montgomery Ward Cy Young ( game ) Addie Joss ( game ) Charlie Robertson ( game ) Don Larsen ( game ) Jim Bunning ( game ) Sandy Koufax ( game ) Catfish Hunter ( game ) Len Barker ( game ) Mike Witt ( game ) Tom Browning ( game ) Dennis Martínez ( game ) Kenny Rogers ( game ) David Wells ( game ) David Cone ( game ) Randy Johnson ( game ) Mark Buehrle ( game ) Dallas Braden ( game ) Roy Halladay ( game ) Philip Humber ( game ) Matt Cain ( game ) Félix Hernández ( game ) Italics denotes post-season perfect game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_perfect_games&oldid=800306192 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Lists of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise Major League Baseball statistics Baseball pitching Major League Baseball perfect games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 18 : 19 . 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About Wikipedia	what mlb team has the most perfect games	[ "\n\nFranchise\nPerfect games won\nPerfect games won against\n\n\nAngels\n1\n1\n\n\nAstros\n0\n1\n\n\nAthletics/A’s\n2\n1\n\n\nBlue Jays\n0\n1\n\n\nBraves\n0\n1\n\n\nCubs\n0\n1\n\n\nDiamondbacks\n1\n0\n\n\nDodgers\n1\n3\n\n\nGiants\n1\n0\n\n\nIndians\n2\n0\n\n\nMariners\n1\n1\n\n\nMarlins\n0\n1\n\n\nMets\n0\n1\n\n\nExpos/Nationals\n1\n1\n\n\nPhillies\n2\n0\n\n\nSenators/Rangers\n1\n1\n\n\nDevil Rays/Rays\n0\n3\n\n\nReds\n1\n0\n\n\nAmericans/Red Sox\n1\n0\n\n\nTigers\n0\n1\n\n\nSenators/Twins\n0\n2\n\n\nWhite Sox\n3\n1\n\n\nYankees\n3\n0\n\n", "\n\nFranchise\nPerfect games won\nPerfect games won against\n\n\nAngels\n1\n1\n\n\nAstros\n0\n1\n\n\nAthletics/A’s\n2\n1\n\n\nBlue Jays\n0\n1\n\n\nBraves\n0\n1\n\n\nCubs\n0\n1\n\n\nDiamondbacks\n1\n0\n\n\nDodgers\n1\n3\n\n\nGiants\n1\n0\n\n\nIndians\n2\n0\n\n\nMariners\n1\n1\n\n\nMarlins\n0\n1\n\n\nMets\n0\n1\n\n\nExpos/Nationals\n1\n1\n\n\nPhillies\n2\n0\n\n\nSenators/Rangers\n1\n1\n\n\nDevil Rays/Rays\n0\n3\n\n\nReds\n1\n0\n\n\nAmericans/Red Sox\n1\n0\n\n\nTigers\n0\n1\n\n\nSenators/Twins\n0\n2\n\n\nWhite Sox\n3\n1\n\n\nYankees\n3\n0\n\n" ]	[ "Dodgers", "Devil Rays/Rays" ]
3279152711063601529	Lucy Pevensie	Lucy Pevensie - wikipedia Lucy Pevensie Jump to : navigation , search Lucy Pevensie Narnia character Georgie Henley as Lucy in the 2008 film , The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian . Race Human Sex Female Nation England Title Queen Lucy the Valiant Birthplace England , Earth Family Parents Mr and Mrs Pevensie Siblings Peter , Susan and Edmund Pevensie Family Eustace Scrubb ( cousin ) Major character in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Portrayals in adaptations 1988 BBC miniseries : Sophie Wilcox , Juliet Waley ( older ) 2005 Walden / Disney film : Georgie Henley , Rachael Henley ( older ) 2008 Walden / Disney film : Georgie Henley 2010 Walden / Fox film : Georgie Henley Lucy Pevensie is a fictional character in C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia series . She is the youngest of the four Pevensie children , and the first to find the Wardrobe entrance to Narnia in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Of all the Pevensie children , Lucy is the closest to Aslan . Also , of all the humans who have visited Narnia , Lucy is perhaps the one that believes in Narnia the most . She is ultimately crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant , co-ruler of Narnia along with her two brothers and her sister . Lucy is the central character of the four siblings in the novels . Lucy is a principal character in three of the seven books ( The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , Prince Caspian , and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ) , and a minor character in two others ( The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle ) . Lucy is portrayed by Georgie Henley in the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and she returned to reprise her role in the 2008 film The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian . Georgie 's elder sister , Rachael Henley , portrays the older Queen Lucy at the end of the first film . Georgie Henley also reprised her role in the 2010 film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , which is the third of the film series . The character of Lucy Pevensie was inspired by June Flewett , a devout Catholic London girl evacuated by her convent to The Kilns , Lewis ' country home in 1942 , and named after Lewis ' goddaughter Lucy Barfield , to whom he dedicated The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe . Lucy is described in the book as being fair - haired : `` But as for Lucy , she was always gay and golden - haired , and all princes in those parts desired her to be their Queen , and her own people called her Queen Lucy the Valiant . '' Lucy was the most faithful of the four and never stopped believing in Narnia . She and her brothers Peter and Edmund , after dying in a train crash in England , were transported to Aslan 's Country with the other Narnians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Character 1.2 Childhood 1.3 1940 -- 1941 1.4 1941 -- 1942 1.5 1942 -- 1949 1.6 Golden Age of Narnia 1.7 Prior story 1.8 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 1.9 The Horse and His Boy 1.10 Prince Caspian 1.11 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 1.12 The Last Battle 1.13 Afterlife 2 Portrayals 3 Other appearances 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Character ( edit ) Lucy is the most sensitive and faithful out of all her siblings ; which is why she is written as seeing Aslan across the gorge in Prince Caspian and her brothers and sister written as cynical and less inclined to go on blind faith . As a young child in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in a strange house without her mother about , she is also extremely vulnerable and is looking for security , wonder and something to believe in . She is teased mercilessly by Edmund about Narnia , being accused of playing `` childish games '' . Once she knows he also has visited the land in the wardrobe and he still maintains that they were only playing a game , her anguish knows no bounds , as her faith in humanity and the security of her own beliefs about her own siblings are now also under threat . Lucy loves animals , and makes friends with many creatures ; and is devastated in Prince Caspian to discover that not only has Narnia been invaded by the Telmarines ; but that they have suppressed the many creatures and divine and semi-divine beings that made Narnia the extraordinary place it was . Her heartfelt night - time roam through the woods , craving to see the tree spirits dance and share in their communion with nature and life once again is one of the very deep moments of love , hope and disappointment that we share with Lucy in her spiritual journey . Lucy also never stops believing in Narnia and is full of courage because of her faith ; and is thus more adventurous than her sister Susan . Lucy has a great desire to help others , which is symbolized by the healing cordial that was given to her by Father Christmas for others in need and only with sparing use . The lesson from Aslan on the battlefield in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe is to use this power impartially and not dwell on the needs of those she loves most . Childhood ( edit ) Lucy Pevensie was born in 1932 , the fourth of four children . She grew up in London with her mother , father , eldest brother Peter , sister Susan , and brother Edmund . In 1940 , the Blitz began , and Lucy and her siblings were evacuated from London for their safety , taking up a temporary residence in the country manor of an old man known as Professor Kirke . 1940 -- 1941 ( edit ) The siblings discovered that due to magic , their fifteen years in Narnia had taken up no time at all in England , and they were again children in the Professor 's house . They told only the professor of their adventure , and he in turn admitted that he , too , had been to Narnia . The children were slightly dismayed to be told that the wardrobe had sealed and would no longer carry them between the worlds . A year later , at the age of nine , Lucy set out for her first year at a girl 's boarding school with Susan . While en route to school , all four children felt a peculiar tug , recognized as magic , and were within moments drawn back out of Earth . 1941 -- 1942 ( edit ) In England again , Lucy spent her first year at boarding school . While there , she made several friends . In summer of 1942 , she and Edmund were sent to stay with their Aunt and Uncle while their parents went away on a trip . 1942 -- 1949 ( edit ) Afterwards , Lucy grew up fairly normally , eventually becoming one of the self - titled Seven Friends of Narnia , those who had been to the world of Narnia by magic . In 1949 , Lucy , Edmund , and Peter were having dinner with Eustace , Jill Pole , Polly Plummer and Digory Kirke , reminiscing about their days in Narnia when a Narnian - dressed figure appeared to them as a specter . The figure did not speak , even when Peter demanded as High King that it do so . After the specter disappeared again , they all felt sure that something was dreadfully wrong in their beloved country , and they needed to find a way to get there on their own . Remembering the magic rings capable of carrying humans from world to world , the seven set up a plan to get young Jill and Eustace to Narnia . While the rings were retrieved , Lucy and the others got on a train to take Eustace and Jill to school , intending to use the rings on the way . They never made it , as their train crashed on the way , killing all aboard . By all accounts , Lucy and the others died instantly as a result of the crash . Golden Age of Narnia ( edit ) The four - part reign lasted fifteen years , and was known as the Golden Age of Narnia . Lucy grew up to become a sweet and beloved queen , dubbed ' Queen Lucy the Valiant ' by her people . Not only a lovely lady and an accomplished queen , she was also a fierce warrior , known to ride into battle in times of need . She remained close friends with Mr. Tumnus . In 1014 , Narnia 's ally of Archenland was under attack . Lucy rode with her brother King Edmund to wage battle for their defense , and helped to win the day . In 1015 NT , Mr. Tumnus brought the news that the magical White Stag had returned to Narnia . Lucy and her siblings set out on a hunt , in the course of which they got lost in the woods . Stumbling through the woods , they found themselves in England again , back on the other side of the magic wardrobe . Prior story ( edit ) Lucy was born in 1932 and is 8 years old when she appears in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . By The Last Battle , she is 17 years old . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( edit ) Lucy 's siblings , Peter , Susan and Edmund , do not believe her about Narnia at first , but later they all find their way to Narnia . In The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , Lucy is the first of the Pevensies to enter Narnia through a magical wardrobe in the Professor 's old house , into Narnia in the One Hundred Year Winter , under the rule of the White Witch , the evil self - proclaimed Queen of Narnia . There she meets Mr. Tumnus the Faun and , then later , the Beavers . While traveling with Peter , Susan and Mr and Mrs Beaver Father Christmas gives them gifts ; Lucy is given a vial with magical cordial that can heal almost any injury , and a small dagger with which to defend herself `` at great need '' . Edmund , meanwhile , had tried to betray the Beavers and joined the White Witch ; he had first met her and been seduced by promises of power after first entering the wardrobe when trying to follow Lucy on her second entry to Narnia . She and her companions arrive at Aslan 's camp , and later that night , she and Susan comfort Aslan as he walks to his death -- although they do n't know of his fate at the time . Both girls also witness his sacrifice . While their brothers are going to war , Lucy and her sister see Aslan come back to life and help him wake the creatures in the White Witch 's castle , which the White Witch had turned to stone . They meet with their brothers at the end of the battle . At Cair Paravel , she is crowned as Her Majesty Queen Lucy by Aslan to the throne as co-ruler of Narnia , this marking the fulfilling of the ancient prophecy and the end of the White Witch 's reign . During her reign , the people name her Queen Lucy the Valiant . She and her siblings make a Golden Age in Narnia . Late in the Golden Age , while hunting the white stag through Lantern Waste , she notices the lantern where she met Mr. Tumnus . She stops her siblings and they look and wonder what it is . Lucy , in a dreamy voice , says Spare Oom , Mr. Tumnus 's phrase for the land from which they came 15 years earlier , and the children run through the wardrobe into England , where no time has passed and they are children again . The Horse and his Boy ( edit ) The events in The Horse and His Boy take place after the siblings are crowned , and before they return to England , in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , and Queen Lucy is a young woman who rides to the aid of Archenland . She is described by Prince Corin as being more like a tomboy , unlike her sister , Queen Susan , who is a `` proper lady '' . She helps King Lune to welcome Aravis to Anvard , and helps to get Aravis 's room and clothes ready . Prince Caspian ( edit ) Lucy ( who is now 9 ) travels to Narnia again with her three siblings in Prince Caspian . In that book , Lucy is the only one to see Aslan at first , and she has a terrible time convincing her brothers and sister as well as Trumpkin the dwarf that he had returned , echoing her trials early in the first book . However , Edmund believes her and backs her up , due to her being right about Narnia itself existing . Aslan tells her to try again , and says that she must follow him alone if they refuse to come with her . Lucy comments that Aslan has grown larger , but really she is the one that has grown . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( edit ) While Susan travels with Mr. and Mrs. Pevensie to America and Peter studies with Professor Digory Kirke , Lucy ( age 11 ) , Edmund and their cousin Eustace are drawn into Narnia through a magical painting in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . This is very much Lucy 's book , written largely from her point of view . However , at the end Aslan firmly tells her and Edmund that they have become , like Susan and Peter , too old to further experience the wonders of Narnia . The Last battle ( edit ) In The Last Battle , she plays a minor part as she returns to Narnia again with her brothers , High King Peter and King Edmund , along with Eustace Scrubb , Jill Pole , Polly Plummer , and Digory Kirke . There , she witnesses the destruction of Narnia and lives in the new Narnia created by Aslan . In the new Narnia , all the people and animals who lived in the previous Narnia during its existence return and join together . Lucy also meets her old friend Mr. Tumnus the Faun again , and Aslan tells her about a railway accident that occurs in England in which she , her brothers , her parents , Polly , Digory , Eustace and Jill die . She and Digory , Polly , Peter , Edmund , Eustace and Jill stay in Aslan 's homeland for eternity , however Susan goes back to living on Earth . Afterlife ( edit ) Lucy -- along with Edmund , Peter , Digory , and Polly -- are instantly transported to a great green field with fruit trees and a door that leads to nowhere , clothed in Narnian garb . Several people come in or out of the door , but most seem unable to see the fields or Lucy and her companions . After some time , Eustace , and then Jill , walk through the door , explaining that they had been to Narnia on the other side of it . Once everything in Narnia has been straightened out and many other Narnians had join them , the Friends of Narnia stand by as Aslan brings about the end of Old Narnia . Then Aslan gave a great roar and began to lead all the remaining Narnians . All run after him up the field , realizing that this is not Narnia , but that the real Narnia and the afterlife of the world they had known . They all run until they reach Cair Paravel , and meet all of their old friends from all of their adventures in the Shadowlands . Lucy is not quite so happy in the New Narnia as Aslan meant her to be , however . She explains that she is dissatisfied because they ( the English Narnians ) are so afraid of being sent home . Aslan explains that there had been a train accident back in England , and that in their world , the children are all dead . He explains further that the Real Narnia is his country , and a Narnian equivalent of heaven . Lucy is permitted to live forever with her siblings in the Real Narnia . Portrayals ( edit ) In the 1980s BBC serial , Lucy is portrayed by English actress Sophie Wilcox . In Walden Media 's The Chronicles of Narnia films , Lucy is portrayed by English actress Georgie Henley as a child and Rachael Henley ( her older sister ) as an adult . Other appearances ( edit ) Although reviews of The Oz / Wonderland Chronicles issue 0 indicated that Alice , Wendy Darling and Dorothy Gale shared their dorm with Susan Pevensie , a recent review of the now - released issue 1 indicates many fans are believing this is actually meant to be Lucy , and not Susan . She is spoofed in the 2007 film Epic Movie . References ( edit ) Narnia portal Fictional characters portal ^ Jump up to : `` Caspian to be second Narnia movie '' . BBC . 2006 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph , 11 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. ( 2002 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32340 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. `` The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe '' , p. 201 Ford , Paul ( 2005 ) , Lucy Pevensie ( in The Companion to Narnia : A Complete Guide to the Magical World of C.S. Lewis ' The Chronicles of Narnia ) , HarperSanFrancisco , ISBN 0 - 06 - 079127 - 6 External links ( edit ) Lucy Pevensie on IMDb The Voyage of the Dawn Treader at Narnia Fans NarniaWeb ( hide ) The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Pevensie&oldid=808902578 '' Categories : The Chronicles of Narnia characters Fictional characters introduced in 1950 Kings and Queens of Narnia Fictional women soldiers and warriors Child characters in literature Fictional English people Child characters in film Fictional queens Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	pictures of lucy from the lion the witch and the wardrobe	[]	[]
-3003754724396418346	United States Declaration of Independence	United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( now known as Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration announced that the thirteen American colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would now regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states no longer under British rule . With the Declaration , these states formed a new nation -- the United States of America . The Declaration was passed on July 2 with no opposing votes . A committee of five had drafted it to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams , a leader in pushing for independence , had persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress edited to produce the final version . The Declaration was a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Adams wrote to his wife Abigail , `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America '' -- although Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft is preserved at the Library of Congress , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , as well as Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his policies and his rhetoric , as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence in Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 9.8 Popular culture 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 , by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push This idealized depiction of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration was widely reprinted ( by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 , and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among Creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 , it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was given little attention in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 , during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence has played a significant role in popular conceptions of the Declaration of Independence . The painting is 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size and was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 ; it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It is sometimes described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence , but it actually shows the Committee of Five presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . Trumbull painted the figures from life whenever possible , but some had died and images could not be located ; hence , the painting does not include all the signers of the Declaration . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact , the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull 's painting has been depicted multiple times on U.S. currency and postage stamps . Its first use was on the reverse side of the $100 National Bank Note issued in 1863 . A few years later , the steel engraving used in printing the bank notes was used to produce a 24 - cent stamp , issued as part of the 1869 Pictorial Issue . An engraving of the signing scene has been featured on the reverse side of the United States two - dollar bill since 1976 . United States two - dollar bill ( reverse ) Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later The Declaration was chosen to be the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . The Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence was dedicated in 1984 in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . Popular culture The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 and the 1972 movie version , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . In 1970 , The 5th Dimension recorded the opening of the Declaration through the phrase `` for their future Security '' . The name of the song is `` Declaration , '' and it was performed on the Ed Sullivan Show on December 7 , 1969 . At the time , it was taken as a song of protest against the Vietnam War . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Journal Gazette Editorial Staff ( July 4 , 2010 ) . `` Independence '' . Fort Wayne Journal Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ It is found on rheir album Portrait . Bibliography Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . 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-2048671429155318167	Jacksonville Jaguars	Jacksonville Jaguars - wikipedia Jacksonville Jaguars Jump to : navigation , search Jacksonville Jaguars Current season Established November 30 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 11 - 30 ) First season : 1995 Play in and headquartered at TIAA Bank Field Jacksonville , Florida Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1995 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) AFC Central ( 1995 -- 2001 ) AFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Teal , Gold Mascot Jaxson de Ville Personnel Owner ( s ) Shahid Khan President Mark Lamping General manager David Caldwell Head coach Doug Marrone Team history Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Team nicknames Jags Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 3 ) AFC Central : 1998 , 1999 AFC South : 2017 Playoff appearances ( 7 ) NFL : 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2005 , 2007 , 2017 Home fields TIAA Bank Field ( 1995 -- present ) The Jacksonville Jaguars are an American professional football franchise based in Jacksonville , Florida . The Jaguars compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . The team plays its home games at TIAA Bank Field . The Jaguars and the Carolina Panthers joined the NFL as expansion teams for the 1995 season . Since their inception , the Jaguars have won division championships in 1998 and 1999 ( as members of the now - defunct AFC Central ) and 2017 ( as members of the AFC South ) and have qualified for the playoffs seven times , most recently in 2017 after a ten - season playoff drought . From their inception until 2011 , the Jacksonville Jaguars ' majority owner was Wayne Weaver . The team was then purchased by Pakistani - born businessman Shahid Khan for an estimated $ 770 million . In 2015 , Forbes estimated the team value at $1.48 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1989 -- 1994 1.2 1995 -- 2002 1.2. 1 1995 1.2. 2 1996 1.2. 3 1997 -- 99 1.2. 4 2000 -- 02 1.3 2003 -- 2011 1.3. 1 2003 -- 05 1.3. 2 2006 1.3. 3 2007 1.3. 4 2008 1.3. 5 2009 -- 2010 1.3. 6 2011 1.4 2012 1.4. 1 2012 1.4. 2 NFL International Series 1.5 2013 -- 2016 1.5. 1 2014 -- 2015 1.5. 2 2016 -- 2017 1.6 2017 -- present 2 Team colors , logos and mascot 2.1 Logos 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 1995 -- 2001 2.2. 2 2002 -- 2008 2.2. 3 2009 -- 2011 2.2. 4 2012 2.2. 5 2013 -- present 2.3 Mascot 2.4 Jacksonville Roar 3 Stadium 4 Rivals 5 Statistics and records 5.1 Season - by - season results 6 Current roster 7 Players of note 7.1 Retired numbers 7.2 Pride of the Jaguars 7.3 Florida Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and coordinators 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Offensive coordinators 8.3 Defensive coordinators 9 Current coaching staff 10 Work in the community 11 Broadcast media 11.1 Radio 11.2 Television 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jacksonville Jaguars 1989 -- 1994 ( edit ) Wayne Weaver ( right ) was the first owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars from 1993 to 2011 . In 1989 , the prospective ownership group Touchdown Jacksonville ! was organized . The group initially included future Florida Governor Jeb Bush and Jacksonville developer Tom Petway , and came to be led by shoe magnate Wayne Weaver , founder of Nine West . In 1991 , the NFL announced plans to add two expansion teams in 1994 ( later delayed until 1995 ) , its first expansion since the 1976 addition of the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Touchdown Jacksonville ! announced its bid for a team , and Jacksonville was ultimately chosen as one of five finalists , along with Charlotte , St. Louis , Baltimore , and Memphis . Jacksonville was considered the least likely expansion candidate for several reasons . The Jacksonville metropolitan area and television market were smaller than those of nearly every team in the league . Although Jacksonville was the 15th largest city in the nation at the time ( It has since grown to become the 11th - largest ) , it has always been a medium - sized market because the surrounding suburbs and rural areas are far smaller than the city itself . There were 635,000 people in Jacksonville proper according to the 1990 census , but only 900,000 people in the metropolitan area . Additionally , the Gator Bowl was outdated , and the ownership group struggled to negotiate a lease with the city . The troubled negotiations over the Gator Bowl lease led the ownership group to withdraw from the NFL expansion bidding in July 1993 . Charlotte was awarded the first franchise -- the Carolina Panthers -- in October 1993 . Surprisingly , the naming of the second expansion city was delayed a month . Most pundits speculated that the delay was made to allow St. Louis to shore up its bid . At the time , St. Louis was considered the favorite for the second franchise , with Baltimore 's three bids also considered strong . However , in a surprising move , the NFL owners voted 26 -- 2 in favor of awarding the 30th franchise to Jacksonville . After the Gator Bowl game on December 31 , 1993 , the old stadium was essentially demolished and replaced with a reinforced concrete superstructure . All that remained of the old stadium was the west upper concourse and a portion of the ramping system . To accommodate construction , the 1994 and 1995 games of `` The World 's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party '' were split between the home fields of Florida and Georgia , and the 1994 Gator Bowl was played at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville . 1995 -- 2002 ( edit ) Tom Coughlin was Jacksonville 's head coach for its first eight seasons In January 1994 Wayne Weaver chose Tom Coughlin as the first - ever head coach of the Jaguars . Coughlin had worked in the NFL as a position coach , but he had been neither a head coach nor a coordinator in the NFL . The Jaguars ' hiring of Coughlin contrasted with the hiring moves made by their fellow expansion team . The same month that Weaver hired Coughlin as his head coach , Carolina Panthers owner Jerry Richardson went a more conventional route and hired former Buffalo Bills general manager Bill Polian as the Panthers ' first GM ( the Panthers ' head coach , Dom Capers , would not be hired until a full year after Coughlin ) . As it emerged that Weaver had no intention of hiring a general manager , it became apparent that Coughlin would have most of the authority regarding hiring decisions . Coughlin spent his year as `` head coach without a team '' preparing for the personnel moves that would come from the expansion draft , free agency , and the rookie draft in the spring of 1995 . 1995 ( edit ) Main article : 1995 Jacksonville Jaguars season The inaugural logo of the Jacksonville Jaguars . Along with the Carolina Panthers , the Jacksonville Jaguars entered the NFL as the first expansion teams in almost 20 years . Both teams participated in the 1995 NFL expansion draft , with the Jaguars taking Steve Beuerlein with the first pick . Beuerlein quickly lost his starting job to former Green Bay Packers backup Mark Brunell . The Jaguars finished their inaugural season with a record of 4 -- 12 . Both the Jaguars and the Panthers ( 7 -- 9 ) broke the previous record for most wins by an expansion team ( 3 ) set by the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968 . The inaugural season featured many of the players who would lead Jacksonville into the playoffs in the team 's next four seasons , including quarterback Mark Brunell ( acquired in a draft day trade from Green Bay ) , offensive lineman Tony Boselli ( drafted with the 2nd pick overall in the 1995 NFL Draft ) running back James Stewart ( also drafted in 1995 ) , and wide receiver Jimmy Smith ( signed as a free agent ) . Mark Brunell practicing with the Jaguars before their inaugural game on September 3 , 1995 . The team played its first regular season game at home in front of a crowd of 72,363 on September 3 , 1995 , a 10 -- 3 loss against the Houston Oilers . The team picked up its first win in Week 4 as the Jaguars defeated the Oilers 17 -- 16 on October 1 in Houston . The next week against the Pittsburgh Steelers , the Jaguars earned their first home win by defeating the eventual AFC Champions 20 -- 16 . The team 's other two wins came in a season sweep of the Cleveland Browns including a Week 17 24 -- 21 victory sealed by a Mike Hollis 34 - yard field goal in the Browns ' final game before the team relocated to Baltimore and was renamed the Ravens . Main article : 1996 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jacksonville 's 1996 season was a marked success as they won six of their last seven games of the season and finished with a record of 9 -- 7 . Quarterback Mark Brunell threw for over 4,000 yards and wide receivers Keenan McCardell and Jimmy Smith each accumulated over 1,000 receiving yards . In the team 's final game of the regular season against the Atlanta Falcons , needing a win to earn a playoff berth , the Jaguars caught a bit of luck when Morten Andersen , one of the most accomplished kickers in NFL history , missed a 30 - yard field goal with less than a minute remaining that would have given the Falcons the lead . The Jaguars clinched the fifth seed in the AFC playoffs . The Jaguars visited the Buffalo Bills in their first playoff game in franchise history . Despite being a heavy underdog , the Jaguars won 30 -- 27 , and knocked Buffalo quarterback Jim Kelly out of what would turn out to be the last game of his career . Their next game was on the road against the Denver Broncos , who had earned the AFC 's top seed with a 13 -- 3 record and were widely regarded as the best team in the AFC , if not the NFL . While the Broncos scored two touchdowns early in the game , after the first quarter , the Jaguars largely dominated . In what is often regarded as one of the three biggest upsets in NFL playoff history , the Jaguars defeated the Broncos by the same score as the previous week against the Bills , 30 -- 27 . Upon their return home , the Jags were greeted by an estimated 40,000 fans at the stadium . Many of these fans had watched the game on the stadium JumboTron displays and had stayed into the early hours of the morning when the team arrived . In the AFC Championship Game , the Jaguars miracle season came to an end , as they lost 20 -- 6 to the New England Patriots , in Foxboro . Their fellow second - year NFC expansion team , the Carolina Panthers , also got to their conference championship game , where they lost 30 -- 13 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers . 1997 -- 99 ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars vs. Cincinnati Bengals in January 2000 . Main article : 1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1997 , the franchise 's third season , the Jaguars and the Steelers both finished the season with an 11 -- 5 record , tops in the AFC Central Division . Pittsburgh won the division in a tiebreaker as a result of having higher net in division games than Jacksonville . As a result , the Jaguars settled for 2nd place in the division , a Wild Card berth and , for the second straight year , the 5th seed in the AFC playoffs . The Jags postseason would end quickly as they fell in their first game , a 42 -- 17 defeat against the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium . The Broncos , led by Terrell Davis , ran at will against the Jaguars , rushing for 5 touchdowns and over 300 yards . Main article : 1998 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1998 , the Jaguars again finished 11 -- 5 and won their first AFC Central Division title . The team became the first NFL expansion team to make the playoffs three times in its first four seasons of play . In the Wild Card Round , the Jaguars hosted their first home playoff game , a 25 -- 10 win over the New England Patriots . The team 's season ended the next week in the Divisional Round as the New York Jets defeated the Jaguars 34 -- 24 . Main article : 1999 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1999 , the Jaguars compiled a league best 14 -- 2 regular season record , the best record in franchise history . The team 's two losses were to the Tennessee Titans . The Jaguars won the AFC Central Division for the second straight year and clinched the # 1 seed in the AFC . The Jaguars hosted the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Divisional playoffs , a 62 -- 7 victory in what would be Dan Marino and Jimmy Johnson 's last NFL game . Jacksonville 's 62 points and 55 - point margin are the second most ever in NFL playoff history , and Fred Taylor 's 90 - yard run in the first quarter is the longest ever in an NFL playoff game . The Jaguars ' bid for a Super Bowl title came to an end the next week in the AFC championship game . The Jags fell at home to the Titans 33 -- 14 in a game that the Jaguars led 14 -- 10 at halftime , before allowing 23 unanswered points in the 2nd half . The Jaguars finished the 1999 season 15 -- 3 , with all three of their losses coming against the Titans . The loss marked the end of an era that saw the Jaguars make the playoffs in four of the team 's first 5 years and would be the team 's last playoff appearance until the 2005 season . 2000 -- 02 ( edit ) Main articles : 2000 Jacksonville Jaguars season , 2001 Jacksonville Jaguars season , and 2002 Jacksonville Jaguars season The Jaguars struggled during this period , due in part to salary cap problems . In the 2000 season , veteran quarterback Mark Brunell and young running back Fred Taylor led the squad through a painful 7 -- 9 season . The Jaguars finished with records of 6 -- 10 in both the 2001 and 2002 seasons . After the 2002 season , head coach Tom Coughlin was fired after eight seasons , leading the Jaguars to a total record of 68 -- 60 and four trips to the playoffs . The 2002 season also marked the last full season for Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell , who was benched in the third game of 2003 in favor of Byron Leftwich . Brunell piled up over 25,000 yards as a Jaguar and earned three trips to the Pro Bowl . In 2002 the NFL split up the two conferences into four divisions , sending the Jacksonville Jaguars to the AFC South . This put them in the same division as the Indianapolis Colts , Tennessee Titans , and the expansion Houston Texans . 2003 -- 2011 ( edit ) Head Coach Jack Del Rio set an NFL - record for consecutive seasons ( 9 ) coaching a team without once winning a division title . 2003 -- 05 ( edit ) Main articles : 2003 Jacksonville Jaguars season , 2004 Jacksonville Jaguars season , and 2005 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 2003 , the Jaguars hired Jack Del Rio as head coach . Del Rio was a linebacker during the late 80s and early 90s before retiring . He was formerly the Carolina Panthers ' defensive coordinator , bringing the team 's defensive ranking from 30th to second . Prior to that , Del Rio was the Baltimore Ravens linebackers coach , participating in that capacity on the Ravens ' record setting championship 2000 defense . The Jaguars selected quarterback Byron Leftwich with the seventh pick of the NFL draft . The Jaguars had high hopes for their new quarterback . The team had many failures and heartbreaking moments , ending the 2003 season at 5 -- 11 and missing the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season . Despite resolving their salary cap problems , the team 's rebuilding was clearly taking longer than expected . Byron Leftwich was the quarterback of the Jaguars from 2003 to 2006 Maurice Jones - Drew , one of the league 's smallest running backs turned out to be a second round steal for the Jags Reggie Nelson hitting Reggie Wayne of the Indianapolis Colts on Monday Night Football in 2007 . Josh Scobee is the all - time leading scorer for the Jaguars with 1,022 points . The 2004 season , the 10th season of the Jaguars franchise , resulted in a 9 -- 7 record , their first winning season since 1999 , with road victories against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field and the Indianapolis Colts at the RCA Dome . The Jaguars ' defense was a strong suit , as it included two Pro Bowl players , defensive tackles Marcus Stroud and John Henderson . Josh Scobee was selected in the 5th round of the 2004 NFL Draft and became a dominant placekicker for the Jaguars setting multiple franchise records . Byron Leftwich enjoyed a solid year in 2004 , helped by strong performances from holdovers Fred Taylor and Jimmy Smith . Unfortunately , Taylor sustained a season - ending injury at Green Bay . The very next week the Jaguars fell to the Houston Texans , which would ultimately eliminate them from playoff contention . The 2005 Jaguars hoped to challenge the Colts for the division title . However , due to their scintillating 13 -- 0 start , including two victories against the Jaguars , the Colts easily clinched the AFC South title . With a 12 -- 4 record , the Jaguars earned a wild card and their first playoff appearance since 1999 . While the Jaguars managed to win key games in 2005 , nine of their final ten games were against opponents with losing records . Though these games were wins , key players Byron Leftwich , Mike Peterson , Akin Ayodele , Paul Spicer , and Rashean Mathis were hurt during this stretch . The Jaguars ended the season losing 28 -- 3 to the two - time defending champion New England Patriots on January 7 , 2006 in the AFC wild card playoff round . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jacksonville looked like a team on the rise coming off of their 12 -- 4 season , and was considered a playoff contender entering the season . But injuries plagued the team . Reggie Hayward , Greg Jones , Donovin Darius , Byron Leftwich , and Mike Peterson all suffered season - ending injuries . Marcus Stroud , Matt Jones , Paul Spicer , and Fred Taylor also faced injuries during the season . The team started off 2 -- 0 , defeating the Dallas Cowboys ( earning the NFL 's highest winning percentage on opening days at . 750 with a record of 9 -- 3 ) , and shutting out the defending champs Pittsburgh Steelers . But the team lost its next two games , and suffered embarrassing losses to the Houston Texans over the course of the season ( Jacksonville has struggled against the Texans since Houston entered the league in 2002 ) . They missed the playoffs with an 8 -- 8 record , but there were some positives , in particular an impressive rookie season by their second - round draft pick , running back Maurice Jones - Drew . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Jacksonville Jaguars season In the 2007 NFL Draft , the Jaguars used their first - round pick ( 21st overall ) to select Florida safety Reggie Nelson . On June 15 , 2007 , the Jaguars released veteran strong safety Donovin Darius , who had seen diminished playing time in previous years due to mounting injuries . On August 31 , 2007 , the Jaguars announced that long time back - up quarterback David Garrard would start for the team , ahead of former first round draft pick Byron Leftwich , who was released in the team 's final roster cuts . Garrard led the Jaguars to an 11 -- 5 record and a wild card spot in the playoffs . The Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 31 -- 29 to win their first playoff game in almost eight years and their first road playoff win since 1997 . It was also the first time in the 50 + year history of the Steelers that they had been beaten twice at home by the same team in the same season . However , in the divisional round , the Jaguars fell to the then - undefeated New England Patriots ; the teams were tied at halftime , but the Patriots pulled ahead and won 31 -- 20 . Tom Brady completed 26 of 28 passes in this game , being pressured by the Jaguars ' defense only once , on the first play . This game , more than any other , gave the Jaguars ' front office a strong desire to upgrade the pass rush during the offseason . The team 's offense in 2007 was largely a run - first offense , with Maurice Jones - Drew and Fred Taylor each putting up a lot of yards . David Garrard , however showed to be an efficient passer in 2007 , throwing only 3 interceptions . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2008 season began with high expectations for the Jaguars . The team acquired free agent wide receiver Jerry Porter and rookie defensive ends Quentin Groves of Auburn and Derrick Harvey of Florida to address the team 's most glaring needs . ( Porter was released the following year and Groves was traded to Oakland in 2010 . ) Journalists including ESPN. com 's Kevin Seifert predicted the Jaguars were poised to make a Super Bowl run . However , the Jaguars failed to live up to those expectations , struggling to a 5 -- 11 finish , the franchise 's worst record since 2003 . The team 's struggles were in part , the result of a rash of injuries to the team 's offensive line . The Jaguars lost starting guards Vince Manuwai and Maurice Williams for the season within the first quarter of the opening game . Tackle Richard Collier 's career ended in early September when he was brutally attacked and shot 14 times . Center Brad Meester missed the first two months of the season and guard Chris Naeole , signed to the roster mid-season in response to these injuries , was injured in pregame warmups before playing a single snap . The 2008 season marked the end of running back Fred Taylor 's 11 - year career as a Jaguar . Taylor , who is considered to be one of the greatest Jaguars in the history of the franchise , rushed for over 10,000 yards during his tenure with Jacksonville and earned one trip to the Pro Bowl . In 2009 , he signed with the New England Patriots . Taylor 's departure opened up the door for Maurice Jones - Drew to become the team 's feature running back . In 2011 , Taylor signed a one - day contract so he could retire as a Jaguar . 2009 -- 2010 ( edit ) Main articles : 2009 Jacksonville Jaguars season and 2010 Jacksonville Jaguars season The Jaguars hoped to begin a new era in 2009 under their first - ever general manager , Gene Smith . Smith made his mark early on in the 2009 NFL Draft by acquiring talent such as Eugene Monroe , Terrance Knighton , Derek Cox , Eben Britton and Mike Thomas , who all made significant contributions in their rookie years . The Jaguars finished off this season 7 -- 9 and did not manage to make the playoffs . In the offseason , the Jaguars parted ways with veteran players John Henderson and Reggie Hayward as part of the team 's `` youth movement '' . The Jaguars entrance in 2009 . However , 2009 also saw the team 's attendance numbers plummet , leading to television blackouts and speculation that the team could eventually be moved or sold . 2009 marked a low point , with the team 's attendance averaging around 50,000 , causing seven of the eight home games to be blacked out , and leading NFL commissioner Roger Goodell to address the issue with owner Wayne Weaver . Jacksonville is one of the league 's smallest markets , though its stadium is relatively large ; since 2005 the team has covered nearly 10,000 of the stadium 's 73,000 total seats with tarp in order to lower the stadium 's official capacity to a more typical size and reduce blackouts . 73,000 total seats still ranks as one of the largest in the NFL . From 2008 the team further suffered from the late - 2000s recession , which hit Florida particularly hard , and structural changes within the NFL that disadvantage teams in smaller markets . In 2010 , to address this issue , the team and the City of Jacksonville undertook several measures aimed at ensuring the franchise 's continued viability in Jacksonville . Supporters began the `` Team Teal '' drive to drum up ticket sales . The city negotiated a five - year , $16.6 million naming rights deal with Jacksonville - based EverBank to rename the stadium EverBank Field . As a result , the Jaguars ' attendance increased dramatically in 2010 . While attendance figures were stagnant for most of the NFL , Jacksonville saw an increase of 36.5 % , by far the highest in the league , and had none of their home games blacked out . Wells Fargo Center with their `` Go Jaguars '' lighting for the 2011 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2010 season proved a big year for the Jaguars on the field as well . Running back Maurice Jones - Drew emerged as second in the league in rushing yards and David Garrard threw for 23 touchdowns , a franchise record . Marcedes Lewis went to his first pro bowl and the Jags had one of the best young defensive tackle duo with Terrance Knighton and rookie Tyson Alualu . Josh Scobee set a team record with a 59 - yard field goal to beat the Indianapolis Colts . Heading into December , Jacksonville was at the top of the AFC South and in playoff contention . In Week 15 , they lost to Indianapolis , 34 -- 24 , which placed the Colts back atop the AFC South . The Jaguars lost their last two games , placing themselves out of playoff contention . They finished the season 8 -- 8 . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2011 season began on the 10th anniversary of the 9 / 11 attacks . In the 2011 NFL draft , the Jaguars traded a first and a second round pick in order to move up to the 10th pick and select Missouri quarterback Blaine Gabbert . On September 6 , 2011 , quarterback David Garrard was cut from the team just days before the start of the season ; Luke McCown was named starter . The move was similar to the one that named Garrard himself the starter over Byron Leftwich in 2007 . McCown started two games until he threw four interceptions in a lopsided loss to the New York Jets and Blaine Gabbert was named the starter the following week . The Jaguars offense would continue to struggle under the rookie quarterback , losing the next 4 games in a row , until an upset victory over the Baltimore Ravens at home on Monday Night Football . On November 29 , 2011 , owner Wayne Weaver announced the firing of head coach Jack Del Rio , whose record had been 3 -- 8 through the first 12 weeks of the season and 68 -- 71 over his 9 - year tenure . Del Rio was succeeded by defensive coordinator Mel Tucker on an interim basis . Weaver also announced that General Manager Gene Smith had been given a three - year extension of his contract . 2012 ( edit ) Businessman Shahid Khan purchased the Jaguars in 2012 . Immediately following the announcement of Del Rio being fired , Weaver also announced that the team would be sold to Illinois businessman Shahid Khan . Khan 's assumption of ownership was approved a couple of weeks later by the NFL team owners , and Khan took over full ownership on January 4 , 2012 . He immediately began the team 's search for head coaching candidates . On February 13 , 2012 , the Jaguars hired MetLife Stadium president and CEO Mark Lamping as team president . Lamping also spent 13 years as the president of the St. Louis Cardinals . Lamping is the second team president in franchise history and the first since 1997 , when David Seldin left that position . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Jacksonville Jaguars season On January 10 , 2012 , former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey was named head coach of the Jaguars . On January 13 , it was announced that interim head coach Mel Tucker would remain on the staff as defensive coordinator / assistant head coach and that former Falcons quarterbacks coach Bob Bratkowski would become offensive coordinator . On January 20 , 2012 , the team hired John Bonamego as special teams coordinator . The Jaguars began the 2012 season with a new coaching staff and a new owner . One of the main priorities of the new leadership was to improve the team 's struggling receiving corps and see improvement from quarterback Blaine Gabbert after a disappointing rookie season . To do this , the team selected wide receiver Justin Blackmon in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft and acquired Laurent Robinson in free agency . Despite the changes , the team struggled mightily on both sides of the ball . The team finished with a 2 -- 14 record , the worst in franchise history . Both general manager Gene Smith and head coach Mike Mularkey were fired shortly after the end of the season . NFL International Series ( edit ) Main article : NFL International Series On August 21 , 2012 , the Jaguars announced they had finalized a deal to play one regular season home game each year between 2013 and 2016 at London 's historic Wembley Stadium as part of the NFL International Series . The first of these games was against the San Francisco 49ers on October 27 , 2013 . This deal was later extended through 2020 . 2013 -- 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jaguars take the field in London , United Kingdom on October 27 , 2013 . On January 8 , 2013 , former Atlanta Falcons Director of Player Personnel David Caldwell was hired as the second full - time General Manager in Jaguars history . He formerly served as a scout for the Indianapolis Colts for 10 years from 1998 -- 2007 . His first task with the team was to lead the interview process for a new head coach . Nine days later former Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Gus Bradley was named head coach of the Jaguars . The Jaguars struggled early on in 2013 and went into the bye week with an 0 -- 8 record . On November 1 Justin Blackmon was suspended indefinitely after violating the NFL 's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse . Despite the loss of Blackmon the Jaguars got their first win with Gus Bradley on November 10 with a 29 -- 27 victory over the Tennessee Titans . This was followed by a respectable showing against the Arizona Cardinals , despite a 27 -- 14 loss , and the Jaguars ' second and third victory of the season against the Houston Texans and the Cleveland Browns . The Jaguars would win again the very next week against the Houston Texans 27 -- 20 on Thursday night , improving to 4 -- 9 . They finished the season 4 -- 12 . 2014 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 Jacksonville Jaguars season and 2015 Jacksonville Jaguars season Blake Bortles handing off to Toby Gerhart in December 2014 . After finishing the 2013 season with a 4 -- 12 record , a two - win improvement over the previous season , the Jaguars traded their 2011 NFL draft first round draft pick Blaine Gabbert to the San Francisco 49ers for the 6th round pick of the 2014 NFL draft . Maurice Jones - Drew , after 7 years with the Jaguars , also left the team and signed a three - year contract with the Oakland Raiders . In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft the Jaguars selected quarterback Blake Bortles from University of Central Florida and then wide receiver Marqise Lee from University of Southern California in the second round . The new draft picks helped put more confidence in the struggling team . Justin Blackmon was suspended yet again for violating the NFL 's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse in July . Later in July , EverBank Field unveiled their two new endzone scoreboards , which are considered to be the world 's largest . The Jaguars managed to end their season with a 3 -- 13 record . Dante Fowler Jr. was selected by the Jaguars as the third overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft . However , Fowler tore his ACL at rookie minicamp on May 8 and did not return for the 2015 season . Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers for a 2016 NFL Draft sixth round pick . Jason Myers took over as the main placekicker for the Jaguars . The Jaguars finished the 2015 season with a record of 5 -- 11 , the team 's fifth straight losing season and their eighth straight non-winning season . The Star - Spangled Banner performed before a Jacksonville Jaguars game at EverBank Field in 2015 . 2016 -- 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Jacksonville Jaguars season With plenty of cap space to work with , Jacksonville splurged in free agency , adding defensive tackle Malik Jackson from the Denver Broncos and cornerback Prince Amukamara from the New York Giants . With the fifth selection , the Jaguars selected cornerback Jalen Ramsey from Florida State University in the first round and then the second round linebacker Myles Jack of UCLA in the 2016 NFL Draft . Jack was considered to be a top - 10 talent , but fell to the second round due to a knee injury . On October 2 , 2016 , the Jacksonville Jaguars defeated the Indianapolis Colts 30 -- 27 in the NFL International Series game . On December 18 , 2016 , Gus Bradley was fired after the Jaguars ' ninth loss in a row during the 2016 season . Bradley 's W-L record as head coach of the Jaguars was 14 -- 48 in three seasons . 2017 -- present ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season On January 9 , 2017 the Jaguars announced the interim head coach Doug Marrone was to be the new head coach , the contract of General Manager David Caldwell was to be extended and Tom Coughlin was returning to Jacksonville to become Executive Vice President of Football Operations . Both Doug Marrone and David Caldwell report to the Executive Vice President Tom Coughlin . In the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft the Jaguars selected running back Leonard Fournette of LSU . At the annual NFL International Series in London on September 24 , 2017 Jaguars players locked arms and kneeled during the national anthem in response to President Donald Trump 's remarks on NFL players who kneel . Shahid Khan also participated with the Jaguars in locking arms during the anthem and the Baltimore Ravens kneeled on the opposite side of the field . The Jaguars went on to defeat the Ravens in a 44 - 7 win . Four weeks later on October 17 , President of the Jaguars Mark Lamping sent a letter of apology to the director of military affairs and veterans in Jacksonville that says the Jaguars were '' remiss in not fully comprehending the effect of the national anthem demonstration on foreign soil has had on the men and women who have or continue to serve our country . '' After their week 15 win over the Houston Texans , the Jaguars clinched their first playoff trip since 2007 ; they finished the season 10 - 6 , a seven - game turnaround from the previous year . The Jaguars defeated the Buffalo Bills 10 - 3 in Jacksonville , marking the first playoff win in ten years . In the Divisional Round , on January 14 , 2018 , the Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 45 - 42 in Pittsburgh to advance to their 3rd AFC Championship Game , and their first since 1999 . However , they narrowly fell to the New England Patriots 24 - 20 . For the season , the defense earned the nickname `` Sacksonville '' because of its dominance . Team colors , logos and mascot ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The day after the NFL awarded the expansion team to Jacksonville , a triumphant Wayne Weaver held up the Jaguars ' proposed silver helmet and teal jersey at the NFL owners ' meeting in Chicago . The team 's colors were to be teal , gold , and silver with black accents . However , this jersey and helmet design , with a gold leaping jaguar , created controversy . Ford Motor Company , then - parent of the automaker Jaguar , believed that the Jaguars ' logo bore too much resemblance to the automaker 's logo . Though no lawsuit was brought to trial , lawyers from the team and the automaker negotiated an ultimately amicable agreement whereby Jaguar would be named the official car of the Jaguars , and the Jaguars would redesign their uniforms . The new logo was a snarling jaguar head with a teal tongue , which Weaver said was his wife 's touch . He also claimed that the teal tongue came from `` feeding Panthers to our Jaguars '' -- an obvious jab at their expansion brethren . During the Jaguars ' first ever preseason game teal - colored candies were handed out to all the fans who attended , turning their tongues a teal color just like on the logo . Additionally , raspberry lollipops were handed out by the `` Candy Man '' in section 142 to also turn the home fans ' tongues teal . In 2009 , Weaver announced that he wanted to ' clean up ' the team 's image . This meant the elimination of the full - body crawling Jaguar logo , the clawing Jaguar , and the two previous wordmarks which bent the text around these logos . In February 2013 , Jaguars owner Shahid Khan , who had acquired the team in late 2011 , introduced a new brand identity for the team that included a new logo , wordmark , and secondary logo . The new Jaguar head logo was intended to be `` fiercer '' and more realistic . The secondary logo incorporated the new Jaguar head logo along with the first official usage of the team 's popular nickname `` Jags '' . The two images were incased in a shield - style shape , designed to be a tribute to Jacksonville 's military community . Beginning in 2013 , the Jaguars began to feature gold more prominently than in the past . In fact , from 2009 -- 12 gold had only been used in the team logo and as a minor accent color . Jaguars wordmark logo ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jaguars wordmark logo ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Jaguars wordmark logo ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Uniforms ( edit ) For most of their history , the Jaguars have done what many other NFL teams located in subtropical climates traditionally practice : wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season -- forcing opponents to wear their dark ones under the sweltering autumns in Jacksonville . The only exceptions were in 2004 and 2008 -- 10 , when the Jaguars chose to wear teal for all home games . In the preseason , the Jaguars typically wear teal at home since these games are played at night when there is very little advantage with the heat . 1995 -- 2001 ( edit ) Following the logo change , the redesigned uniforms featured an all - black helmet , white pants with teal , black , and gold stripes , and numbers with gold inner trim and black outer trim . The home jersey was teal with white numbers and the away jersey was white with teal numbers . Both jerseys had a black collar and no sleeve stripes . A prowling jaguar on each sleeve replaced the leaping jaguar going across both shoulders in the original design . The Jaguars in 1995 were the first NFL team to have 2 - tone borders on their numbers and lettering , and the first NFL team to show a complex logo ( the crawling Jaguar ) on the sleeve . Minor modifications were introduced to the Jaguars uniform during this time , most notably the font of the jersey numbers , replacing the original block numbers with a unique font . Two stripes were also added to the end of the sleeves below the prowling jaguar . 2002 -- 2008 ( edit ) During this period , the Jaguars made minor changes to their uniform , each time adding more black to the look . The team introduced a black alternate jersey in 2002 . During that same year , the team also introduced alternate black pants , worn with either the white or the teal jersey . After the black pants were introduced , the white pants would only be seen for the first few games of the year , presumably due to the heat . The black pants originally included two teal stripes down each side . The fan reaction to the extra black in the alternate jersey and alternate pants was positive , so in 2004 the Jaguars went through a formal uniform change , which teams are only allowed to do once every five years . These changes were mostly to the away look . Before 2004 , the white away jerseys had teal numbers with black and gold trim , but after , the white jerseys had black numbers with teal and gold trim . The black pants were also changed . The teal stripes were replaced with the Jaguar logo on each hip . Teal almost disappeared from the away uniform . The stripes on the white pants were altered in 2008 so that the center , thickest stripe was black , and its accents were teal . In the 2008 year , the gold in the uniforms noticeably shifted from a bright yellow metallic appearance to more beige . 2009 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Jaguars unveiled new uniforms for the 2009 season . Team owner Wayne Weaver reportedly wanted to `` clean up '' the look , feeling that the team had too many uniform styles . The new uniforms were introduced in a press conference on April 22 . At this press conference , Weaver elaborated that different people had taken different liberties with the Jaguars ' image over the years , singling out the ' All Black ' look which the team wore for every prime - time home game from 2003 to 2007 as a point of regret . He also said that the team would wear their teal jerseys at home even on hot days , saying that the practice of choosing to wear white on hot days had also diluted the team 's image . The new uniform reflected a simpler look overall . The collar and sleeve ends are the same color as the rest of the jersey . The crawling jaguar was removed . The numbers on the jerseys were changed to a simpler , block font with a thicker , single color border . After all of these subtractions , two features were added . The first was a `` JAGUARS '' wordmark underneath the NFL insignia on the chest . The second was two thin ' stripes ' of off - color fabric which were added to each midseam of the jersey , curling up to the neckline on the front and below the number on the back . The stripe on the home jersey is a white line next to a black line , matching the color of the numbers , and the stripe on the away jersey is a black line next to a teal line , again matching the numbers . The pants have similar stripes , both for the home and away uniform . The away uniforms were still black pants and numbers on a white jersey , but they now used teal as the only accent color as opposed to using gold in previous years . The Jaguars ' identity , in terms of colors , beginning in 2009 is exclusively teal and black , with gold only being used in the logo . The final change made to the Jaguars ' uniforms in 2009 was to the helmet . The new helmet and facemask were black just like the old ones , but when light hit the new ones a certain way , both the helmet and face mask sparkled with a shiny teal appearance . These were the first helmets in professional football which changed color with different angles of light . The logo and number decals also incorporated this effect . 2012 ( edit ) Prior to the 2012 season , new Jaguars owner Shahid Khan announced that the team would once again use a black jersey , something they had not done since 2008 . In September of that year , the team announced that it would use the black jersey and black pants as their primary home uniform . The teal jersey was resurrected as an alternate . 2013 -- present ( edit ) On April 23 , 2013 , the Jaguars unveiled new uniforms designed by Nike . The primary home jersey is black with white numerals outlined in teal and gold . The road jersey is white with teal numerals outlined in black and gold , marking the first time since 2003 that the team has used teal numbers on their road jersey . The alternate jersey is teal with black numerals outlined in white and gold . The team had never before used black numbers on their teal jersey . All three jerseys feature a contrasting stripe that bends around the neck , and semi-glossy patches on the shoulders meant to resemble claw marks . The team added their new shield logo onto a patch just above the player 's heart , meant to pay tribute to Jacksonville 's military heritage . The helmet , first of its kind in the NFL , features a glossy gold finish in the back that fades to matte black in the front , via a color gradient . The new uniform set includes black and white pants with the Jaguars logo on the hip and a tri-color pattern down the player 's leg . In November 2015 , as one of eight teams participating in Nike 's `` Color Rush '' initiative for four games of Thursday Night Football during the 2015 season , Jacksonville introduced an all - gold second alternative uniform . The set features a gold jersey with black sleeves and black trim , as well as all gold pants . The white front and back numbers are lined in the teal accent color and bordered by black . The TV numbers on the shoulders are white with black bordering . The set also features gold undershirts and socks . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Jaxson de Ville See also : Curtis Dvorak Jaxson de Ville with American Idol season 6 finalist Phil Stacey . Since his introduction in 1996 , Jaxson de Ville has served as the Jaguars ' mascot . Jaxson entertains the crowd before and during games with his antics . The mascot has established a reputation for making dramatic entrances including bungee jumping off the stadium lights , sliding down a rope from the scoreboard and parachuting into the stadium . Jaxson 's antics got him into trouble in 1998 and stemmed the changing of the NFL 's mascot rules , and also caused him to calm down . However , Jaxson was still seen , by some , as a mascot that gets in the way during the game . After the October 22 , 2007 game against Indianapolis , Colts President Bill Polian complained to the NFL , and Jaxson was reprimanded again . Jaxson 's first appearance was on August 18 , 1996 and was played by Curtis Dvorak from his inception until his retirement in June 2015 . Jacksonville Roar ( edit ) Main article : Jacksonville Roar The Jacksonville Roar is the professional cheerleading squad of the Jaguars . The group was established in 1995 , the team 's inaugural year , and regularly performs choreographed routines during the team 's home contests . In addition to performing at games and pep rallies , members function as goodwill ambassadors of the team , participating in corporate , community , and charitable events in the Jacksonville metropolitan area where they sign autographs and pose for pictures . They also join NFL tours to entertain American servicemen and women around the world . Stadium ( edit ) Main article : TIAA Bank Field TIAA Bank Field , home of the Jacksonville Jaguars and the world 's largest scoreboards . TIAA Bank Field ( formerly known as Jacksonville Municipal Stadium , Alltel Stadium , and EverBank Field ) is located on the north bank of the St. Johns River , and has been the home of the Jaguars since the team 's first season in 1995 . The stadium has a capacity of 69,132 , with additional seating added during Florida -- Georgia Game and the Gator Bowl . The stadium served as the site of Super Bowl XXXIX in addition to four Jaguar playoff games including the 1999 AFC Championship Game . It also hosted the ACC Championship Game from 2005 -- 07 and the River City Showdown in 2007 and 2008 . From 1995 -- 97 and again from 2006 -- 09 , the stadium was named Jacksonville Municipal Stadium . From 1997 -- 2006 , the stadium was referred to as Alltel Stadium . The naming rights were purchased by EverBank prior to the 2010 season . Prior to the 2018 season the Jaguars announced the stadium would be renamed TIAA Bank Field . The stadium got a substantial upgrade in 2014 with the addition of new scoreboards , pools , cabana seating and premium seating that includes 180 field - level seats . The scoreboards are 60 feet high and 362 feet long . The new scoreboards at EverBank Field are now the world 's largest video boards . Two 25 feet by 12 feet pools were installed in the north and south end zones along with the cabana seating . The stadium upgrades were $63 million that owner Shahid Khan helped finance $20 million of the total cost . Rivals ( edit ) The Jacksonville Jaguars have three primary rivals : their divisional rivals ( Tennessee Titans , Indianapolis Colts , and Houston Texans ) . They have geographic rivalries with the Miami Dolphins and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The Jaguars also have a rivalry with their 1995 expansion brethren , the Carolina Panthers . The Jaguars also have rivalries with other teams that arose from the AFC Central days , most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers . Statistics and records ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Season - by - season results ( edit ) This is a partial list of the Jaguars ' last five completed seasons . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth As of December 31 , 2017 Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2013 2013 NFL AFC South 3rd 12 0 -- -- 2014 2014 NFL AFC South 3rd 13 0 -- -- 2015 2015 NFL AFC South 3rd 5 11 0 -- -- 2016 2016 NFL AFC South 4th 13 0 -- -- 2017 2017 NFL AFC South 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bills ) 10 -- 3 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers ) 45 -- 42 Lost AFC Championship Game ( Patriots ) 24 -- 20 -- Current roster ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars roster view talk Quarterbacks 5 Blake Bortles Running backs 40 Tommy Bohanon FB 27 Leonard Fournette 24 T.J. Yeldon Wide receivers 84 Keelan Cole 13 Rashad Greene 88 Allen Hurns 12 Dede Westbrook Tight ends 89 Marcedes Lewis 80 James O'Shaughnessy Offensive linemen 60 A.J. Cann G 65 Brandon Linder C 78 Jermey Parnell T 74 Cam Robinson T 69 Tyler Shatley C 73 Josh Walker G 72 Josh Wells T Defensive linemen 54 Eli Ankou DT 96 Michael Bennett DT 93 Calais Campbell DE 99 Marcell Dareus DT 56 Dante Fowler Jr . DE 97 Malik Jackson DT 95 Abry Jones DT 91 Yannick Ngakoue DE 59 Carroll Phillips DE 94 Dawuane Smoot DE Linebackers 53 Blair Brown OLB 44 Myles Jack OLB 58 Deon King OLB 52 Donald Payne MLB 50 Telvin Smith OLB Defensive backs 21 A.J. Bouye CB 42 Barry Church SS 39 Tashaun Gipson FS 31 Jalen Myrick CB 23 Tyler Patmon CB 20 Jalen Ramsey CB 26 Jarrod Wilson SS Special teams 49 Colin Holba LS 4 Josh Lambo K 3 Brad Nortman P 46 Carson Tinker LS Reserve lists -- Lamar Atkins WR ( Future ) 14 Justin Blackmon Susp . 41 Tim Cook RB ( Future ) 79 Hunter Dimick DE ( Future ) 57 Brooks Ellis LB ( Future ) 66 Avery Gennesy G ( Future ) 86 David Grinnage TE ( Future ) -- Kapron Lewis - Moore DE ( Future ) -- Dexter McDougle CB ( Future ) 34 Charlie Miller S ( Future ) 29 Sammy Seamster CB ( Future ) 16 Tevaun Smith WR ( Future ) 70 Brandon Thomas G ( Future ) 38 Brandon Wilds RB ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 17 Arrelious Benn WR 22 Aaron Colvin CB 7 Chad Henne QB 11 Marqise Lee WR 55 Lerentee McCray OLB 77 Patrick Omameh G 43 Matt Overton LS 51 Paul Posluszny MLB 81 Mychal Rivera TE 15 Allen Robinson WR 25 Peyton Thompson FS Restricted FAs 34 Tyler Gaffney RB 30 Corey Grant KR 10 Jaelen Strong WR Exclusive - Rights FAs 83 Ben Koyack TE 75 Will Poehls OT 64 Chris Reed G 14 Shane Wynn WR Rookies in italics Roster updated February 23 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 44 Active , 12 Inactive , 18 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Players of note ( edit ) Further information : List of Jacksonville Jaguars players Retired numbers ( edit ) Pride of the Jaguars display in EverBank Field . Although not officially retired , the number 71 worn by offensive tackle Tony Boselli , the Jaguars ' first - ever draft pick , has not been worn since his retirement in 2002 . According to team officials , while the number is not in circulation , the number ( along with Fred Taylor 's number 28 ) is officially available for use if the circumstances warrant it . Pride of the Jaguars ( edit ) A contest was held in July 2006 to name the club 's ring of honor and `` Pride of the Jaguars '' was chosen with 36 % of the vote . It was unveiled during the 2006 season during a game against the New York Jets on October 8 . Former offensive tackle Tony Boselli was the first player inducted . On January 1 , 2012 , team owner Wayne Weaver and his wife Delores were added to the Pride of the Jaguars in their final game before the sale of the team to Shahid Khan . On June 7 , 2012 the Jaguars announced Fred Taylor would be the next inductee into the Pride of the Jaguars . He was officially inducted on September 30 , 2012 . Longtime Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell was also inducted into the `` Pride of the Jaguars '' on December 15 , 2013 . Pride of the Jaguars No . Player Position Seasons Inducted 71 Tony Boselli OT 1995 -- 2001 2006 -- Wayne and Delores Weaver Owners 1993 -- 2011 2012 28 Fred Taylor RB 1998 -- 2008 2012 8 Mark Brunell QB 1995 -- 2003 2013 82 Jimmy Smith WR 1995 - 2005 2016 Florida Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Florida Sports Hall of Fame All - time first - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars first - round draft picks Head coaches and coordinators ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches Name Term Regular Season Playoffs Awards Reference Win % Tom Coughlin 1995 -- 2002 68 60 0 . 531 Jack Del Rio 2003 -- 2011 69 71 0 . 486 Mel Tucker ( Interim ) 2011 0 . 400 0 0 Mike Mularkey 2012 14 0 . 125 0 0 Gus Bradley 2013 -- 2016 14 48 0 . 226 0 0 Doug Marrone 2016 -- present 11 7 0 . 611 Offensive coordinators ( edit ) Name Tenure Kevin Gilbride 1995 -- 1996 Chris Palmer 1997 -- 1998 Bobby Petrino 2001 Bill Musgrave 2003 -- 2004 Carl Smith 2005 -- 2006 Dirk Koetter 2007 -- 2011 Bob Bratkowski 2012 Jedd Fisch 2013 -- 2014 Greg Olson 2015 -- 2016 Nathaniel Hackett 2016 -- present Defensive coordinators ( edit ) Name Tenure Dick Jauron 1995 -- 1998 Dom Capers 1999 -- 2000 Gary Moeller 2001 John Pease 2002 Mike Smith 2003 -- 2007 Gregg Williams 2008 Mel Tucker 2009 -- 2012 Bob Babich 2013 -- 2015 Todd Wash 2016 -- present Current coaching staff ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars staff Front Office Owner -- Shahid Khan President -- Mark Lamping Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Tom Coughlin General Manager -- David Caldwell Senior Vice President of Football Administration & Technology -- Tony Khan Special Assistant to the General Manager -- John Idzik Jr . Director of Football Administration -- Tim Walsh Director of Football Operations -- Hamzah Ahmad Director of Professional Scouting -- Chris Polian Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Dengler Director of Pro Personnel -- Chris Driggers Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- DeJuan Polk Director of College Scouting -- Mark Ellenz Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Paul Roell Director of Player Development and Youth Football -- Marcus Pollard Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Marrone Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Nathaniel Hackett Quarterbacks -- Scott Milanovich Running Backs -- Tyrone Wheatley Wide Receivers -- Keenan McCardell Tight Ends -- Ron Middleton Offensive Line -- Pat Flaherty Assistant Offensive Line -- Tony Sparano Jr . Offensive Assistant -- John Donovan Offense Research -- Eric Price Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Todd Wash Defensive Line -- Marion Hobby Assistant Defensive Line -- Jason Rebrovich Linebackers -- Mark Collins Defensive Backs -- Perry Fewell Assistant Defensive Backs -- Joe Danna Defensive Assistant -- Mike Rutenberg Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Joe DeCamillis Assistant Special Teams -- Mike Mallory Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Myslinski Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Scott Strength & Conditioning Associate -- Alex Hampton Strength & Conditioning Associate -- Jess Langvardt Coaching Support Staff Director of Team Administration -- Tyler Wolf Assistant to the EVP of Football Operations and Head Coach -- ElizaBeth Mayers → Coaching Staff → Management and Scouting → Staff Directory → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Work in the community ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation The Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation was established in 1994 , when the franchise deal was first announced . Since then , the Foundation has given over $20 million to area efforts in community improvement . The Foundation focuses on many initiatives , such as Honor Rows , anti-tobacco programs , NFL Play 60 , and support for veterans . The Foundation grants over $1 million annually to organizations that assist `` economically and socially disadvantaged youth and families '' . The Jaguars ' first head coach , Tom Coughlin , established the Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Foundation in 1996 to help young cancer victims and their families with emotional and financial assistance . The charity remained in Jacksonville after Coughlin left to coach the New York Giants . Broadcast Media ( edit ) Media affiliates Radio ( edit ) From their inaugural 1995 season until 2013 , the Jaguars ' flagship radio station was WOKV , which simulcasts on both AM 690 and on 104.5 FM . Starting with the 2014 season , the team will be moving the broadcast to WJXL ( 1010 AM and 92.5 FM ) and simulcast on 99.9 Gator Country Frank Frangie is the play - by - play announcer with former Jaguars players Tony Boselli and Jeff Lageman providing color analysis . Jaguars Radio network affiliates Market Frequency Call sign Branding Jacksonville 1010 AM & 92.5 FM WJXL 1010XL Jacksonville 99.9 WGNE - FM 99.9 Gator Country St. Augustine 1420 AM WAOC ESPN Radio 1420 Orlando 1080 AM WHOO Sports Talk 1080 The Team Melbourne 1240 AM WMMB New Talk WMMB Lake City 94.3 FM WNFB Mix 94.3 Ocala 900 AM WMOP ESPN Radio Port St. Lucie 1590 AM WPSL 1590 WPSL Gainesville 850 AM WRUF ESPN 850 Savannah , GA 104.3 FM and 1400 AM WSEG Star 1400 Brunswick , GA 107.7 FM WHFX 107.7 The Fox Jesup , GA 105.5 FM WIFO Big Dog 105.5 Country Waycross , GA 1150 AM WJEM The Jock 1150 Tallahassee 93.3 FM WVFT Talk Radio 93.3 Panama City 97.7 FM WYYX 97X Palm Coast 1550 AM WNZF WNZF Newsradio Kingsland , GA 106.3 FM WKBX KBAY 106.3 Television ( edit ) WJXT televises all preseason games and also televises regular season games that are televised nationally on ESPN or NFL Network . Television affiliates Market Station Notes Jacksonville WJXT Preseason games , ESPN and NFL Network regular season games WJXX Monday Night Football Wild Card simucasted on ABC WJAX - TV CBS games WFOX - TV Fox games WTLV NBC games Orlando WFTV Preseason games Tallahassee WTXL - TV Preseason games Gainesville WNBW - DT Preseason and NBC games Savannah , GA WSAV - TV Preseason and NBC games Dothan , AL WTVY Preseason and CBS regional / national games Panama City WJHG - TV Preseason and NBC games Valdosta / Albany , GA WSWG Preseason and CBS regional / national Games Charleston , SC WTAT - TV Preseason and Fox regional / national games Mobile , AL - Pensacola WPMI - TV Preseason and NBC games See also ( edit ) American football portal National Football League portal Jacksonville portal Florida portal London portal List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Cultural significance of the jaguar in North America Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sexton , Brian ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Jaguars History '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jaguars Public Relations ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Jaguars introduce new brand identity and campaign '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani - born Khan approved as Jaguars ' new owner '' . National Football League . Associated Press . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Jacksonville Jaguars Sold To Illinois Businessman For $770 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen . `` Shahid Khan -- Forbes '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Frank Litsky ( December 1 , 1993 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; N.F.L. Expansion Surprise : Jacksonville Jaguars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t3/tables/tab01.txt Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab22.txt Jump up ^ `` Alltel Stadium -- BNI Engineers '' . BNIEngineers.com . Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dame , Mike . `` Gator Bowl moves to Gainesville for one year '' , South Florida Sun - Sentinel . January 28 , 1994 . Page C4 . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ( 1996 ) . Game Plans For Success . McGraw - Hill . p. 256 . ISBN 0809231719 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Brian ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` On This Day : Expansion Draft 1995 '' . Jaguars . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Articles - jaguars.com '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thigpen Drops Crown On Packers ' Heads '' . AP . 25 December 1995 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Andersen 's Miss Puts Jaguars in Postseason '' . Chicago Sun - Times . December 23 , 1996 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Allan , Scott ( 2010 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Biggest playoff upsets in NFL history '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) . `` 11 Biggest NFL Playoff Upsets '' . Totalprosports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Top 5 : Biggest playoff upsets '' . Covers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Stop talking about the 1996 season '' . Big Cat Country . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1997 NFL season Jump up ^ Team profile , pro-football-reference.com ; accessed November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruppel , Chris ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` New York Jets Throwback Thursday : Playoff Home Cookin ' '' . Vox Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Taylor historic 90 yard run , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , January 15 , 2000 ; accessed November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Law , Zach ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tennessee Titans Classic Games : 1999 AFC Championship vs. Jacksonville Jaguars '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex . `` Salary Cap Will Just Exacerbate Jags ' Problems '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Wild Card '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Scobee '' . Jaguars.com . Jaguars . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 Jacksonville Jaguars '' . pro-football - reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots throttle Jaguars as champs begin title defense '' . ESPN . January 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Draft '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Jump up ^ `` Expert picks : Cowboys , Chargers on collision course ? '' . 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ News 4 Jax Archived November 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fred Taylor Retires as a Member of the Jacksonville Jaguars '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Sam ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Jaguars singing the small - market blues in Jacksonville '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NFL Football Attendance '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goodell : Jaguars ' attendance `` a concern '' `` . news4jax.com . Associated Press . February 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Les ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` A Solution , or Merely a Cover ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vito ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars Notebook : Mayor John Peyton encourages fans to buy more tickets '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vito ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` NFL commissioner Roger Goodell still has high hopes for Jaguars ' future '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Tia ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars now have EverBank Field -- and the city 's $4 million '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars see dramatic spike in attendance '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jason Notte ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars Avoid NFL Blackout , Bills Face Third '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis vs. Jacksonville '' . cbssports.com. 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft 2011 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Del Rio out in Jacksonville '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tania Ganguli ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Jaguars being sold , Jack Del Rio fired '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Khan era begins '' . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania . `` Jaguars hire Mark Lamping as team president '' . jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Oesher , John . `` Tucker , Bratkowski named coordinators '' . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuharsky , Paul . `` Jaguars fire Mike Mularkey '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Jags to play games in London '' . espn.com . ESPN . Associated Press . August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report : 49ers to play Jaguars in London '' . espn.com . ESPN . Associated Press . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL to hold three games in London in 2014 '' . firstcoastnews.com. 2013 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NFL extends agreement to play regular - season games at Wembley Stadium for an additional five years '' . NFLUK . National Football League . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John . `` Caldwell named Jaguars General Manager '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gus Bradley named head coach of Jaguars '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris . `` Jaguars ' Justin Blackmon suspended , will miss season '' . NFL.com . NFL . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Michael . `` QB Blaine Gabbert dealt to Niners '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bien , Louis . `` Maurice Jones - Drew signs with the Raiders , or : Another sign of hard times for running backs '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hornack , Ken . `` After previous draft failures , Jaguars pin future to top picks Bortles , Lee , Robinson '' . Foxsports.com . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katzowitz , Josh . `` Report : Justin Blackmon arrested for marijuana possession '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibber , Ryan Van . `` Jaguars unveil world 's largest scoreboards at EverBank Field '' . SBNation.com . sbnation . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan . `` Final drive stalls as Jaguars finish season 3 -- 13 with loss to Houston '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jaguars select Dante Fowler Jr. with No. 3 overall pick '' . NFL . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Tim ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Dante Fowler Jr . Injury : Updates on Jaguars DE 's Knee and Return '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Mike ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Jaguars trade kicker Josh Scobee to Steelers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 NFL Draft : Jaguars win with big D additions , Eagles empty - handed '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars 30 - 27 Colts : NFL Wembley win for Jacksonville as Blake Bortles stars '' . BBC . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gus Bradley fired by Jacksonville Jaguars '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Marrone new head coach ; Tom Coughlin returns '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . 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Jaguars.com . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFC South '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ketchman , Vic ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Another Fred Taylor ? '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars continue their offseason overhaul with new uniforms , logo '' . NFL . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teal to become Jaguars ' alternate jersey '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars and NIKE Unveil New Uniform Design for 2013 '' . Jaguars.com . Jacksonville Jaguars. April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Jacksonville Jaguars unveil their new team uniforms '' . National Football League . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Color Rush : Four Games . Eight Teams . A Bold New Look for Thursday Night '' . Nike.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jacksonville.com ( 1999 ) . `` Jaxson De Villain '' . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time jacksonville jaguars went to superbowl	[ "\n\nJacksonville Jaguars\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished November 30, 1993; 24 years ago (1993-11-30)[1]\nFirst season: 1995\nPlay in and headquartered at TIAA Bank Field\nJacksonville, Florida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1995–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1995–present)\n\nAFC Central (1995–2001)\nAFC South (2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nBlack, Teal, Gold[2][3]\n \n\n\nMascot\nJaxson de Ville\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nShahid Khan\n\n\nPresident\nMark Lamping\n\n\nGeneral manager\nDavid Caldwell\n\n\nHead coach\nDoug Marrone\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nJacksonville Jaguars (1995–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nJags\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\nLeague championships (0)\n\n\nConference championships (0)\n\n\n\nDivision championships (3)\n\nAFC Central: 1998, 1999\nAFC South: 2017\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (7)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2017\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nTIAA Bank Field (1995–present)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "2017" ]
-5013593254672911384	List of One Piece episodes (season 11)	List of one Piece episodes ( season 11 ) - wikipedia List of one Piece episodes ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search One Piece ( season 11 ) The cover of the first DVD compilation released by Toei Animation of the eleventh season . Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 26 Release Original network Fuji Television Original release December 21 , 2008 -- June 28 , 2009 Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 Next → Season 12 List of One Piece episodes ( seasons 9 -- 14 ) The eleventh season of the One Piece anime series , the `` Sabaody Archipelago Chapter '' , was produced by Toei Animation , and directed by Hiroaki Miyamoto based on Eiichiro Oda 's manga by the same name . It deals with the Straw Hats preparing to enter Fishman Island by having their ship coated for undersea travel . During their stay , they meet an old enemy Hatchan , his friends Keimi and Papaggu , and the first mate of Gold Roger , Silvers Rayleigh , as well as 9 rookie pirates known as the `` 11 Supernovas '' . In an incident involving the auction of Keimi , the crew and the pirates are attacked by top members of the Marines , including Bartholomew Kuma , one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea . The season aired on Fuji Television from December 21 , 2008 to June 28 , 2009 and consisted of 26 episodes . The first two DVD compilations of the series were released on January 7 , 2011 with two individual volumes released monthly and the last DVD compilations were released on March 2 , 2011 . This season 's episode count and title were announced in the One Piece Movie 10 Guide Book , `` One Piece - Pia '' . The season uses two different pieces of theme music . The first opening , a cover version of the first opening theme `` We Are ! '' ( ウィーアー ! ) by Hiroshi Kitadani , is performed by TVXQ , who also performs the season 's second opening theme , titled `` Share the World '' , starting with episode 395 onwards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 `` Sabaody Archipelago '' 2 Home Releases 2.1 Japanese 2.2 English 3 References Episode list ( edit ) `` Sabaody Archipelago '' ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 382 `` The Slow - Slow Menace ! ' Silver Fox ' Foxy Returns ! '' `` Noro Noro no Kyōi -- Gingitsune no Fokushī Futatabi '' ( ノロノロの脅威銀狐のフォクシー再び ) December 21 , 2008 March 4 , 2017 The Straw Hats take a vacation at Spa Island , a ship with luxury facilities that even serves pirates and criminals , but while there , they encounter Foxy and his crew , who are pursuing two small girls : Lina and her older sister Sayo . The Straw Hats manage to defeat the Foxy Pirates , and learn that they had been pursuing Lina and Sayo for the girls ' notebook , which shows their father 's research on how to create a special gem , the solution for which can be found on the ship . Lina considers her father a liar , but Sayo believes him . Suddenly , Sayo is abducted , and the owner of the island , Doran , says that if they want her back , they must complete the research and find the gem . 383 `` The Great Scramble for Treasure ! Collapse ! Spa Island ! '' `` Otakara Daisōdatsusen ! Hōkai ! Supa Airando - gō '' ( お宝大争奪戦 ! 崩壊 ! スパアイランド号 ) December 28 , 2008 March 11 , 2017 After Lina reveals that she has searched all over the ship , Luffy decides to destroy the ship in order to find Sayo . The Straw Hats manage to fight off Doran 's men , but Doran unveils a large cannon and aims it at Sayo . Sayo tells Lina that their father truly cared for them and believed that his research would bear fruit , and left in order to protect them from his pursuers . The Straw Hats manage to rescue Sayo and destroy Spa Island , and notice that the X on Lina 's father 's map pointed to an X-shaped underwater volcano opening beneath the island . Several days later , Sayo and Lina complete the gem and send it to the Straw Hats , but as candy rain falls on the Sunny , Luffy accidentally loses it . 384 `` Brook 's Great Struggle ! Is the Path to Becoming a True Comrade Rigorous ? '' `` Burukku Daifuntō -- Shin no Nakama e no Michi Kewashi ? '' ( ブルック大奮闘真の仲間への道険し ? ) January 11 , 2009 March 18 , 2017 Brook , having heard of the Straw Hats ' adventures while reading their logbook , and not wanting to become a burden to them in the New World , decides to help out around the ship , but ends up causing problems with whatever he tries to do . Robin tells him that while she had feared being abandoned when her pursuers closed in on her , and that she had planned to sacrifice herself for them , they came through for her , and that he should not worry about his place in the crew . Note : This is the final episode of One Piece to air on Toonami , being replaced by Tokyo Ghoul . 385 `` Arriving at Halfway Through the Grand Line ! The Red Line '' `` Gurand Rain Hanshū Tōtatsu ! Reddo Rain '' ( 偉大なる航路半周到達 ! 赤い土の大陸 ) January 18 , 2009 -- Sengoku complains about Kuma 's sparing the Straw Hats , but Garp is confident that they will not talk about defeating Moria . The Straw Hats reach the Red Line , on the other side of the world as where they entered the Grand Line , and briefly reflect on how far they have come and how far they have to go . Robin , Brook and Luffy investigate with the Shark Submerge to see how they could get to Fish - man Isle , but are unable to go deep enough to find any clues . A Sea Rabbit attacks them , and after they defeat it , it spits out a mermaid named Camie and her starfish pet , Pappagu . 386 `` Hatred of the Straw Hat Crew -- Enter Iron Mask Duval '' `` Mugiwara Ichimi Nikushi -- Tekkamen no Dyubaru Tōjō '' ( 麦わら一味憎し鉄仮面のデュバル登場 ) January 25 , 2009 -- Camie and Pappagu introduce themselves to the Straw Hats , who then later find out that their fish - man friend has been kidnapped by Iron Mask Duval and the Macro Gang . The Straw Hats set out to rescue him , and are attacked by Duval 's henchmen , the Flying Fish Riders . When they recognise the Straw Hats ' flag , they retreat and inform Duval that the man who ruined his life is approaching , and he replies that he ca n't wait to have his revenge ! 387 `` The Fated Reunion ! Save the Imprisoned Fish - man '' `` Innen no Saikai ! Toraware no Gyojin o Sukuidase '' ( 因縁の再会 ! 囚われの魚人を救い出せ ) February 1 , 2009 -- The Straw Hats arrive at Duval 's base noticing how quiet it is , they then find Camie 's fish - man friend in a cage , only to recognise him as Hatchan , a former member of Arlong 's crew . Luffy refuses to help him , so Camie and Pappagu try to rescue their friend on their own but are quickly captured by Macro Fishmen Pirates . The Straw Hat 's then decide to help , only to spring the trap Duval had planned for them . 388 `` Tragedy ! The Truth of the Unmasked Duval '' `` Higeki ! Kamen ni Kakusareta Dyubaru no Shinjitsu '' ( 悲劇 ! 仮面に隠されたデュバルの真実 ) February 8 , 2009 -- The flying fish riders launch their attack on the straw hats , Luffy tries riding one of them but ends up underwater , meanwhile Hatchi is freed by Zoro who has n't fully healed from Thriller Bark . Luffy 's 2nd attempt at riding a flying fish sees him crash into Duval 's room where he sees him without his helmet . During a brief fight with Luffy Duval appears before the other strawhat 's where he announces that the man he wants to kill is Sanji who has no idea who he is , Luffy then knocks his helmet off revealing that he looks just like Sanji 's wanted poster . 389 `` Explosion ! The Sunny 's Super Secret Weapon : Gaon Cannon '' `` Sakuretsu ! Sanī - gō no Chōhimitsu Heiki Gaon Hō '' ( 炸裂 ! サニー号の超秘密兵器ガオン砲 ) February 15 , 2009 -- Duval reveals that he was once a small - time bandit until Sanji 's wanted poster came to light . Since then he hid his face with the iron mask until he would get revenge on Sanji . He then uses steel nets to nearly drown Sanji , until Camie saves him . And with that , Sanji deals a fatal kick combo at Duval 's face . Meanwhile , the Flying Fish Riders attempt to crush the Thousand Sunny , but with the newly installed Gaon Cannon , they were quickly defeated . 390 `` Landing to Get to Fish - man Island -- The Sabaody Archipelago '' `` Gyojintō o Mokushishite Jōriku -- Shabondi Shotō '' ( 魚人島を目指して上陸シャボンディ諸島 ) February 22 , 2009 -- With the Flying Fish Riders taken care of , the Straw Hats rest as Hatchan treats them to the promised Takoyaki . Duval shows up again , not for revenge , but to thank Sanji since his kicks altered Duval 's face to become handsome and suave , or so he thinks . To make up for the trouble he 's caused , he leaves his Snail Phone number with the Straw Hats in case they may need his assistance before departing with the newly christened Rosy Life Riders . The Sunny sets sail for the Sabaody Archipelago , the stepping stone to Fish - man Island . Hatchan explains that one needs to have their ship coated with a bubble resin in order to travel underwater , and once they reach Sabaody , he promises to find them a ship coater that he trusts . He also warns them that the world nobility will be on the island , and no matter what happens , not to touch them , even if they witness a murder . 391 `` Tyranny ! The Rulers of Sabaody , the Celestial Dragons '' `` Bōgyaku ! Shabondi no Shihaisha Tenryūbito '' ( 暴虐 ! シャボンディの支配者天竜人 ) March 1 , 2009 -- After landing on the Sabaody Archipelago , the Straw Hats begin searching for a man Hatchan knows who can coat their ship so they can continue on to Fish - man Island . Usopp and Franky stay behind to make repairs to the ship and Sanji stays as well to guard the treasure for Nami . Hachi tells the Strawhats that the World Nobles are also known as the Celestial Dragons and that they wear masks so that they do n't breath the same air as the common people . He also tells them that Sabaody is crawling with famous pirates , bounty hunters , and slave traders . Luffy notices a wound on Hachi 's head to which Hachi tells them not to mind it and also to treat Camie and himself like humans . Meanwhile Luffy , Brook , Chopper and Hachi run into a runaway slave who is begging for someone to take off his slave collar . He tries to take it off himself but then the collar explodes . The Celestial Dragons come to the scene and Hachi tells Luffy and the others to get on their knees . They start kicking and torturing the dead slave , and Luffy struggles to not interfere . Pappagu reveals the World Nobles to be the descendants of the creators of the World Government and harming them is an act of war . 392 `` New Rivals Gather ! The 11 Supernovas '' `` Aratana Raibaru Shūketsu ! Jūichinin no Chōshinsei '' ( 新たなライバル集結 ! 11 人の超新星 ) March 8 , 2009 -- Luffy and his group defeat some bounty hunters who were attempting to capture them . Later , they meet up with Hatchan 's old friend , Shakki , while she was busy beating up two guys who did n't pay up . Shakki tells the gang to wait and resumes beating up the two guys in front of Chopper and the starfish , while they spewed out blood . She then throws them outside . In her bar where she informs Luffy that he and Zoro are part of the Eleven Supernovas , rookie pirates with over 100,000,000 berry bounties on their heads . She also mentions her mysterious friend , the coating mechanic , who is stronger than all 11 Supernovas put together ! 393 `` The Target is Camie ! The Looming Clutches of a Professional Kidnapper '' `` Hyōteki wa Keimī ! ! Semaru Hitosarai - ya no Mashu '' ( 標的はケイミー ! ! 迫る人攫い屋の魔手 ) March 15 , 2009 March 17 , 2009 -- Luffy 's group begins to look for Rayleigh and `` searches '' the islands local amusement park . There they spend most of the day enjoying themselves , even fulfilling Camie 's dream of riding the Ferris wheel . However unbeknownst to them , a bounty hunter named Peterman is tailing them , having gotten info that Camie is a mermaid from the bounty hunters that Luffy 's group previously encountered . Meanwhile , on another part of the island , Saint Charloss , another World Noble , shoots an injured man that doctors were trying to bring into a hospital simply because the man was in his way . Saint Charloss then proceeds to take the nurse who was with the injured man for his wife , shooting her fiancee when he objects . Zoro , who stumbles upon the scene , unintentionally angers Charloss which causes Charloss to fire his gun . Zoro immediately dodges and goes to counterattack . However , Bonney stops the attack in order to ensure that an admiral will not come to the island . Back at the Sunny , Sanji , Usopp and Franky receive an urgent call from Chopper stating that Camie has been kidnapped and Luffy 's group does n't know where to look for her due to the size of the island . Sanji tells them to stand by , explaining that he will call the Rosy Life Riders . 394 `` Rescue Camie ! The Archipelago 's Lingering Dark History '' `` Keimī o Sukue - Shotō ni Nokoru Ankoku no Rekishi '' ( ケイミーを救え諸島に残る暗黒の歴史 ) March 29 , 2009 -- Duval and his crew arrive on the archipelago and start gathering the Straw Hats up to bring them to the Human Auction House , where the kidnappers have brought Camie . Robin tells Nami why the Fishmen and Merfolk are not welcome on the island as in the past they had been discriminated against and classified as just fish . At the auction house itself Saint Rosward and Saint Sharulia arrive complaining that Saint Charloss is late . Trafalgar Law , Eustass Kid , and their crews are already present . Backstage are Camie and the other human merchandise , including the coating mechanic , Silvers Rayleigh , former first mate of Gold Roger himself . 395 `` Time Limit -- The Human Auction Begins '' `` Taimu Rimitto - Hyūman Ōkushon Kaimaku '' ( タイムリミット人間オークション開幕 ) April 5 , 2009 -- The human auction finally begins , and it is only then that the Straw Hats discovered that their mermaid friend is being sold off at Grove 1 . After rendezvousing there ( save for Zoro , Luffy , Brook , and Robin ) , their initial plan to extract Camie is thwarted upon learning that the World Government and the Celestial Dragons are involved in the slave trade , so Nami decides that they 'll buy Camie back in the auction itself . Meanwhile , the rest of the archipelago receives news that the World Government is going to execute the captured Portgas D. Ace , a move that could provoke a war with Whitebeard . 396 `` The Fist Explodes ! Destroy the Auction '' `` Tekken Sakuretsu ! Ōkushon o Buttsubuse '' ( 鉄拳炸裂 ! オークションをぶっつぶせ ) April 12 , 2009 -- The auction continues , but Saint Charloss arrives and ruins the Straw Hats ' plan to buy Camie back by placing an exorbitant bid on her . The proceedings are then interrupted when Luffy and his Flying Fish crash into the auction house , but he is restrained from rushing the stage by Hatchan , who accidentally reveals his Fish - man nature in the process . While the nobility recoils in disgust , Charloss shoots him , gloating about obtaining a Fish - man slave . Luffy snaps and punches Charloss in the face . 397 `` Major Panic ! Desperate Struggle at the Auction House '' `` Dai Panikku ! Ōkushon Kaijō no Shitō '' ( 大パニック ! オークション会場の死闘 ) April 19 , 2009 -- After Luffy punches Charloss , the guards begin to attack the Straw Hats , and most of the observers , except for Charloss ' family and Kid and Law 's crews , evacuate . The Straw Hats fight the guards as Robin , Brook and Usopp arrive to help , with Usopp accidentally knocking Rosward unconscious as he falls through the roof , and work to save Camie . The Navy alerted to Luffy attacking Charloss , and surround the auction house . An infuriated Shalria attempts to kill Camie , but is knocked out by a sudden burst of `` Haki '' from Rayleigh , who emerges from backstage and reveals himself to Luffy . 398 `` Admiral Kizaru Takes Action ! Sabaody Archipelago Thrown into Chaos '' `` Taishō Kizaru Ugoku ! Sōzen Shabondi Shotō '' ( 大将黄猿動く ! 騒然シャボンディ諸島 ) April 26 , 2009 -- News of the attack on the World Nobles reaches the pirates in the town , as well as the Navy Headquarters , where Kizaru decides to go to the island in order to deal with the situation . Donquixote Doflamingo , who owns the auction house , tells Disco that the Seven Warlords will be called to war against the Whitebeard Pirates . Rayleigh introduces himself to the Straw Hats , frees Camie from her collar , and notes that he is the coating engineer that they have been looking for . Luffy , Kid and Law go out to fight the Navy , who are no match for their Devil Fruit abilities . 399 `` Break Through the Siege ! The Navy vs. the Three Captains '' `` Hōim Ami o Toppaseyo ! Kaigun VS Sannin no Senchō '' ( 包囲網を突破せよ ! 海軍 VS 三人の船長 ) May 3 , 2009 -- Luffy , Law and Kid 's crews join the fight , defeat the rest of the Navy outside the auction house , promising to meet and fight in the New World . Luffy 's crew escapes with the help of the Rosy Life Riders . A mysterious figure that appears to be Kuma intercepts Kid and Law , then begins attacking them with lasers . 400 `` Roger and Rayleigh -- the King of the Pirates and His Right Hand Man '' `` Rojā to Reirī -- Kaizoku Ō to sono Migiude '' ( ロジャーとレイリー海賊王とその右腕 ) May 10 , 2009 -- Upon arriving back at Shakky 's Bar , Rayleigh reveals to the Straw Hats that he was first mate to the legendary Gold Roger and the truth to his crew 's dismissal . Thus they leave soon after with a bit of Rayleigh 's Vivrecard for each of them , and he tells them to come back in three days when their ship will be ready . Meanwhile , Admiral Kizaru arrives at the Archipelago ... 401 `` No Escape ! ? Admiral Kizaru 's Light Speed Kick ! ! '' `` Kaihi Fukanō ! ? Taishō Kizaru no Kōsoku no Keri '' ( 回避不可能 ! ? 大将黄猿の光速の蹴り ) May 17 , 2009 -- Admiral Kizaru appears in the Archipelago and demonstrates his mysterious light abilities before taking on the Supernova Basil Hawkins , while Urouge and Drake fight a Pacifista . Kid and Law continue their bout with another Pacifista while the Straw Hat Pirates come face to face with a third one . A shady figure with a giant broadaxe is seen at the end , waiting for a call . 402 `` Overwhelming ! The Navy 's Fighting Weapons , the Pacifistas '' `` Attōteki ! Kaigun no Sentō Heiki Pashifisuta '' ( 圧倒的 ! 海軍の戦闘兵器パシフィスタ ) May 24 , 2009 -- The Straw Hat Pirates fight against one of the Pacifistas , and while it does not have Kuma 's Devil Fruit powers , it is still able to withstand their strongest attacks while firing devastating lasers at the crew . Elsewhere on the archipelago , Kizaru easily defeats Hawkins , Urouge , Drake and Apoo before Sentomaru contacts him . The situation for the Straw Hats grows even more desperate as Zoro suffers pain from his wounds . 403 `` An Even Stronger Enemy Appears ! The Battle Axe - Carrying Sentomaru '' `` Saranaru Kyōteki Arawaru ! Masakari Katsuida Sentōmaru '' ( さらなる強敵現る ! 鉞かついだ戦桃丸 ) May 31 , 2009 -- The Straw Hats combine their strongest attacks to defeat the Pacifista , but are exhausted after the battle . Sentomaru arrives with another Pacifista , and Luffy attempts to escape , dividing the Straw Hats into three groups . Unfortunately , Sentomaru intercepts his group , the Pacifista cuts off Sanji 's group , and Kizaru attacks Zoro 's group , knocking Zoro down and preparing to finish him off . 404 `` Admiral Kizaru 's Fierce Assault ! The Straw Hats Face Certain Death ! '' `` Taishō Kizaru no Mōkō -- Mugiwara Ichimi Zettaizetsumei ! '' ( 大将黄猿の猛攻麦わら一味絶体絶命 ! ) June 7 , 2009 -- Usopp and Brook 's attempts to attack Kizaru fail , but Rayleigh arrives , managing to block Kizaru 's attack and hold him off . Luffy orders his crew to retreat , declaring the enemies impossible for them to defeat at this time , but Sentomaru and the other Pacifista bar their escape and even Chopper 's monster form is unable to turn the situation to their advantage . The real Kuma arrives and uses his Devil Fruit powers to make Zoro disappear . 405 `` Eliminated Friends -- The Final Day of the Straw Hat Crew '' `` Kiesareta Nakama - tachi -- Mugiwara Ichimi Saigo no Hi '' ( 消された仲間たち麦わら一味最後の日 ) June 14 , 2009 -- Sentomaru reveals that Kuma has the ability to make people fly through the sky to far away places . Kuma uses his ability to make the other Pacifista and the rest of the Straw Hats disappear , while Luffy struggles desperately to protect them and Rayleigh is occupied dealing with Kizaru . Kuma tells Rayleigh something that he is reluctant to believe before teleporting a despairing Luffy away , completely defeating the Straw Hats . 406 `` Feudal Era Side Story -- Boss Luffy Appears Again '' `` Jidaigeki Tokubetsu Hen -- Rufi - Oyabun Futatabi Kenzan '' ( 時代劇特別編ルフィ親分再び見参 ) June 21 , 2009 -- In an alternate universe set in Edo period Japan , the Mikoshi race is about to take place , the winner of which receives a million Berries , and Boss Luffy and his friends recruit Franky to build them a mikoshi . Meanwhile , Thriller LTD enters the race , and begins working to sabotage its competitors , including groups based on the Flying Fish Riders and Rolling Pirates . The crew meets up with Brook , who can not remember anything other than his own name , and tries to stop Thriller LTD from interfering . They arrive to find their mikoshi destroyed , and Brook remembers that he was once part of Thriller LTD before trying to leave and being thrown in a river by Hogback , Perona and Absalom . 407 `` Feudal Era Side Story -- Defeat Thriller Company 's Trap '' `` Jidaigeki Tokubetsu Hen -- Yabure ! Surirā Shōkai no Wana '' ( 時代劇特別編破れ ! スリラー商会の罠 ) June 28 , 2009 -- Robin reveals Brook 's past to Luffy and his friends , and they decide to help him . Brook is captured by Thriller LTD , but Luffy and Zoro arrive to help him escape . The group rebuilds their mikoshi , which is modeled after the Thousand Sunny , and faces Thriller LTD 's Oars - shaped mikoshi in the race . They win with the help of its special abilities , and Luffy sends Hogback , Perona and Absalom flying for disrupting the festival . Igaram confiscates the prize money to pay for the damage to the town , but allows them to see the treasure , which is a pair of panties that can grant wishes if a beautiful woman wears them . Brook suggests that Mao wear them and she punches him out , once again erasing his memory . Home Releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) Toei Animation ( Japan , Region 2 DVD ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece. 01 382 -- 385 January 7 , 2011 piece. 02 386 -- 389 January 7 , 2011 piece. 03 390 -- 393 February 2 , 2011 piece. 04 394 -- 397 February 2 , 2011 piece. 05 398 -- 401 March 2 , 2011 piece. 06 402 -- 405 March 2 , 2011 ワンピース時代劇スペシャル『麦わらのルフィ親分捕物帖 3 』 406 -- 407 October 26 , 2012 ONE PIECE Log Collection `` SHABODY '' 384 -- 393 July 26 , 2013 `` ROOKIES '' 394 -- 405 August 23 , 2013 English ( edit ) Funimation Entertainment ( USA , Region 1 DVD ) Volume Episodes Release date ISBN Ref . Season Six Fourth Voyage 373 -- 384 April 7 , 2015 ISBN N / A Season Seven First Voyage 385 -- 396 July 14 , 2015 ISBN N / A Second Voyage 397 -- 409 September 1 , 2015 ISBN N / A Collections Collection 16 373 -- 396 June 28 , 2016 ISBN N / A Collection 17 397 -- 421 October 11 , 2016 ISBN N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ONE PIECE ワンピース 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece. 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eiichiro Oda ( 2009 ) . ' One Piece - Pia , p. 75 - 77 . Fuji Television / Toei Animation. , Japan . ISBN 4 - 8356 - 1296 - 5 / 9784835612966 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2008/vol51.htm#comic ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20090106122431/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/onep/episode/list/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2008/vol52.htm#comic ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol2.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20090206223956/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/onep/episode/list/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol3.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol4.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol5.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol6.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol7.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20090318130955/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/onep/episode/list/ Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol8.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol9.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol10.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol11.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol13.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol14.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol15.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol16.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol17.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol18.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol19.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol20.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol21.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol22.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol23.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol24.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol25.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.videor.co.jp/data/ratedata/backnum/2009/vol26.htm#anime ( in Japanese ) . Video Research . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece - 1 Jump up ^ 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece - 2 Jump up ^ 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece - 3 Jump up ^ 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece - 4 Jump up ^ 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece - 5 Jump up ^ 11th シーズンシャボンディ諸島篇 piece - 6 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ One Piece Log Collection `` SHABODY '' Jump up ^ One Piece Log Collection `` ROOKIES '' Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/One-Piece-Season-Voyage-Four/dp/B00SHEOUMA/ Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/One-Piece-Season-Voyage/dp/B00WFDOYU2/ Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/One-Piece-Season-Seven-Voyage/dp/B0102AL6UU/ Jump up ^ http://shop.funimation.com/Collection-Sixteen Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01IPE5UZW/ One Piece by Eiichiro Oda Manga Volumes Chapters 1 -- 186 187 -- 388 389 -- 594 595 -- 806 807 -- current Anime Episodes First list Season 1 6 7 8 Second list Season 9 10 11 12 13 14 Third list Season 15 16 17 18 19 Films One Piece : The Movie One Piece The Movie : Dead End no Bōken One Piece : The Cursed Holy Sword One Piece Movie : The Desert Princess and the Pirates : Adventures in Alabasta One Piece Film : Strong World One Piece Film : Z One Piece Film : Gold Music Discography Video games Become The Pirate King ! Grand Battle ! Set Sail Pirate Crew ! Grand Battle ! 2 Grand Battle ! Rush One Piece Pirates ' Carnival Grand Adventure Unlimited Adventure Unlimited Cruise / SP Grand Collection Pirate Warriors Pirate Warriors 2 Romance Dawn Unlimited World Red Pirate Warriors 3 Treasure Cruise Burning Blood World Seeker Characters Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro Nami Related Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Super Kabuki II : One Piece Tokyo One Piece Tower Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Piece_episodes_(season_11)&oldid=840666990 '' Categories : 2008 Japanese television seasons 2009 Japanese television seasons One Piece episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 10 : 29 . 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-7041829849897251674	Financial system	Financial system - wikipedia Financial system Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into Financial market . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2016 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A financial system ( within the scope of finance ) is a system that allows the exchange of funds between lenders , investors , and borrowers . Financial systems operate at national , global , and firm - specific levels . They consist of complex , closely related services , markets , and institutions intended to provide an efficient and regular linkage between investors and depositors . Money , credit , and finance are used as medium of exchange in financial systems . They serve as a medium of known value for which goods and services can be exchanged as an alternative to bartering . A modern financial system may include banks ( public sector or private sector ) , financial markets , financial instruments , and financial services . Financial systems allow funds to be allocated , invested , or moved between economic sectors . They enable individuals and companies to share the associated risks . Contents ( hide ) 1 The components of a financial system 1.1 Financial institutions 1.1. 1 Banks 1.1. 2 Non-bank financial institutions 1.1. 3 Primary markets 1.1. 4 Secondary markets 1.2 Financial instruments 1.2. 1 Cash instruments 1.2. 2 Derivative instruments 1.3 Financial services 2 See also 3 References The components of a financial system ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) Financial institutions ( edit ) Financial institutions provide financial services for members and clients . Banks ( edit ) Banks are financial intermediaries that lend money to borrowers to generate revenue . They are typically regulated heavily , as they provide market stability and consumer protection . Banks include : Public banks Commercial banks Central banks Cooperative banks State - managed cooperative banks State - managed land development banks Non-Bank financial institutions ( edit ) Non-bank financial institutions facilitate financial services like investment , risk pooling , and market brokering . They generally do not have full banking licenses or are not supervised by a bank regulation agency . Non-bank financial institutions include : Finance and loan companies Insurance companies Mutual funds Commodity traders Financial markets are markets in which securities , commodities , and fungible items are traded at prices representing supply and demand . The term `` market '' typically means the institution of aggregate exchanges of possible buyers and sellers of such items . Primary markets ( edit ) The primary market ( or initial market ) generally refers to new issues of stocks , bonds , or other financial instruments . The primary market is divided in two segment , the money market and the capital market . Secondary markets ( edit ) The secondary market refers to transactions in financial instruments that were previously issued . Financial instruments ( edit ) Financial instruments are tradable financial assets of any kind . They include money , evidence of ownership interest in an entity , and contracts . Cash instruments ( edit ) A cash instrument 's value is determined directly by markets . They may include securities , loans , and deposits . Derivative instruments ( edit ) A derivative instrument is a contract that derives its value from one or more underlying entities ( including an asset , index , or interest rate ) . Financial services ( edit ) Financial services are offered by a large number of businesses that encompass the finance industry . These include credit unions , banks , credit card companies , insurance companies , stock brokerages , and investment funds . See also ( edit ) Global financial system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 551 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gurusamy , S. ( 2008 ) . Financial Services and Systems 2nd edition , p. 3 . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 0 - 07 - 015335 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Back to Basics : What Is Money ? - Finance & Development , September 2012 '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Allen , Franklin ; Gale , Douglas ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Comparing Financial Systems . MIT Press . ISBN 9780262011778 . Jump up ^ Development and Regulation of Non-Bank Financial Institutions . The World Bank . 2002 - 03 - 05 . doi : 10.1596 / 0 - 8213 - 4839 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 4839 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Online Manual - BSA InfoBase - FFIEC '' . www.ffiec.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Accounting for Financial Instruments '' . www.fasb.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Derivatives : Markets and Infrastructure '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_system&oldid=818985945 '' Categories : Banking Financial services Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from July 2016 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Tagalog Українська Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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6826412085420855467	Catabolysis	Catabolysis - wikipedia Catabolysis Catabolysis Classification and external resources ICD - 10 E43 ICD - 9 - CM 262 ( edit on Wikidata ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Catabolysis is a biological process in which the body breaks down fat and muscle tissue in order to stay alive . Catabolysis occurs only when there is no longer any source of protein , carbohydrate , or vitamin nourishment feeding all body systems ; it is the most severe type of malnutrition . Mechanism ( edit ) Due to the normal metabolic rate of humans catabolysis becomes life - threatening only after 1 -- 2 months from the cessation of nutrition going into the body . After this time , the damage to muscles and organs can be permanent and can also eventually cause death , if left untreated . Catabolysis is the last metabolic resort for the body to keep itself -- particularly the nervous system -- functional . Protein stores , especially in muscle tissue , provide the amino acids needed for the process . Amino acids are released into the blood and converted in the liver to alpha keto acids . Alpha keto acids can then be converted to glucose to maintain proper blood sugar levels . The situation can become dire when one begins to lose muscle mass ; this is a sign that the fat has been expended and the body is now metabolizing the muscle tissue . This results in muscle atrophy , a loss of strength and , ultimately , a depletion of muscular tissue completely . Muscle weakness is not necessarily a symptom of catabolysis : the muscles will normally feel fatigued when they are not receiving enough energy or oxygen . Ultimately , catabolysis can progress to the point of no return when the body 's machinery for protein synthesis , itself made of protein , has been degraded to the point that it can not handle any protein . At this point , attempts to correct the disorder by giving food or protein are futile . The body has a natural store of fat ( also called adipose tissue ) that stores reserve energy . One can still stay alive while the body breaks down the fatty tissue ( hence people wasting away from starvation ) . The person may , during catabolysis , have large amounts of lipids , proteins , and amino acids in the bloodstream , due to the muscle fibers and adipose tissues being broken down and sent to the nervous system and brain . One may also exhibit a fever , since the body is working hard to transfer the nutrients in the muscles and fat to the blood . Treatment ( edit ) While catabolysis can be deadly over time , if the person is given medical treatment early enough , the effects of catabolysis can be reversed . However , the person may require intravenous nutrition , a blood transfusion , and / or oxygen replenishment . After that , it may be a few weeks to a few months before the person 's muscle mass and fat deposits can build themselves up again ; there is a possibility that they may never build back up , depending on the severity of the condition . See also ( edit ) Anorexia nervosa Conatus Wiktionary Metabolism Starvation Superior mesenteric artery syndrome Wasting Malnutrition or nutrition disorders ( E40 -- E68 , 260 -- 269 ) Malnutrition Protein - energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B : Beriberi / Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome ( Wernicke 's encephalopathy Korsakoff 's syndrome ) B : Riboflavin deficiency B : Pellagra ( Niacin deficiency ) B : Pyridoxine deficiency B : Biotin deficiency B : Folate deficiency B : Vitamin B deficiency Other vitamins A : Vitamin A deficiency / Bitot 's spots C : Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency / Rickets / Osteomalacia E : Vitamin E deficiency K : Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium ( Keshan disease ) Overnutrition Overweight Obesity Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E Mineral overload see inborn errors of metal metabolism , toxicity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catabolysis&oldid=783067429 '' Categories : Malnutrition Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Articles lacking sources from March 2012 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2017 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happens when your body breaks down muscle	[]	[]
-2396415322410342122	Adrianna Tate-Duncan	Adrianna Tate - Duncan - wikipedia Adrianna Tate - Duncan Adrianna Tate - Duncan Jessica Lowndes as Adrianna Tate - Duncan in Season 3 Episode 8 90210 character Portrayed by Jessica Lowndes Duration 2008 -- 13 First appearance September 2 , 2008 ( episode 1.01 ; `` We 're Not in Kansas Anymore '' ) Last appearance May 13 , 2013 ( episode 5.22 ; `` We All Fall Down '' ) Created by Rob Thomas Profile Occupation Actress Singer show Family Parents Constance Tate - Duncan ( mother ) Children Maisy ( daughter , with Ty ; given up for adoption ) Adrianna `` Ade '' Tate - Duncan is a fictional character on The CW television series 90210 , the fourth series in the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise . Portrayed by Jessica Lowndes , the character was originally only scripted as a guest spot in the series ' pilot , but was added to the main cast in the fourteenth episode of the first season , replacing Jessica Walter . Contents 1 Storylines 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 Development 3 Reception 4 References Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) At the opening of the series , Adrianna is an aspiring actress and Naomi Clark 's best friend . She suffers from a serious drug addiction and is pressured by her mother , Constance , to support the family financially with her acting career . In order to afford her drug addiction , Adrianna steals money from her affluent best friend , Naomi . She develops a friendly rivalry with Annie due to her equal singing and acting talents , but falls apart when Annie takes over her role in the school play on opening night . When the school undergoes a drug search , Naomi attempts to protect Adrianna by flushing her drugs down the toilet , but is caught and arrested . Even though she promises she will turn herself in to clear Naomi of the charges , Adrianna overdoses before she can . Her Mother checks her into a drug rehabilitation clinic , paid for by classmate Navid Shirazi . As a result , Navid and Adrianna grow closer . During one of his visits to the clinic , Navid helps her reconnect with Naomi by driving to the Homecoming dance , where the two friends reconcile . As a result of his kindness , Adrianna discovers that he has been in love with her since they were children and they begin a relationship . After discovering one of her ex-boyfriends , Hank , has relapsed after finding out he was HIV positive , Adrianna takes an HIV - test . While she is negative for HIV , the results do reveal she is pregnant but the paternity is still unknown . Adrianna is unsure of the paternity , as her memories of recent sexual experiences have been clouded by her drug addiction . She does , however , know that the child is not Navid 's , as they have not yet had sex . She and Navid break up as she reveals that she is pregnant because he does n't believe that he can deal with her being pregnant with someone else 's child . Eventually it is revealed that the baby 's father is not Hank ( whom she had slept with a few times when she was on drugs ) , but Ty Collins , her co-star in the school production of Spring Awakening . Naomi 's opinion is that she should get an abortion , while Kelly Taylor thinks she should raise it or give it up for adoption . She drives all night and ends up at a clinic , where they tell her she 's too far along to get an abortion . Naomi convinces Adrianna to tell Ty , and he tells his parents . Ty 's parents tell Adrianna that they will pay for the doctor and anything else she needs . They also say that when she starts to show , they will send her to a retreat in New Mexico , so that nobody finds out , to which she readily agrees . Bolstered by the Collins ' support , Adrianna becomes more confident in her ability to deal with her situation . Later , Ty gives Adrianna a contract which states that Adrianna must keep the whole pregnancy a secret and she realizes that their support hides the reality that they are ashamed of her and her unborn child . Adrianna is unwilling to tell her mother about her pregnancy , as she thinks that Constance will throw her out . Naomi convinces Adrianna to call Ty , she thinks that the contract is unfair . Adrianna does so , and Ty 's mother comes over to Adrianna 's house to discuss the baby with Adrianna 's mother . Ty 's mother and Adrianna sit down to talk and Constance , Adrianna 's mother , finds out about the pregnancy . Ty 's mother gets kicked out of the house due to her arrogance and Constance talks to Adrianna and apologizes for putting so much pressure on her and they reconcile . Adrianna goes to school and decides to tell everyone her ' secret ' , so she gets help from Navid to announce through the school 's video system that she is pregnant and that there is no father . Abandoning his date at the Valentine 's Day dance , Navid shows up at Adrianna 's house and asks her to be his Valentine and she accepts . A short while later , Navid proposes and she says yes . After Navid 's mother approaches Adrianna and tells her that she thinks she should give the baby up , Adrianna takes prescription drugs to combat the stress . After this , she tells Navid that she knows she has to give the baby away . Later , at the prom , Navid and Ty scuffle when Navid becomes irate about Ty ignoring Adrianna and Adrianna subsequently goes into labor . She has a daughter whom she gives up for adoption and the adoptive parents name her Maisy . Season 2 ( edit ) It is revealed that childhood friends Adrianna and Erin Silver have grown close once again during the summer through their mutual friendships with Naomi . Naomi and Silver have been in summer school due to Annie Wilson busting Naomi 's post-Prom party . Navid and Adrianna 's relationship has been progressing slowly , and while he is ready to take it to the next level , even going as far as to rent a cabana , she is n't , and still wants to wait . Meanwhile , Adrianna runs into her childhood boyfriend , Teddy Montgomery , causing jealousy in Navid , due to their close relationship and Naomi , who has taken a liking to Teddy . The end of the first episode shows Adrianna and Naomi comforting Silver over her issues with Dixon and beginning their first day back at school , with Naomi proclaiming that this was going to be `` their '' year . Adrianna and Teddy kiss on his father 's yacht . Adrianna felt bad and went back and slept with Navid . They later kiss again . Adrianna tells him that he should n't have done that and walks away . Adrianna receives her 6 - month chip for sobriety at a meeting , and has also been in contact with Silver 's mom . In `` Wild Alaskan Salmon '' she breaks up with Navid for Teddy and she said to Teddy she liked their relationship but he says he did n't want a relationship and she walks away confused . Then she goes to Navid telling him she wanted to reunite but he says no and he says he knew about her and Teddy and then he says it was not Silver that told him but that it was Teddy who told him . Later in `` Unmasked '' she begins to avoid Teddy because of what he did to her . In `` Women 's Intuition '' Adrianna fails at winning Navid back , and thus , begins another downward spiral when she witnesses Navid flirting with other girls , and Teddy flirting with Silver . She purchases drugs from Jasper , the boyfriend of her old friend Annie . Navid later sees Adrianna buying drugs from Jasper at school . He confronts her about it but she angrily denies it . Naomi later finds her drugs at her house and leaves angry at her for lying . When Adrianna finds out about the death of Silver 's mother and Navid 's injury , she decides to make a change for the better . She gets rid of all her drugs and tells Navid that she plans on working on herself , because she realized that even though during the previous year when she was off drugs she had been acting like an addict , as in , extremely dependent on him . Then , at the Winter Wonderland dance , she sees Jasper with Annie . During an intervention for Annie , Adrianna comes clean and tells her that she purchased the drugs from him and that she 's willing to come forward if she has too . Navid tells her that she should n't because she 'll get expelled . Adrianna 's strength and selflessness helps her begin to mend friendships with Silver and Naomi . The three also befriend Annie once they learn the truth about Jen . Adrianna also finds companionship in Gia , fellow West Bev Blazer and former addict . They become close , helping each other out during troubled times . Adrianna helps Gia move on from her ex . Gia convinces Ade to audition to be in an all - girl band , and when Gia confesses to Adrianna that she has feelings for her , Adrianna herself begins to question if their friendship could turn into something more . After a heart - to - heart with Gia , Adrianna comes to the realisation that she reciprocates Gia 's feelings and the two then embark on a relationship . During the early stages of the relationship , Adrianna is reluctant to be public with their relationship much to Gia 's dismay but after Adrianna performs live with ' The Glorious Steinems ' she walks up to Gia to kiss her in front of the audience , after realising that it should n't matter what others think . Adrianna is then approached by Ivy 's mother , Laurel , who hopes to sign her as a solo singer . Put in the awkward situation of having to choose between staying in the band or going solo she talks to Navid and comes to the conclusion that she should go with the latter . Adrianna then has a heated argument with Gia due to the fact that Adrianna chose to speak with Navid about her doubts rather than Gia and causes Gia to walk out . While at a party , Adrianna and Laurel have a talk and Laurel tells Adrianna to follow her heart and leave the party to find Gia . Adrianna takes this advice and arrives at Gia 's place only to walk in on Gia with her ex , causing Adrianna to leave . As Adrianna 's music career begins to take off , Laurel has her write a song which turns into a duet between her and famous singer Javier . The two feel an instant connection and things heat up fast while Navid realizes that he still has feelings for her and decides that he 's going to do what he can to win her back . Adrianna gives up on Navid because she thinks he does n't like her anymore . Navid leaves a bracelet for Adrianna and a note saying `` Meet me on the Roof . '' After Adrianna performs , she is offered a trip to New York to sing with Javier , before she can see the bracelet . Navid sees them leave and thinks that Adrianna chose Javier . Then Javier pretends the bracelet is from him . However , when shooting a live segment for The Blaze , Navid sees the bracelet and asks to speak with Adrianna alone . They fight about the bracelet and Adrianna realizes that it was from Navid because all her favourite things are on there , including the date they first kissed . Adrianna and Navid reunited but Javier offers Adrianna a chance open for Javier 's tour , which is all year long . Season 3 ( edit ) Adrianna and Javier are involved in a car crash , which kills Javier . Before the crash happened , Javier revealed to Adrianna that her music career is over , because Javier is jealous of Adrianna and Navid 's relationship . Adrianna receives a bag with her belongings and a book full of original songs by Javier , which she keeps to use as her own material . She sings one of Javier 's songs at the memorial , which is attended by Javier 's uncle and when he realizes the song was Javier 's he threatens to ruin her career . However , they make a deal that if he ( Victor ) becomes her manager , he wo n't tell her secret . She agrees and decides to record the rest of Javier 's songs . Soon , Adrianna finds herself becoming one of the most famous upcoming starlets in Hollywood and it begins to get to her head . She becomes vapid and vain and oblivious to her friends and starts bossing Victor around . Eventually Victor becomes fed up and reveals Adrianna 's secret to the world just as her career really begins to take off , and just as Navid starts to fall in love with Silver , her best friend , unbeknownst to her . While Navid and Silver begin an affair behind her back , Adrianna scrambles to regain her fame and is now in debt . Out of desperation , she agrees to sell a story to a tabloid regarding the baby she gave up for adoption . Navid , upset how Adrianna used the baby to make money , breaks up with her . Adrianna attempts to reunite with Navid , and finds an earring in his bedroom after he rejects her . She leans on Silver for support , believing that the real reason why Navid had broken up with her is because he had been cheating on her . Soon , reality producers begin following her and her friends around while trying to shoot a pilot . Adrianna and Navid get into an argument and he finally admits to having cheated on her . Once again , Adrianna runs to Silver for support , claiming that she wants to find out who the girl he cheated with is so that she can destroy her . Unbeknownst to her , it 's Silver , who clearly begins to subtly crack under the pressure of her guilty conscience . While filming more scenes for the show , Adrianna makes a startling discovery . After much investigation , she realizes that it was Silver who Navid had been cheating with . Heartbroken , Adrianna cries to herself , but later masks her hurt with a plot for revenge . Instead of confronting them , she decides to mess with Silver 's guilty conscience by acting oblivious . She plays on Silver 's conscience by telling her and Naomi that she believes that Lila , Navid 's ex-girlfriend , was the girl Navid had been cheating with and that she plans to send a naked picture of Lila to the entire school for her revenge . Knowing that she has to stop Adrianna , Silver decides to come clean and admit that she was the one who Navid had cheated on her with . Adrianna admits that she knew it was her all along and ultimately sends a naked picture of Silver to the entire school . The group takes a trip to Mexico for the spring break , where Adrianna and Silver 's feud continues . Upon their return home , Adrianna asks Silver to put it behind them and she eagerly and happily agrees . However , the next scene shows that Adrianna 's willingness to make up is insincere as she exchanges Silver 's bipolar medication for unknown pills . The effect of this is enormous on Silver who goes through a lengthy manic episode followed by a sudden depressive state . Adrianna 's vengeful prank causes Silver to lose any chance of attending her dream school , NYU , and lands Silver in the psychiatric ward at the local hospital . Adrianna visits the hospital , pretending to be a caring friend , and takes Navid home , giving him alcohol and falling asleep next to him on a bed . When she realizes he was drunk and forgot what happened last night , she claims they kissed . Being rejected later , she goes to Silver and tells her Navid kissed her . At a party for Ivy and Raj , Silver 's stolen medicine falls out of her purse and all her friends turn their backs on her , which makes her think about committing suicide . She decides not to and resolves to become a better person . Season 4 ( edit ) Adrianna comes back from Africa and visits Silver at her apartment to try to reconcile but is rejected . She then shows up at Naomi 's party to apologize again , but Silver again rejects her saying she does n't think she can ever trust Adrianna again . Dixon Wilson then walks over and comforts her . While Dixon is standing on the balcony of his new condo , Ade walks out in just a T - shirt and tells him she came over to see him because she needed someone to talk to , but she ran into Austin , his new roommate and it is hinted that they might have slept together , but Austin later tells Dixon they just made out a little bit and nothing else . Adrianna starts hanging around Dixon 's apartment and the boys seem a little annoyed by her presence , especially Austin . After it is decided that Dixon tell her to leave , she tells him that she is going home , and that the only reason why she came to see him and been hanging around is because Dixon has been nice and sweet and is the only one who does n't see her as pure evil . Dixon then helps her get a job as a waitress at Liam Court 's new bar . Adrianna continues to try and regain the trust of her friends , though she soon succeeds her goal in Liam and Dixon , the other members of their group still refuse to trust her . Adrianna then soon suspects that Dixon has a drug problem . She is later proven right when in Vegas she follows the gang there to ensure Dixon does not succumb to his newfound drug addiction or previous gambling addiction . Ade comes across him as he prepares to snort some drugs , and after an emotional confrontation the two kiss and have real sex . When Annie discovers them , she accuses Adrianna of seducing Dixon and bringing the drugs . Fed up with everyone treating her terribly , Adrianna lashes out at Annie , and declares she is there to help Dixon who also comes to her defense . Dixon attempts to start a relationship with Adrianna but she denies him , fearful that he might become dependent on her only so that he can avoid dealing with his own problems . Once Dixon goes through rehab Adrianna decides to give him a chance and they begin a relationship . She becomes worried when he quickly reenters the music industry that he might begin using drugs . Dixon decides to use a song Adrianna sang at a benefit for Raj , their friend Ivy Sullivan 's husband , and remix it to include his own lyrics . When he shows her his version of the song and tells her that he 's going to submit it to a record company , she becomes outraged , believing that he 's using her song to just to get ahead in the music industry . When Dixon decides not to perform the song at an event and instead sings a song about how he is sorry , she forgives him . Adrianna later reveals to Dixon that the song is actually about Maisie , the daughter she gave away in order to pursue a career in the entertainment business as an actress / singer . This sets up the storyline for the latter half of the second season which will begin in 2012 where Adrianna will deal with the repressed repercussions of giving the baby up for adoption as she attempts to reconnect with her child . Adrianna also reveals to Dixon that she wants to collaborate with him musically as they both share a strong passion for music as an art form of expression . Adrianna learns from Navid that Silver is dating the adoptive father of her child Maisie and that they 're planning on moving to New York City . Upset at the possibility that Silver might raise her daughter , Adrianna pays a surprise visit to Maisie picking her up from daycare pretending to be Greg 's girlfriend . Silver soon finds Adrianna and Maisie and the two have an emotional reunion but Silver 's relationship with Greg comes to an end when he learns that Adrianna has met Maisie under the impression that Silver introduced the two of them to each other . Dixon and Adrianna continue to collaborate musically and he asks her to move in with him once they tell each other that they 're in love with one another and soon after land a meeting with a major movie producer to discuss music on his next film , but are sabotaged by Vanessa , Liam 's girlfriend , who is trying to work behind the scenes to make Liam a movie star . Eventually Adrianna and Dixon land a spot in a musical festival alongside the band Train . Dixon is offered a recording contract by a record executive , but not Adrianna . Adrianna tells Liam about her suspicions that Vanessa may have staged the near - drowning incident which brought him spotlight fame . But Vanessa soon learns about Adrianna 's suspicions and she successfully frames Adrianna for assaulting her . However , Dixon believes Adrianna while Liam believes that Vanessa was attacked by Adrianna . To help get over the ordeal with Vanessa , Dixon and Adrianna continue to work on music . Dixon collapses while arguing in the recording studio with Adrianna , and he is taken to the hospital for observation where he and Ade learn that he has a congential heart condition and he only has 5 years left to live . Adrianna decides to quit making music with him as she feels guilty for putting too much pressure on him when in reality Dixon is dealing with his own guilt about lying to Adrianna as he secretly signed a solo recording contract behind her back . Navid arrives back in town for a visit where Dixon confesses to him the truth but admits he did not tell Adrianna because the label did n't want to sign her . Dixon also accepts a gig to go on tour to play backup for Haley Reinhart , but does n't tell Adrianna , but she later finds out anyway and forces him to choose either her or his career . He chooses his career over her . Soon after Austin returns to Los Angeles and offers to be Adrianna 's new manager , suggesting she start singing country music as a change of tune to her career after Dixon leaves town without saying goodbye . Austin enlists his father , Judd Ridge , to help launch Adrianna 's new country - western career as a side act . Adrianna deals with Dixon leaving her by writing songs , two of which she sings live at different events . Eventually Dixon decides returns from touring with his band where he calls Adrianna to give their relationship a second chance . Adrianna agrees , but soon regrets it when Dixon fails to show up at their meeting spot and she thinks he bailed on her again , but in reality he gets into a fatal car accident with his bandmates . During the final moment of the season , Adrianna leaves town with Austin to go on tour as the latest country - western star and him as her manager . Season 5 ( edit ) Adrianna continues her country music tour , unaware that Dixon has gotten into a life - threatening car accident and is in a coma in a hospital back in Los Angeles . ' Ade ' then has an unforgettable evening after another show in Las Vegas when she hooks up with a handsome stranger named Taylor . Annie finally manages to contact Ade in Vegas and gets her to return to Los Angeles to be with an unconscious Dixon , and the two girls decide to move into the beach apartment together . Adrianna soon learns that Taylor has become Liam and Navid 's business partner and she fails at attempting to avoid him after she becomes confused about her feelings toward him after he kisses her . Dixon , unaware of what has happened between Ade and Taylor , encourages Ade to hire Taylor to create her new music video concept . After Taylor dares Adrianna to show him how sexy she can be , she realizes that she has feeling for him . As Dixon continues to recuperate , Adrianna confides in Annie that she and Dixon are having intimacy issues . After her relationship with Dixon is over , Ade decides to pay much more attention to her friends and mainly with Silver . The two make a show in a truck where they can interview people about their clients . However , when Naomi and Annie 's stepbrother Mark comes in between the two , they promise not to have a date with him and put their friendship over this . After Naomi 's party night , Silver hooks up with Mark and later confides it to Ade , leaving Ade confused and worried about their friendship . The series ends with Adrianna and Navid back together . Development ( edit ) The character of Adrianna was originally scripted as a guest spot in the series ' pilot . When Lowndes was cast , she only knew that her character was a singer in the school musical , and as a singer herself , she was excited to sing on television . However , Lowndes was surprised when `` they chopped my hair off , and wrote this amazing material for me in which I had a drug addiction and I was dying . I honestly did n't know where it was going . '' The day after she filmed the drug overdose scene , Lowndes was offered series regular status . Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly reported that the character was upgraded because she created more storyline . When Lowndes realized her character was a drug addict , she did a lot of research and talked to real recovering addicts in Vancouver and over the phone . She did not `` want to make light of it since I did n't have those experiences myself '' . Upon revelation of Adrianna 's pregnancy in the series , Lowndes said that the fate of the baby was still undecided . The actress also explained that Ty and Adrianna had been together before that night at the hotel , as shown in episode `` Wide Awake and Dreaming '' . To create Adrianna 's `` rough '' look during her drug addiction , Lowndes had to sit through `` an hour of intense white makeup on my face and red and gray under my eyes to create broken capillaries '' . For her character 's pregnancy , Lowndes said she could n't wait to wear a heavy pregnancy belly . The actress said that `` by the end of the day my back and feet are killing , so I feel like a real pregnant lady '' . Speaking about Adrianna 's lesbian relationship with Gia , Lowndes said that it was important that the characters act like any other couple on the series . Lowndes said that `` there has been a response from people who have come up to me who have been affected by it . This is truly going on in high school and people are confused and I love that we 're showing somebody like my character , who is confused . '' Lowndes was pleased with the direction of Adrianna 's storyline when her character began a music career . Lowndes , who is herself a singer , was able to sing in most the latter episodes of the season . The actress said , `` it 's so exciting , and all different musical styles , as well . It 's awesome that we got a third - season pickup and there 's going to be a lot more music in the third season as well . That 's what I 'm doing when I 'm not working on 90210 , I 'm working on my album . So I love it , it 's a dream come true . '' Reception ( edit ) Actress Lowndes acknowledged that initial response to her character was `` a little negative -- people loved to hate me , and my haircut '' . However , she felt that reception became more positive afterward , and recovering addicts told her that she depicted it in a real way . Lowndes thought that people could relate to what she was going through , and that people are `` going to like her even more as we go on '' . Lowndes defended the character 's earlier behavior , saying , `` I never know what they 're going to write , but I think drugs made her who you saw at the beginning . I think she 's a good person who has a good heart . '' After Adrianna 's overdose in the seventh episode , `` Hollywood Forever '' , several critics believed that she had died . Tanya Lane of Poptimal was displeased with the writing of the storyline , citing inconsistencies as the reason . Lane felt that the writers did not address the situation well , and did not like that the storyline picked up with Adrianna `` enjoying a luxurious stay at a star - studded rehab '' , whereas the previous episode had ended with her overdosing . Lane was also critical of Adrianna 's relationship with Navid , `` apparently Navid has always been in love with her , though I ca n't recall the two of them having a single conversation in any of the previous episodes ( ... ) Her character is very messy , so I find it rather odd that the writers are tying the loose ends up with a neat little bow . '' M.L. House of TV.com praised the writers for slowly building the lesbian romance between Adrianna and Gia . House said , `` while most shows are clearly going for a ratings stunt any time girls make out , these two are truly falling for each other . It even seems natural , given Adrianna 's shady past with men ( ... ) Bravo ! '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Mickey ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` 90210 's Adrianna Teases Her Baby 's Fate '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . Jump up ^ EW Jessica Walter Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jessica Lowndes same sex storyline on 90210 is important Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Toronto Sun Entertainment Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ There 's No Place Like Homecoming preview Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ 90210 There 's no Place Like Homecoming Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ 90210 review Sweaty Palms and Weak Knees Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 06 . Beverly Hills , 90210 Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brandon Walsh Brenda Walsh Andrea Zuckerman Misc Home video releases Soundtrack The Unauthorized Beverly Hills , 90210 Story Melrose Place ( 1992 -- 99 ) Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw Lexi Sterling Misc The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story 90210 ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Seasons 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate - Duncan Teddy Montgomery Misc Soundtrack Other series Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Melrose Place ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrianna_Tate-Duncan&oldid=865286341 '' Categories : 90210 ( TV series ) characters Fictional actors Fictional bisexual females Fictional drug addicts Fictional singers Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional teenage parents Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 23 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	is ty the father of adrianna's baby	[]	[]
-6623299308232543975	PAW Patrol	PAW Patrol - Wikipedia PAW Patrol PAW Patrol Created by Keith Chapman Developed by Scott Kraft Directed by Jamie Whitney ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Charles E. Bastien ( 2016 -- present ) Voices of Jaxon Mercey Drew Davis Devan Cohen Justin Kelley Samuel Faraci Carter Thorne Kallan Holley Ron Pardo Theme music composer Michael Smidi Smith Scott Krippayne Opening theme `` PAW Patrol '' performed by Scott Simons Ending theme `` PAW Patrol '' ( instrumental ) Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennifer Dodge ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Laura Clunie ( season 3 -- present ) Ronnen Harary Keith Chapman Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan ( season 5 -- present ) Scott Kraft Producer ( s ) Patricia Burns Running time 22 - 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Guru Studio Spin Master Entertainment TVOntario Nickelodeon Release Original network TVOntario ( Canada ) Nickelodeon ( U.S. ) Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) SDTV ( 480i ) Audio format Surround Original release August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website PAW Patrol is a Canadian CGI -- animated television series created by Keith Chapman . It is produced by Spin Master Entertainment in association with TVOntario and Nickelodeon , with animation provided by Guru Studio . In Canada , the series is primarily broadcast on TVOntario , which first ran previews of the show in August 2013 . The series first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 12 , 2013 . The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of search and rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol . They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay . Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real - life profession , such as a firefighter and a police officer . They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary . They are also equipped with backpacks called `` pup packs '' that contain tools that relate to the pups ' jobs . Spin Master has developed the show into a media franchise and released an ongoing line of toys based on it . PAW Patrol toy sales have generated millions of dollars in revenue for the corporation and increased Spin Master 's presence in the preschool toy market . The show , and its associated products , have received a variety of awards and nominations from associations such as the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Contents 1 Format 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 PAW Patrol members 3.1. 1 Original members 3.1. 2 Later members 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 DVD releases 5.3 Video game 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Cultural impact 6.4 Accolades 7 Related media 7.1 Film 7.2 Merchandise 7.3 Live events 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes . Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives , often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground . Ryder , a ten - year - old boy , is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself . His most frequent caller is an accident - prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot , who knows much about Adventure Bay 's wildlife . Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags . The team members report to their base , the Lookout , and enter its elevator . Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises . When they reach the top floor , they arrange themselves in a line . Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened . He chooses several members of the team , normally two first responders , to help solve whatever problem has emerged . They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission . When they have finished , Ryder says his catchphrase : `` Whenever you 're in trouble , just yelp for help ! '' , and congratulates the pups . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of PAW Patrol episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 26 August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 26 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 26 February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) 5 26 February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA Characters ( edit ) PAW Patrol members ( edit ) The illustrated designs of the entire PAW Patrol team as of Tracker 's introduction . Original members ( edit ) Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol . He is a ten - year - old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use . His vehicle is an ATV . He is the only character to be featured in every mission , and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode . He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013 -- 2015 , by Elijha Hammill from 2015 -- 2016 , and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward . Marshall is a Dalmatian . He serves as a firedog and medic . His vehicle is a fire engine , which transforms into an ambulance . He is known for being exceptionally clumsy . A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol 's elevator . His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often `` I 'm good . '' He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013 -- 2014 and by Drew Davis from 2014 onward . Rubble is an English bulldog . He serves as a construction dog . His vehicle is a bulldozer . He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating . He is voiced by Devan Cohen . Chase is a German Shepherd . He serves as a police and spy dog . His vehicle is a cruiser . He is the most mature of the dogs , and will always announce `` Ready for action , Ryder , sir ! '' when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission . He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013 -- 2014 , by Max Calinescu from 2014 -- 2018 , and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward . Rocky is a grey - and - white mongrel of an unspecified breed . He serves as a recycling dog . His vehicle is a recycling truck , which can also transform into a salvage tugboat . A running gag in the series is Rocky 's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe . He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013 -- 2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward . Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever . He serves as an aquatic rescue pup . His vehicle is a hovercraft , which can also convert into a submarine . He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013 -- 2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward . Skye is a cockapoo . She serves as an aviator . Her vehicle is a helicopter , and she has wings built into her backpack . She is voiced by Kallan Holley . Later members ( edit ) Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol 's most frequent caller , who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup - themed special episodes . He is a smart marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay . His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder . In the second season , an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle . He is the team 's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . Along with Everest , Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three . Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice . Her vehicle is a snowmobile . Like Tracker , she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay 's ski resort , but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed . She is voiced by Berkley Silverman . Everest , along with Cap'n Turbot , was added to the opening theme in season three . Tracker is a brown - and - white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup . His vehicle is a Jeep , and he is bilingual , speaking fluently in Spanish and English . Like Everest , he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker , a boy named Carlos . He is voiced by David Lopez . As of season five , he and Robo - Dog have not been added to the opening theme . Robo - Dog is a robotic dog introduced in `` Pups Save Ryder 's Robot . '' He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol 's multi-member vehicles . Unlike the other pups , Robo - Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks . His vehicle ( the PAW Patroller ) was added to the opening theme in season three , but Robo - Dog himself does not appear . Recurring ( edit ) Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay . She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta , which she keeps in her purse . She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom . She is voiced by Deann Degruijter . Chickaletta is the mayor 's pet chicken . She is not quick - witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway . She is introduced in `` Pup Pup and Away '' when she jumps into Mayor Goodway 's purse during a hot air balloon race . Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot 's cousin and sidekick , who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse . He is very self - centered and loves to show off , but also cares deeply about animals . Francois works as a zoologist , artist , and nature photographer . He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words . He is voiced by Peter Cugno . Wally is Cap'n Turbot 's pet walrus , who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island . He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child . Although he can not talk , Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers . Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom . He is Mayor Goodway 's rival who spends most of his time devising unfair schemes to make his town seem better than Adventure Bay . He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger 's group of kittens who closely resemble the six original PAW Patrol pups . Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup 's outfits and abilities . Katie is a girl Ryder 's age . She runs Adventure Bay 's pet clinic and owns a cat named Cali . She is voiced by Katherine Forrester . Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay . He is voiced by Blair Williams . Alex Porter is Mr. Porter 's young grandson . He is voiced by Christian Distefano . Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay . They own a barn and have several animals , such as a pair of pigs and a cow . Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013 -- 2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward . Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo . Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay . He becomes Everest 's caretaker after she is introduced . He is voiced by Scott McCord . Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker 's caretaker . He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli . Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode `` Pups Save Daring Danny X '' . Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg . She acts as an antagonist in `` Mission PAW '' - themed episodes in the fourth season . She has a chew toy named Busby that she treats as a robot minion . She is voiced by Anya Cooke . Production ( edit ) According to Spin Master , the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy that Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary designed in 2010 . Later the same year , the company requested proposals for a television show based on the transforming toy , and accepted one from Bob the Builder creator Keith Chapman . Chapman sketched early designs of the PAW Patrol team under the working title Raffi & the Rescue Dogs . Spin Master hired toy designers to develop the format further ; after the concept was in place , they began designing merchandise . Chapman 's original pitch focused on the idea that the six PAW Patrol dogs were rescued by Ryder before joining the team . Scott Kraft , the show 's first writer , and Jamie Whitney , the show 's first director , decided to abandon the rescued dog theme in 2012 . The name of the series ' protagonist , Ryder , was changed multiple times during production ; he was originally called Raffi , Roddy , and Robbie before Spin Master settled on Ryder . Early models of the PAW Patrol pups According to a 2017 Spin Master interview , `` everything pup - related was debated endlessly : names , sizes , ages , breeds . '' The pups ' designs underwent major changes after Chapman 's pitch ; they were originally very realistic , with unique fur and textures based on their breeds , but they were later simplified and made more cartoonish . The visual appearance of Cap'n Turbot , mainly his distinctive bead eyes and large nose , was based on the design of Chapman 's Bob the Builder character . Ryder 's hairstyle was based on that of Ronnen Harary . In January 2012 , Spin Master began approaching television broadcasters . The company negotiated a broadcast partnership with Nickelodeon , and the network first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada . The series became Spin Master 's first solely - owned intellectual property ( IP ) once it was released in August 2013 . Since it began production , the show 's animation has been provided by Guru Studio . In a 2016 interview with Maclean 's Magazine , Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio 's animators were originally suspicious of the show 's `` toyetic '' concept . The series ' rock - inspired original score was composed by the Ontario - based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post . The opening theme song , and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons . With each season of the show , new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes . In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star , Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise 's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie - in merchandise . In August of the same year , Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show 's content `` fresh '' and `` relevant '' . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries . In Canada , the series is primarily shown on TVOntario during the TVOKids block . Knowledge Network , Télé - Québec and City Saskatchewan also air reruns of the show in different Canadian provinces . In the United States , the series is aired on Nickelodeon 's Nick Jr. block with reruns on the Nick Jr. channel . As required for Canadian programs aired on federally - funded networks , PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1 . Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub. and it aired on MBC3 in the Middle East . A British English dub , which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes , is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr . UK . Anione , JEI TV , and KBS have all broadcast the Korean - dubbed version . The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland 's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015 . The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2 . The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese - dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016 . it will air on MiniMini+ in Poland , e-Junior in the United Arab Emirates , and Clan TVE in Spain . DVD releases ( edit ) Title Region 1 Region 2 PAW Patrol May 13 , 2014 March 30 , 2015 Winter Rescues October 7 , 2014 October 19 , 2015 Marshall and Chase On the Case ! March 3 , 2015 July 27 , 2015 Pups and the Pirate Treasure N / A March 4 , 2016 Meet Everest ! September 1 , 2015 July 18 , 2016 Brave Heroes , Big Rescues March 1 , 2016 February 13 , 2017 All Wings on Deck N / A October 24 , 2016 Sports Day ! Game On ! August 2 , 2016 May 22 , 2017 Pups Save Christmas November 1 , 2016 October 31 , 2016 Pups Save the Bunnies Easter Egg Hunt March 7 , 2017 March 13 , 2017 Air Pups N / A July 17 , 2017 The Great Pirate Rescue ! September 5 , 2017 N / A The Great Snow Rescue October 24 , 2017 Sea Patrol March 6 , 2018 Summer Rescues May 1 , 2018 Video game ( edit ) In June 2018 , Nickelodeon and Outright Games announced a game based on the series , titled PAW Patrol : On a Roll . It will be released for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four - star rating , stating that `` perhaps the show 's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem - solving '' . Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show , calling it `` packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... ca n't help but snicker at '' . Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series , but felt that some of the characters `` seem rather arbitrary , like Rocky the Recycling Pup '' . The About Group 's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its `` formulaic '' nature but affirming that the `` show is not without funny moments '' . A research study , commissioned by Sky in March 2016 , reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program . Criticism has been directed toward the show 's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only two females . Cat Conway of Dan Abrams ' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked , `` the police pup , firefighting pup , builder pup , sea - rescue pup , and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male , because of course you could n't have a female police dog , could you ? '' Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health `` found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable '' while watching the program . Today 's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag `` # IncludeTheGirls '' . Ratings ( edit ) PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon . Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon 's 2014 ratings growth . It ranked as the highest - rated , preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013 and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season . The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016 , but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month . Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a `` creative resurgence '' that increased the Nick Jr. channel 's viewership in 2016 . At Nickelodeon 's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers , Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network ( the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines ) . In March 2015 , two back - to - back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings ( among total viewers ) in Australia . In May 2015 , it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool - aged children . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has received recognition from public figures and celebrities . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his children are fans of the show ; Trudeau mentioned the characters by name in a 2017 speech . After performing at the Super Bowl LII halftime show , Justin Timberlake filmed a segment for The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in which he named Chase as his favourite PAW Patrol character and held a Chase plush toy . During his opening monologue for the 90th Academy Awards , host Jimmy Kimmel joked that a young nominee was missing PAW Patrol to attend the ceremony . Accolades ( edit ) In 2014 , the series ' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the season two episode `` Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' was nominated for Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards . As of 2018 , PAW Patrol has received seven Canadian Screen Award nominations with six wins . Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2014 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo Scott Krippayne Smidi Smith Nominated Parents ' Choice Foundation `` Fun Stuff '' Award Spin Master Won Environmental Media Awards Environmental Media Award in Children 's Television Spin Master Won 2015 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated Preschool Toy of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated 2016 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2016 Spin Master Nominated 43rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children Spin Master Nominated 4th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Nominated Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won Licensing.biz People Awards Licensee Team of the Year Spin Master Won Australian Toy Association Preschool License of the Year Spin Master Won Canadian Cinema Editors Awards Best Editing in Animation Tom Berger Nominated SOCAN Awards International TV Series Music Award Voodoo Highway Music & Post Won 2017 5th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won 2018 6th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Charles E. Bastien Won Best Sound in an Animated Program or Series Spin Master Won Related Media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In November 2017 , Ronnen Harary confirmed that Spin Master is `` currently considering whether to extend the PAW Patrol franchise into feature films at some point in the next 12 to 24 months . '' Animation tests were conducted in 2017 to measure how the characters `` would translate onto the big screen '' and the company is currently in the process of developing a film script . Merchandise ( edit ) On May 18 , 2014 , Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys `` R '' Us locations across Canada . The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year . Dion Vlachos , a representative from Nickelodeon , was in charge of the U.S. product launch . PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master 's most profitable brands . Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. ( or 25 per cent ) of Spin Master 's gross product sales for 2015 . Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the `` continuing strength '' of PAW Patrol toys , in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses , made up 40.5 per cent of the firm 's second quarter revenue . Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company 's presence in the preschool market . Throughout 2016 , Spin Master 's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category . PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this . The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom . The group also reported that it was the best - selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015 . Dave Brandon , the chief executive officer of Toys `` R '' Us , listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season 's `` hottest '' items . Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season . Live events ( edit ) In April 2016 , a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live : Race to the Rescue was announced . The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race . It toured Canada , the United States , Mexico , Australia and the Philippines . A sequel show , titled PAW Patrol Live : The Great Pirate Adventure , was announced in June 2017 . It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern , and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor . The shows are produced by VStar Entertainment Group , which is best known for producing the popular Sesame Street Live touring shows for 37 years . Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom . They joined an `` Etch A Sketch Day '' celebration at Spin Master 's office in Toronto on July 26 , 2016 . The characters , along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program , were included as part of the Nick Jr . Play Date Tour in autumn 2015 . Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham , Suffolk , and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016 . Multiple meet - and - greet events attracted far more attendees than expected , with some reaching over 5,000 visitors . They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13 , 2016 . They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon - themed area of the Thurrock 's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London , England . Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show 's characters have attracted the attention of the show 's distributor . In February 2016 , several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups . Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead . There was some consumer backlash as a result , but the events were not held . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Damon van der Linde ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol has Spin Master on a roll as earnings exceed analyst expectations '' . Financial Post . Sun Media . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Picks Up Second Season of PAW Patrol , TV 's Number - One Preschool Series '' ( PDF ) . Nickelodeon Press . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews 4 Animated Series as Part of Growing Preschool Slate ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . 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Viacom International Media Networks Europe . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 퍼피 구조대 Puppy Patrol '' . Spin Master ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hvolpasveitin á RÚV '' . RÚV ( in Icelandic ) . Government of Iceland . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ryhmä Hau Maanantaisin , Yle TV2 - Yle Areena 14 '' . Yle TV2 ( in Finnish ) . Yle . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` APOS News Round - Up '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Winter Rescues : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Marshall & Chase on the Case : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zahn , James ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Meet Everest comes to DVD this Fall '' . The Rock Father . Jump up ^ Bentley , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legend , ' ' Room ' & ' Creed ' top new DVD releases on March 1 '' . The Fresno Bee . The McClatchy Company . Jump up ^ `` '' PAW Patrol : Sports Day ! '' Available on DVD August 2 ! `` . BSC Kids . July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Pups Save Christmas : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol : Pups Save the Bunnies : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B01NAJ4KKZ . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Pirate Rescue ! '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Snow Rescue '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Sea Patrol '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Summer Rescues '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woodcock , Ashley . `` Nickelodeon and Outright Games Announce PAW Patrol : On a Roll '' . TrueAchievements.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` PAW Patrol TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . Jump up ^ Miller , Randy ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Brave Heroes , Big Rescues '' . DVD Talk . Jump up ^ Pegler , Pattie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : Jake and the Neverland Pirates , PAW Patrol '' . Stuff.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo voted the nation 's all time favourite kids TV show '' . Sky plc. 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Conway , Cat ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Quit Pushing Your Gendered Crap on My Son '' . The Mary Sue . Dan Abrams . Jump up ^ King , Brandy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Media Moment : What I Learned from ( Paw ) - Patrolling My Kids ' TV Show '' . Center on Media and Child Health . Jump up ^ Waverman , Emma ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` It 's ridiculous that in 2015 we need # IncludeTheGirls ! '' . Today 's Parent. Rogers Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Viacom Quarterly Profit Rises 16 % , Lifted by Cable Fees and Lower Costs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' PAW Patrol ' Renewed for Season Two by Nickelodeon '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kidscreen : Smart TV , building momentum '' ( PDF ) . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Scores 52 Straight Weeks at Number One and Wins the Month of July with Kids 2 - 11 , Kids 2 - 5 '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Shaw , Lucas ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dauman 's Done the Easy Part . Now He Has to Find Viacom Some Hits '' . Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon to Revive ' Legends of the Hidden Temple ' as TV Movie '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Knox , David . `` Tuesday 17 March 2015 Ratings '' . 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Jump up ^ Catanzarite , Gina . `` PAW Patrol - Spring 2014 Television '' . Parents ' Choice Foundation . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Environmental Media Awards -- The Complete List of Winners '' . E ! News . ^ Jump up to : `` TIA Names Toy of the Year Nominees '' . License ! Global . November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callan , Patrick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Toy of the Year finalists revealed '' . Kidscreen . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced '' . ETCanada.com . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Winning Week for PAW Patrol : Program Director Takes Home Prize at Canadian Screen Awards '' . PR Newswire . March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master opens Australian office '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Canadian Cinema Editors reveals 2016 award nominees '' . Playback . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Wins the International TV Series Music Award at 2016 SOCAN Awards Ceremony '' . CCS Rights Management . June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TVO 's creative content lauded with eight 2017 Canadian Screen Awards '' . TVOntario . March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners announced : 2018 Canadian Screen Awards honouring excellence in creative fiction storytelling '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edited transcript of TOY.TO earnings conference call '' . Yahoo ! News . Thomson Reuters . November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` PAW Patrol toy line hits Toys ' R ' Us '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Griffin , Rachel ; Brown , Heather ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Spin Master to Launch Its Highly Anticipated PAW Patrol Toy Line at Toys `` R '' Us `` . Spin Master ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Ups Dion Vlachos to EVP Retail '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Reports Strong Q2 2016 Financial Results '' . KFMB - TV . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jade ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master sees ' huge momentum ' for PAW Patrol toy line '' . Licensing.biz . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ Muller , Lutz ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master - An Interesting Performance '' . Seeking Alpha . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` The top Christmas toys for 2015 : will you pick PAW Patrol or Pie Face ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Bergeron , Tom ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jersey 's own toy story : New CEO Dave Brandon talks shopping , shipping and how he aims to change Toys R Us '' . NJ Biz . Jump up ^ Miller , Ted ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Toys R Us declares hottest 15 toys of the holiday season '' . WBAY - TV . Media General . Jump up ^ Packham , Amy ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top Argos Toys for Christmas 2016 : Predictions of Bestselling Toys Released '' . The Huffington Post . Verizon Communications . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's PAW Patrol Is On a Roll with First - Ever Live Tour '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . Berkshire Hathaway . April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live ! Australia '' . Nick Jr . Australia . Nickelodeon . December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live in Manila '' . Life Like Touring . June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` All Paws on Deck ! PAW Patrol to Set Sail on 17 - City Tour with New Pirate - Themed Show '' . People . Time Inc . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tara ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master attempts a Guinness World Records title in celebration of Etch A Sketch Day '' . CNW Group . Cision . Jump up ^ `` Nick Jr . Play Date Tour comes to Westfield Trumbull '' . Trumbull Times . October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol is coming to Bridgwater '' . Bridgwater Mercury . July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000 people visit White Post Farm to meet PAW Patrol 's Chase and Marshall '' . Nottingham Post . Local World . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds queue to see PAW Patrol stars '' . itv.com . ITV plc. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Linda ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol stars set to rock Glenarm Castle on night of music and display '' . Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Branded FEC Coming to UK 's intu Lakeside Shopping Centre '' . Blooloop . May 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Emily ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Greene King : Kids ' meeting with PAW Patrol characters ' cancelled due to Nickelodeon legal threat '' . Morning Advertiser . William Reed Business Media . Jump up ^ Parry , Josh ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Parents angry after Nickelodeon ' force pub to cancel unofficial PAW Patrol event ' '' . Liverpool Echo . Trinity Mirror . External links ( edit ) Official website PAW Patrol at TVOKids.com PAW Patrol at NickJr.com PAW Patrol on IMDb PAW Patrol at TV.com Nickelodeon original programming Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) Star Falls ( since 2018 ) Double Dare ( since 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2018 ) Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 84 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... 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( 2007 -- 15 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 09 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 11 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 13 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Team Umizoomi 2010 -- 15 ) Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 13 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Samurai / Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 17 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Mia and Me ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 15 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 -- 17 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce / Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Instant Mom ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Thundermans ( 2013 -- 18 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Wallykazam ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 17 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( 2014 -- 18 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge / Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Nick Jr . 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PAW_Patrol&oldid=856762937 '' Categories : Television shows about dogs 2013 Canadian television series debuts Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Canadian computer - animated television series English - language television programs Fictional dogs 2010s Canadian animated television series Nick Jr. shows TVOntario shows Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated fantasy television series Canadian preschool education television series Toy brands Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Pages using web citations with no URL Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 11 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the boy's name in paw patrol	[ "The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of search and rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol. They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay. Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real-life profession, such as a firefighter and a police officer. They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary. They are also equipped with backpacks called \"pup packs\" that contain tools that relate to the pups' jobs.\n" ]	[ "Ryder" ]
3244769716389418770	Territorial evolution of North America since 1763	Territorial Evolution of North America since 1763 - wikipedia Territorial Evolution of North America since 1763 Jump to : navigation , search Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years ' War / Guerre de Sept Ans , or by French - Canadians , La Guerre de la Conquête . It was signed by Great Britain , France and Spain , with Portugal in agreement . Preferring to keep Guadeloupe , France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain . With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent . At first only the imperial powers of Europe had the resources to support and expand settlements in North America . As time went on the colonies became more powerful and sought independence from the Old World . These demands for more autonomy sparked several wars , including the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) and the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) . The last major colonial power on the continent , the United Kingdom , granted dominion status to Canada in 1867 and slowly turned over its remaining land to that country over the next 100 years , with the last land transfer being the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949 . Throughout this period , France maintained the small North American territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of the island of Newfoundland . From independence , the United States expanded rapidly to the west , acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803 and fighting a war with Mexico to push west to the Pacific . At the same time , British settlement in Canada increased . US expansion was complicated by the division between `` free '' and `` slave '' states , which led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Likewise , Canada faced tensions between settlers , including French and English communities , and the colonial administration that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837 . Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives , as well as the rebellion of the English - speaking region of Texas , which declared itself the Republic of Texas in 1836 . In 1845 Texas joined the United States and in 1867 the United States acquired Alaska from Russia . The last major territorial change occurred when Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949 , but there have been a number of small adjustments like the Boundary Treaty of 1970 where the city of Rio Rico , Texas , was ceded to Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 See also 2 Notes 3 Before 1763 4 1763 5 1774 6 1775 7 1778 8 1779 9 1783 10 1784 11 October 28 , 1790 12 1791 13 1792 14 1793 15 1796 16 1799 17 1800 18 January 1 , 1801 19 1802 20 1803 21 1805 22 March 1 , 1809 23 1810 24 1812 25 December 11 , 1816 26 1817 27 1818 28 1819 29 1820 30 1821 31 1824 32 February 28 , 1825 33 1828 34 September 30 , 1830 35 1835 36 1836 37 January 26 , 1837 38 July 4 , 1838 39 January 17 , 1840 40 1841 41 1842 42 1845 43 1846 44 1848 45 1849 46 1850 47 1853 48 May 30 , 1854 49 February 12 , 1857 50 1858 51 1859 52 1861 53 July 14 , 1862 54 1863 55 1864 56 1865 57 1866 58 1867 59 1868 60 1869 61 July 15 , 1870 62 July 20 , 1871 63 October 21 , 1872 64 July 1 , 1873 65 July 26 , 1874 66 1876 67 February 8 , 1879 68 1880 69 July 1 , 1881 70 March 28 , 1882 71 1884 72 May 7 , 1886 73 1889 74 1890 75 November 24 , 1894 76 October 2 , 1895 77 1896 78 1897 79 June 13 , 1898 80 May 23 , 1901 81 November 24 , 1902 82 1903 83 September 1 , 1905 84 1906 85 1907 86 1912 87 February 5 , 1917 88 March 28 , 1921 89 March 11 , 1927 90 1928 91 November 11 , 1930 92 February 7 , 1931 93 1934 94 1948 95 March 31 , 1949 96 November 21 , 1952 97 1959 98 1970 99 October 8 , 1974 100 April 1 , 1999 101 Annotations 102 Bibliography 102.1 Citations 102.2 References See also ( edit ) Territorial evolution of the United States Territorial evolution of Canada Territorial evolution of Mexico Animated map of North America Animated map of the Canada provinces evolution version 1 Animated map of the Canada provinces evolution version 2 Animated map of US states by date of statehood Animated map of Mexico Notes ( edit ) France is still listed as a nation in North America throughout its history because of their possession of the small islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the Canadian coast of Newfoundland ( the island ) . Republic of Indian Stream ( 1832 -- 1835 ) is represented on the map as the disputed territory between Maine and New Hampshire of the U.S. and Quebec and New Brunswick of Canada . Republic of Madawaska ( 1827 -- 1842 ) is represented on the map as the disputed territory between Maine ( U.S. ) and Canada ; the area was known as Madawaska Valley . It was then transferred to Quebec in 1842 , then transferred to New Brunswick at some point in the 1850s ( see Mitchell maps of Canada - East of 1850 & 1860 ) . Territories of a nation are represented by a lighter color than that for that nation 's states or provinces . Before 1763 ( edit ) See Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763 1763 ( edit ) February 10 , 1763 The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War . It was signed by Great Britain , France and Spain , with Portugal in agreement . Preferring to keep Guadeloupe , France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain . his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty , in full right , Canada , with all its dependencies , as well as the island of Cape Breton , and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence , and in general , every thing that depends on the said countries , lands , islands , and coasts , with the sovereignty , property , possession , and all rights acquired by treaty , or otherwise , which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had until now over the said countries , lands , islands , places , coasts , and their inhabitants '' -- French King Spain ceded Florida to the British , but later received New Orleans and French Louisiana from them . October 7 , 1763 By the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , King George III of Great Britain created the Province of Quebec in the St. Lawrence valley , the part of the former French province of Canada that was settled by people of French descent . The Great Lakes basin was barred to European settlement , reserved as exclusive `` hunting grounds '' for the `` several nations or tribes of Indians '' under the king 's `` protection . '' 1774 ( edit ) By the Quebec Act , the territory of the Province of Quebec was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve , including much of what is now southern Ontario , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , Wisconsin , and parts of Minnesota . 1775 ( edit ) To ensure their claim on the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Bruno de Hezeta and Francisco Mourelle in the Santiago and Sonora sailed to what is now Vancouver Island and then south along the coast before continuing north as far as modern day Alaska . 1778 ( edit ) In 1778 Saint Pierre and Miquelon were attacked by a force led by Newfoundland 's Governor John Montagu and then population deported by the British as retaliation for French support of the American Revolutionary War . The residents were sent to France and their homes were destroyed . 1779 ( edit ) In another attempt to assert Spanish authority over the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Ignatio de Arteaga in La Princesa to what is now Prince of Wales Island and as far north and west as Unalaska . 1783 ( edit ) January 20 , 1783 Great Britain surrendered East Florida and West Florida to Spain ; British inhabitants had 18 months from the date of ratification to leave . September 3 , 1783 The 1783 Treaty of Paris formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States of America , which had rebelled against British rule . The other combatant nations , France , Spain and the Dutch Republic , had separate agreements , known as the Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) . The Kingdom of Great Britain recognized the territory south of what is now Canada , east of the Mississippi and north of Florida as American property . Vermont remained independent until 1791 . France regained Saint Pierre and Miquelon in 1783 after the Peace of Paris and some residents returned to the islands . 1784 ( edit ) In 1784 , Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov , who later set up the Russian - Alaska Company that colonized early Alaska , arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island with two ships , the Three Saints and the St. Simon . The indigenous Koniag harassed the Russian party and Shelikhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest . Having established his authority on Kodiak Island , Shelikhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska ( after Unalaska ) on the island 's Three Saints Bay . August 23 , 1784 Delegates from the North Carolina counties of Washington , Sullivan , Spencer ( now Hawkins ) and Greene -- all in present - day Tennessee -- convened in the town of Jonesborough and declared the lands the State of Frankland , independent of North Carolina . A constitution modeled on that of North Carolina was adopted with few changes , and the state name was changed to `` Franklin '' . By 1790 , the state government had collapsed entirely and the territory was again firmly under the control of North Carolina . October 28 , 1790 ( edit ) In 1789 in attempt to assert its sovereignty over the Pacific coast the Spanish seized British ships in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island . This action sparked an international incident that resulted in the Nootka Convention which was signed on October 28 , 1790 . The conventions stated that the English had the right to found settlements anywhere on the Pacific claimed by Spain but never settled by Spain . As a result claims of sovereignty on the Pacific were determined by settlement or feet on the ground as opposed to claims based on prior discovery . 1791 ( edit ) March 4 , 1791 The Vermont Republic , which included land claimed by New York and New Hampshire and , while unrecognized by the United States , was a de facto independent country , was admitted to the US as the 14th state , Vermont . December 26 , 1791 The Province of Quebec was divided into two parts , Lower Canada and Upper Canada . The Province of Upper Canada ( French : province du Haut - Canada ) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario in Canada . Upper Canada officially existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841 . Its name reflected its position higher up the river or closer to the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada , present - day southern Quebec . The division was effected so that Loyalist American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada could have English laws and institutions , and the French - speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain French civil law and the Catholic religion . 1792 ( edit ) March 3 , 1792 The US federal government sold the Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania . June 1 , 1792 The western counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains were split off and admitted to the US as the 15th state , Kentucky . 1793 ( edit ) Saint Pierre and Miquelon saw action during the French Revolution when France had declared war on the United Kingdom as part of the War of the First Coalition . This led to a British attack on the islands under Captain William Affleck of Halifax who captured the islands in May 1793 . 1796 ( edit ) June 1 , 1796 The Southwest Territory was admitted to the US as the 16th state , Tennessee . August 2 , 1796 Pinckney 's Treaty , also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo , settled the northern border of West Florida as the 31st parallel . 1799 ( edit ) Sitka was originally settled by the native Tlingit people . Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov , the governor of Russian America . Baranov arrived under the auspices of the Russian - American Company , a `` semi-official '' colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I . 1800 ( edit ) July 4 , 1800 Indiana Territory was formed from the western portion of Northwest Territory . It corresponded to present - day Illinois , Indiana , northeastern Minnesota , and Wisconsin , as well as the western half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and all but the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula . Northwest Territory was left with only most of Ohio and the rest of Michigan . October 1 , 1800 In the secretly negotiated Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ( formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain , Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana ) , Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France . January 1 , 1801 ( edit ) The Kingdom of Great Britain or Great Britain changed its name to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or United Kingdom on January 1 , 1801 due to the Act of Union 1800 . 1802 ( edit ) Amiens Treaty of 1802 specified that Saint Pierre and Miquelon would again be returned to France . Although it took until 1816 for the British to honor the Treaty and allow the French to return . 1803 ( edit ) March 1 , 1803 The southeastern portion of Northwest Territory was admitted to the US as the 17th state , Ohio . The remainder of Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory . April 30 , 1803 The Louisiana Purchase was made , expanding the United States west of the Mississippi River . There was a dispute with West Florida over how much land east of the Mississippi River it included . The purchase extended slightly north of the modern borders , as it was defined only as the watershed of the Mississippi River . The purchase consisted of the whole of present - day Arkansas , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma , and portions of Colorado , Louisiana , Minnesota , Montana , New Mexico , North Dakota , South Dakota , Texas and Wyoming . It also included the southernmost portions of the present - day Canadian provinces of Alberta , Manitoba , and Saskatchewan . The cost was 60 million francs ( $11,250,000 ) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ( $3,750,000 ) . Including interest , the U.S. finally paid $23,213,568 ( US $379,361,287 in 2018 ) for the Louisiana territory . September 1803 The North West Company organized an overland expedition from Montreal to James Bay and a second expedition by sea . In September 1803 , the overland party met the company 's ship at Charlton Island in what is now Nunavut . There , they lay claim to the territory that drained into the Arctic in the name of the North West Company . 1805 ( edit ) January 11 , 1805 Michigan Territory was split from Indiana Territory , including the whole of the lower peninsula of present - day Michigan but only that eastern tip of the upper peninsula which was held by the Northwest Territory after Indiana Territory had been split from it . July 4 , 1805 The District of Louisiana was organized as Louisiana Territory . March 1 , 1809 ( edit ) Illinois Territory was split from Indiana Territory . Illinois Territory included present - day Illinois , northeastern Minnesota , and Wisconsin . Indiana Territory included the present - day borders of Indiana , with its western and eastern borders continuing northward ; thus , it also included the central portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan , as well as Door Peninsula of present - day Wisconsin . 1810 ( edit ) September 23 , 1810 The short - lived Republic of West Florida declared its independence from Spain . October 27 , 1810 US President James Madison proclaimed the annexation of the Baton Rouge and Mobile Districts of West Florida , declaring them part of the Louisiana Purchase . The US Army occupied the capital , St. Francisville , on December 6 and Baton Rouge on December 10 , bringing an end to the Republic of West Florida after 90 days . 1812 ( edit ) April 30 . Most of the Territory of Orleans was admitted to the US as the 18th state , Louisiana . The rest of the territory ( the northwestern tip ) was ceded to Louisiana Territory . Russian Colony Fort Ross was created . December 11 , 1816 ( edit ) The southern portion of Indiana Territory was admitted as the 19th state , Indiana . The remainder became unorganized . 1817 ( edit ) March 3 , 1817 Alabama Territory was split from Mississippi Territory ; both correspond to their present - day counterparts . December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted to the US as the 20th state , Mississippi . 1818 ( edit ) October 20 , 1818 The Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the border with British - held lands , and Oregon Country was established as a shared land between the United States and United Kingdom . Oregon Country consisted of most of present - day Idaho and Oregon , all of Washington , and a portion of Montana , as well as the southern part of the unorganized British territory which became British Columbia . The treaty transferred the Red River Basin to the United States , consisting of northwestern Minnesota , northeastern North Dakota , and the northeastern tip of South Dakota . December 3 , 1818 The southern portion of Illinois Territory was admitted as the 21st state , Illinois . The remainder was reassigned to Michigan Territory . The unorganized lands which had been a part of Indiana Territory prior to the admission of Indiana as a state were also assigned to Michigan Territory . 1819 ( edit ) February 22 , 1819 The Adams - Onís Treaty or Transcontinental Treaty was signed in Washington , establishing a defined border between the United States and New Spain . The treaty ceded Spain 's claims to Oregon Country to the United States and American claims to Texas to Spain ; moved portions of present - day Colorado , Oklahoma , and Wyoming , and all of New Mexico and Texas , to New Spain ; and all of Spanish Florida as well as a small portion of modern day Colorado to the United States . The new borders intruded on Arkansaw Territory 's Miller County , created on April 1 , 1820 , which dipped below the Red River and into land ceded to Spain . However , the remoteness of the region caused no serious conflict with Spain . March 2 , 1819 The southern part of Missouri Territory was organized as Arkansaw Territory , consisting of present - day Arkansas as well as part of Oklahoma . It was not officially spelled Arkansas until later . December 14 , 1819 Alabama Territory was admitted to the US as the 22nd state , Alabama . 1820 ( edit ) March 16 , 1820 The Maine District of Massachusetts was split off and admitted to the US as the 23rd state , Maine , as part of the Missouri Compromise . 1821 ( edit ) July 1821 In 1821 , the North West Company of Montreal and the Hudson 's Bay Company merged , with a combined territory that was further extended by a license to the watershed of the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the west . August 10 , 1821 The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted to the US as the 24th state , Missouri . The remainder became unorganized . Missouri did not include its northwestern triangle at this point , that being added later in the Platte Purchase . 1824 ( edit ) October 4 , 1824 The 1824 Constitution of Mexico was enacted , creating the United Mexican States and replacing the Mexican Empire , which had collapsed on March 19 , 1823 . The constitution organized the country into 19 states and four territories . In the aftermath of the end of the empire , Central American regions mostly voted not to stay a part of Mexico , with Chiapas , formerly part of Guatemala , being the only area that favored remaining in Mexico . However , rebels in one part of Chiapas , Soconusco , proclaimed its separation from Mexico on July 24 , 1824 , and it was formally annexed by the Federal Republic of Central America on August 18 , 1824 . November 15 , 1824 Arkansas Territory was shrunk , the western portion becoming unorganized . February 28 , 1825 ( edit ) The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1825 , also known as the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1825 , defined the boundaries between Russian America and British claims and possessions in the Pacific Northwest of North America at 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude . 1828 ( edit ) May 6 , 1828 Arkansas Territory was shrunk further , attaining the present - day borders of Arkansas , with the remainder again becoming unorganized , excepting the land it still claimed as Miller County . September 30 , 1830 ( edit ) The state of Sonora y Sinaloa was split into two states , Sinaloa and Sonora . 1835 ( edit ) May 23 , 1835 The territory of Aguascalientes was split from the state of Zacatecas . June 30 , 1834 A large portion of unorganized land was added to Michigan Territory , corresponding to present - day Iowa , western Minnesota , and eastern North Dakota and South Dakota . 1836 ( edit ) June 15 , 1836 Arkansas Territory was admitted to the US as the 25th state , Arkansas . It continued to claim Miller County , with increasing irrelevance . March 2 , 1836 Due to disapproval of the government of Antonio López de Santa Anna , the Tejas region of the state of Coahuila y Tejas declared independence . The remainder was renamed simply Coahuila . The Treaties of Velasco signified the end of the Texas Revolution on May 14 , 1836 , creating the Republic of Texas . July 4 , 1836 Wisconsin Territory was split off from Michigan Territory , consisting of present - day Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa , and eastern North and South Dakota . As an inducement to give up its claim over the Toledo Strip to Ohio , the whole of the present - day upper peninsula was assigned to Michigan Territory , giving it the present - day borders of Michigan . January 26 , 1837 ( edit ) Michigan Territory was admitted to the US as the 26th state , Michigan . March 28 , 1837 The Platte Purchase added a small area of land to Missouri , giving it its present - day boundaries . July 4 , 1838 ( edit ) Iowa Territory was split off from Wisconsin Territory , consisting of present - day Iowa , western Minnesota , and eastern North Dakota and South Dakota , leaving Wisconsin Territory with northeastern Minnesota and Wisconsin . January 17 , 1840 ( edit ) Voicing the same concerns as Texas , the states of Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas declared independence from Mexico as the Republic of the Rio Grande ; since the border of Texas was never conclusively decided , they claim a northern border of the Nueces River , while Texas claims a southern border of the Rio Grande . The rebellion lasted until November 6 , 1840 . The nation was never fully established , and only existed in the minds of a few . 1841 ( edit ) February 10 , 1841 The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was created by combining Lower Canada and Upper Canada . It was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 . Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837 . The Province of Canada ceased to exist at Canadian Confederation on July 1 , 1867 , when it was redivided into the modern Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec . The Russians were forced to sell Fort Ross due to its economic failure . A private investor , John Sutter , agreed to pay $30,000 ( US $711,677 in 2018 ) over a three - year period . 1842 ( edit ) September 11 , 1842 The district of Soconusco rejoined Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas . November 10 , 1842 The Webster - Ashburton Treaty settled the border between the United States and lands held by the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains , ending the disputes over the northern border of the state of Maine and northeastern border of Wisconsin Territory , which today resides in present day Minnesota . 1845 ( edit ) March 3 , 1845 Florida Territory was admitted to the US as the 27th state , Florida . December 29 , 1845 The Republic of Texas was admitted to the US as the 28th state , Texas . The United States Congress passed the joint resolution of annexation on March 1 , 1845 , but Texas did not agree to join the union for some time after . Although the annexation resolution avoided specifying Texas 's boundaries , the U.S. inherited Texas 's unenforced claims to South Texas , West Texas , over half of New Mexico , a third of Colorado , and small parts of Oklahoma , Kansas and Wyoming . With Texas joining the union , Arkansas finally gave up its claim on Miller County . 1846 ( edit ) January 1 , 1846 The state of Yucatán declares independence , for the same reasons as the Republic of Texas and Republic of the Rio Grande , forming the Republic of Yucatán . June 14 , 1846 The California Republic , also called the Bear Flag Republic , was proclaimed by settlers in Sonoma in the then - Mexican province of California . Declared during the Mexican -- American War , the republic lasted less than a month . June 18 , 1846 The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border ( so it did not include Vancouver Island ) with the lands held by the United Kingdom . The sharing of Oregon Country ended , and the American portion becomes unorganized territory . December 28 , 1846 The southeast portion of Iowa Territory was admitted to the US as the 29th state , Iowa . The remainder became unorganized . 1848 ( edit ) February 2 , 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican -- American War . Mexico ceded the Texas - claimed areas as well as a large area of land consisting of all of present - day California , Nevada , and Utah , most of Arizona , and portions of Colorado , New Mexico , and Wyoming . August 17 , 1848 The Republic of Yucatán rejoined Mexico after the Caste War of Yucatán forced them to seek outside help . May 29 , 1848 The southeastern portion of Wisconsin Territory was admitted to the US as the 30th state , Wisconsin . The remainder became unorganized . August 14 , 1848 Oregon Territory was organized , including present - day Idaho , northwestern Montana , Oregon , Washington , and western Wyoming . 1849 ( edit ) January 13 , 1849 Colony of Vancouver Island is formed as a British crown colony . March 3 , 1849 Minnesota Territory was organized , consisting of present - day Minnesota , and eastern portions of North Dakota and South Dakota . 1850 ( edit ) September 9 , 1850 The Compromise of 1850 divided the Mexican Cession and land claimed by Texas but ceded to the federal government in exchange for taking on its debts . The western portion was admitted to the US as the 31st state , California , most of the rest was organized as Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory , and a small portion became unorganized land . New Mexico Territory consisted of most of present - day Arizona and New Mexico , as well as a southern portion of Colorado and the southern tip of Nevada . Utah Territory consisted of present - day Utah , most of Nevada , and portions of Colorado and Wyoming . 1853 ( edit ) March 2 , 1853 Washington Territory was split from Oregon Territory , consisting of present - day Washington , northern Idaho , and the western tip of Montana , leaving Oregon Territory with all of Oregon , southern Idaho and a portion of Wyoming . December 30 , 1853 The Gadsden Purchase added some land to New Mexico Territory , corresponding to the southernmost areas of present - day Arizona and New Mexico . May 30 , 1854 ( edit ) Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory were organized ; the remaining unorganized land colloquially became known as Indian Territory . Kansas Territory consisted of present - day Kansas and eastern Colorado . Nebraska Territory consisted of present - day Nebraska , and parts of Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , and Wyoming . Indian Territory corresponds to eastern Oklahoma . A peculiarity appeared at this time , when a small strip of land north of Texas was not officially assigned by any state or territory ; this came to be called the Neutral Strip or `` No Man 's Land '' , which corresponds to the present - day panhandle of Oklahoma . February 12 , 1857 ( edit ) The 1857 Constitution of Mexico was adopted , reorganizing some states . Nuevo León is merged into Coahuila ; Aguascalientes , Colima , and Tlaxcala all had their status changed from territory to state ; and the state of Guerrero was created from portions of México and Puebla . 1858 ( edit ) August 2 , 1858 The Colony of British Columbia was a crown colony in British North America from 1858 until 1871 . May 11 , 1858 The eastern portion of Minnesota Territory was admitted to the US as the 32nd state , Minnesota . The remainder became unorganized . 1859 ( edit ) February 14 , 1859 The western portion of Oregon Territory was admitted to the US as the 33rd state , Oregon . The remainder was assigned to Washington Territory . 1859 A boundary commission was set up to delineate the border between Vancouver Island and the Washington State coast . The commission could not come to agreement on where the middle of the Strait was so in 1859 things came to a head during the bloodless Pig War . 1861 ( edit ) January 29 , 1861 The eastern portion of Kansas Territory was admitted as the 34th state , Kansas . The western portion was added to Colorado Territory on February 28 , 1861 , but for the month between statehood for Kansas and the formation of Colorado Territory , it appears to have had no official status . March 4 , 1861 The Confederate States of America ( CSA ) was formed . The Southern states seceded at different dates and joined the CSA at different dates ; to simplify the map , only the final form of the CSA is shown here . There were rebel governments as well as Union governments in Kentucky and Missouri , and the CSA had full control over Indian Territory . To view a detailed animated map depicting the various state secessions see CSA states evolution . February 28 , 1861 Colorado Territory was organized , with land from Utah , New Mexico , and Nebraska Territories , as well as the land left over from Kansas Territory ; it corresponded already to present - day Colorado . Also , the eastern tip of Washington Territory was transferred to Nebraska Territory . July 14 , 1862 ( edit ) Due to its nature as a mining and grazing area , land started to be added to Nevada Territory to accommodate these activities . Its eastern border was moved eastward from the 39th meridian west from Washington , to the 38th meridian west from Washington , transferring the land from Utah Territory . 1863 ( edit ) April 29 , 1863 The Mexican state of Campeche was split from Yucatán . February 24 , 1863 The Union created its own Arizona Territory , splitting it off from New Mexico Territory , making both territories correspond to their present - day states , except for Arizona Territory including the southern tip of present - day Nevada . March 4 , 1863 Idaho Territory was created from portions of Washington , Dakota , and Nebraska Territories , consisting of present - day Idaho , Montana , and most of Wyoming . Nebraska and Washington Territories were left corresponding to their present - day counterparts . June 20 , 1863 Several counties of northwestern Virginia who did not want to be part of the Confederacy split off and were admitted to the US as the 35th state , West Virginia . 1864 ( edit ) February 26 , 1864 The Mexican state of Nuevo León was re-split from Coahuila . May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory , which also had some land transferred to Dakota Territory . Montana Territory corresponded to present - day Montana , Idaho Territory consisted of Idaho and western Wyoming , and Dakota Territory included both North and South Dakota , and most of Wyoming . October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted to the US as the 36th state , Nevada ; it was a bit smaller than it is today , lacking area in both the east and south . 1865 ( edit ) April 9 , 1865 The Confederate States of America surrendered . The process of Reconstruction and readmission to the union would take several years ; to simplify the map , they are shown as already readmitted . To view a detailed animated map depicting the various state readmission during Reconstruction see CSA states evolution . 1866 ( edit ) August 2 , 1866 Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia merge to form United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia 1867 ( edit ) January 18 , 1867 Nevada 's eastern border was moved from the 38th meridian west from Washington , to the 37th meridian west from Washington , transferring land to it from Utah Territory . Also , the northwestern corner of Arizona Territory was transferred to the state of Nevada , giving it its present - day borders . March 1 , 1867 Nebraska Territory was admitted to the US as the 37th state , Nebraska . July 1 , 1867 Canada was formed from three provinces of British North America : the Province of Canada , which was split into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec , and the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . At this time , though , Canada did not become independent according to the modern meaning of the word . The Statute of Westminster 1931 made Canada much closer to being independent , but not completely . October 11 , 1867 The United States purchased Alaska from Russia ; it was designated the Department of Alaska , and corresponds , except for a boundary dispute , to present - day Alaska . The United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 ( US $126,068,571.43 in 2018 ) on April 9 , 1867 . 1868 ( edit ) July 25 , 1868 Wyoming Territory was formed from portions of Dakota , Idaho , and Utah Territories , corresponding to the present - day borders of Wyoming . Idaho Territory then corresponds to present day Idaho , and Utah Territory to present - day Utah . 1869 ( edit ) January 15 , 1869 The Mexican state of Hidalgo was split from the state of México . April 16 , 1869 The Mexican state of Morelos was split from the state of México . July 15 , 1870 ( edit ) The United Kingdom ceded most of its remaining land in North America to Canada , with Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory becoming the North - West Territories . The Rupert 's Land Act 1868 transferred the region to Canada as of 1869 , but it was only consummated in 1870 when £ 300,000 were paid to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At this time , the Manitoba Act took effect , and a small square of the newly acquired region surrounding the city of Winnipeg was made the province of Manitoba . Unlike what this map shows , the actual border between Newfoundland & Quebec is still unknown . Mapmakers have mostly made their own guesses until 1927 , pretending that the border was more known than it really was . The problem did n't stop in 1927 ( see 1927 ) . July 20 , 1871 ( edit ) The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province . British Columbia joined the Canadian confederation following The Great Confederation Debates in the spring of 1870 and the Confederation Negotiations of the following summer and winter . October 21 , 1872 ( edit ) The San Juan Islands were awarded to the US , formally ending the Pig War with Britain . July 1 , 1873 ( edit ) The British colony of Prince Edward Island joined Canada as the seventh province by an Act of Parliament ( and , as part of the terms of union , was guaranteed a ferry link , a term which was deleted upon completion of the Confederation Bridge in 1997 ) . July 26 , 1874 ( edit ) The borders of Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west . When the Province of Canada was formed , its borders were not entirely clear , and Ontario claimed to eventually reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean . With Canada 's acquisition of Rupert 's Land , Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders , especially since some of the new areas it was interested in were rapidly growing . After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area , the province asked for an elaboration on its limits , and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north . 1876 ( edit ) April 12 , 1876 The District of Keewatin was created by the passage of the Keewatin Act on April 12 , 1876 in a central separate strip from the North - West Territories , in order to provide government for the growing area north of Manitoba and west of Ontario . August 1 , 1876 Colorado Territory was admitted to the US as the 38th state , Colorado . February 8 , 1879 ( edit ) Arenas Key is claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act 1880 ( edit ) September 1 , 1880 The United Kingdom ceded its Arctic Islands to Canada , and they were made part of the North - West Territories . September 13 , 1880 The Western Triangle Islands are claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act . July 1 , 1881 ( edit ) Manitoba 's borders were expanded to a larger postage stamp province taking land easterly from the District of Keewatin to the western boundary of Ontario . Since the province 's eastern border was defined as the `` western boundary of Ontario '' , the exact definition of which was still unclear , Ontario disputed a portion of the new region . March 28 , 1882 ( edit ) The part of Dakota Territory south of 43 ° north and north of the Keya Paha and Niobrara Rivers was transferred to Nebraska . 1884 ( edit ) June 21 , 1884 The Islands of Perez Chica and Pajora of the Alacrene Islands in the bay of Campeche are claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act . December 12 , 1884 The Mexican territory of Tepic was split from the state of Jalisco . May 7 , 1886 ( edit ) The southwestern border of the District of Keewatin was adjusted to conform to the boundaries of the new provisional districts of the North - West Territories created in 1882 , returning some land to the North - West Territories . The provisional districts were the District of Alberta , the District of Athabasca , District of Assiniboia and the District of Saskatchewan , which all remained administrative areas of the North - West Territories , unlike the District of Keewatin . 1889 ( edit ) November 2 , 1889 Dakota Territory was split in two , and it was admitted to the US as the 39th state , North Dakota , and 40th state , South Dakota . November 8 , 1889 Montana Territory was admitted to the US as the 41st state , Montana . November 11 , 1889 Washington Territory was admitted to the US as the 42nd state , Washington . August 12 , 1889 The dispute between Manitoba and Ontario ended as Ontario 's borders were finalized in accordance with the Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act , 1889 , which extended the province west to the Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River . 1890 ( edit ) May 2 , 1890 Oklahoma Territory was organized from the western portion of Indian Territory , and included the Neutral Strip , corresponding to the western half of present - day Oklahoma . July 3 , 1890 Idaho Territory was admitted to the US as the 43rd state , Idaho . July 10 , 1890 Wyoming Territory was admitted to the US as the 44th state , Wyoming . November 24 , 1894 ( edit ) The American claims over the Western Triangle , Areaas , Perez , Chica , Pajoras , and Arenas Keys are all waived by the American government in favor of Mexico . October 2 , 1895 ( edit ) Keewatin covered the portion of the North - West Territories north of Manitoba on the mainland , and all islands within Hudson , James , and Ungava Bays . The portion between the District of Keewatin , Ontario , and Hudson Bay was not in a district , and was assigned to the District of Keewatin by an Order of Council . Four additional provisional districts of the North - West Territories were formed , the District of Yukon , the District of Ungava , the District of Mackenzie , and the District of Franklin . 1896 ( edit ) January 4 , 1896 Utah Territory was admitted to the US as the 45th state , Utah . May 4 , 1896 A Supreme Court ruling officially assigns Greer County to Oklahoma Territory . 1897 ( edit ) The borders of the District of Keewatin were adjusted . Southampton Island , Coats Island , Mansel Island , Akimiski Island , and other islands were transferred to Keewatin . June 13 , 1898 ( edit ) Yukon Territory was created from the District of Yukon in the northwestern part of the North - West Territories , and the Quebec Boundary Extension Act , 1898 expanded the borders of Quebec north to the Eastmain River . May 23 , 1901 ( edit ) The eastern border of Yukon Territory was adjusted to the eastern edge of the Peel River watershed , and also to include some more islands . November 24 , 1902 ( edit ) The Mexican territory of Quintana Roo was split from the state of Yucatán . 1903 ( edit ) The Alaska Boundary Dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and Canada ( then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London ) , and at a subnational level between Alaska on the US side and British Columbia and the Yukon on the Canadian side . It was resolved by arbitration in 1903 , generally favoring the American claim . September 1 , 1905 ( edit ) The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from the North - West Territories . Saskatchewan 's western border and Alberta 's eastern border run concurrent with the 4th meridian or the 110 ° W longitude . Saskatchewan 's eastern border is not a meridian , but instead follows a staircase - shaped Dominion Land Survey range line . Alberta 's southern and northern borders are the same as Saskatchewan 's : the southern border is the Canada -- United States border or the 49th parallel and the northern border is the 60th parallel . Alberta 's western border runs along peaks of the Rocky Mountain ridge and then extends north to the 60th parallel . The District of Keewatin became an administrative unit of the Northwest Territories . 1906 ( edit ) In 1906 , the American Rio Grande Land and Irrigation Company performed an unauthorized diversion of the Rio Grande , which moved a 413 - acre ( 167 ha ) tract of land , including the American village of Rio Rico , south of the river . Since the 1845 Border Treaty all land south of the Rio Grande was Mexican . Mexican authorities unknowingly assumed control of the area , which became known as the Horcón Tract . 1907 ( edit ) September 26 , 1907 The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 ( before which the territory had the status of a British colony , self - governing from 1855 ) to 1949 . The Dominion of Newfoundland was situated in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast and comprised the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the mainland . Newfoundland never became independent according to the modern meaning of the word . The Statute of Westminster 1931 would have made Newfoundland much closer to being independent , but not completely . However , the government of Newfoundland did not ratify it , and furthermore , abolished itself in 1934 because of bankruptcy . November 16 , 1907 Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were combined and admitted to the US as the 46th state , Oklahoma . 1912 ( edit ) January 6 , 1912 New Mexico Territory was admitted to the US as the 47th state , New Mexico . February 14 , 1912 Arizona Territory was admitted to the US as the 48th state , Arizona . May 15 , 1912 Manitoba , Ontario , and Quebec were all expanded into their present - day boundaries . The Northwest Territories is now only situated north of the 60th parallel ( except Hudson Bay and James Bay islands ) with three districts , Keewatin , Mackenzie and Franklin . February 5 , 1917 ( edit ) With the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico , the territory of Tepic had its name and status changed to the state of Nayarit . March 28 , 1921 ( edit ) The dispute over a square mile between Delaware and Pennsylvania , The Wedge , is finally resolved in favor of Delaware . March 11 , 1927 ( edit ) A decision of the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council of 1927 decided the issue of the border between the Dominion of Newfoundland and Canada in favour of Newfoundland . The issue had been the precise boundary between the Canadian province of Quebec and Labrador , part of Newfoundland . The boundary ruling clarified that a large area of the disputed land belonged to Newfoundland , not to Canada . Maps prior to 1927 wildly disagreed on the actual position of the border , instead of agreeing upon marking the area as being disputed . Maps after 1927 tended to agree with the decision , but due to protests , some mapmakers in Quebec still disagreed . In the 60 's , logos of the two biggest political parties of Quebec ( PLQ & UN ) both included the shape of the province as including all of Labrador . Disagreements persist even today ( to a lesser extent ) , as Quebec insists on including the rest of the gulf 's basin in its maps , separated with a dotted line saying 1927 border , non-final . Newfoundland complains in 2014 , even though older electoral maps showed the same . 1928 ( edit ) Norway asserted its claim of sovereignty over the Sverdrup Islands . The islands are named after Norwegian explorer Otto Sverdrup , who explored and mapped them from 1898 to 1902 with the vessel Fram , although some were previously inhabited by Inuit people . Sverdrup claimed the islands for Norway , but the Norwegian government showed no interest in pursuing the claim until 1928 . At that point , the Norwegian government raised the claim , primarily to use the islands as bargaining chips in negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of the Arctic island Jan Mayen and the Antarctic Bouvet Island . November 11 , 1930 ( edit ) Sverdrup Islands are ceded to Canada by Norway , in exchange for British recognition of Norway 's sovereignty over Jan Mayen . February 7 , 1931 ( edit ) The Mexican Baja California Territory was split into North Territory of Baja California and South Territory of Baja California . Statute of Westminster 1931 allows dominions to become independent . Dominion of Canada decides to become almost independent , whereas Newfoundland does not sign ( see 1934 ) . 1934 ( edit ) The Dominion of Newfoundland , because of financial difficulties , was obliged to give up its self - governing status and the Commission of Government took its place . 1948 ( edit ) Air Force Island , Prince Charles Island , and Foley Island are discovered and added to Northwest Territories . March 31 , 1949 ( edit ) The Dominion of Newfoundland and its dependency of Labrador joined Canada as the tenth province , named Newfoundland as proclaimed by the British North America Act 1949 . November 21 , 1952 ( edit ) The North Territory of Baja California changed its status and became the state of Baja California . 1959 ( edit ) January 3 , 1959 Alaska Territory was admitted to the US as the 49th state , Alaska . 1970 ( edit ) The city of Rio Rico , Texas , was ceded to Mexico in the Boundary Treaty of 1970 . The handover officially took place in 1977 and the city was added to the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . October 8 , 1974 ( edit ) The territory of Quintana Roo changed into a state status . The South Territory of Baja California changed its status and became the state of Baja California Sur , giving Mexico its present - day configuration . April 1 , 1999 ( edit ) The Canadian territory of Nunavut was created from the Northwest Territories . The provisional districts are no longer administrative areas of the Northwest Territories . Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as it a name change not a territorial change Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted 90 days Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted under a month Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as maritime borders are not displayed Bibliography ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Saint Pierre and Miquelon '' . USA.gov . Central Intelligence Agency . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Jeff A. ( January 2003 ) . `` The Commission of Government , 1934 -- 1949 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Memorial University of Newfoundland and the C.R.B. Foundation . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1981 , pp. 13 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Kingdoms of Great Britain , France and Holland ( 1763 ) . Treaty of Paris . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Hall , Anthony J. `` Royal Proclamation of 1763 '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannon 1995 , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Haycox 2002 , pp. 159 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Chamier - James 1860 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Bemis 2008 , p. 253 ^ Jump up to : Van DeWater 1974 , p. xix Jump up ^ `` Alaska History Timeline '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Fink 1989 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Chiorazzi-Most 2005 , p. 958 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Canada '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Erie County ( PA ) Genealogy -- Triangle Monument History '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Marley 2005 , p. 470 Jump up ^ `` Text of the `` Treaty of Friendship , Limits , and Navigation Between Spain and The United States '' `` . The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dauenhauer - Black 2008 , p. xxviii . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Territories and States from the Old `` Northwest Territory '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Spain & the Republic of France ( 1819 ) . Treaty of San Ildefonso . Wikisource . ( scan ) Jump up ^ Chamier - James 1837 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Robert Higgs ( 2005 - 03 - 14 ) . `` '' Not Merely Perfidious but Ungrateful `` : The U.S. Takeover of West Florida '' . The Independent Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase '' . United States National Archives . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Knafla - Swainger 2005 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes at Large , 8th Congress , 2nd Session '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Davis 2005 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Kalani - Sweedler 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` An Act To Establish A Separate Territorial Government For The Eastern Part Of The Mississippi Territory '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Convention of 1818 between the United States and Great Britain '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty of Amity , Settlement , and Limits Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty. 1819 '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` MILLER COUNTY , ARKANSAS '' . The Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` States of the United States '' . Statoids . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` North West Company '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TREATY WITH THE IOWA , ETC . ( September 17 , 1836 ) '' . The Ioway Nation . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Law , Gwillim ( 2009 ) . `` States of Mexico '' . statoids.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas Territory 1819 -- 1836 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1977 , p. 175 Jump up ^ `` Ioway Cultural Institute : History -- Treaties '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mireles - Cotera 2006 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Parliament 1841 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Kalani - Sweedler 2004 , pp. 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` The Webster - Ashburton Treaty '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Annexation of Texas . Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States , March 1 , 1845 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The California Bear Flag '' . sfmuseum.org. 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty with Great Britain , in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains . '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 14 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to Establish the Territorial Government of Minnesota '' ( PDF ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Compromise of 1850 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Creation of Washington Territory '' . Whshington State Historical Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas . '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NO MAN 'S LAND '' . Oklahoma Historical Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Act of Congress Admitting Oregon into Union '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barman 1996 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado Government '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . USA.gov. 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Nevada : The Adjustment of the Boundaries of Nevada '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bills and Resolutions , House of Representatives , 37th Congress , 2nd Session '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Glacier National Park -- Administrative History '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 26 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Old Boundary , ( Nevada 's Southern Boundary 1861 -- 1867 ) , Nevada Historical Marker 57 '' . Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty concerning the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias to the United States of America '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Facts '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hall , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` North - West Territories , 1870 -- 1905 '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia > History > West & Northwest History . Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Moffat , Ben ( 2006 ) . `` Boundaries of Saskatchewan '' . Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Maps 1667 -- 1999 -- Canadian Confederation '' . Library and Archives Canada . Government of Canada . May 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on Mar 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia -- Canadian Confederation '' . Library and Archives Canada . Government of Canada . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barman 1996 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Bolger , Francis William Pius ( 1961 ) . `` Prince Edward Island and Confederation 1863 -- 1873 '' ( PDF ) . St. Dunstan 's University , Charlottetwon CCHA Report 28 ( 1961 ) 25 -- 30 . University of Manitoba . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mills 1877 , p. 347 Jump up ^ `` Territorial Evolution , 1874 '' . Natural Resources Canada > Atlas Home > Explore Our Maps > History > Territorial Evolution > Territorial Evolution , 1874 . Government of Canada . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Manitoba 1876 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Manitoba 1876 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Adjacent Territories Order Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1880 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manitoba 's Boundaries '' . Association of Manitoba Land Surveyors . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2007 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Canada 1893 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Papers of the Territorial Governors '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Martin 1899 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1895 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Oklahoma , Volume 12 , No. 2 , June , 1934 : GREER COUNTY '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1897 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quebec Boundary Extension Act . Wikisource. 1898 . Jump up ^ Yukon Territory Act , S.C. 1901 , c. 41 , s . 14 Jump up ^ D.M.L. FARR ( 2007 ) . `` Alaska Boundary Dispute '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Malcolm M. ; Tanner , Richard W. ( April 1977 ) . `` Canada 's Prime Meridian '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 71 : 204 . 1977JRASC ... 71 ... 204T . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Widdis , Randy ( 2006 ) . `` 49th Parallel '' . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewry , Marilyn ( 2006 ) . `` Boundary surveys '' . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- Territorial Evolution , 1905 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . April 6 , 2004 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Strange case of Rio Rico '' ( PDF ) . tomesparza.com. 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Webb , Jeff A. ( January 2003 ) . `` The Commission of Government , 1934 -- 1949 '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site ( 2007 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ international 1914 , p. 130 Jump up ^ `` The Erie Triangle '' ( PPT ) . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Labrador Boundary Dispute Jump up ^ `` Les Dix Grand Mensonges '' . Henri Dorion discrédite les Dix Grand Mensonges sur la frontière du Labrador ( Henri Dorion debunks the Ten Great Myths about the Labrador boundary ) . Québec -- Assemblée Nationale -- Première session , 34 Législature ( Quebec -- National Assembly -- First Session , 34th Legislature ) . October 1 , 1991 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/images/carte-2011/circonscriptions/745.gif Jump up ^ http://globalnews.ca/news/1257709/quebec-election-map-revives-controversy-over-labrador-border-dispute/ ^ Jump up to : Berton 1988 , p. 629 Jump up ^ Walker , Ruth ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Nunavut becomes the newest , largest territory in Canada '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . References ( edit ) Bacci , Massimo Livi ( 2001 ) . A concise history of world population ( 2001 ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22335 - 5 . - Total pages : 251 Barman , Jean ( 1996 ) . The West beyond the West : a history of British Columbia ( 1996 ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7185 - 6 . - Total pages : 449 Berton , Pierre ( 1988 ) . The Arctic grail : the quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole , 1818 -- 1909 ( 1988 ed . ) . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82491 - 7 . - Total pages : 672 Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 2008 ) . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 2008 ed . ) . Read Books . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2193 - X . - Total pages : 320 Bourne , Charles B. ( 1977 ) . Canadian Yearbook of International Law , Volume 14 ( 1977 ed . ) . UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0069 - 0 . - Total pages : 442 Canada , Government of ( 1893 ) . Sessional papers , Volume 46 , Issue 24 : Report of the Dominion Fishery Commission on the Fisheries of the Province of Ontario ( 1893 ed . ) . C.H. Parmelee . Cannon , Kerry A. ( 1995 ) . On the Land : Confronting the Challenges to Aboriginal Self - Determination ( 1995 ed . ) . Dundurn Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9690783 - 6 - 6 . - Total pages : 165 Chamier , Frederick ; James , Wiliam . The naval history of Great Britain : from the declaration of war by France in 1793 , to the accession of George IV. , Volumes 3 - 4 ( 1837 ed . ) . London : R. Bentley . - Total pages : 377 Chamier , Frederick ; James , Wiliam . The naval history of Great Britain , from the declaration of war by France in 1793 , to the accession of George IV ( 1860 ed . ) . London : W. Clowes and sons . - Total pages : 461 Chiorazzi , Michael G. ; Most , Marguerite . Prestatehood legal materials ( 2005 ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7890 - 2056 - 4 . Dauenhauer , Richard ; Black , Lydia . Russians in Tlingit America ( 2008 ed . ) . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98601 - 8 . - Total pages : 491 Davis , William C. ( 2005 ) . The pirates Laffite : the treacherous world of the corsairs of the Gulf ( 2005 ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100403 - X . - Total pages : 706 Fink , Paul M. ( 1989 ) . Jonesborough : the first century of Tennessee 's first town , 1776 -- 1876 ( 1989 ed . ) . The Overmountain Press . ISBN 0 - 932807 - 38 - 0 . - Total pages : 203 Hansen , Jerry ( 2007 ) . State Boundaries Of America : How , Why , and When American State Lines Were Formed ( 2007 ed . ) . Heritage Books . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 4456 - 5 . - Total pages : 210 Haycox , Stephen W. ( 2002 ) . Alaska : an American colony ( 2002 ed . ) . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 677 - 0 . - Total pages : 372 international ( 1914 ) . The New international year book ( 1914 ed . ) . Dodd , Mead and Co . Kalani , Lyn ; Sweedler , Sarah . Fort Ross and the Sonoma Coast ( 2004 ed . ) . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2896 - X . - Total pages : 128 Knafla , Louis A. ; Swainger , Jonathan Scott . Laws and societies in the Canadian prairie west , 1670 -- 1940 ( 2005 ed . ) . University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 1166 - 8 . - Total pages : 344 Who Named the North - Land ? ( August 19 , 1876 ed . ) . Manitoba Free Press . Keewatin ( August 19 , 1876 ed . ) . Manitoba Free Press . Marley , David F. ( 2005 ) . Historic cities of the Americas : an illustrated encyclopedia ( 2005 ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 027 - 1 . - Total pages : 1010 Martin , Frederick ; Keltie , Sir John Scott ; Renwick , Isaac Parker Anderson ; Epstein , Mortimer ; Steinberg , Sigfrid Henry ; Paxton , John . The Statesman 's year - book ( 1899 ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Miller , Tom ( 1981 ) . On the border : portraits of America 's southwestern frontier ( 1981 ed . ) . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013039 - 3 . - Total pages : 226 Mills , David ( 1877 ) . Report on the Boundaries of the Province of Ontario ( 1877 ed . ) . Hunter , Rose & Co . - Total pages : 204 Mireles , Jovita González ; Cotera , María Eugenia . Life along the border : a landmark Tejana thesis ( 2006 ed . ) . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 564 - 9 . - Total pages : 131 Parliament , Great Britain ( 1841 ) . Correspondence relative to the affairs of Canada , 1841 ( 1841 ed . ) . Printed by W. Clowes for Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . - Total pages : 72 Van DeWater , Frederic F. ( 1974 ) . The Reluctant Republic , Vermont 1724 -- 1791 ( 1974 ed . ) . The John Day company . ISBN 0 - 914378 - 02 - 3 . - Total pages : 344 ( hide ) Territorial evolution of the world By country Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th -- 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_evolution_of_North_America_since_1763&oldid=838459141 '' Categories : History of North America Territorial evolution Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 14 . 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4099689812851645908	Mission San Juan Bautista	Mission San Juan Bautista - wikipedia Mission San Juan Bautista Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Mission San Juan Bautista in California . For other missions named `` San Juan Bautista '' , see Mission San Juan Bautista ( disambiguation ) . Mission San Juan Bautista A view of the restored Mission San Juan Bautista and its added three - bell campanario ( `` bell wall '' ) in 2010 . Two of the bells were salvaged by Father Nick Senf in 2009 from the original chime , which was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Location of Mission San Juan Bautista in California Location 406 2nd Street San Juan Bautista , California 95045 Coordinates 36 ° 50 ′ 42 '' N 121 ° 32 ′ 09 '' W / 36.845083 ° N 121.535889 ° W / 36.845083 ; - 121.535889 Coordinates : 36 ° 50 ′ 42 '' N 121 ° 32 ′ 09 '' W / 36.845083 ° N 121.535889 ° W / 36.845083 ; - 121.535889 Name as founded La Misión del Glorios Precursor de Jesu Cristo , Nuestro Señor San Juan Bautista English translation The Mission of the Glorious Precursor of Jesus Christ , Our Lord , Saint John the Baptist Patron Saint John the Baptist Nickname ( s ) `` Mission of Music '' Founding date June 24 , 1797 Founding priest ( s ) Father Fermín Lasuén Founding Order Fifteenth Military district Third Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Mutsun , Yokuts Costeño Native place name ( s ) Popeloutchom Baptisms 4,106 Marriages 1,003 Burials 2,854 Secularized 1835 Returned to the Church 1859 Governing body Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey Current use Parish Church California Historical Landmark Reference no . 195 Website http://www.oldmissionsjb.org/ Mission San Juan Bautista is a Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista , San Benito County , California . Founded on June 24 , 1797 by Fermín Lasuén of the Franciscan order , the mission was the fifteenth of the Spanish missions established in present - day California . Named for Saint John the Baptist , the mission is the namesake of the city of San Juan Bautista . Barracks for the soldiers , a nunnery , the Jose Castro House , and other buildings were constructed around a large grassy plaza in front of the church and can be seen today in their original form . The Ohlone , the original residents of the valley , were brought to live at the mission and baptized , followed by Yokuts from the Central Valley . Mission San Juan Bautista has served mass daily since 1797 , and today functions as a parish church of the Diocese of Monterey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources 5 External links History ( edit ) The church chancel with Easter decoration A photograph of Mission San Juan Bautista taken between 1880 and 1910 . The steeple ( far right ) , constructed after the mission was secularized , was subsequently destroyed in a fire . Aerial view of Mission San Juan Bautista Following its creation in 1797 , San Juan 's population grew quickly . By 1803 , there were 1,036 Native Americans living at the mission . Ranching and farming activity had moved apace , with 1,036 cattle , 4,600 sheep , 22 swine , 540 horses and 8 mules counted that year . At the same time , the harvest of wheat , barley and corn was estimated at 2,018 fanegas , each of about 220 pounds . Father Pedro Estévan Tápis ( who had a special talent for music ) joined Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta , at Mission San Juan Bautista in 1815 to teach singing to the Indians . He employed a system of notation developed in Spain that uses varied colors or textures for polyphonic music , usually ( from bottom to top ) solid black , solid red , black outline ( sometimes solid yellow ) and red outline ( or black outline when yellow was used ) . His choir of Native American boys performed for many visitors , earning the San Juan Bautista Mission the nickname `` the Mission of Music . '' Two of his handwritten choir books are preserved at the San Juan Bautista Museum . When Father Tapis died in 1825 he was buried on the mission grounds . The town of San Juan Bautista , which grew up around the mission , expanded rapidly during the California Gold Rush and continues to be a thriving community today . The mission is situated adjacent to the San Andreas Fault , and has suffered damage from numerous earthquakes , such as those of 1800 and 1906 . However , the mission was never entirely destroyed at once . It was restored initially in 1884 , and then again in 1949 with funding from the Hearst Foundation . The three - bell campanario , or `` bell wall , '' located by the church entrance , was fully restored in 2010 . An unpaved stretch of the original El Camino Real , just east of the mission , lies on a fault scarp . Although initially secularized in 1835 , the church was reconsecrated by the Roman Catholic Church in 1859 , and continues to serve as a parish of the Diocese of Monterey . The mission includes a cemetery , with the remains of over 4,000 Native American converts and Europeans buried there . The mission and its grounds were featured prominently in the 1958 Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo . Associate producer Herbert Coleman 's daughter Judy Lanini suggested the mission to Hitchcock as a filming location . A steeple , added sometime after the mission 's original construction and secularization , had been demolished following a fire , so Hitchcock added a bell tower using scale models , matte paintings , and trick photography at the Paramount studio in Los Angeles . The tower does not resemble the original steeple . The tower 's staircase was assembled inside a studio . See also ( edit ) Spanish missions in California Rancho San Justo Teatro Campesino USNS Mission San Juan ( AO - 126 ) -- a Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bennett 1897b , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 241 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 121 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 132 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 196 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ Robert Iacopi , Earthquake Country ( Menlo Park : Lane Publishing , 2004 , 1971 ) . Sources ( edit ) Bennett , John E. ( February 1897b ) . `` Should the California Missions Be Preserved ? -- Part II '' . Overland Monthly . XXIX ( 170 ) : 150 -- 161 . Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . Levy , Richard . ( 1978 ) . William C. Sturtevant , and Robert F. Heizer , ed . Handbook of North American Indians . 8 ( California ) . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 004578 - 9 . Milliken , Randall ( 1995 ) . A Time of Little Choice : The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769 -- 1910 . Ballena Press Publication , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 87919 - 132 - 5 . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Thunder Bay Press , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Juan Bautista . Mission San Juan Bautista -- official site Early photographs , sketches , land surveys of Mission San Juan Bautista , via Calisphere , California Digital Library Vertigo on IMDb Listing and photographs of church at the Historic American Buildings Survey Listing , drawings and photographs of mission at the Historic American Buildings Survey Another view of the Mission Facade , circa 1980s Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 105 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Juan Bautista Cemetery at Find a Grave Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California Ordinaries Bishop of Two Californias Francisco García Diego y Moreno José Maria González Rubio Bishop of Monterey Joseph Sadoc Alemany Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Bishop of Monterey - Los Angeles Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Francisco Mora y Borrell George Thomas Montgomery Thomas James Conaty John Joseph Cantwell Bishop of Monterey - Fresno John Bernard MacGinley Philip George Scher Aloysius Joseph Willinger Bishop of Monterey in California Harry Anselm Clinch Thaddeus Anthony Shubsda Sylvester Donovan Ryan Richard John Garcia Churches Cathedral Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo Parishes Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa Mission San Miguel Arcángel Holy Cross Church ( the former Mission Santa Cruz ) Education High school Mission College Preparatory High School , San Luis Obispo Notre Dame High School , Salinas Palma High School , Salinas Saint Francis Central Coast Catholic High School , Watsonville Santa Catalina School , Monterey Catholicism portal Franciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) Santa Gertrudis Asistencia San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First , San Diego ( 1769 ) Second , Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third , Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth , San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_San_Juan_Bautista&oldid=842479944 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California San Juan Bautista , California 1797 in Alta California Museums in San Benito County , California Religious museums in California History museums in California Churches in San Benito County , California Cemeteries in California 1797 establishments in California California Historical Landmarks Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California History of San Benito County , California Spanish Colonial architecture in California National Register of Historic Places in Monterey County , California Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 18 : 42 . About Wikipedia	who was mission san juan capistrano named after	[ "Mission San Juan Bautista is a Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista, San Benito County, California. Founded on June 24, 1797 by Fermín Lasuén of the Franciscan order, the mission was the fifteenth of the Spanish missions established in present-day California. Named for Saint John the Baptist, the mission is the namesake of the city of San Juan Bautista." ]	[ "Saint John the Baptist" ]
5069128411310234196	The Man in the High Castle	The Man in the High Castle - wikipedia The Man in the High Castle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the 2015 TV adaptation , see The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) . The Man in the High Castle Cover of first edition ( hardcover ) Author Philip K. Dick Country United States Language English Genre Alternative history Publisher Putnam Publication date October 1962 Media type Print ( Hardcover & Paperback ) Pages 239 OCLC 145507009 Dewey Decimal 813.54 The Man in the High Castle ( 1962 ) is an alternative history novel by American writer Philip K. Dick . Set in 1962 , fifteen years after an alternative ending to World War II , the novel concerns intrigues between the victorious Axis Powers -- primarily , Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany -- as they rule over the former United States , as well as daily life under the resulting totalitarian rule . The Man in the High Castle won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963 . Beginning in 2015 , the book was adapted as a multi-season TV series , with his daughter , Isa Dick Hackett , serving as one of the shows producers . Reported inspirations include Ward Moore 's alternative Civil War history , Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , various classic World War II histories , and the I Ching ( referred to in the novel ) . The novel features a `` novel within the novel '' comprising an alternative history within this alternative history wherein the Allies defeat the Axis ( though in a manner distinct from the actual historical outcome ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Background 1.2 Plot summary 2 The Grasshopper Lies Heavy 3 Inspirations 4 Reception 5 Adaptations 5.1 Audiobook 5.2 Television 6 Incomplete sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Fictional map of the world after the Axis victory Briefly , The Man in the High Castle is a `` fictional picture of a world divided by Germany and Japan , victors of the second World War '' . Background ( edit ) In the novel 's parallel history , U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt was assassinated by Giuseppe Zangara in 1934 leading to the continuation of the Great Depression and U.S. isolationism during the opening of World War II . Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany to conquer most of Europe and the Soviet Union , murdering Jews , Roma , Slavs , and other groups . Meanwhile , Imperial Japan occupied China , before taking control of India and Oceania . The Nazis then helped Italy conquer most of Africa . As Japan invaded the U.S. West Coast , Germany invaded the U.S. East Coast and most of South America . By 1947 , the U.S. and the remaining Allies surrendered to the Axis , ending the war . By the 1960s , Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany are the world 's competing superpowers , with Japan establishing the `` Pacific States of America '' ( P.S.A. ) from the former Western United States , with the remaining Rocky Mountain States now a neutral buffer zone between the P.S.A. and the Nazi - occupied former Eastern United States . For unknown reasons , Canada remains independent . Historically , Hitler had expressed respect and reverence for Canadian soldiers , even ordering that the Vimy Ridge Memorial site not be bombed . However , it is never revealed if this was the reason , or one of the reasons , for Canada 's continued independence . Hitler , though still alive , is incapacitated from advanced syphilis , and Martin Bormann has become Chancellor of Germany , with Goebbels , Heydrich , Göring , Seyss - Inquart ( who oversees the extermination of the peoples of Africa ) , and other Nazi leaders soon vying to take his place . The Nazis have drained the Mediterranean to make room for farmland , developed and used the hydrogen bomb , and designed rockets for extremely fast travel across the world as well as space , having colonized the Moon , Venus , and Mars . The novel is set mostly in San Francisco in the P.S.A. ; here , Chinese residents first appear in the novel as second - class citizens and black people as slaves . Plot summary ( edit ) In 1962 , fifteen years after Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany have won World War II , Robert `` Bob '' Childan owns an Americana antiques shop in San Francisco , California ( located in the Japanese - occupied Pacific States of America ) , which is most commonly frequented by the Japanese , who make a fetish of romanticized American cultural artifacts . Childan is contacted by Nobusuke Tagomi , a high - ranking Japanese trade official , who is seeking a gift to impress a visiting Swedish industrialist named Baynes . Childan 's store is stocked in part with antiques from the Wyndam - Matson Corporation , a metalworking company . Frank Frink ( formerly Fink ) , a secretly Jewish - American veteran of World War II , has just been fired from the Wyndam - Matson factory , when he agrees to join a former coworker to begin a handcrafted jewellery business . Meanwhile , Frink 's ex-wife , Juliana , works as a judo instructor in Canon City , Colorado ( in the neutral Mountain States buffer zone ) , where she begins a sexual relationship with an Italian truck driver and ex-soldier , Joe Cinnadella . Throughout the book , many of these characters frequently make important decisions using prophetic messages they interpret from the I Ching . Many characters are also reading a widely banned yet extremely popular new novel , The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , which depicts an alternative history in which the Allies won World War II , a concept that amazes and intrigues its readers . Frink reveals that the Wyndam - Matson Corporation has been supplying Childan with counterfeit antiques , which effectively works to blackmail Wyndam - Matson for money to finance Frink 's new jewelry venture . Tagomi and Baynes meet , but Baynes repeatedly delays any real business as they await an expected third party from Japan . Suddenly , the public receives news of the death of the recently ill Chancellor of Germany , Martin Bormann . Childan tentatively , on consignment , takes some of Frink 's `` authentic '' new metalwork and attempts to curry favor with a Japanese client , who surprisingly considers Frink 's jewellery immensely spiritually alive . Juliana and Joe take a road trip to Denver , Colorado , and Joe impulsively decides they should go on a side - trip to meet the mysterious Hawthorne Abendsen , author of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , who supposedly lives in a guarded fortress - like estate called the `` High Castle '' in Cheyenne , Wyoming . Soon , Joseph Goebbels is announced as the new German Chancellor . Baynes and Tagomi finally meet their Japanese contact as two agents of the Nazi secret police , the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) , close in to arrest Baynes , who is actually revealed to be a Nazi defector named Rudolf Wegener . Wegener warns his contact , a famed Japanese general , of Operation Dandelion , an upcoming Goebbels - approved plan for the Nazis to surprise - attack the Japanese Home Islands , in order to obliterate them in one swift stroke . As Frink is elsewhere exposed as a Jew and arrested , Wegener and Tagomi are confronted by the SD agents , both of whom Tagomi shoots dead with an antique American pistol . Back in Colorado , Joe abruptly changes his appearance and mannerisms before the trip to the High Castle , leading Juliana to deduce that he intends to actually murder Abendsen . Joe confirms this , revealing himself to be an undercover Swiss Nazi assassin . Juliana mortally wounds Joe and drives off to warn Abendsen of the threat to his life . Wegener flies back to Germany , while Tagomi remains shaken by the shootout and goes to Childan to sell back the gun he used in the fight ; however , instead , sensing the energy from one of Frink 's jewelery items , Tagomi impulsively buys it from Childan , before undergoing a spiritually intense ambiguous moment where he momentarily perceives an alternative - history version of San Francisco . Later , Tagomi on a whim forces the German authorities to release Frink , whom Tagomi has never personally met and does not know is the maker of the jewelery . Juliana soon has her own spiritual experience when she arrives in Cheyenne . There , she discovers that Abendsen now lives in a normal house with his family , having left behind the High Castle due to a change of outlook ; he no longer preoccupies himself with thoughts that he might soon be assassinated . After dodging many of Juliana 's questions about his inspiration for his novel , Abendsen finally confesses that he in fact used the I Ching to guide his writing of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy . Before leaving , Juliana infers then that `` Truth '' itself wrote the book in order to reveal the `` Inner Truth '' that Japan and Germany really lost World War II . The Grasshopper Lies Heavy ( edit ) Several characters in The Man in the High Castle read the popular novel The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , by Hawthorne Abendsen , whose title is assumed or supposed to have come from the Bible verse `` The grasshopper shall be a burden '' ( Ecclesiastes 12 : 5 ) . Thus , The Grasshopper Lies Heavy constitutes a novel within a novel , wherein Abendsen writes of an alternative universe , where the Axis Powers lost World War II ( 1939 -- 47 ) . For this reason , the Germans have banned the novel in the occupied U.S. ; but it is widely read in the Pacific , and its publication is legal in the neutral countries . The Grasshopper Lies Heavy postulates that President Roosevelt survives an assassination attempt but forgoes re-election in 1940 , honoring George Washington 's two - term limit . The next president , Rexford Tugwell , removes the Pacific Fleet from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , saving it from Japanese attack , which ensures that the U.S. enters the conflict a well - equipped naval power . The United Kingdom retains most of its military - industrial strength , contributing more to the Allied war effort , leading to Rommel 's defeat in North Africa ; the British advance through the Caucasus to fight alongside the Soviets to victory in the Battle of Stalingrad ; Italy reneges on its membership in the Axis Powers and betrays them ; British tanks and the Red Army jointly conquer Berlin ; at the end of the war , the Nazi leaders -- including Adolf Hitler -- are tried for their war crimes , wherein the Führer 's last words are Deutsche , hier steh ' ich ( `` Germans , here I stand '' ) , in imitation of Martin Luther . After the war , Winston Churchill remains the British Prime Minister , and , because of its military - industrial might , the British Empire does not collapse . The Soviet Union , crippled by war losses , collapses . The U.S. establishes strong business relations with Chiang Kai - shek 's right - wing regime in China after vanquishing the Communist Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War . The British Empire becomes more racist and expansionist post-war , while the U.S. outlaws Jim Crow laws , resolving its racism by the 1950s . Both changes provoke racial - cultural tensions between the U.S. and the U.K. , leading them to a Cold War for global hegemony between their two vaguely liberal , democratic , capitalist societies . Although the end of the novel is never depicted in the text , one character claims the book ends with the British Empire eventually defeating the U.S. , becoming the sole world superpower . Inspirations ( edit ) Dick said he conceived The Man in the High Castle when reading Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , by Ward Moore , which occurs in an alternative nineteenth - century U.S. wherein the Confederate States of America won the American Civil War . In the acknowledgments to the book , he mentions other influences : The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1960 ) , by William L. Shirer ; Hitler : A Study in Tyranny ( 1962 ) , by Alan Bullock ; The Goebbels Diaries ( 1948 ) , Louis P. Lochner , translator ; Foxes of the Desert ( 1960 ) , by Paul Carrell ; and the 1950 translation of the I Ching by Richard Wilhelm . The acknowledgments have three references to traditional Japanese and Tibetan poetic forms ; ( i ) volume one of the Anthology of Japanese Literature ( 1955 ) , edited by Donald Keene , from which is cited the haiku on page 48 ; ( ii ) from Zen and Japanese Culture ( 1955 ) , by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki , from which is cited a waka on page 135 ; and ( iii ) the Tibetan Book of the Dead ( 1960 ) , edited by W.Y. Evans - Wentz . Nathanael West 's Miss Lonelyhearts ( 1933 ) is also mentioned in the text , written before the Roosevelt assassination divergence point that separates the world of The Man in the High Castle from ours . In this novella , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' is a male newspaper journalist who writes anonymous advice as an agony aunt to forlorn readers during the height of the Great Depression ; hence , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' tries to find consolation in religion , casual sex , rural vacations , and work , none of which provide him with the sense of authenticity and engagement with the outside world that he needs . West 's book is about the elusive quality of interpersonal relationships and quest for personal meaning at a time of political turmoil within the United States . Philip Dick used the I Ching to make decisions crucial to the plot of The Man in the High Castle just as characters within the novel use the I Ching to guide decisions . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : further , broader statements aimed at encyclopedic , balanced views . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2014 ) In The Religion of Science Fiction , Frederick A. Kreuziger explores the theory of history implied by Dick 's creation of the two alternative realities : Neither of the two worlds , however , the revised version of the outcome of WWII nor the fictional account of our present world , is anywhere near similar to the world we are familiar with . But they could be ! This is what the book is about . The book argues that this world , described twice , although differently each time , is exactly the world we know and are familiar with . Indeed , it is the only world we know : the world of chance , luck , fate . Avram Davidson praised the novel as a `` superior work of fiction '' , citing Dick 's use of the I Ching as `` fascinating '' . Davidson concluded that `` It 's all here -- extrapolation , suspense , action , art , philosophy , plot , ( and ) character . '' The Man in the High Castle secured for Dick the 1963 Hugo Award for Best Novel . A new paperback edition of the novel was published in 1992 by Vintage Books . Adaptations ( edit ) Audiobook ( edit ) An unabridged The Man in the High Castle audiobook , read by George Guidall and running approximately 9.5 hours over 7 audio cassettes , was released in 1997 . Another unabridged audiobook version was released in 2008 by Blackstone Audio , read by Tom Weiner and running approximately 8.5 hours over 7 CDs . A third unabridged audiobook recording was released in 2014 by Brilliance Audio , read by Jeff Cummings with a running time of 9 : 58 . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) After a number of attempts to adapt the book to the screen , Amazon 's film production unit began in October 2014 filming the pilot episode of The Man in the High Castle in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to air on the Amazon Prime web video streaming service . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 , and was Amazon 's `` most watched pilot ever '' according to Amazon Studios ' vice president , Roy Price . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon green - lit the series . The show became available for streaming on November 20 , 2015 . The television series diverges from the novel in many significant respects . Both the Pacific States of America and the Eastern American puppet state appear to be mere provinces of the Japanese and German empires without any apparent autonomous ( even quisling ) government institutions whatsoever . The Rocky Mountain States become an anarchic Neutral Zone . World War II appears to have ended following the destruction of Washington , D.C. with an A-bomb , rather than a land invasion as in the book . As for Hitler himself , while elderly , he is apparently mostly hale in his Season 1 finale appearance , though other characters elsewhere in the season do reference his supposed physical infirmity . In the novel , the Italian Empire is a minor power which controls North Africa and the Middle East ; in the series , however , it is shown through maps that these territories are part of the Nazi Empire , suggesting that either the Italian Empire was annexed after the war or is self - governing within the Reich . Characters from the book that do appear are in most cases far more fleshed out with deeper and sometimes rather different backstories than their novel originals . For instance Wegener is a Standartenführer in the SS rather than a naval captain ( and oddly there are no German military or naval -- as opposed to SS -- personnel depicted anywhere in the first season ) . Rather than being a member of an organized internal resistance ( and despite his relatively low rank ) Wegener is a close personal confidante of Hitler himself and his disillusionment with the regime appears to be largely personal . Juliana and Frank are unmarried but living together rather than divorced and separated . Frank has a sister , nephew and niece , although they are killed early in the series , and this propels him into a more active role in relation to the resistance . Juliana also has a sister whose murder by the Kempeitai early in the season instigates her search for the mysterious Man in the High Castle , as well as her having a mother and stepfather who are significant supporting characters . Joe Cinnadella is renamed Joe Blake and as he becomes closer to Juliana appears to have growing doubts about his role as a Nazi agent . Robert Childan is however a more minor character ( at least in Season 1 ) than the original , while Ed McCarthy has a rather more prominent and active role . There are several major additional characters introduced by the television series and numerous narrative details and the plotline differ radically from the source novel . For example , the planned Nazi pre-emptive nuclear strike on Japan , `` Operation Dandelion , '' is apparently being prevented only by Hitler 's personal refusal to authorise it , leading Heydrich and the faction demanding pre-emptive war to plot the Führer 's assassination . In addition , Hawthorne Abendsen does not appear in the first season of the television version and The Grasshopper Lies Heavy is a series of newsreel films depicting multiple alternative realities rather than a novel ( although this idea may actually be borrowed from Dick 's later novel Valis which features a mysterious film depicting yet another dystopian alternative history of the USA ) . As of the Season 1 finale , these films are being tracked down by SS agents like Blake for dispatch to Hitler himself for an as - yet - unknown purpose . In season two we see a map on John Smith 's wall of the world . From this map we can see that Japan controls the entirety of the Pacific Ocean and most of the Asian continent , including China , India and half of Russia . Japan is also shown to control Australia , New Zealand , western Canada , Alaska and , all pacific states in the USA . We also see that that the Japanese Empire controls the Yucatán Peninsula and South American countries like Chile . In contrast , Nazi Germany is shown as controlling all of Europe , Africa and the Middle East . The German Empire also controls all of the United States and Canada up to the Rockies in the west and South American countries like Brazil . Germany also controls the western parts of former USSR such as the Ukraine . There are also buffer zones between the empires . Neither empire seems to have invaded Mexico and this neutral zone continues up through the Rockies and through Canada . A similar neutral zone is seen dividing Russia in half . Season two also shows two very different lifestyles in the Japanese controlled Pacific states and the German controlled east . The Germans have colonized the eastern states and are assimilating its inhabitants into Nazi beliefs . The Japanese Empire is occupying the pacific states versus colonizing them . There is enforced segregation between Japanese and Americans citizens . It is implied that Native Americans and Pacific Islanders were exterminated by the Germans . Incomplete sequel ( edit ) In a 1976 interview , Dick said he planned to write a sequel novel to The Man in the High Castle : `` And so there 's no real ending on it . I like to regard it as an open ending . It will segue into a sequel sometime . '' Dick said that he had `` started several times to write a sequel '' , but progressed little , because he was too disturbed by his original research for The Man in the High Castle and could not mentally bear `` to go back and read about Nazis again . '' He suggested that the sequel would be a collaboration with another author : `` Somebody would have to come in and help me do a sequel to it . Someone who had the stomach for the stamina to think along those lines , to get into the head ; if you 're going to start writing about Reinhard Heydrich , for instance , you have to get into his face . Can you imagine getting into Reinhard Heydrich 's face ? '' Two chapters of the proposed sequel were published in The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick , a collection of his essays and other writings . Dick 's novel Radio Free Albemuth is rumored to have started as a sequel to The Man in the High Castle . Dick described the plot of this early version of Radio Free Albemuth -- then titled VALISystem A -- writing : `` ... a divine and loving ETI ( extraterrestrial intelligence ) ... help ( s ) Hawthorne Abendsen , the protagonist - author in ( The Man in the High Castle ) , continue on in his difficult life after the Nazi secret police finally got to him ... VALISystem A , located in deep space , sees to it that nothing , absolutely nothing , can prevent Abendsen from finishing his novel . '' The novel eventually evolved into a new story unrelated to The Man in the High Castle . Dick ultimately abandoned the Albemuth book , unpublished during his lifetime , though portions were salvaged and used for 1981 's VALIS . The full book was published in 1985 , three years after Dick 's death . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II Simulated reality in fiction The Iron Dream Fatherland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( December 15 , 1962 ) . `` New Fiction '' . Library Corner . Dixon Evening Telegraph . Dixon , Illinois . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` The Canadian Unknown Soldier '' . After the Battle . Battle of Britain Intl. Ltd. ( 109 ) . ISSN 0306 - 154X . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Philip K. ( 2011 ) . The Man in the High Castle ( 1st Mariner Books ed . ) . Boston : Mariner Books . p. ix - x . ISBN 9780547601205 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cover , Arthur Byron ( February 1974 ) . `` Interview with Philip K. Dick '' . Vertex. 1 ( 6 ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ West , Nathanael ( 1933 ) Miss Lonelyhearts , New York , N.Y. : Liveright Publ . Jump up ^ Kreuziger , Frederick A . `` In The Religion of Science Fiction '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Books '' , F&SF , June 1963 , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` Philip K. Dick , Won Awards For Science - Fiction Works '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1982 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Fred ( November 7 , 1963 ) . `` A Brisk Bathrobe Canter At Cry Of ' Fire ! ' Stirs Blood '' . I-J Reporter 's Notebook . Daily Independent Journal . San Rafael , California . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Belatedly I learned that Philip K. Dick of Point Reyes Station won the Hugo , the 21st World Science Fiction Convention Annual Achievement Award for the best novel of 1962 . Jump up ^ Staff ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` New in Paperback '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Willis , Jesse ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` Review of The Man In The High Castle by Philip K. Dick '' . SFFaudio . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . BlackstoneAudio.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ L.B. `` Audiobook review : THE MAN IN THE HIGH CASTLE By Philip K. Dick , Read by Tom Weiner '' . audiofilemagazine.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Audible Inc . Jump up ^ Muir , Pat ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame '' . Yakima Herald . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios Adds Drama ' The Man In The High Castle ' , Comedy ' Just Add Magic ' To Pilot Slate '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon Orders 5 New Series Including ' Man in the High Castle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon green - lights The Man in the High Castle TV series '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian . `` Does The Man in the High Castle prove that the best TV is now streamed ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hour 25 : A Talk With Philip K. Dick `` Philip K. Dick Fan Site '' . Philipkdickfans.com . June 26 , 1976 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RC , Lord ( 2006 ) . Pink Beam : A Philip K. Dick Companion ( 1st ed . ) . Ward , Colorado : Ganymedean Slime Mold Pubs . p. 106 . ISBN 9781430324379 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dick , Philip K. ( 1995 ) . `` Part 3 . Works Related to ' The Man in the High Castle ' and its Proposed Sequel '' . In Sutin , Lawrence . The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick : Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 74787 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Pfarrer , Tony . `` A Possible Man in the High Castle Sequel ? '' . Willis E. Howard , III Home Page . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LC Online Catalog - Item Information ( Full Record ) '' . Catalog.loc.gov . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , William Lansing 2006 . `` alternative Histories : Power , Politics , and Paranoia in Philip Roth 's The Plot against America and Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , The Image of Power in Literature , Media , and Society : Selected Papers , 2006 Conference , Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery . Wright , Will ; Kaplan , Steven ( eds . ) ; Pueblo , CO : Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery , Colorado State University - Pueblo ; pp. 107 -- 11 . Campbell , Laura E. 1992 . `` Dickian Time in The Man in the High Castle '' , Extrapolation , 33 : 3 , pp. 190 -- 201 . Carter , Cassie 1995 . `` The Metacolonization of Dick 's The Man in the High Castle : Mimicry , Parasitism and Americanism in the PSA '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 67 , 22 : 3 , pp. 333 -- 342 . DiTommaso , Lorenzo , 1999 . `` Redemption in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 77 , 26 : , pp. 91 -- 119 . Fofi , Goffredo 1997 . `` Postfazione '' , Philip K. Dick , La Svastica sul Sole , Roma , Fanucci , pp. 391 -- 5 . Hayles , N. Katherine 1983 . `` Metaphysics and Metafiction in The Man in the High Castle '' , Philip K. Dick . Greenberg , M.H. ; Olander , J.D. ( eds . ) ; New York : Taplinger , 1983 , pp. 53 -- 71 . Malmgren , Carl D. 1980 . `` Philip Dick 's The Man in the High Castle and the Nature of Science Fictional Worlds '' , Bridges to Science Fiction . Slusser , George E. ; Guffey , George R. ; Rose , Mark ( eds . ) ; Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois University Press , pp. 120 -- 30 . Mountfort , Paul 2016 . `` The I Ching and Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 129 , 43 : , pp. 287 -- 309 . Pagetti , Carlo , 2001a . `` La svastica americana '' ( Introduction ) , Philip K. Dick , L'uomo nell'alto castello , Roma : Fanucci , pp. 7 -- 26 . Proietti , Salvatore , 1989 . `` The Man in The High Castle : politica e metaromanzo '' , Il sogno dei simulacri . Pagetti , Carlo ; Viviani , Gianfranco ( eds . ) ; Milano : Nord , 1989 pp. 34 -- 41 . Rieder , John 1988 . `` The Metafictive World of The Man in the High Castle : Hermeneutics , Ethics , and Political Ideology '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 45 , 15.2 : 214 - 25 . Rossi , Umberto , 2000 . `` All Around the High Castle : Narrative Voices and Fictional Visions in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Telling the Stories of America - History , Literature and the Arts - Proceedings of the 14th AISNA Biennial conference ( Pescara , 1997 ) , Clericuzio , A. ; Goldoni , Annalisa ; Mariani , Andrea ( eds . ) ; Roma : Nuova Arnica , pp. 474 -- 83 . Simons , John L. 1985 . `` The Power of Small Things in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' . The Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature , 39 : 4 , pp. 261 -- 75 . Warrick , Patricia , 1992 . `` The Encounter of Taoism and Fascism in The Man in the High Castle '' , On Philip K. Dick , Mullen et al. ( eds . ) ; Terre Haute and Greencastle : SF - TH Inc. 1992 , pp. 27 -- 52 . External links ( edit ) The Man in the High Castle cover art gallery The Man in the High Castle at the Internet Book List The Man in the High Castle at Worlds Without End Works by Philip K. Dick Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Novel Retro The Sword in the Stone by T.H. White ( 1939 ) Slan by A.E. van Vogt ( 1941 ) The Mule by Isaac Asimov ( 1946 ) Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1951 ) Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury ( 1954 ) 1953 -- 1975 The Demolished Man by Alfred Bester ( 1953 ) They 'd Rather Be Right ( aka : The Forever Machine ) by Mark Clifton and Frank Riley ( 1955 ) Double Star by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1956 ) The Big Time by Fritz Leiber ( 1958 ) A Case of Conscience by James Blish ( 1959 ) Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1960 ) A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller , Jr. ( 1961 ) Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1962 ) The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick ( 1963 ) Here Gather the Stars ( aka : Way Station ) by Clifford D. Simak ( 1964 ) The Wanderer by Fritz Leiber ( 1965 ) Dune by Frank Herbert ( 1966 , tie ) ... And Call Me Conrad ( aka : This Immortal ) by Roger Zelazny ( 1966 , tie ) The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1967 ) Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny ( 1968 ) Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner ( 1969 ) The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1970 ) Ringworld by Larry Niven ( 1971 ) To Your Scattered Bodies Go by Philip José Farmer ( 1972 ) The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov ( 1973 ) Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke ( 1974 ) The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Forever War by Joe Haldeman ( 1976 ) Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm ( 1977 ) Gateway by Frederik Pohl ( 1978 ) Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre ( 1979 ) The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke ( 1980 ) The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge ( 1981 ) Downbelow Station by C.J. Cherryh ( 1982 ) Foundation 's Edge by Isaac Asimov ( 1983 ) Startide Rising by David Brin ( 1984 ) Neuromancer by William Gibson ( 1985 ) Ender 's Game by Orson Scott Card ( 1986 ) Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card ( 1987 ) The Uplift War by David Brin ( 1988 ) Cyteen by C.J. Cherryh ( 1989 ) Hyperion by Dan Simmons ( 1990 ) The Vor Game by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1991 ) Barrayar by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1992 ) A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge / Doomsday Book by Connie Willis ( 1993 ) Green Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson ( 1994 ) Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1995 ) The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson ( 1996 ) Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson ( 1997 ) Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman ( 1998 ) To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis ( 1999 ) A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) American Gods by Neil Gaiman ( 2002 ) Hominids by Robert J. Sawyer ( 2003 ) Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 2004 ) Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke ( 2005 ) Spin by Robert Charles Wilson ( 2006 ) Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge ( 2007 ) The Yiddish Policemen 's Union by Michael Chabon ( 2008 ) The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman ( 2009 ) The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi / The City & the City by China Miéville ( 2010 ) Blackout / All Clear by Connie Willis ( 2011 ) Among Others by Jo Walton ( 2012 ) Redshirts by John Scalzi ( 2013 ) Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie ( 2014 ) The Three - Body Problem by Cixin Liu ( 2015 ) The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin ( 2016 ) The Obelisk Gate by N.K. Jemisin ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle&oldid=808245534 '' Categories : 1960s science fiction novels 1962 American novels American alternate history novels Dystopian novels Hugo Award for Best Novel - winning works Metafictional novels Postmodern novels Novels by Philip K. Dick Novels set in California Novels set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories G.P. Putnam 's Sons books Fictional states of the United States Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from August 2015 Use mdy dates from January 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from February 2014 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6763875549797831816	Fort Hunter Liggett	Fort Hunter Liggett - wikipedia Fort Hunter Liggett Jump to : navigation , search Fort Hunter Liggett Monterey County , California , USA A public hotel within Fort Hunter Liggett Coordinates 35 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 13 ′ 50 '' W / 35.952226 ° N 121.23065 ° W / 35.952226 ; - 121.23065 Coordinates : 35 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 13 ′ 50 '' W / 35.952226 ° N 121.23065 ° W / 35.952226 ; - 121.23065 Type Training Reservation / military base Site information Owner United States Army Controlled by IMCOM - West Open to the public Yes Condition Active , in use Website www.liggett.army.mil Site history Built 1940 In use 1940 -- Present Garrison information Current commander Colonel Jan Norris Garrison 80th Division ( IT ) 91st Training Division ( Operations ) Fort Hunter Liggett ( US Army Garrison , Fort Hunter Liggett ( USAG , FHL ) ) , named after General Hunter Liggett in 1941 , is a United States Army fort in southern Monterey County , California , about 250 miles ( 400 km ) north of Los Angeles and 150 miles ( 240 km ) south of San Francisco . The fort is primarily used as a training facility , where activities such as field maneuvers and live fire exercises are performed . It is roughly 25 miles northwest of Camp Roberts , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 Demographics 3 History 3.1 BRAC 2005 4 Filming location 5 Fire 6 Ecology 7 Notes 8 External links Geography ( edit ) The Salinas Valley is the fort 's northern border , the Santa Lucia Mountains bound it on the east , Los Padres National Forest on the west and the Monterey and San Luis Obispo County line on the south . The fort originally comprised 200,000 acres ( 81,000 ha ) , but even at its present size of 167,000 acres ( 68,000 ha ) , it is the largest United States Army Reserve command post . Some of the land , 52 acres ( 21 ha ) , was given to Mission San Antonio de Padua , bringing its size to 85 acres ( 34 ha ) . Additionally , land has been traded between the United States Forest Service , which owns the adjacent Los Padres National Forest , and the Army . Junipero Serra Peak or Pimkolam ( Native American name ) , formerly called Santa Lucia Peak , is to the north and Bald Mountain to the south . The fort also contains the headwaters of the Nacimiento River and San Antonio River . The opening helicopter scene of We Were Soldiers was filmed at the old Bailey Bridge spanning the San Antonio . There is an historic hotel on the Post known as The Hacienda ( Milpitas Ranchhouse ) which serves the general public and can be used as guest housing by military personnel , and as available , to the public . The `` west wing '' of The Hacienda has also served as the Installation Commander 's Quarters during various periods . A short distance past the old main gate , there is a road to the southwest which goes to what is known as the `` Primitive Campgrounds '' . There are some camper trailers there , and some water spigots around the site . There is also a central restroom on the site and a store . Near that area is a lot that has several used FEMA trailers stored . Climate ( edit ) Under the Köppen Climate Classification , `` dry - summer subtropical '' climates are often referred to as `` Mediterranean '' . This climate zone has an average temperature above 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) in their warmest months , and an average in the coldest between 18 and - 3 ° C ( 64 to 27 ° F ) . Summers tend to be dry with less than one - third that of the wettest winter month , and with less than 30mm ( 1.18 in ) of precipitation in a summer month ( hide ) Climate data for Fort Hunter Liggett , CA Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 14 ( 58 ) 17 ( 62 ) 19 ( 66 ) 23 ( 73 ) 26 ( 78 ) 31 ( 87 ) 34 ( 94 ) 34 ( 93 ) 32 ( 89 ) 27 ( 80 ) 21 ( 69 ) 16 ( 60 ) 24 ( 76 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) ( 33 ) ( 36 ) ( 38 ) 5 ( 41 ) 7 ( 45 ) 9 ( 49 ) 12 ( 53 ) 11 ( 52 ) 10 ( 50 ) 7 ( 44 ) ( 37 ) ( 33 ) 6 ( 43 ) Average precipitation cm ( inches ) 5 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 4.8 ( 1.9 ) ( 1.2 ) 0.8 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.1 ) 0.8 ( 0.3 ) ( 1.2 ) 5.3 ( 2.1 ) 28.2 ( 11.1 ) Source : Weatherbase Demographics ( edit ) There are only 250 permanent civil and military residents at the fort . However , the population can swell up to 4,000 when a rotation of personnel comes for training . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Sheridan M551A1 is displayed within the base near the main entrance Land for the fort was purchased in 1940 from William Randolph Hearst ( Hearst Castle is down the coast ) , and from adjacent landowners . This surrounded the small unincorporated town of Jolon , which remains today in a significantly diminished form from its heyday . Fort Hunter Liggett was under the authority of Camp Roberts , California , to the southeast , until 1952 , when it became a sub-installation of Fort Ord on the Monterey Peninsula . From the 1970s through the early 1990s , the base served two purposes -- as a training area for the 7th Light Infantry Division ( based at Fort Ord ) , and as the home for the USACDEC ( usually abbreviated as CDEC and later as TEC , the Training and Experimentation Command ) . The mission of CDEC was to evaluate new Army and Marine Corps weapons systems by providing a simulated Soviet Mechanized Rifle Company to act as the `` OPFOR '' , or opposing forces . By this method , the Sergeant York Air Defense Gun was found to have serious flaws , while the Marine 's LAV vehicle was validated . In 1993 , in preparation of the closure of Fort Ord due to BRAC 1991 , Hunter Liggett was transferred to the Army Reserve , which in turn made it a sub-installation of Fort McCoy , Wisconsin in 1995 . BRAC 2005 ( edit ) In its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure ( BRAC ) recommendations , the Department of Defense recommended relocating the 91st Division from Parks Reserve Forces Training Area to Hunter Liggett . In 2007 , the Army created the Combat Support Training Center at Fort Hunter Liggett and ramped up training from roughly 300,000 man - days per year ( predominately during the summer ) , to over 850,000 per year , year - round . While training was centered around Army Reserve units preparing for deployment , such was provided to all Army components ( Active , Reserve , and Guard ) , and to Air Force , Navy , Marines , and even foreign commands ( the Japanese Ground Defense Force trained there in late 2007 . ) Exercises held that first year included Pacific Warrior and Global Medic , which involved over 6,000 troops at Hunter Liggett , and connections to other units in locations across the nation . The Army installation 's garrison commander relocated from Camp Parks to Hunter Liggett in early 2007 , with oversight for Camp Parks and Army units and housing that remain at former NAS Moffett Field and B.T. Collins Reserve Center in Sacramento . Significant training infrastructure improvements were made including several Tactical Training Bases ( TTBs - analogous to Forward Operating Bases ) , a wired `` shoot - house '' , improvements to the hardened landing strip capable of handling larger Air Force transport planes , and a 7 - mile live - fire convoy course , the US Army 's only such training area capable of handing 360 - degree fire up to . 50 caliber . A new US Army Reserve Center was constructed and the 91st Division moved into their new Headquarters building in May 2009 . On 11 September 2010 the new HQ was designated as the Master Sergeant Robb G. Needham Army Reserve Center after the first 91st Division combat casualty since WWII . Filming location ( edit ) Fort Hunter Liggett was used to film parts of the movie We Were Soldiers . The base was also used in the filming of Clear and Present Danger , starring Harrison Ford . Fire ( edit ) In 2002 a small portion of Fort Hunter Liggett was scorched by a 2000 - acre fire started by a U.S. Forest Service employee 's personal Jeep . The fire resulted from a `` mechanical failure '' in the vehicle , and the employee tried to put the fire out before it spread to brush . No injuries were reported but the fire did consume several outbuildings . Following the ramp - up in training in 2007 , two fires that year consumed 5,000 acres ( an elevated boom struck an electrical wire , sparking the fire ) and 2,000 acres ( sparks from live fire catching dry vegetation near by ) . In 2008 , negligent campers left a fire smoldering at a Los Padres National Forest campsite immediately northeast of Hunter Liggett . The ensuing wildfire -- subsequently called the `` Indians Fire '' after the campsite where it originated -- consumed over 200,000 acres , 9,000 of which were on the northern end of the military installation . While battling the fire , over 3,000 firefighters from across the nation based at Fort Hunter Liggett near one of the newly established Tactical Training Bases . On August 13 , 2016 , the Chimney Fire started on the south side of Lake Nacimiento and burned northward onto the base . By the time the fire was contained , over 46,000 acres were burned of which several thousand were on the southwest part of the base . Ecology ( edit ) The fort covers hundreds of acres of grassland , chaparral and oak woodland . There are several vernal pools , a rare habitat type . The entire world population of the rare Santa Lucia mint ( Pogogyne clareana ) occurs on Fort Hunter Liggett grounds . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Fort Hunter Liggett Jump up ^ `` Hunter Liggett , California Köppen Climate Classification '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Weatherbase.com '' . Weatherbase. 2013 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Combat Support Training Center '' . About CSTS . United States Army . 2008 - 10 - 08 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ IMDB Jump up ^ Times Wire Report - July 13 , 2002 Jump up ^ Cooperative Conservation America Jump up ^ Center for Plant Conservation : P. clareana External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Hunter Liggett . Fort Hunter Liggett homepage Global Security - Fort Hunter Liggett Howser , Huell ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` Fort Hunter Liggett -- Road Trip ( 147 ) '' . California 's Gold . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . This video features many of the sites at Fort Hunter Liggett , and includes a brief interview with the Installation Commander , Col. Kevin Riedler . Martha Crusius ( 10 January 2007 ) . `` National Park Service Special Resource Study of Fort Hunter Liggett '' . National Park Service . Operational military installations of California Army Fort Fort Irwin Fort Hunter Liggett Airfield Bicycle Lake Fresno Los Alamitos Heliport O'Sullivan Roberts Range Camp Parks Camp San Luis Obispo Logistics Sierra Army Depot School Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center Marines Air Station Miramar Pendleton Bases MCRD San Diego Camp Pendleton Twentynine Palms Range Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range Mountain Warfare Training Center Edson Range Logistics Barstow Navy Depot Broadway Complex Seal Beach Military Sealift Command Long Beach Outlying landing field Imperial Beach San Clemente Island San Nicolas Island Base Coronado Point Loma San Diego Ventura County ( composed of NAS Point Mugu , NCBC Port Hueneme ) Air Station Lemoore North Island El Centro Range China Lake Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range School Naval Postgraduate School Air Force Air base Beale Edwards Los Angeles March Travis Vandenberg Range R - 2508 Complex National Guard Army Los Alamitos Camp Roberts Camp San Luis Obispo Air Channel Islands Fresno Moffett Field School California Military Academy Coast Guard Air Station Humboldt Bay Sacramento San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Station Coast Guard Island Golden Gate Training Center Training Center Petaluma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Hunter_Liggett&oldid=801931617 '' Categories : Forts in California United States Army posts Buildings and structures in Monterey County , California Geography of Monterey County , California Santa Lucia Range Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 14 . 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-30148574934243683	Hurricane Irma	Hurricane Irma - Wikipedia Hurricane Irma This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2017 . For other storms of the same name , see Tropical Storm Irma . Hurricane Irma Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Irma at peak intensity approaching the Leeward Islands on September 5 Formed August 30 , 2017 Dissipated September 13 , 2017 ( Remnant low after September 12 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) Lowest pressure 914 mbar ( hPa ) ; 26.99 inHg Fatalities 52 direct , 82 indirect Damage $64.76 billion ( 2017 USD ) ( Fifth - costliest tropical cyclone on record ) Areas affected Cape Verde , Leeward Islands ( especially Barbuda , Saint Barthelemy , Anguilla , Saint Martin and the Virgin Islands ) , Greater Antilles ( Cuba and Puerto Rico ) , Turks and Caicos Islands , The Bahamas , Eastern United States ( especially Florida ) Part of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season History Meteorological history Effects Caribbean Islands Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas British Virgin Islands Cuba United States Florida Other wikis Commons : Irma images Hurricane Irma was an extremely powerful and catastrophic Cape Verde hurricane , the strongest observed in the Atlantic in terms of maximum sustained winds since Wilma , and the strongest storm on record to exist in the open Atlantic region . Irma was the first Category 5 hurricane to strike the Leeward Islands on record , followed by Hurricane Maria two weeks later , and is the second - costliest Caribbean hurricane on record , after Maria . The ninth named storm , fourth hurricane , second major hurricane , and first Category 5 hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Irma caused widespread and catastrophic damage throughout its long lifetime , particularly in the northeastern Caribbean and the Florida Keys . It was also the most intense hurricane to strike the continental United States since Katrina in 2005 , the first major hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Wilma in the same year , and the first Category 4 hurricane to strike the state since Charley in 2004 . Irma developed from a tropical wave near Cape Verde on August 30 . Favorable conditions allowed Irma to rapidly intensify into a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson wind scale by late on August 31 . However , the storm 's intensity fluctuated between Categories 2 and 3 for the next several days , due to a series of eyewall replacement cycles . On September 4 , Irma resumed intensifying , becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day , and acquiring annular characteristics . On September 6 , Irma peaked with 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) winds and a minimum pressure of 914 hPa ( 27.0 inHg ) , making it the second most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017 , behind only Hurricane Maria , and the strongest worldwide in 2017 , in terms of wind speed . Another eyewall replacement cycle caused Irma to weaken back to a Category 4 hurricane , but the storm re-attained Category 5 status before making landfall in Cuba . Although land interaction weakened Irma to a Category 2 storm , the system re-intensified to Category 4 status as it crossed the warm waters of the Straits of Florida , before making landfall on Cudjoe Key with winds at 130 mph , ( 215 km / h ) on September 10 . Irma weakened to Category 3 status , prior to another landfall in Florida on Marco Island later that day . The system degraded into a remnant low over Alabama and ultimately dissipated on September 13 over Missouri . The storm caused catastrophic damage in Barbuda , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , Anguilla , and the Virgin Islands as a Category 5 hurricane . The hurricane caused at least 134 deaths : one in Anguilla ; one in Barbados ; three in Barbuda ; four in the British Virgin Islands ; 10 in Cuba ; 11 in the French West Indies ; one in Haiti ; three in Puerto Rico ; four on the Dutch side of Sint Maarten ; 92 in the contiguous United States , and four in the U.S. Virgin Islands . Hurricane Irma was the top Google searched term in the US and globally in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 2.1 Caribbean 2.2 Mainland United States 2.2. 1 Florida 2.2. 2 Elsewhere 2.2. 3 Sports 2.2. 4 FEMA funding 3 Impact 3.1 Antigua and Barbuda 3.2 Saint Martin 3.3 Saint Barthélemy 3.4 Anguilla 3.5 Rest of the Lesser Antilles 3.6 British Virgin Islands 3.7 U.S. Virgin Islands 3.8 Puerto Rico 3.9 Hispaniola 3.10 Turks and Caicos Islands 3.11 The Bahamas 3.12 Cuba 3.13 Mainland United States 3.13. 1 Florida 3.13. 2 Other states 4 Aftermath 4.1 Antigua and Barbuda 4.2 British Overseas Territories 4.3 The Bahamas 4.4 Cuba 4.5 Hispaniola 4.6 Puerto Rico 4.7 Saint Martin 4.8 French Overseas Departments 4.9 Florida 4.10 U.S. Virgin Islands 5 Records 6 Retirement 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Meteorological history Main article : Meteorological history of Hurricane Irma Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale The National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring a tropical wave over western Africa on August 26 . The tropical wave moved off the coast of the continent late on August 27 . Throughout the next two days , showers and thunderstorms associated with the wave became better organized and gradually coalesced into a low pressure area , as the system passed just south of and then through the Cape Verde Islands on August 29 , with the NHC stating that any significant organization of the disturbance would result in the classification of a tropical depression . Further organization over the next 24 hours or so led to classification of the disturbance as Tropical Storm Irma , at 06 : 00 UTC on August 30 , based on scatterometer data and satellite estimates . With warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear , strengthening was anticipated , with the only hindrance being slightly cooler waters and drier air . Sea surface temperatures in Hurricane Irma 's path . The nascent storm began developing upper - level poleward outflow , as an anticyclone became established over the system , with banding features becoming increasingly evident in satellite images . Early on August 31 , shortly after the development of a central dense overcast ( CDO ) and an eye feature , Irma underwent rapid intensification , becoming a Category 2 hurricane at 18 : 00 UTC and then a Category 3 hurricane , becoming a major hurricane -- around 00 : 00 UTC on September 1 . In a 48 - hour period , the hurricane 's intensity had increased by 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . On September 2 , a ship passed 60 mi ( 97 km ) to the west of the center of Irma , recording maximum winds of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , which indicated that the eye of Irma remained compact . A strong high pressure system to the north of Irma caused the storm to move west - southwestward between September 2 and September 4 . The first aircraft reconnaissance mission departed from Barbados on the afternoon of September 3 , discovering an eye 29 mi ( 47 km ) in diameter and surface winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . On September 4 , after moving into more favorable conditions , Irma strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane . As it continued approaching the Leeward Islands , Irma underwent a second and more robust period of rapid intensification , becoming a Category 5 hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC on the following day , with winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) . As it began to take on annular characteristics , the extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify , with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) near 18 : 00 UTC on September 5 -- although it was operationally assessed at 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) . Eight hours later , Irma made landfall along the northern coast of Barbuda near peak strength . Later that day , around 18 : 00 UTC , the storm 's pressure bottomed out at 914 mbar ( 27.0 inHg ) -- this was the lowest in the Atlantic since Dean in 2007 . While maintaining its intensity , Irma made successive landfalls on September 6 , at 11 : 15 UTC on Sint Maarten , and at 16 : 30 UTC on Virgin Gorda , in the British Virgin Islands , all while it was at peak intensity . Three simultaneously active hurricanes on September 7 . From left to right : Katia , Irma , and Jose , the first occurrence since 2010 . As the hurricane moved away from the Virgin Islands late on September 6 , observations from reconnaissance flights as well as Doppler radar in San Juan , Puerto Rico , indicated an elliptical eye and double eyewalls . Late on September 6 , the cyclone passed about 60 mi ( 97 km ) north of Puerto Rico . Moving west - northwestward , Irma closely paralleled the north coast of Hispaniola throughout the day on September 7 . After beginning an eyewall replacement cycle , Irma weakened to a Category 4 hurricane as it passed south of the Turks and Caicos Islands early on September 8 . This subsequently ended the 60 - hour contiguous period of Irma maintaining Category 5 intensity , the second longest any Atlantic storm had maintained winds above 156 mph ( 251 km / h ) -- behind only the 1932 Cuba hurricane . At 05 : 00 UTC on September 8 , Irma made landfall on the island of Little Inagua in the Bahamas with sustained winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) . The hurricane then began tracking more to the west due to the intensification of a subtropical ridge to its north . Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete , Irma began to re-intensify , and it re-attained Category 5 intensity at 18 : 00 UTC that day east of Cuba as deep convection became more pronounced and organized . The hurricane then made landfall in Cayo Romano , Cuba , at 03 : 00 UTC on September 9 with winds of 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) . This made Irma only the second Category 5 hurricane to strike Cuba in recorded history , after the 1924 Cuba hurricane . As the eye of Irma moved along the northern coast of Cuba , gradual weakening ensued due to land interaction , with the eye becoming cloud - filled and the intensity falling to a high - end Category 2 later on September 9 . Combined satellite image of Hurricane Andrew and Irma , showing the size comparison of the storm After slowing down late on September 9 , the hurricane turned northwestward towards Florida around the southwestern edge of the subtropical high to its northeast and a low - pressure system that was located over the continental United States . Moving over the warm waters of the Straits of Florida , Irma quickly restrengthened to a Category 4 at 06 : 00 UTC on September 10 , as deep convection improved and the eye becoming better defined . In addition , Irma 's wind field continued to increase in size , with hurricane - force winds spanning out a region of 80 mi ( 130 km ) and gale - force winds spanning 220 mi ( 350 km ) in diameter . The cyclone made landfall in Cudjoe Key , Florida , at 13 : 00 UTC on September 10 at Category 4 intensity , with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) . Increasing wind shear and land interaction caused the satellite appearance of the storm to become ragged later that day , and Irma weakened to Category 3 intensity before making its seventh and final landfall at 19 : 30 UTC in Marco Island , Florida , with sustained winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . Once Irma had moved inland , it began to accelerate to the north - northwest , while rapid weakening began to occur due to the increasing wind shear , land interaction , and dry air , with the storm falling below Category 3 intensity hours after landfall . Passing east of Tampa as a weakening Category 1 hurricane around 06 : 00 UTC on September 11 , Irma continued to weaken as most of the deep convection became more spread out towards the northern semi-circle of the circulation -- though it retained a large wind field , with most of Florida experiencing gale - force winds . The system finally weakened to a tropical storm around 12 : 00 UTC that day as it entered southern Georgia , while acquiring some extratropical characteristics . At 06 : 00 UTC on September 12 , Irma degenerated to a remnant low just as it entered Alabama , as most of the deep convection had diminished . The remnants persisted for another day or so before dissipating over Missouri on September 13 . Preparations Caribbean Infrared satellite loop of Irma approaching the northern Leeward Islands on September 5 , around the time of its upgrade to a Category 5 hurricane Given that Irma 's forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain , hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands , Puerto Rico , and parts of Hispaniola on September 5 . On September 4 , Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency . By September 6 , the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency had deployed response teams in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Supplies , including food rations , medical supplies , and blankets , were pre-staged in strategic locations on the islands for distribution . In Antigua and Barbuda , residents safeguarded their homes and cleaned up their properties in anticipation of strong winds . Emergency crews were put on standby at public shelters and hospitals by September 5 to assist with any evacuations . Expecting a direct hit , more than half of the residents on Barbuda took shelter , and relief supplies were preemptively mobilized . In Guadeloupe , low - lying and cliff - edge homes were evacuated at the threat of flooding and erosion . Schools and public businesses closed on September 5 and 6 . Hospitals stocked up on three days ' worth of supplies and checked the functionality of their generators . Of the island 's 32 municipalities , 22 activated their emergency plans ; 1,500 people were urged to take shelter . The island sustained relatively minor damage and became the base for relief efforts on St. Martin ( Collectivity of Saint Martin ) and St. Barts ( Saint Barthélemy ) . Though the core of the hurricane was expected to remain north of the island , a yellow alert was issued for Martinique due to the likelihood of rough seas . The island dispatched relief supplies and military reinforcements to its neighboring islands of Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy , which faced a greater risk of a direct impact . The National Emergency Management Organization on Saint Lucia urged small craft operators and swimmers to be mindful of forecasts for high surf . Small Craft Warnings and High Surf Advisories were hoisted for Dominica , where residents were urged to remain vigilant of the potential for high waves , landslides , and flooding . In the Turks and Caicos , evacuation orders were issued for low - lying areas starting September 5 . Schools were closed , government buildings were boarded up , and shelters were opened . Officials spread warnings to residents in English , Creole , and Spanish via social media , radio , SMS text , and WhatsApp . On September 5 , the Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters , thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage ; the United States and Haiti followed suit two days later . According to officials , 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas prior to the storm 's arrival . 7,400 tourists were moved to Santo Domingo , away from beach resorts . In Haiti , government officials and aid organizations struggled with early preparation and evacuation efforts . While some officials blamed reluctance and indifference on the part of the population , others `` admitted they were not prepared for the onslaught and no mandatory evacuation orders were in place ahead of Irma 's approach , '' per The Guardian . Local officials contended that they had not received promised funds , supplies , or equipment from the national government . The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti prepared its 1,000 peacekeepers and engineers to assist . In The Bahamas , the government began preparations the week prior to the hurricane 's arrival , including securing national sports facilities to use as shelters . By September 7 , the government had evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands , including 365 from Bimini . Controlled cutting of the power supply to southern and central Bahamian islands was conducted in advance of the storm . Shelters were made available , though usage was low due to most evacuees staying with family on other islands . Of the 2,679 foreign tourists still in The Bahamas on September 7 , about 1,200 were being housed at Atlantis Paradise Island , one of the most hurricane - ready structures in the country . In Cuba , meteorologists did not initially predict a direct hit . Fuel conservation was enacted in Camagüey Province to ensure that enough would be available during post-storm power outages . The Civil Defense evacuated nearly one million people from low - lying areas , including thousands of Canadian and European tourists in the Jardines del Rey . Dolphins at a Cayo Guillermo resort were evacuated by helicopter . Mainland United States The NHC issued several watches and warnings for the Southeastern United States . The first watches and warnings were issued at 15 : 00 UTC on September 7 , which was a hurricane watch from the Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach , including the Florida Keys and Lake Okeechobee . The watches and warnings were extended into Georgia and South Carolina on September 9 . At 21 : 00 UTC on that day , the advisories reached their maximum extent , with a hurricane warning covering the entire east coast of the state , the west coast from Indian Pass southward , and the Florida Keys ; a hurricane watch was in place from the Florida -- Georgia state line to Edisto Beach , South Carolina ; and there were two tropical storm warnings , one in Florida from Indian Pass to the Okaloosa -- Walton county line and the other from the Florida -- Georgia state line to the South Santee River in South Carolina . Watches and warnings were gradually discontinued as Irma moved inland and weakened , with all of them canceled by early on September 12 . Florida Main article : Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida § Preparations Play media ' Florida Governor Rick Scott on Evacuations ' video from Voice of America On September 4 , Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency . Governor Scott placed 100 members of the Florida National Guard on duty to assist in preparations . All 7,000 troops were ordered to be on duty by September 8 . Officials advised residents to stock their hurricane kits . The state coordinated with electrical companies in order for power outages to be restored as quickly as possible , extending resources such as equipment , fuel , and lodging for the approximately 24,000 restoration personnel who had been activated . Governor Scott suspended tolls on all toll roads in Florida , including the turnpike . All state offices in Florida were closed from September 8 to September 11 , while public schools , state colleges , and state universities in all 67 counties were closed during the same period . The Florida Department of Education coordinated with school districts as the need for transportation by school buses and opening shelters arose . By September 9 , more than 150 state parks were closed . Throughout the state , almost 700 emergency shelters were opened . The shelters collectively housed about 191,764 people , with more than 40 % of them staying in a shelter in South Florida , including 31,092 in Miami - Dade County , 17,263 in Palm Beach County , 17,040 in Collier County , and 17,000 in Broward County . Additionally , more than 60 special needs shelters were opened , which housed more than 5,000 people by September 9 . Residents in Doral installing hurricane shutters in advance of the storm Many airports across the state , particularly in Central and South Florida , were closed . Nearly 9,000 flights intending to arrive in or depart from Florida were canceled . Along Florida 's coasts , the seaports of Canaveral , Key West , Manatee , Miami , Palm Beach , and Port Everglades , and St. Petersburg were closed , while the ports at Fernandina , Jacksonville , Panama City , and Pensacola were opened , but with restricted access . For the fifth time in its 45 - year history , the Walt Disney World Resort was completely closed due to the storm . Its theme parks , water parks , and Disney Springs were all closed by 9 : 00 p.m. on September 9 and remained closed until September 12 . Other Orlando - area theme parks , including Universal Orlando Resort and SeaWorld Orlando , were also closed . The Kennedy Space Center was closed from September 8 to September 15 . An estimated 6.5 million Floridians were ordered to evacuate , mostly those living on barrier islands or in coastal areas ; in mobile or sub-standard homes ; and in low - lying or flood prone areas . Mandatory evacuations were ordered for portions of Brevard , Broward , Citrus , Collier , Dixie , Duval , Flagler , Glades , Hendry , Hernando , Indian River , Lee , Martin , Miami - Dade , Orange , Palm Beach , Pasco , Pinellas , Sarasota , Seminole , St. Lucie , Sumter , and Volusia counties . All of Monroe County , where the Florida Keys are located , was placed under a mandatory evacuation . Residents in communities near the southern half of Lake Okeechobee were also ordered to leave . Additionally , voluntary evacuation notices were issued for all or parts of Alachua , Baker , Bay , Bradford , Charlotte , Columbia , Desoto , Hardee , Highlands , Hillsborough , Lake , Manatee , Okeechobee , Osceola , and Polk counties . A record 6.5 million Floridians evacuated , making it the largest evacuation in the state 's history . Evacuees caused significant traffic congestion on northbound Interstate 95 , Interstate 75 , and Florida 's Turnpike , exacerbated by the fact that the entire Florida peninsula was within the cone of uncertainty in the NHC 's forecast path in the days before the storm , so evacuees from both coasts headed north , as evacuees would not be safer by fleeing to the opposite coast . Fuel was in short supply throughout peninsular Florida during the week before Irma 's arrival , especially along evacuation routes , leading to hours - long lines at fuel stations and even escorts of fuel trucks by the Florida Highway Patrol . Use of the left shoulder as a lane for moving traffic was allowed on northbound Interstate 75 from Wildwood to the Georgia state line beginning September 8 and on eastbound Interstate 4 from Tampa to State Road 429 near Celebration for a few hours on September 9 . It was the first time that the shoulder - use plan , which was introduced at the start of the 2017 hurricane season , was implemented by the state for hurricane evacuations . The shoulder - use plan was implemented in place of labor - and resource - intensive contraflow lane reversal , in which both sides of an interstate highway are used for one direction of traffic . Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency , which had been criticized for its response to Hurricane Harvey , took special measures to inspect and secure hazardous materials , especially at Superfund sites . Elsewhere Eastbound Interstate 4 lanes on the afternoon of September 9 are filled with evacuating traffic from the Gulf Coast ( note the emergency shoulder use by moving traffic ) , while westbound lanes are almost empty at 5 PM on a Saturday afternoon Georgia Governor Nathan Deal declared a state of emergency initially for all six coastal counties on September 6 ; however , the state of emergency was expanded to cover 30 counties in southeast and east central Georgia , and Governor Deal ordered mandatory evacuations for all areas east of Interstate 95 on September 7 . Contraflow lane reversal for Interstate 16 took effect on September 9 at 8 : 00 a.m. from Savannah to Dublin , Georgia . On September 8 , Governor Deal further expanded the state of emergency to cover 94 counties south of the Atlanta metropolitan area , with mandatory evacuations expanded to include the entirety of Chatham County as well as low - lying areas west of I - 95 . In total , 540,000 people on the Georgia coast were ordered to leave . On September 10 , the state of emergency for Georgia was extended to cover the entire state , while Atlanta was placed under its first - ever tropical storm warning . All Georgia state parks were open for free to evacuees , as was the 800 - acre camping area at Atlanta Motor Speedway . Reversible HOT lanes on Interstate 75 in Georgia through south metro Atlanta were open 24 hours northbound with no tolls . Play media Video by mayor of Fayetteville , North Carolina Nat Robertson North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency on September 6 , with South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster following suit the same day . Governor of Virginia Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency on September 8 in order to protect Virginia residents and to mobilize resources in support of neighboring states . Officials in New Orleans stated that there would not be much time for preparations if Irma failed to make the projected northward turn , but that South Texas or Florida would not be a good evacuation destination . Talladega Superspeedway near Talladega , Alabama , opened their campgrounds to evacuees free of charge . On September 10 , 2017 Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam issued an executive order allowing medical professionals in other states to practice in Tennessee to aid Hurricane Irma evacuees . This order also allowed pharmacies to give out 14 - day supplies of medicine , and gave women and children from outside the state the ability to participate in the Tennessee Department of Health programs . Sports In professional sports , the Miami Dolphins -- Tampa Bay Buccaneers game scheduled for September 10 at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami was postponed to November 19 due to the storm 's threat . The Dolphins left early for their road game against the Los Angeles Chargers . Although their schedule was not effected by Irma , the Jacksonville Jaguars remained in Houston until September 12 , two days after their game against the Texans . The Tampa Bay Rays and New York Yankees had their September 11 -- 13 series moved from Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg to Citi Field , in Queens . Minor League Baseball 's Florida State League , Carolina League , and Southern League called off their championship finals and as a result , named their division series winners league co-champions . The Miami FC versus San Francisco Deltas match on September 10 was cancelled so the players and staff could prepare for the storm with their families . The Orlando Pride of the National Women 's Soccer League rescheduled their September 9 match to September 7 . Orlando City SC of Major League Soccer did not have any scheduled home games in September , but was unable to return to training facilities in Orlando due to Hurricane Irma . In college football , the UCF Knights - Memphis Tigers game set to take place at 20 : 00 EDT on September 9 was moved to September 30 , replacing UCF 's game against Maine and Memphis game against Georgia State . UCF also cancelled their game against Georgia Tech originally scheduled for September 16 , as UCF 's stadium hosted the National Guard . The USF Bulls - Connecticut Huskies football game was also cancelled . The Miami Hurricanes -- Arkansas State Redwolves game scheduled for September 9 at Centennial Bank Stadium in Arkansas was canceled due to travel concerns for the University of Miami . The Florida Gators - Northern Colorado Bears match in Gainesville , originally scheduled for September 9 was cancelled . The Florida State Seminoles contest against the Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks was canceled on September 8 . The Seminoles ' rivalry game with the Hurricanes in Tallahassee , originally scheduled for the following Saturday , September 16 , was postponed three weeks later to October 7 . The FIU Panthers game against the Alcorn State Braves was moved up a day and relocated to Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . The Georgia Southern Eagles game against the New Hampshire Wildcats on September 9 was also moved to Legion Field for that day . FEMA funding As of September 5 , Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) funding was running dangerously low , due to its response to Hurricane Harvey in Texas the previous week , prompting the Trump administration to request an immediate $8 billion in additional funding as Irma approached Florida . Given the rate that current funds are being consumed and the catastrophic damage , the United States Senate almost doubled the requested amount to $15.3 billion , with the understanding that this would only be about 10 % of what will be required for responding to Harvey . Impact Hurricane Irma 's path was such that its impact was both far - reaching and devastating , with landfalls in Antigua and Barbuda , Saint Martin , the Bahamas , Cuba , and the United States , all at major hurricane intensity . Furthermore , the size of the storm system meant that destruction was prevalent even in territories well removed from landfall occurrences . Deaths and damage by territory Territory Fatalities Damage ( 2017 USD ) Ref Anguilla ( UK ) 7008290000000000000 ♠ $290 million Bahamas 0 7008135000000000000 ♠ $135 million Barbados N / A Barbuda ( AG ) 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150 million British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 7009346900000000000 ♠ $3.47 billion Cuba 10 7008513300000000000 ♠ $513 million Haiti N / A Puerto Rico ( US ) 7009100000000000000 ♠ $1 billion Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 7007197000000000000 ♠ $19.7 million Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ( FR ) 11 7009407000000000000 ♠ $4.07 billion Sint Maarten ( NL ) 7009250000000000000 ♠ $2.5 billion Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 0 7008500000000000000 ♠ $500 million United States 92 7010500000000000000 ♠ $50 billion U.S. Virgin Islands 7009240000000000000 ♠ $2.4 billion Totals : 134 7010647587000000000 ♠ $64.8 billion Antigua and Barbuda The eyewall of the hurricane moved over Barbuda near its record peak intensity early on September 6 ; a weather station observed a wind gust of 160 mph ( 257 km / h ) . Although reports of structural damage such as blown off roofs surfaced shortly after , the exact state of the island remained unclear for hours after Irma 's passage , as downed phone lines ceased all communication with nearby islands . Later that afternoon , Prime Minister Gaston Browne surveyed the territory by helicopter , revealing an effectively uninhabitable island . Irma damaged or destroyed 95 % of the structures on Barbuda , including its hospital , schools , and both of its hotels ; it completely flattened some residential blocks while submerging others . The destruction rendered the island 's sole airport and much of its infrastructure inoperative -- including water and telecommunication services -- which further hampered relief efforts . Property damage on Barbuda ranged from $150 million to $300 million . A total of three storm - related deaths have been reported on the island . In addition to the catastrophic impact on Barbuda 's human residents , concern turned to the storm 's effects on the island 's wildlife . The island 's only endemic bird , the near - threatened Barbuda warbler , numbered less than 2,000 individuals prior to the hurricane . It is unknown if the warbler survived the hurricane or its aftermath . Barbuda 's Codrington Lagoon , home to the largest colony of magnificent frigatebirds in the Caribbean , with an estimated 2,500 nesting pairs , was also inundated by the storm surge . Remaining just outside of Irma 's strongest windfield , Antigua sustained less severe damage , in the form of leveled roofs and fences , downed power poles and lines , and uprooted trees . Some street flooding also took place in low - lying areas . Three people were treated for minor storm - related injuries . Forensic disaster analysts from the Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology ( CEDIM ) , a Germany - based risk management agency , estimate that economic losses for Antigua and Barbuda will exceed $120 million . Saint Martin Play media Aerial video of the damage on Saint Martin , September 7 , 2017 Damaged buildings in Sint Maarten on September 7 , 2017 On the morning of September 6 , Irma 's center crossed the island of Saint Martin while the storm was at peak intensity , sweeping away entire structures , submerging roads and cars , and triggering an island - wide blackout . Irma 's extreme winds ripped trees out of the ground and sent vehicles and debris from damaged structures scattered across the territory . On the French side of Saint - Martin , entire marinas around Marigot were left in ruins , littered with the stranded remnants of boats that had smashed into each other . A hotel caught on fire , but dangerous conditions and impassable roads prevented firefighters from putting out the blaze . Another hotel lost nearly all of its ground floor . Media images depicted devastated room interiors with furniture hurled around after the winds had shattered their windows . Irma killed four people on the French side of the island and injured 50 others , one of whom was in critical condition . As many as 95 % of the buildings there were damaged to some degree ; 60 % of those were totally uninhabitable . Estimates from CEDIM indicate a minimum of $950 million worth of economic losses . Total loses exceeded € 3.5 billion ( $4.07 billion USD ) . A similar situation unfolded in Sint Maarten , Saint Martin 's Dutch half , as intense winds ripped through buildings and lifted vehicles aloft `` as if they were matches '' . The hurricane wreaked havoc on Princess Juliana International Airport , with `` huge chunks of the building ( strewn ) across the runway and a jet bridge snapped in half . '' It demolished or severely damaged about 70 % of Sint Maarten 's houses , forcing thousands of residents into public shelters . There were 4 deaths and 23 injuries , 11 of which were serious , in the Dutch territory . Irma is considered the worst natural disaster to hit Sint Maarten ; the extent of its damage far exceeded that of any previous hurricane . Prime Minister William Marlin estimates that at least € 1 billion ( $1.2 billion ) will be necessary to restore the destruction , while disaster analysts from CEDIM predict losses will exceed $1.5 billion . Saint Barthélemy Irma left widespread destruction and disastrous flooding along its path over the French island of Saint Barthélemy , southeast of Saint Martin . Describing the extent of the destruction , one local compared it to `` a bomb that burned all vegetation , '' while another said that it were as if the hurricane had effectively `` erased the island from the map '' . Violent seas swept away entire coastal establishments , with one hotel being stripped of all but its foundation . Streets in the capital of Gustavia were turned into rushing rivers , which carried away vehicles and pieces of furniture . The island 's fire station was inundated with up to 6.4 ft ( 2.0 m ) of flood waters . With scores of homes and much of the infrastructure destroyed , the majority of the island 's population was left stranded and without water , electricity or phone service . The associated economic losses could exceed $480 million according to CEDIM 's analysts . Preliminary assessments from the French government indicate that Hurricane Irma caused a combined € 1.2 billion ( $1.44 billion ) in insured losses across the French territories of Saint - Martin and Saint Barts . This total covered private property such as homes , vehicles and businesses ( including lost revenue ) ; the extent of the damage to infrastructural and public facilities remains undetermined . Nonetheless , this made Irma one of the costliest natural disasters to hit the French Republic in 50 years . On January 30 , 2018 , roughly five months after Irma , an analysis was published indicating that an anemometer on the island recorded an unofficial gust to 199 mph ( 320 km / h ) before failing . Play media NOAA aircraft flying through the eye of Hurricane Irma on September 5 , 2017 Anguilla The British Overseas Territory of Anguilla saw the eyewall of the storm pass over it on September 6 . Many homes and schools were destroyed , and the island 's only hospital was badly damaged . The devastation was particularly severe in East End , where the winds uprooted scores of trees and power poles and demolished a number of houses . In The Valley , the island 's capital , the hurricane blew out the windows of government buildings . Rough seas inflicted heavy damage upon several bays and harbors , and a seaside restaurant was completely eradicated . About 90 % of roads were left impassable . The island 's air traffic control tower was damaged , exacerbating the already poor communication with the island . One death was reported on the island . According to CEDIM , Anguilla 's economy could suffer at least $190 million in losses from the hurricane . Rest of the Lesser Antilles Large swells ahead of Irma washed ashore debris and sea life in Castries , Saint Lucia , blocking some roads . Seaside roads were inundated with water . One surfer was killed amid rough surf in Barbados after hitting a reef and breaking his neck . Trees were also destroyed . The hurricane 's effects , such as violent seas and rattling trees , were intense enough to be detected by seismographs in Guadeloupe . Several houses were damaged . Around 8,000 households and a water supply network on that island lost power during the storm , leaving several communes in the dark without running water . Overall damage was limited to external parts of houses and trees that were blown onto roads and three unmanned ships wrecked by rough seas . Saint Kitts and Nevis endured similar conditions to other islands . Blustery rainstorms triggered scattered power outages and disabled the island 's water system , but per the International Red Cross , the islands were spared the level of destruction seen elsewhere . Still , Prime Minister Timothy Harris stated that property and infrastructure had sustained `` significant damage . '' The Dutch territories of Saba and Sint Eustatius were also struck by the hurricane 's winds , resulting in infrastructural damage , water shortages and telecommunication outages . Several houses were left uninhabitable . On Saba , the hurricane also defoliated trees and injured a few people . CEDIM 's analysts expect economic losses of $20 -- 65 million for the two islands . British Virgin Islands Main article : Effects of Hurricane Irma in the British Virgin Islands Operational Land Imager imagery by Landsat 8 of the Virgin Islands from before Hurricane Irma 's impact on August 25 , 2017 , and after on September 10 , 2017 , depicting a `` browning '' of the landscape and vegetation . Damage in the British Virgin Islands was extensive . Numerous buildings and roads were destroyed on the island of Tortola , which bore the brunt of the hurricane 's core . Four people were confirmed dead . Along Cane Garden Bay , the storm surge submerged several seaside bars and a gas station . Satellite images revealed many of the island 's residential zones had been left in ruins . The hurricane passed over Necker Island , also causing severe damage and destroying the mansion of Richard Branson . Most homes and businesses were destroyed on the island of Jost Van Dyke , the smallest of the B.V.I. 's four main islands . The Governor , Gus Jaspert , who had only been sworn into office 13 days previously , declared a state of emergency - the first time this has ever happened in the Territory . After the storm , authorities estimated that it would take 6 months to restore public electricity to the entire country ; an estimate which proved largely accurate . U.S. Virgin Islands Play media U.S. Navy video of damage assessments in the U.S. Virgin Islands Irma 's effects in the U.S. Virgin Islands were most profound on Saint Thomas , where at least 12 inches ( 305 mm ) of rain fell , and on Saint John . Saint Thomas island suffered widespread structural damage , including to its police station and airport . Patients from the fourth and third floors of Charlotte Amalie 's hospital had to be relocated to lower floors due to flooding from roof leaks . Three deaths were attributed to Irma on the island . On nearby Saint Croix , there were communication issues and some damage to the infrastructure . Saint John lost access to ferry and cargo services , along with access to the local airport . Due to its normal reliance on electricity from Saint Thomas , the island was left without power . Puerto Rico Waves in Puerto Rico reached 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) in height ; a 111 miles ( 179 km ) per hour gust was measured on Culebra . Two people died due to rainstorms ahead of the hurricane : one man died in Orocovis after falling off his ladder while repairing his roof ; another man on the coast in Capitanejo died after being struck by lightning . Three nearby fishermen were burned by the same lightning strike , but survived . Two other people died during the hurricane : a woman died while being evacuated from her house in a wheelchair and fell from the same hitting her head ; another person died in a car accident in Canóvanas . In rural Loíza , 79 homes were destroyed . More than a million residents lost power due to damages caused by the storm , according to former Puerto Rican Governor Alejandro García Padilla . Governor Ricardo Rosselló declared the islands of Culebra and Vieques to be disaster areas . Hispaniola People stand in a flooded street that usually serves as a farmers market , in Ouanaminthe , northeast Haiti , September 8 , 2017 . Although spared a direct hit , both the Dominican Republic and Haiti were affected by high winds and heavy rains . A bridge over the Dajabón River connecting the two countries was broken . In the Dominican Republic , the fishing community of Nagua sustained damage from waves that destroyed homes . 55,000 soldiers were deployed to affected areas to help with the clean - up efforts . By the evening of September 7 , the government had counted 2,721 damaged homes . In Haiti , flooding one meter deep sat in residential neighborhoods in places like Cap - Haïtien , Ouanaminthe , and Gonaives . Mudslides , destroyed homes , flooded crops , and infrastructure damage were reported in the northern part of the country . The total expanse of the flooding stretched from Môle - Saint - Nicolas in the west to the eastern border with the Dominican Republic . Turks and Caicos Islands On the evening of September 7 , at 7 : 30 pm AST ( 23 : 30 UTC ) , Hurricane Irma reached the Turks and Caicos Islands . While the eye passed just south of the main islands , crossing over South Caicos and the Ambergris Cays , the most powerful winds on the northern side of the eye swept all of the islands for more than two hours . Communications infrastructure was destroyed . On September 8 , Minister of Infrastructure Goldray Ewing confirmed that damage to Providenciales was extensive , with the northwestern neighborhood of Blue Hill being `` gone '' . The hospital in the capital , Cockburn Town , was damaged , but no deaths or injuries have been reported as of yet . On South Caicos , 75 % of roofs were lost . Total damage is unknown , but believed to exceed the $231 million toll of Hurricane Ike in 2008 . The Bahamas In the Bahamas , the eye of the storm passed over Duncan Town , the major settlement of the Ragged Islands chain , on September 8 . It also passed `` almost directly over '' Inagua and South Acklins , according to the Bahamas Department of Meteorology . Damages were largely confined to the southern islands starting the morning of September 8 . On Mayaguana and Great Inagua , downed power lines knocked out communications . On Great Inagua , 70 % of homes sustained roof damage , and the island 's school lost its roof entirely . The Morton Salt Company 's signature production facility , one of the major employers in the country , experienced millions of dollars in damages . The Acklins settlement of Salina Point was cut off from the rest of the island by flooding , while Crooked Island had widespread roof damage . In the northern Bahamas , the worst property damage came on September 10 as the outer bands of the system produced tornadic activity on Grand Bahama and Bimini . Damage and losses across The Bahamas amounted to $135 million . While Irma was making landfall in Florida , the ocean surrounding the Bahamas was drawn away by Irma . Cuba Patrol boat Admiral Didiez Burgos of the Dominican Navy delivering disaster supplies in Havana Harbor after Hurricane Irma . Early on September 9 , Irma made landfall on the Camagüey Archipelago off the northern coast of Cuba , with sustained winds of 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) . Throughout the country , the hurricane inflicted 13.6 billion pesos ( US $513.3 million ) in damage and killed 10 people . More than 158,000 homes suffered damage , of which 14,657 were destroyed ; approximately 1.9 million people experienced the direct effects of Irma . The weather station at Esmeralda , Camagüey was damaged , with the wind gauge destroyed . According to The New York Times , northern Cuba experienced `` waves more than 16 feet high , and damage to hospitals , factories and warehouses . '' By the afternoon of September 9 , Irma had weakened to Category 2 due to the Cuban topography but continued to cause significant damage . The tourist areas of Cayo Coco , Cayo Guillermo and Cayo Santa María and the nearby town of Caibarién received the brunt of the storm , with waves rolling through town and the characteristic one - story homes completely flooded . Flooding worsened as the hurricane moved west , pushing the storm surge along to the regions around Havana . By the afternoon , limited flooding was occurring in Havana , including around the Malecón . Widespread destruction of housing was reported in the provinces of Ciego de Ávila and Villa Clara . In the city of Santa Clara , 39 buildings collapsed . Hurricane Irma directly impacted a major colony of American flamingos on Cuba 's northern Cayo Coco . Early reports from Diario de Cuba indicated that several hundred flamingos had been killed by the storm , though other estimates ranged as high as several thousand birds . Mainland United States Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Cost refers to total estimated property damage Rank Hurricane Season Damage Katrina 2005 7011125000000000000 ♠ $125 billion Harvey 2017 Maria 2017 7010900000000000000 ♠ $90 billion Sandy 2012 7010650000000000000 ♠ $65 billion 5 Irma 2017 7010534000000000000 ♠ $53.4 billion 6 Ike 2008 7010300000000000000 ♠ $30 billion 7 Andrew 1992 7010270000000000000 ♠ $27 billion 8 Ivan 7010205000000000000 ♠ $20.5 billion 9 Wilma 2005 7010190000000000000 ♠ $19 billion 10 Rita 2005 7010185000000000000 ♠ $18.5 billion Source : National Hurricane Center True - color images before and after the passage of Irma , in which light blue indicates sediment suspended in the water , kicked up by the intensity of the storm Hurricane Irma affected multiple states in the South , especially Florida . Except the Florida Keys , the total damage Irma caused was not as great as government officials and forecasters had warned . Hurricane Irma weakened after making landfall in Cuba , but strengthened back into a Category 4 prior to hitting the Keys . The Florida Keys suffered the worst of the damage in the United States . After surveying the aftermath of Irma , Florida governor Rick Scott said `` I thought we would see more damage '' ( on the mainland ) but said `` he witnessed devastation in the Keys '' . President Donald Trump commented on Twitter that the devastation in some places was `` far greater than anyone thought '' . Damage in the United States was estimated at a minimum of $50 billion . At the time , Irma was the fourth costliest tropical cyclone in the United States , behind hurricanes Sandy in 2012 , Harvey earlier that year , and Katrina in 2005 . However , later in September 2017 , Hurricane Maria became the third costliest United States tropical cyclone , causing Irma to be ranked fall to the fifth costliest . At least 92 people died throughout the United States in relation to Hurricane Irma : 84 in Florida , 3 in Georgia , 3 in South Carolina , and 2 in North Carolina . The hurricane left more than 9.2 million power outages . Florida Main article : Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida Light pole with lamp torn away and landing about 50 ft ( 15 m ) away - Miami Beach The storm 's large wind field resulted in strong winds across much of Florida , except for the western Panhandle . The highest reported sustained wind speed was 112 mph ( 180 km / h ) on Marco Island , while the strongest observed wind gust was 142 mph ( 229 km / h ) , recorded near Naples , though wind gusts of 150 to 160 mph ( 240 to 260 km / h ) likely occurred in the Middle Florida Keys . More than 7.7 million homes and businesses in Florida were left without electricity at some point -- approximately 73.33 % of state . Generally heavy amounts of rainfall were recorded to the east of the Irma 's path , including a peak total of 21.66 in ( 550 mm ) in Fort Pierce . Heavy precipitation -- and storm surge , in some instances -- overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks , causing in significant flooding , particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries . Many homes and businesses suffered damage or destruction , with more than 65,000 structures damaged to some degree in West Central and Southwest Florida alone . Agriculture experienced about $2.5 billion in damage . It was estimated that the cyclone caused at least $50 billion in damage , making Irma the costliest hurricane in Florida history , surpassing Hurricane Andrew . Throughout Florida , at least 84 people died in storm - related incidents . About half of the deaths occurred from drowning , trauma , and carbon monoxide poisoning . The first Irma - related death in Florida occurred on September 8 , when a man fell off a ladder while installing hurricane shutters in Davie . Broward County had 21 fatalities , the most of any county in Florida . Among those deaths were 12 people at The Rehabilitation Center at Hollywood Hills , a Hollywood nursing home . The patients died from sweltering heat worsened by the lack of air conditioning . The hurricane also left at least 14 deaths in Monroe County ( location of the Florida Keys ) ; 6 deaths in Orange County ; 5 deaths each in Duval , Miami - Dade , and Palm Beach counties ; 4 deaths in both Highlands and Hillsborough counties ; 3 deaths in both Marion and Polk counties ; 2 deaths each in Collier , Hardee , Leon , Pinellas , St. Lucie , and Taylor counties ; and 1 death in Hendry , Lake , Lee , Liberty , Manatee , Nassau , Okeechobee , Pasco , Seminole , St. Johns , and Volusia counties . Boats washed up on U.S. Route 1 in the Florida Keys With Irma making landfall in Monroe County as a Category 4 hurricane , the Florida Keys were hardest hit area in the state . Strong winds and storm surge flooding caused major damage to buildings , trailer parks , boats , roads , the electricity supply , mobile phone coverage , internet access , sanitation , the water supply and the fuel supply throughout the island chain . An estimated 10 ft ( 3 m ) storm surge occurred at Cudjoe Key , where Irma made landfall . Throughout the island , 625 homes sustained minor damage , 52 sustained major damage , and 81 were demolished . On Big Pine Key , one of the most devastated islands , 633 homes received minor impact , 299 homes received major impact , and 473 homes were completely destroyed . Overall in Monroe County , 27,649 homes experienced some degree of damage , including 1,179 homes being destroyed , 2,977 homes receiving major damage , and 5,361 suffering minor damage . Hurricane Irma on September 10 , right before landfall on Florida . Hurricane Jose can be seen to the lower right . After devastating the Keys , the storm then struck Collier County as a Category 3 hurricane . Several communities in the county suffered extensive damage , especially along the coast . Throughout the unincorporated areas of the county , 65 homes , including 44 mobile homes , were demolished , while 1,008 homes received major damage . Property damages in unincorporated areas alone reach about $320 million . Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall , which caused prolonged flooding in some areas . More than 24,000 homes suffered some degree of damage , with almost 3,000 homes receiving major damage and 89 homes being destroyed . Damage in the county totaled about $857 million . Impact in much of the Miami metropolitan area was generally limited to extensive tree and fence damage , as well as widespread power outages . However , in Miami - Dade County , about 1,000 homes received major damage and about 50 % of crops were lost . Storm surge caused coastal flooding from Homestead to Downtown Miami , as well as in portions of Miami Beach . Parts of the Florida Heartland were devastated by high winds and flooding , particularly Hendry and Highlands counties . Both counties experienced a near - total loss of electricity . In the former , which has most citrus trees of any county in Florida , about 60 % of orange crops were lost . Throughout Hendry County , a total of 451 homes had minor damage , 131 homes suffered major damage , and 42 others were destroyed . In Highlands County , 13,138 businesses and homes were damaged to some degree , with 144 being destroyed , 963 sustaining major damage , and 2,408 receiving minor damage . Strong winds and heavy rainfall in Central Florida left some wind damage and extensive flooding , especially in parts of Lake , Orange , Seminole , and Volusia counties , necessitating evacuations and rescues , including more than 200 people in Orlo Vista after hundreds of homes were flooded . A total of 2,999 business or homes were damaged in Lake County , 7,430 in Seminole County , and 3,457 in Volusia County . Additionally , eight tornadoes touched down in Brevard County , all of which caused damage . Play media Overflight of Jacksonville after Hurricane Irma Along much of the Gulf Coast of Florida , to the north of where Irma made landfall , negative storm surges were observed , with water retracting rather than pushing inland , causing little coastal flooding . However , on the opposite coast , extensive erosion and storm surge flooding occurred in the First Coast , especially in Duval and St. Johns counties . In Duval County , the St. Johns River crested at heights that exceeded records set during Hurricane Dora in 1964 . Portions of Jacksonville experienced flooding , particularly the downtown area and the Riverside and San Marco neighborhoods , with about 350 people rescued in those sections of the city . Water reached about 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) high in some homes . The city of Jacksonville suffered about $85 million in damage . In St. Johns County , storm surge left extensive damage to oceanfront properties in Ponte Vedra Beach and Vilano Beach , with several becoming uninhabitable . Additionally , some riverfront businesses in St. Augustine 's historic district were flooded due to storm surge from the Matanzas River . In nearby Clay County , rainfall and storm surge combined to cause extensive flooding along portions of the Black Creek and the St. Johns River , with record high crests at several locations along the former . About 350 people and 75 animals were rescued from floodwaters throughout the county . A total of 275 homes were destroyed , 175 were inflicted major damage , and 124 received minor damage . Other States Three deaths were reported in Georgia due to falling trees and debris , along with widespread wind damage and power outages throughout the state primarily due to fallen trees . On Tybee Island , the storm surge caused extensive flooding . In Charleston , South Carolina , the third highest storm surge on record was recorded , reaching a height of approximately 10 ft ( 3 m ) . By of September 12 , almost 100,000 had lost power in Upstate South Carolina . Five people died in storm - related incidents across South Carolina , all from indirect incidents . Light damage occurred in other areas , including Tennessee . About 75,000 customers in North Carolina lost power due to Irma . Aftermath In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Irma 's path through the West Indies and Caribbean , the devastation to roads , harbors and airports significantly impeded the transportation and distribution of relief supplies . Foreign countries moved to provide much of the initial aid . The British , Dutch , French , and United States governments sent warships and planes with supplies and manpower to the region . International leaders , including Dutch King Willem - Alexander and French President Emmanuel Macron , quickly moved to visit affected territories . Some of the affected countries and territories also offered assistance to each other . Cuba , which sustained extensive damage from the storm , sent 750 health workers to Antigua and Barbuda , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , The Bahamas , Dominica , and Haiti . Government officials and members of the public in Puerto Rico delivered assistance and evacuated people stranded on other islands . The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services granted special 30 - day humanitarian visas for British Virgin Islanders to stay in Puerto Rico . Hundreds of people stranded on Saint Martin were flown to the Dominican Republic on humanitarian grounds . Antigua and Barbuda A house that was badly damaged by the hurricane In response to Hurricane Jose 's approach , the Government of Antigua and Barbuda issued a mandatory evacuation on September 9 for any remaining residents on Barbuda . A Miami cargo plane landed on Antigua later that day , carrying over 60 tons ( 120,000 lbs ) of relief supplies for the displaced storm victims -- including bottled water , canned food and power generators . British Overseas territories A UK Royal Logistics Corp landing raft delivers emergency relief to Anguilla Former British Secretary of State for International Development Priti Patel being briefed by her staff on the hurricane RFA Mounts Bay stationed itself near Anguilla and provided support and relief work to the island with its helicopters and 40 marines and army engineers . The ship delivered 6 tonnes of emergency aid to Anguilla and army engineers repaired a fuel leak at Anguilla 's main petrol dump , restored power to the island 's hospital and provided shelters for those left homeless by the hurricane . The ship arrived in the British Virgin Islands on September 8 , 2017 to provide emergency relief to the islands , including providing shelters , food and water . HMS Ocean was diverted from the Mediterranean to provide relief from Gibraltar to the affected British Overseas Territories of Anguilla , British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos on September 7 , 2017 , and aid is also being supplied by the Department for International Development from their disaster response centre at Kemble Airfield . As part of a £ 32 million operation named Operation Ruman , nearly 500 UK military personnel with emergency relief were dispatched from RAF Brize Norton . This included the first deployment of No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing with 3 RAF aircraft ; 2 Airbus A400M Atlas and 1 C130J hercules to support relief efforts . RAF A400M ATLAS delivers UK AID on OP RUMAN The British government also drafted 2 members of the UK police calibre into the region on September 10 , 2017 and 53 police officers were drafted from RAF Brize Norton to the affected British Overseas Territories on September 15 , 2017 to help maintain order . UK politicians , including the chairs of the foreign affairs and development select committees , criticized both the government 's preparations for the storm and its response as inadequate . Royal Marines delivering aid and providing support to the islanders of Jost Van Dyke , British Virgin Islands By September 12 , 2017 , the Department for International Development had delivered more than 40 tonnes of aid into the region , including into Turks and Caicos , and 1,000 UK military troops were deployed in the region as part of relief efforts . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Theresa May , pledged an additional £ 25 million worth of funding as part of relief efforts in the region on September 13 , 2017 and the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , Boris Johnson , said that a further 250 UK military personnel would be deployed into the area within the next few days . Anguilla 's Chief Minister , Victor Banks , praised the British government 's response to the storm and said that Boris Johnson 's visit to the island `` sends a very positive signal to Anguillans that the British are serious about their response to this very severe hurricane '' , but went on to say that the current financial commitment from the UK was not substantial enough . By September 15 , 2017 , the United Kingdom had over 70 military personnel and 4 police officers in Anguilla and had delivered 15 tonnes of aid to the island . In the British Virgin Islands , Royal Marines had cleared the airfield so that it was operational for the delivery of aid into the islands , with more than 200 British military personnel and 54 UK police officers on the ground and 8 tonnes of aid delivered to the islands . 120 British military personnel were on the ground in Turks and Caicos , and over 150 shelter kits and 720 liters of water were delivered to the islands on September 15 . Amendments to international aid rules by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( or OECD ) allowed for the UK government to provide access to £ 13 billion worth of aid to the affected British Overseas Territories , through the UK 's Official Development Assistance ( ODA ) by November 2017 . The Bahamas By the afternoon of September 9 , Bahamas Power and Light Company had dispatched crews across the archipelago to repair infrastructure damage . The southernmost islands , which were most severely affected by Irma 's eye , remained largely inaccessible for days . Assessments showed that 15 % of the national telecommunications network had been affected , with at least one tower destroyed . Bahamasair resumed a limited domestic schedule on September 10 , with international flights still cancelled due to existing and anticipated destruction at other destinations . The worst devastation occurred on Ragged Island , over which Irma 's eye had directly passed . After days of the National Emergency Management Agency not being able to physically reach the island , officials were finally able to inspect it ; they promptly declared it uninhabitable . Prime Minister Hubert Minnis said that it was the worst disaster area he or his officials had ever seen , and that all remaining residents would need to leave , potentially permanently . Business leaders and other officials called for a new long - term development model to shift the population away from such sparsely - settled islands . On Grand Bahama and Bimini , where tornadoes associated with Irma touched down on September 10 , more than 100 people were left displaced . Infrastructure damage included docks , parks , and the power system . Aside from tangible asset losses , Irma brought significant economic damages . International freight shipping was projected to be offline for a week , and costs for rebuilding supplies were inflated due to demand in the U.S. Cuba Swollen rivers contributed to worsening flooding in the days after the storm system left , resulting in additional evacuations . Officials resorted to using inflatable rafts to access affected areas . The national electrical infrastructure was said to be extensively damaged . Hispaniola In the Dominican Republic , flooding worsened following Irma 's departure , leading the number of displaced persons to increase to more than 24,000 by September 8 . President Danilo Medina ordered further evacuations due to at - risk dams , while the government banned swimming in rivers and ordered boats kept in port . More than 422,000 people were left without water due to 28 aqueducts being damaged . In Haiti , officials stated that losses were greater than they could have been since people largely did not heed early preparation and evacuation warnings . At least 5,000 homes were flooded . One man died trying to cross a flooded river ; another went missing and 17 were injured . The trash - and waste - contaminated floodwaters in places like Cap - Haïtien , Ouanaminthe , and Gonaives led to fears of cholera outbreaks . Flooding continued to worsen days after the storm , as runoff from the mountains swelled rivers in low - lying farming communities . United Nations peacekeepers from Brazil were able to gain access to the flooded northwest region to provide urgent aid , but non-governmental organizations and Haitian economists warned that the estimated 30,000 victims would need longer - term assistance as well . Prime Minister Jack Guy Lafontant appointed a government commission to address Irma 's effects , with Action Against Hunger in charge of humanitarian coordination . Puerto Rico By September 9 , more than one million Puerto Ricans were still without power , tens of thousands were without water , and several thousand were still in shelters . Hospitals were operating on generator power . The government was struggling to establish contact with the islands of Culebra and Vieques . By September 10 , the main island had recovered enough to serve as a refuge for people stranded on other islands , including 1,200 tourists from Saint Martin and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Airlifts had brought more than 50 patients to Puerto Rico . Saint Martin Damage to Sint Maarten 's harbour and to Princess Juliana International Airport left the Dutch part of Saint Martin unreachable , although the smaller Grand Case - Espérance Airport on the French side could be reopened by September 7 for supply aid by helicopter and airplane . The French armed forces based in Guadeloupe and French Guiana flew equipment and troops on board a CASA / IPTN CN - 235 aircraft . The following day , the Dutch military was able to airlift dialysis patients off the island while also dropping leaflets to warn islanders about the rapidly approaching Hurricane Jose . Although the airport was closed , 435 students and faculty of the American University of the Caribbean were evacuated by the U.S. military . On September 10 , Dutch King Willem - Alexander departed for the region , with intentions to visit Sint Maarten and other affected Dutch territories and commonwealth members . French President Emmanuel Macron followed this announcement by stating his intentions to visit the French part of the island on September 12 in order to bring aid supplies . In response to criticism of the French handling of the disaster , 1,000 troops , police , and other emergency workers were sent to Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . On both sides of Saint Martin , desperate conditions combined with food and water shortages in Irma 's aftermath led to reports of violence , scavenging , and theft . In response , the French government increased its troop deployment to 2,200 and the Dutch government sent more than 600 military and police personnel . French Overseas departments The day after the hurricane hit Saint Barthelemy the French armed forces based in Guadeloupe and French Guiana flew equipment and troops into the reopened Grand Case - Espérance Airport . On September 7 and 9 , equipment and personnel were flown from France to Guadeloupe and Martinique . Florida Most intense landfalling hurricanes in the Contiguous United States Intensity is measured solely by central pressure Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure `` Labor Day '' 1935 892 mbar ( hPa ) Camille 1969 900 mbar ( hPa ) Katrina 2005 920 mbar ( hPa ) Andrew 1992 922 mbar ( hPa ) 5 `` Indianola '' 1886 925 mbar ( hPa ) 6 `` Florida Keys '' 1919 927 mbar ( hPa ) 7 `` Okeechobee '' 1928 929 mbar ( hPa ) 8 `` Great Miami '' 1926 930 mbar ( hPa ) Donna 1960 10 Carla 1961 931 mbar ( hPa ) Irma 2017 Source : HURDAT , Hurricane Research Division There were sporadic reports of looting and burglaries at several Miami Metro area businesses with the theft of non-essential items such as sports apparel and athletic shoes during the height of the storm . On September 11 , Florida Governor Rick Scott conducted an aerial tour to survey the damage to the Keys . The Overseas Highway remained closed while authorities assessed the integrity of the 42 bridges along the route . Residents returning to the Keys were faced with a police roadblock , to the south of Florida City . USS Iwo Jima , USS New York and aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln were sent to the Keys area to aid with the recovery . On September 12 , some residents were allowed to return into the Keys as far as Islamorada . Although road damage blocked entry any further than Islamorada , bridges had been inspected and found safe to Sugarloaf Key . By late on September 12 , the Overseas Highway had been repaired and the bridges inspected as safe for first responders to travel to Key West . On September 16 , residents were free to return to Marathon . Residents were allowed to return to Key West the following day , although the Keys remained closed to tourists and a checkpoint remained in place in Florida City . Nighttime satellite images of Florida before ( left ) and the night after ( right ) Hurricane Irma , highlighting the extensive loss of grid ( mains ) electricity By September 12 , almost 4.4 million homes and businesses in Florida were without power , according to state officials . Due mainly to the widespread loss of power , cell phone service was also significantly impacted after battery backup power for cell phone towers ran out and backup generators ran out of fuel . In an impact report by the FCC , as of 11 AM EDT on September 12 , 89 of 108 ( 82 % ) cell phone towers were non-functioning in Monroe County ( Florida Keys ) , 154 of 212 ( 73 % ) were non-functioning in Collier County ( Naples ) , 36 of 46 ( 78 % ) were non-functioning in Hendry County , and an additional six counties had 41 - 60 % of cell phone towers not functioning , including Lee County ( Ft . Myers ) and Miami - Dade County . From September 12 , NOAA released map - format aerial reconnaissance image data along the length of the Keys , and the coast around Naples and Fort Myers . In the days after the hurricane , due to the heavy rainfall , numerous rivers had flooded their surrounding land , including residential areas . Public health risks , such as diarrheal infections and mosquito - borne illnesses , remain from the flooding that resulted in the aftermath of the hurricane . A large concern from flooding is contamination because people become exposed to dirty floodwaters and the potential for contaminated water to get into the local water supply is significant . One example of an illness that can get into the water supply is leptospirosis , which is caused by rat urine being in the floodwaters . If people are exposed to leptospirosis and do not get treatment , it can cause kidney damage , meningitis , and liver failure . Noroviruses and other infections are also a risk . Following Irma 's passage , a 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) hand - carved wooden canoe was discovered on the banks of the Indian River and could be several hundred years old . The state has removed the canoe for examination and safe keeping . Due to Irma 's and Hurricane Harvey 's impact in Florida and Texas , the U.S. employment declined in September for the first time since September 2010 . The leisure and hospitality industries were especially hard hit , losing 111,000 jobs in the month of September . U.S. Virgin Islands In the U.S. Virgin Islands , residents and tourists alike were described as being in a state of traumatic shock . By September 7 , the USS Wasp amphibious assault ship had arrived in the U.S. Virgin Islands to provide supplies , damage assessment , and evacuation assistance . Four additional warships , some of which had already been on their way to Texas to assist with Hurricane Harvey relief , were redirected to the region . The National Guard was delayed in reaching Saint John due to the number of overturned boats left in the harbor . At a September 10 news conference , Governor Kenneth Mapp described Irma as a `` horrific disaster '' for which `` ( t ) here will be no restorations or solutions in days or weeks . '' The Federal Emergency Management Agency airlifted in goods for residents , who were subjected to a curfew . Norwegian Cruise Lines and Royal Caribbean Cruise Line agreed to transport tourists to Florida , contingent upon port availability following the state 's own experience with Irma . On Saint John , which was described by The Washington Post as `` perhaps the site of Irma 's worst devastation on American soil , '' it took six days for an active - theater disaster zone to be established , leading to criticism of the U.S. government response . The National Guard was brought in to maintain order , while the Coast Guard brought evacuees to cruise ships bound for San Juan and Miami . There was still no electricity on St. John in the middle of October 2017 . Records Irma set multiple records for intensity , especially at easterly longitudes , time spent at such an intensity , and its intensity at landfall . When Irma reached Category 5 intensity with winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) at 11 : 45 UTC on September 5 at 57.7 ° W , it became the easternmost Atlantic hurricane of this strength on record , surpassing Hurricane David of 1979 . By 00 : 15 UTC on September 6 , Irma reached peak intensity with 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) winds and a minimum pressure of 914 mbar ( 914 hPa ; 27.0 inHg ) . This ties it with Hurricane Mitch of 1998 and Hurricane Rita of 2005 as the fifth - strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed . Only four other Atlantic hurricanes have been recorded with wind speeds higher than Irma : Hurricane Allen of 1980 , which had maximum sustained winds of 190 mph ( 305 km / h ) , and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane , Hurricane Gilbert of 1988 , and Hurricane Wilma of 2005 , all of which had peak winds of 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) . Upon reaching peak intensity , Irma also became the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean outside the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico , as well as the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Wilma in terms of maximum sustained winds , and the most intense in terms of pressure since Dean in 2007 . In addition , Irma achieved one of the longest durations of Category 5 strength winds , and the third - highest accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) index for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin , with a value of 64.9 units . Only the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane and Hurricane Ivan in 2004 achieved higher values . On September 6 , Irma made landfall on the islands of Barbuda , Saint Martin and Virgin Gorda at peak strength . This ties Irma with cyclones Monica of 2006 and Winston of 2016 , and typhoons Zeb of 1998 and Megi of 2010 as the fifth - strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall globally -- in terms of sustained winds -- trailing only Typhoon Haiyan of 2013 and Typhoon Meranti of 2016 , which bore winds of 190 mph ( 305 km / h ) at landfall , and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Typhoon Joan of 1959 , which bore winds of 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) at landfall . Irma is second to the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the strongest landfalling cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin , and is the first hurricane to make landfall anywhere in the Atlantic at Category 5 status since Felix in 2007 . Irma is also the first recorded Category 5 hurricane to affect the northern Leeward Islands , and was one of the worst storms to hit the region on record , along with Hurricane Donna in 1960 and Hurricane Luis in 1995 . In addition , Irma was only the second hurricane on record to make landfall in Cuba at Category 5 intensity , with the other being a hurricane in 1924 . Irma made landfall in the Florida Keys with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) and a pressure of 931 mbar ( hPa ; 27.49 inHg ) , making it the strongest hurricane to strike Florida in terms of wind speed since Charley in 2004 , and the most intense to strike the state in terms of barometric pressure since Andrew in 1992 . In the span of two weeks , two Category 4 hurricanes -- Harvey and Irma -- struck the continental United States , the first time on record two Atlantic tropical cyclones of such strength made landfall on the country in the same hurricane season . This also marked only the third occurrence of two consecutive Atlantic storms making landfall in the United States as major hurricanes . The other two instances were the Great Charleston / Cheniere Caminada hurricanes in 1893 , and hurricanes Ivan / Jeanne in 2004 . Retirement See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names On April 11 , 2018 , at the 40th session of the RA IV hurricane committee , the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Irma from its rotating naming lists , due to the extensive amount of damage and loss of life it caused in the northeastern Caribbean and the United States , particularly in Florida , and it will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane . It will be replaced with Idalia for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season . See also Tropical cyclones portal Disasters portal United States portal Florida portal 2010s portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Irma ( 2017 ) . List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricane Maria ( 2017 ) -- attained Category 5 status less than 2 weeks after Irma reached the same intensity , and impacted areas previously affected by Hurricanes Irma and Jose . Hurricane Matthew ( 2016 ) -- caused damage and deaths in Haiti , before moving to The Bahamas and then skimming the coastline of Florida , before moving up the coast . Hurricane Hugo ( 1989 ) -- also formed east of the Lesser Antilles , the easternmost known Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin . Hurricane Andrew ( 1992 ) -- the last Category 5 hurricane to strike Florida . `` Labor Day '' ( 1935 ) -- most intense hurricane to make landfall in the United States . `` Okeechobee '' ( 1928 ) -- a hurricane that hit similar areas , for comparing tracking methods and after - effects with those of Hurricane Irma . Hurricane Jose ( 2017 ) -- a Category 4 hurricane , which formed right behind Irma and also tracked into the Caribbean region . Hurricane Harvey ( 2017 ) -- a Category 4 hurricane ( and the first major one to make landfall in the U.S. in 12 years ) which devastated Texas two weeks prior to Irma . Hurricane Luis ( 1995 ) -- very damaging and powerful hurricane that caused severe impacts in the northern Lesser Antilles . Hurricane Marilyn ( 1995 ) -- caused destruction as a rapidly intensifying hurricane in the northern Leeward Islands , which had been affected by Luis shortly beforehand . Hurricane Donna ( 1960 ) -- brushed the Lesser Antilles , before hitting the Florida Keys in early September at Category 4 intensity and travelling up the East Coast of the United States . Hurricane King ( 1950 ) -- took a similar path up the Florida peninsula after hitting Miami as a Category 4 hurricane . Operation RUMAN -- UK military - civil disaster relief response to Hurricane Irma . Notes Jump up ^ A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir - Simpson hurricane wind scale . Jump up ^ All damage figures in this table are in the USD amounts of their respective year . References Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : Florida assesses damage as storm weakens '' . BBC . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher W. Landsea ; Neal M. Dorst ( ed . ) ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` A : Basic Definitions '' . Hurricane Research Division : Frequently Asked Questions . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . A3 ) What is a super-typhoon ? What is a major hurricane ? What is an intense hurricane ? . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amy Gesenhues ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma was the No. 1 top trending Google search in the US & globally for 2017 '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook '' . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook '' . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook '' . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : John P. Cangialosi ; Andrew S. Latto ; Robbie J. Berg ( March 9 , 2018 ) . Hurricane Irma ( AL112017 ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Tropical Cyclone Report . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christopher Landsea ( August 30 , 2017 ) . Tropical Storm Irma Discussion Number 2 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake ( August 31 , 2017 ) . Hurricane Irma Public Advisory Number 6 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John P. Cangialosi ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 12 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ship Status Report : callsign BATFR17 '' . sailwx.info . Mobile Geographics LLC . September 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Brown ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 17 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Pasch ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 19 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Brown ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 26 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Brown ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 26A '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robbie J. Berg ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 36 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jack L. Beven II ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 45 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Pasch ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 47 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Pasch ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Tropical Storm Irma Discussion Number 50 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Savaransky ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Florida governor declares state of emergency over Hurricane Irma '' . The Hill . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Biesecker and Andrew Taylor ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` FEMA still focused on responding to Harvey with dwindling cash as Irma looms '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster Coordinator : Barbuda ready and prepared for the passage of Hurricane Irma '' . The Daily Observer . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma : Storm Leaves Major Damage on Some Islands '' . The New York Times . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM says relief efforts are already underway for A&B '' . The Daily Observer . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comment la Guadeloupe , Saint - Barth et Saint - Martin se préparent à l'ouragan Irma '' ( How Guadeloupe , Saint - Barth and Saint - Martin prepare for Hurricane Irma ) ( in French ) . 20 minutes . Agence France - Presse . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irma . Un ouragan aussi fort qu'Harvey attendu dans les Caraïbes '' ( Irma . Hurricane as strong as Harvey expected in the Caribbean ) . Ouest France ( in French ) . Agence France - Presse . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Préfet de Guadeloupe ( @ Prefet971 ) ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Passage de l'ouragan IRMA en # Guadeloupe . Point de situation , ce mercredi 6 sept . à 5h '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Hurricane upends Delaware couple 's celebration '' . National Post . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le dangereux Ouragan Irma se rapproche des Antilles '' ( The dangerous Hurricane Irma gets closer to the West Indies ) ( in French ) . franceinfo . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peggy Pinel - Fereol ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` La Martinique envoie des renforts en Guadeloupe , Saint - Barthélemy et Saint - Martin '' ( Martinique sends reinforcements to Guadeloupe , Saint - Barthélemy and Saint - Martin ) ( in French ) . France Télévisions . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma approaches Northern Leeward Islands '' . St. Lucia Times . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Watch remains in effect for Dominica '' . Dominica News Online . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turks and Caicos Islands residents told not to take Hurricane Irma lightly '' . The Turks and Caicos Sun . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma does n't have to be a disaster says TCI 's Disaster Management director '' . The Turks and Caicos Sun . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma in the Dominican Republic '' . International Charter Space & Major Disasters . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma in the United States '' . International Charter Space & Major Disasters . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irma in Haiti '' . International Charter Space & Major Disasters . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamaica trying to determine severity of Irma 's impact on Caribbean neighbours '' . The Jamaica Observer . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma wreaks apocalyptic damage in the Caribbean '' . The New Orleans Times - Picayune . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irma 's destruction : island by island '' . The Guardian . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Charles ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Vulnerable Haiti escapes worst of Hurricane Irma but flooding risks continue '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randy Smith ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` National sporting facilities prepared for Irma '' . The Nassau Guardian . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM Warns : Stay Indoors And Heed All Warnings '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloan Smith ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Power , water supply on NP to remain on ' as long as possible ' '' . The Nassau Guardian . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prepare Kit To Bring To Shelters '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantis Open To 1,200 Guests During Irma '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma Live Updates : ' The Storm Is Here , ' Florida Governor Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taken in Camagüey for protection of fuels '' . Radio Cadena Agramonte . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba prepares for destructive power of Hurricane Irma '' . CBS News . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Select Committee on Hurricane Response and Preparedness Final Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Florida House of Representatives . January 16 , 2018 . pp. 1 -- 5 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lance Dixon ; David J. Neal ; Jane Woolridge ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` How South Florida is gearing up for the storm '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gov. Scott Issues Updates on Hurricane Irma Preparedness '' . Office of Governor Rick Scott . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena '' . Storm Data . Asheville , North Carolina : National Climatic Data Center . 59 ( 9 ) . September 2017 . ISSN 0039 - 1972 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ben Mutzabaugh ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : Flight cancellations top 12,500 ; even more expected '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dewayne Bevil ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma forces Disney , Universal , SeaWorld closings in Orlando '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anna Heiney ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Kennedy Space Center Safely Weathers Hurricane Irma '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Scott Issues Updates on Hurricane Irma Preparedness '' . Office of Governor Rick Scott . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wayne Roustan ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` State introducing new hurricane evacuation plan this year '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wayne Roustan ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : I - 4 shoulder opened to Tampa evacuees '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Biesecker ; Jason Dearen ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Flooding threatens toxic waste sites as Hurricane Irma nears '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauren Foreman ; Ellen Eldridge . `` Hurricane Irma : 30 Georgia counties under state of emergency '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kristina Torres . `` Hurricane Irma : Georgia Gov. Nathan Deal extends state of emergency to 64 more counties '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuba lashed by category five winds as storm heads to US -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meris Lutz . `` Hurricane Irma : Gov. Deal expands state of emergency to all Georgia '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Unger ; Patricia Sullivan ; David A. Fahrenthold ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma packs a double punch '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talladega Superspeedway , Atlanta Motor Speedway offer free campground space for Irma evacuees '' . WHNT News 19 . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tolls to be suspended on I - 75 express lanes south of Atlanta '' . CBS46 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Josh Shaffer ; Abbie Bennett ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` NC governor declares state of emergency ahead of ' powerful ' Hurricane Irma : ' Get ready ' '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Townsend ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : SC Governor McMaster declares state of emergency '' . The Sun News . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Wise ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Virginia Governor declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Irma '' . Richmond , Virginia : WTVR - TV . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Murphy ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Louisiana planning for possible impacts from Hurricane Irma '' . WWL - TV . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TN Gov. Bill Haslam issues executive order for Irma evacuees '' . News 9 ABC News . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Spain . `` How Hurricane Irma is affecting sports this weekend '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ John Reid ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Jaguars dealing with aftermath of Hurricane Irma while preparing for Titans '' . Florida Times - Union . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marc Lancaster ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Florida State League cancels championship series as Hurricane Irma looms '' . Sporting News . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina League cancels Mills Cup Finals '' . Carolina League . Jump up ^ `` Southern League Championship Series canceled '' . Minor League Baseball . Jump up ^ `` The Miami FC vs. San Francisco Deltas Match Postponed '' . Miami FC . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Iliana Limón Romero ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma moves Orlando Pride , Seattle Reign match to Thursday '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alicia DelGallo ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma could strand Orlando City in Washington D.C. '' Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Lowe ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` UMaine football game vs. Central Florida canceled '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chip Patterson ; Ton Fornelli ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : Florida , Florida State , Miami among teams to cancel games '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Kelley ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Alcorn State at FIU football game moved to Birmingham 's Legion Field '' . FBSchedules.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game Alert : Georgia Southern / New Hampshire Football Game Moved to Birmingham '' . Georgia Southern Athletics . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erik Wasson ; Christopher Flavelle ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` FEMA Is Almost Out of Money and Hurricane Irma Is Approaching '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ Thomas Kaplan ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Votes to Raise Debt Limit and Approves $15 Billion in Hurricane Relief '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Daniell ; Bernhard Mühr ; Antonios Pomonis ; Andreas Schäfer ; Susanna Mohr . Hurricane Irma : Report No. 1 , Focus on Caribbean up until 8th September 2017 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology . ^ Jump up to : Neil Hartnell ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Bahamas Facing $500 m Storm Bill Over Next Decade '' . Tribune 242 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Samuel Oakford ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Recovery pledges for hurricane - ravaged Caribbean are a drop in the ocean '' . IRIN . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( now ) , Alan Yuhas ; Weait , Matthew ; Farrer , Martin ; ( earlier ) , and Martin Pengelly ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : 10 dead in Cuba as record flooding hits northern Florida -- latest updates '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Cuba : Hurricane Irma - Three Month Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . ReliefWeb . United Nations . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Irma weakens into a tropical depression '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michelle Kaske and Alexander Lopez ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico Faces Hurricane Maria After Irma 's $1 Billion Damage '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angela H. Cutrer ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma leaves St. Kitts and Nevis with initial $53.2 million in damages '' . St. Kitts & Nevis Observer . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRMA , des dégâts évalués à 3 , 5 milliards '' . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte says the death toll on St. Maarten has risen to four after Hurricane Irma '' . Associated Press . September 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rebecca Harrington ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Florida and the Caribbean dig out of Hurricane Irma 's devastation and begin a slow and costly recovery '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Claire Phipps ; Alan Yuhas ; Matthew Weaver . `` Hurricane Irma : Florida braces for epic storm as Caribbean death toll hits 23 -- latest updates '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM says relief efforts are already underway for A&B '' . The Daily Observer . Hurricane Irma Updates . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ann M. Simmons ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Once there was an island known as Barbuda . After Hurricane Irma , much of it is gone '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirk Semple ; Carl Joseph ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : ' We Will Have Victims to Lament ' '' . The New York Times . Barbuda is devastated , but Antigua is spared . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blair Shiff ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma destroys 90 percent of structures , vehicles on Barbuda '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Emma ; Sutton , Ann . `` After the Storm '' . BirdsCaribbean. 2017 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma -- In Pictures ( Antigua ) '' . Antigua Observer . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Antigua spared the worst during passage of Hurricane Irma '' . Dominica News Online . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abigail O'Leary ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Trail of devastation as Hurricane Irma destroys whole Caribbean island of Saint Martin '' . Mirror . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Barnes ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma damage update : Shocking extent of St Martin damage '' . Daily Express . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' C'est un cauchemar ' raconte notre journaliste à Saint - Martin '' ( ' It 's a nightmare ' says our reporter in Saint - Martin ) . France Télévisions ( in French ) . September 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irma sème ' l'apocalypse ' à Saint - Barth et Saint - Martin , au moins 4 morts '' ( Irma sows ' apocalypse ' in Saint - Barth and Saint - Martin , at least 4 dead ) . La Croix ( in French ) . Agence France - Presse . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dode en plunderingen op Nederlandse deel Sint Maarten na orkaan Irma '' ( Dead and looting on Dutch part of Sint Maarten after Hurricane Irma ) ( in Dutch ) . Nu . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rachel Bishop ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` World famous Princess Juliana St Maarten Airport where planes fly just above tourists ' heads devastated by Hurricane Irma '' . Mirror . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : States sending 7K National Guardsmen to Florida '' . ABC News . Associated Press . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dit is wat we nu weten over de gevolgen van orkaan Irma '' . Het Parool ( in Dutch ) . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premier Sint - Maarten : ' We hebben zeker een miljard nodig ' '' ( Prime Minister of St. Maarten : `` We definitely need a billion '' ) ( in Dutch ) . NOS . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch government : 4 Irma deaths on St. Maarten '' . WJLA . Associated Press . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ouragan Irma : ' A Saint - Barthélemy , on a été rayés de la carte ' '' ( Hurricane Irma : ' In Saint - Barthélemy , we were wiped off the map ' ) . Le Monde ( in French ) . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irma : à Saint - Barthélémy , `` l'île est vraiment anéantie '' , témoigne une habitante `` . Le Parisien . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laura Smith - Spark ; Marilia Brocchetto ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Deaths reported as Hurricane Irma batters northern Caribbean islands '' . CNN . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ouragan Irma : CCR évalue à environ 1 , 2 milliard d'euros le coût des dommages assurés pour les îles de Saint - Martin et Saint - Barthélemy '' ( Hurricane Irma : CCR estimates the cost of insured losses for the islands of Saint - Martin and Saint - Barthélemy at around 1.2 billion euros ) ( Press release ) ( in French ) . France : Caisse Centrale de Réassurance . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Masters ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` A 199 mph Wind Gust in Irma : a Personal Weather Station Record '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kate Proctor ; Fiona Simpson ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : Queen sends message of support to Caribbean as Navy rush to aid of those caught up in deadly storm '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hurricane Irma : Situation Report 2 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Humanity Road . September 7 , 2017 . TC - 2017 - 000125 - DOM . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eastern Caribbean : Humanitarian Situation Report # 1 ( PDF ) . ReliefWeb ( Report ) . UNICEF . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sea swells dump debris at Castries Waterfront '' . St. Lucia Times . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Young surfer 's death comes as a shock '' . Barbados Today . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Wilts ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma has become so strong it 's showing up on seismometers used to measure earthquakes '' . Independent . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Americas : Hurricane Irma ( PDF ) ( Information Bulletin ) . International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . September 6 , 2017 . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saba Government on Facebook : no deaths have been reported on Saba '' . Saba - News . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Hansen ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Turns Caribbean Islands Brown '' . NASA Earth Observatory . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scale of destruction on Tortola in British Virgin Islands revealed '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All 4 casualties of Hurricane Irma now identified '' . BVI News . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ciara Linnane . `` President Trump 's and Richard Branson 's Caribbean homes destroyed by Hurricane Irma '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferre - Sadurn , Luis ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) . `` CBritish Virgin Islands : ' Knocked Down , but Not Knocked Out ' by Irma '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : UK territory declares state of emergency '' . BBC News . 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full electricity restoration could take 6 months '' . BVI News . 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 98 % of electricity now restored in BVI '' . BVI News . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` News of St. John '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Former Nashville family says St. John residents desperate after Irma , pleads for help '' . Fox17 . Jump up ^ `` St. John resident says there were ' houses flying away ' when Irma hit '' . Boston Globe . September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red Cross Establishes Helpline For Family Reunification ; Ferry Service Between St. Thomas And St. John To Resume Soon '' . The Virgin Islands Consortium . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma Spreading Damaging Winds into Georgia ; Surge and Rainfall Flooding from Florida to South Carolina '' . The Weather Channel . September 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leysa Caro González . `` Reportan cuatro muertes que podrían asociarse a Irma '' ( They report four deaths that could be associated with Irma ) . Primera Hora ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Luis Ferré - Sadurní ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Irma Grazes Puerto Rico but Lays Bare an Infrastructure Problem '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkeley Lovelace Jr . ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Former Puerto Rico Gov. Alejandro Garcia Padilla says more than 1 million without power '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma : Haiti and Dominican Republic facing `` the day after '' cleaning up and rebuilding `` . Oxfam . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irma mostly spared Haiti . But for struggling farmers , the damages are devastating '' . The Miami Herald . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turks and Caicos Islands hit by Hurricane Irma '' . The Guardian . September 8 , 2017 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme Hurricane Irma closing in on Florida , posing dire threat ; west coast most at risk '' . The Washington Post . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bahamians in TCI recall Irma nightmare '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Extensive flooding , damage in Turks and Caicos '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 8 , 2017 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Churning Through Caribbean , Hits Turks and Caicos '' . The New York Times . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Todeline Defralien ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Bill to Exceed $231 Million '' . Turks and Caicos Sun . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas escapes worst of Irma '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BPL Gives Update on Southern Islands '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reports of Hurricane Damage To Morton Salt Compound '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tornadic Activity Damages Homes in Grand Bahama '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` More than 100 people displaced by tornadoes '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calfas , Jennifer ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma Is So Powerful it Sucked Ocean Water Away in the Bahamas '' . TIME . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Writer ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Dominican Navy ship arrives in Cuba with aid for victims of Hurricane Irma '' . RadioCiudad . ACN / imop . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Laura Smith - Spark and Patrick Oppmann . `` Cuba blasted as Hurricane Irma tears through the Caribbean '' . CNN . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Faiola ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' People are roaming like zombies . ' Virgin Islands stagger after storm passes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linthicum , Kate . `` Cuba took a direct hit from Hurricane Irma -- and may have spared Florida from worse damage '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sand Disturbed by the Passing of Hurricane Irma '' . NOAA. 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Andres Viglucci ; Carli Teproff ; Daniel Chang ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Irma could have been a lot worse for South Florida , but it 's still not a pretty picture '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Trump ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` The devastation left by Hurricane Irma was far greater , at least in certain locations , than anyone thought -- but amazing people working hard ! '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Billion - Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters : Table of Events ( Report ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma : Death toll rises to 72 in Florida , 112 in Caribbean '' . First Post . World AFP . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma Hits South Florida '' . Tropical Winds Newsletter ( Report ) . National Weather Service Miami , Florida . Fall 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Rizzo ; Matt Moreland ( September 23 , 2017 ) . Post Tropical Cyclone Report ... Hurricane Irma ... Updated ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Weather Service Key West , Florida . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Irma -- Power Outage Data ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Florida Division of Emergency Management . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bernie Woodall . `` With 7.4 million without power , utility workers get respect '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M. ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data . United States Weather Prediction Center . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irma death toll up to 69 in Florida '' . WJXT . News Service of Florida . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma 's death toll rises ; First storm - related Florida death reported '' . WJLA . Associated Press . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gwen Filosa ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma - related deaths rise to 14 in Florida Keys '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brett Murphy ; Joseph Canney ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` After a death in Everglades City , rising concerns of a public health crisis '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Event Details : Tropical Storm ( Report ) . National Climatic Data Center . 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Max Jaeger ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Keys in crisis as state cleans up after Irma '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Samenow ; Greg Porter . `` Hurricane Irma battering Florida Peninsula , with ' catastrophic ' storm surge feared '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Approximate Damage Assessment Results ( Report ) . Monroe County , Florida , Government . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greg Stanley ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Collier County tallies $320 M of estimated damage from Hurricane Irma '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chad Gillis ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top forecaster : ' Nothing ' about Irma was expected '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quincy J. Walters ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Bonita Springs Still Contending With Flooding Weeks After Irma '' . WGCU . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Smith ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma damage toll in Lee County : $742 million and rising '' . The News - Press . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McCabe ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lee County schools estimates Hurricane Irma damage at $21 million '' . The News - Press . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlands Co : 98 percent without power , roads blocked '' . WFLA . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle Ware ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Irma Leaves Behind Major Crop Damage For Florida Farmers '' . WMAR - TV . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin E. Comas ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma flooding woes continue in Seminole and Astor three weeks after massive storm '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Event Details : Flood ( Report ) . National Climatic Data Center . 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fallstrom ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Damage tally for Astor tops $438 K , property appraiser says '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Irma : September 10 - 11 , 2017 , Post Storm Summary ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Weather Service Melbourne , Florida . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Post Tropical Cyclone Report ... Hurricane Irma ( Report ) . National Weather Service Jacksonville , Florida . September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Bauerlein ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` City expects $85 million tab for Irma - related costs '' . The Florida Times - Union . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Ponte Vedra oceanfront homes hit hard by Irma '' . The Florida Times Union . September 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shelby Danielsen ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Vilano Beach homes torn apart by Irma , worsened by severe erosion '' . WJXX . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Benk ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Some Downtown St. Augustine Businesses Forced To Start Over After Irma '' . WJCT . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teresa Stepzinski ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Storm surge damage from Hurricane Irma forces Orange Park condo owners from homes '' . The Florida Times Union . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Landrum Jr. ; Russ Bynum ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Irma whips Southeast : 3 dead in Georgia , 1 in South Carolina '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Irma kills at least 2 in Georgia '' . CBS News . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irma causes severe flooding , power outages in South Carolina '' . CBS News . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outage update : About 33,500 still without power in Upstate '' . Greenville News . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S.C. 's Irma death total climbs to 5 , as man hurt in wreck succumbs to injuries '' . ABC News 4 . Associated Press . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irma remnants bringing rain , windy conditions to Nashville area '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About 45,000 without power after Irma blows through parts of NC '' . WRAL . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US warships begin Hurricane Irma relief operations '' . CNN . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch King heads to Caribbean to support post-hurricane efforts '' . The Jamaica Observer . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : French leader to go to hurricane - hit St. Martin '' . Fox News Channel . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irma : Cuba sends hundreds of doctors to Caribbean islands devastated by hurricane '' . The Independent . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Luis Ferré - Sadurní ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Spared Irma 's Worst , Puerto Ricans Sail to Virgin Islanders ' Aid '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAWA Dominicana flight will bring storm victims from Saint Maarten '' . Dominican Today . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government 's Hurricane relief for Barbuda begin arriving on Antigua Friday '' . Antigua Observer . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFA Mounts Bay delivers vital aid to Caribbean islands '' . Government of the United Kingdom . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma update : UK continues to urgently deliver vital aid to the victims of Hurricane Irma '' . Government of the United Kingdom . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : UK increases relief fund to £ 32m '' . BBC . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : Millions told to evacuate in Florida as storm batters Cuba '' . ITV . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : UK Royal Marines take aid to victims '' . BBC . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : UK government actions update , 10 September 2017 '' . Government of the United Kingdom . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Azam Ahmed ; Kirk Semple ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Violence Erupts on Desperate Caribbean Islands : ' All the Food Is Gone ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamie Doward ; Toby Helm ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Britain ' not doing enough ' to help its Caribbean territories '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma : Boris Johnson sees impact on Caribbean '' . BBC . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Association in Anguilla ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Boris Johnson arrives in Anguilla after ' absolutely hellish ' Hurricane Irma '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma : UK government response in numbers , 15 September 2017 '' . Government of the United Kingdom . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TCI to benefit from UK 's £ 13 billion relief fund '' . November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BPL working to restore electricity supply '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BTC : 15 % of network gets Irma impact '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : All Clear For New Providence , Abaco , Berry Islands , Eleuthera ; Hurricane Warnings Remain For Andros , Bimini , Grand Bahama '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Significant damage on Ragged Island '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unlivable ; Ragged Is . residents to be moved '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ragged Islanders tell of Irma 's fury '' . The Nassau Guardian . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Small Family Islands Model ' Unsustainable ' '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Businesses Face ' Major Supply Chain Disruption ' '' . The Nassau Tribune . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands in shelters ; towns cut off as downpours , flooding continue '' . Dominican Today . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 28 aqueducts damaged , over 422,000 people without piped water '' . Dominican Today . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican , Haitian authorities scramble to help hurricane victims '' . Dominican Today . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma leaves Dutch St. Martin ' unreachable ' '' . PRI . Agence France - Presse . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Alert -- Hurricane Irma '' . American University of the Caribbean Medical School . Jump up ^ Alastair Jamieson ; Daniella Silva ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Over 1,200 Americans Evacuated From St. Maarten Amid Reports of Violence '' . NBC News . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irma , l'Armée de l'Air mobilisée '' ( Irma , the Air Force mobilized ) ( in French ) . French Air Force . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . National Hurricane Center . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ; Hurricane Research Division ; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory ( February 2015 ) . `` Continental United States Hurricanes ( Detailed Description ) '' . aoml.noaa.gov . Miami , Florida : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Smiley ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Miami police investigate looting during Hurricane Irma '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` More than 2 dozen arrested for Irma looting in Fort Lauderdale and Miami , deputy shoots alleged teen burglar '' . NBC Miami . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jane O'Brien ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : Florida launches huge relief operation '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Margol ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Keys residents unable to get home after evacuating for Hurricane Irma '' . Local10 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida faces Irma 's devastation : Aircraft carrier rushes to the Keys ; 13M are without power '' . New York Post . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Keys Residents Allowed to Return Tuesday ; Majority of Islands Remain Blocked '' . NBC Miami . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gwen Filosa ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Keys bridges declared safe for travel . But other obstacles remain for a return '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Janine Stanwood ; Ian Margol ; Andrea Torres ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monroe County reopens Marathon after Hurricane Irma '' . Local 10 ABC News . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Goodhue ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Middle Keys residents can return Saturday , but Lower Keys will have to wait one more day '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mower , Lawrence ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma : Do n't have Internet , cable or cell service ? Here 's why '' . Palm Beach Post . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Jay ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Can you hear me now ? Post-Irma cell coverage spotty '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurtibise , Ron ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma 's assault on cellphone towers trigger discounts , freebies '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communications Status Report for Areas Impacted by Hurricane Irma '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . September 12 , 2017 . pp. 3 -- 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ George Richards ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Worried about your home in the Florida Keys ? Here 's a way to check it out '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assessing Irma 's destruction from the air : First aerial images now available '' . NOAA . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma Imagery '' . NOAA . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mary Ellen Klas ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Irma leaves behind new threat . Rising flood water disrupts North and Central Florida '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kovaleski , Dave ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Flooding from hurricanes in Texas and Florida bring public health risks '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Eliza ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Canoe unearthed by Hurricane Irma could be hundreds of years old '' . ABC News . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes Harvey , Irma sink U.S. payrolls in September '' . Reuters . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma turned this tiny island into a wasteland '' . The New York Post . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This Is A Horrific Disaster ' : U.S. Virgin Islands Face Massive Recovery Effort After Hurricane Irma '' . CBS New York . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Irma , a once - lush gem in the U.S. Virgin Islands reduced to battered wasteland '' . The Washington Post . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erdman , Jonathan ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Why Hurricane Maria Was Such a Catastrophe in Puerto Rico '' . weather.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown ; Chris Landsea ( September 5 , 2017 ) . Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip Klotzbach ( @ philklotzbach ) ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` # Irma is the furthest east in Atlantic that we 've had a 175 mph hurricane on record ( 57.7 ° W ) . Previous record : David - 1979 ( 66.2 ° W ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Philip Klotzbach ( @ philklotzbach ) ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` # Irma now has winds of 185 mph -- tied w / FL Keys ( 1935 ) , Gilbert & Wilma for 2nd strongest Atlantic winds on record . Allen is # 1 at 190 mph '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alessandra Potenza . `` Irma is now one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded in the Atlantic '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Irma Meteorological Records / Notable Facts Recap '' ( PDF ) . Colorado State University . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Samuel Osborne . `` Irma : First hurricane on record to keep Category 5 intensity for so long '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Reports . `` Record - breaking Irma remains on track to spare Pee Dee '' . SC Now Morning News . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real - Time North Atlantic Ocean Statistics by Storm for 2017 '' . Colorado State University - ACE Calculations . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Masters , Jeff . `` Winston 's 180 mph Winds in Fiji : Southern Hemisphere 's Strongest Storm on Record '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bob Henson ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Category 5 Irma Hits Leeward Islands at Peak Strength '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandon Miller ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` All the records Irma has already broken -- and other jaw - dropping stats '' . CNN . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sy Mukherjee ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` This Is the First Time Two Category 4 Hurricanes Have Made U.S. Landfall in a Single Season '' . Fortune . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane names Harvey , Irma , Maria and Nate being retired '' . Associated Press . Washington Post . April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Irma . The National Hurricane Center 's advisory archive on Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma Viewed From the International Space Station on YouTube Ready.gov 's advice on Hurricanes Track and wind speed history from The Weather Channel The $100 billion hurricane ? from Pacific Daily News KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Hurricane Irma KML is not from Wikidata Retired Atlantic hurricane names 1950s Carol Edna Hazel Connie Diane Ione Janet Audrey 1960s Donna Carla Hattie Flora Cleo Dora Hilda Betsy Inez Beulah Camille 1970s Celia Agnes Carmen Fifi Eloise Anita Greta David Frederic 1980s Allen Alicia Elena Gloria Gilbert Joan Hugo 1990s Diana Klaus Bob Andrew Luis Marilyn Opal Roxanne Cesar Fran Hortense Georges Mitch Floyd Lenny 2000s Keith Allison ( TS ) Iris Michelle Isidore Lili Fabian Isabel Juan Charley Frances Ivan Jeanne Dennis Katrina Rita Stan Wilma Dean Felix Noel Gustav Ike Paloma 2010s Igor Tomas Irene Sandy Ingrid Erika ( TS ) Joaquin Matthew Otto Harvey Irma Maria Nate Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Tropical cyclones of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season Timeline TS Arlene TS Bret TS Cindy TD Four TS Don TS Emily Franklin Gert Harvey ( history ) PT Ten 5 Irma ( history ) Jose Katia Lee 5 Maria ( history ) Nate Ophelia TS Philippe TS Rina Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 1920s `` Cuba ( 1924 ) '' `` Okeechobee '' ( 1928 ) 1930s `` Bahamas '' ( 1932 ) `` Cuba ( 1932 ) '' `` Cuba -- Brownsville '' ( 1933 ) `` Tampico '' ( 1933 ) `` Labor Day '' ( 1935 ) `` New England '' ( 1938 ) 1950s Carol ( 1953 ) Janet ( 1955 ) 1960s Carla ( 1961 ) Hattie ( 1961 ) Beulah ( 1967 ) Camille ( 1969 ) 1970s Edith ( 1971 ) Anita ( 1977 ) David ( 1979 ) 1980s Allen ( 1980 ) Gilbert ( 1988 ) Hugo ( 1989 ) 1990s Andrew ( 1992 ) Mitch ( 1998 ) 2000s Isabel ( 2003 ) Ivan ( 2004 ) Emily ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Rita ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Dean ( 2007 ) Felix ( 2007 ) 2010s Matthew ( 2016 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Maria ( 2017 ) Book Category Tropical cyclones portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Irma&oldid=846074941 '' Categories : 2010s in Miami 2017 Atlantic hurricane season 2017 in Anguilla 2017 in Antigua and Barbuda 2017 in Barbados 2017 in Cuba 2017 in Florida 2017 in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2017 in Guadeloupe 2017 in Montserrat 2017 in Puerto Rico 2017 in Saint Barthélemy 2017 in Sint Maarten 2017 in Saint Martin 2017 in Saba 2017 in Sint Eustatius 2017 in South Carolina 2017 in the Bahamas 2017 in the British Virgin Islands 2017 in the Caribbean 2017 in the Turks and Caicos Islands 2017 in the United States Virgin Islands 2017 natural disasters in the United States Cape Verde hurricanes Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin Hurricanes in Anguilla Hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda Hurricanes in Cuba Hurricanes in Florida Hurricanes in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hurricanes in Montserrat Hurricanes in Puerto Rico Hurricanes in Saba Hurricanes in Saint Barthélemy Hurricanes in Saint Kitts and Nevis Hurricanes in Saint Martin Hurricanes in Sint Eustatius Hurricanes in Sint Maarten Hurricanes in South Carolina Hurricanes in the Bahamas Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands Hurricanes in the Caribbean Hurricanes in the Leeward Islands Hurricanes in the Turks and Caicos Islands Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands Natural disasters in the Leeward Islands Natural disasters in Anguilla Natural disasters in Antigua and Barbuda Natural disasters in Saint Barthélemy Natural disasters in Saint Martin Natural disasters in Sint Maarten Natural disasters in Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands Natural disasters in the British Virgin Islands Natural disasters in the United States Virgin Islands Retired Atlantic hurricanes September 2017 events in North America September 2017 events in the United States Hurricane Irma 2017 natural disasters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use American English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles using KML not from Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 03 : 53 . 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9073851769842274081	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Jump to : navigation , search Marvel Cinematic Universe films Packaging for the Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Phase One : Avengers Assembled Blu - ray box set Produced by Kevin Feige Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Production company Marvel Studios Columbia Pictures ( SM ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 2008 -- 11 ) Universal Pictures ( TIH ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2012 -- present ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ) Release date 2008 -- present Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 18 films ) : $3.407 billion ( gross ) $3.283 billion ( net ) Box office Total ( 18 films ) : $14.812 billion The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 18 films , with 14 more in various stages of production . The series collectively has grossed over $14.8 billion at the global box office , making it the highest - grossing film franchise of all time . Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Avi Arad served as a producer on the two 2008 releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk and Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson , and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , and Black Panther ( 2018 ) , with Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) , and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) still scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . A sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 , three untitled films scheduled for 2021 , and three untitled films scheduled for 2022 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phase One 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 3.6 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 7.2 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 7.3 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.4 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.5 Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) 7.6 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) 7.7 Other potential projects 8 Repurposed projects 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Phase one ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor as Iron Man in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in North America on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in North America . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . Captain America : the First Avenger ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in North America on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in North America on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase two ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film was released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States on May 3 . The film is set in December 2013 , after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , let 's do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky Barnes in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in North America on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in North America on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron . Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in North America . The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 , in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in North America on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Mackie as Falcon , Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , and Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier . Phase Three ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost Kevin Feige Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange , which was footage from Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequels , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Vol. 3 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , trapped on another world without Mjölnir , must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . Black Panther ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and began its international release on February 13 , 2018 , and was released on February 16 , 2018 in the United States . The film also had a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . The film is set one week after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . The film 's post-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Sebastian Stan , reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier Sebastian Stan Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista Dave Bautista Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana Zoe Saldana Groot Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Heimdall Idris Elba Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders Harold `` Happy '' Hogan Jon Favreau Jon Favreau Korath Djimon Hounsou Djimon Hounsou Scott Lang Ant - Man Paul Rudd Paul Rudd Loki Tom Hiddleston Tom Hiddleston Mantis Pom Klementieff Pom Klementieff Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen Nebula Karen Gillan Karen Gillan Okoye Danai Gurira Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt Chris Pratt James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle Terrence Howard Don Cheadle Rocket Bradley Cooper Bradley Cooper Steve Rogers Captain America Chris Evans Chris Evans Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Ronan the Accuser Lee Pace Lee Pace Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross William Hurt William Hurt William Hurt Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård Stellan Skarsgård Shuri Letitia Wright Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther Chadwick Boseman Thor Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Taneleer Tivan The Collector Benicio del Toro Benicio del Toro Benicio del Toro Hope van Dyne Wasp Evangeline Lilly Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany Sam Wilson Falcon Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie Wong Benedict Wong Benedict Wong Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child who Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Home media ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose . '' The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange , and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 60 146 $140 million Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 408 511 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 65 128 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 230 222 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 246 299 $140 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,988 6 5 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 23 14 $200 million ( gross ) $178.4 million ( net ) Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 180 119 $170 million ( gross ) $152.7 million ( net ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 103 96 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 53 81 $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 14 7 $316 million ( gross ) $267.4 million ( net ) Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 232 179 $142 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 24 16 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 138 108 $165 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,942,950 $863,756,051 31 60 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $334,201,140 $545,965,784 $880,166,924 51 52 $175 million Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 $315,058,289 $538,912,347 $853,970,636 64 62 $180 million Black Panther February 16 , 2018 $665,630,708 $634,558,986 $1,300,189,694 10 $200 million Total $ 7009593965222800000 ♠ 5,939,652,228 $ 7009887238966000000 ♠ 8,872,389,660 $ 7010148120418880000 ♠ 14,812,041,888 $3.407 billion ( gross ) $3.283 billion ( net ) Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 94 % ( 268 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 280 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 270 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 80 % ( 252 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 329 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 80 % ( 299 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 255 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 273 reviews ) 70 ( 47 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 297 reviews ) 76 ( 52 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 327 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 82 % ( 288 reviews ) 64 ( 43 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 91 % ( 363 reviews ) 75 ( 52 reviews ) Doctor Strange 89 % ( 313 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 83 % ( 341 reviews ) 67 ( 47 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 317 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok 92 % ( 332 reviews ) 74 ( 51 reviews ) Black Panther 97 % ( 366 reviews ) 88 ( 55 reviews ) Average 84 % 68 Future ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status Phase Three Avengers : Infinity War April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Post-production Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari and Paul Rudd Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Meg LeFauve and Nicole Perlman and Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Liz Flahive & Carly Mensch and Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck Filming Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Post-production Post-Phase Three Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) Jon Watts TBA Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Pre-production Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2020 ( 2020 ) James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos , who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War will premiere in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 . It will be released worldwide on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries . The film is set four years after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Marvel has been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron . Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015 , and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and ended in November 2017 . Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain Marvel ( film ) Carol Danvers becomes Captain Marvel , one of the galaxy 's strongest heroes , after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Liz Flahive , Carly Mensch , Boden and Ryan Fleck are also credited as screenwriters on the film . Location filming occurred in January 2018 , while principal photography began in March 2018 in Los Angeles , and is scheduled to last until May 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson , Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , and Clark Gregg reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Korath , Ronan the Accuser , and Phil Coulson , respectively , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta , and ended in January 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Jon Watts , director of Spider - Man : Homecoming and its untitled sequel . Further information : Spider - Man : Homecoming § Sequels In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . A year later , Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film . Filming is scheduled to begin in April or May 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) ( edit ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . The film is scheduled to be released in 2020 . The film is set after Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . Other potential projects ( edit ) Disney has scheduled multiple release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films . These include : May 1 , July 31 , and November 6 , 2020 ; May 7 , July 30 , and November 5 , 2021 ; and February 18 , May 6 , and July 29 , 2022 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy the 2020 dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028 , resulting in 20 films `` on the docket that are completely different from anything that 's come before -- intentionally . '' In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond . '' A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different '' , but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing '' . A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . By January 2018 , Jac Schaeffer was hired to write the script for the potential film . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Andrew W. Marlowe to write a script for Nick Fury . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . Repurposed projects ( edit ) Further information : Runaways ( TV series ) and Inhumans ( TV series ) A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It premiered in November 2017 . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . See also ( edit ) List of films based on Marvel Comics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Disney , Paramount restructure Marvel deal '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Why Par , not Disney , gets ' Avengers ' credit '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios into The Amazing World of Spider - Man '' . Marvel.com . February 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . 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May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor 2 ' Director Not Set Yet , Says Tom Hiddleston '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` We Have A ' Thor 2 ' Villain : Christopher Eccleston To Play Malekith The Accursed '' . Deadline Hollywood . 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ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` This week 's cover : Meet the new boss in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Official Synopsis Spells Big Trouble for Tony Stark '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Announces ' Avengers 2 ' In Development '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr . To Return As Marvel 's Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' Casts James Spader as the Film 's Legendary Villain '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sapa ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming postponed , roads not closed '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whedon 's Avengers heading to Joburg '' . Channel 24 . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers 2 to assemble in UK '' . Screen Daily . 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Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . August 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Douglas , Paul Rudd heading back to Atlanta for `` Ant Man '' `` . Access Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trees removed for Atlanta film production sparks outrage '' . WSB - TV . October 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Rudd Set to Star in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Douglas to Star as Hank Pym in Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel To Broadcast ANT - MAN Premiere Red Carpet Online '' . Newsarama . June 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Natalie ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Will Grow To $115 M - $125 M in Global Bow , But Will Bump Heads With ' Minions ' In U.S. -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Moves into Former Superman - Batman Release Date '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` 65 Things We Learned on the Set of Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige on ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' and More '' . Fandango.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` When Will You See the First Clip From ' Captain America : Civil War ' ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Feige on ANT - MAN Post-Credits Scenes , SPIDER - MAN , Marvel at Disneyland , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ant - Man post credit scenes revealed -- spoilers in here ! '' . Irish Examiner . July 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Studios Announces Full Phase 3 Slate at Special Event '' . 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Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and director '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Introduces Its Villain '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Bringing Hulk Into ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Writer on the Secret to Revitalizing a Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Is n't Lady Sif in Thor : Ragnarok ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Coogler to Direct Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Brandon Ellington ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars So White ? Black Panther to the Rescue '' . Mother Jones . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Kevin Feige Reveals Ryan Coogler Is Co-Writing ; Talks Filming Dates '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Marvel.com . May 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War New Synopsis Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ' Takes Shape at Marvel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces New Wave of Superhero Movies '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Inhumans , Avengers : Infinity War Films , Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War Wraps Principal Photography '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel launches program for girl scientists '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Gets An Unnecessary ( But Awesome ) Second Trailer '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America to Return to Theaters May 6 , 2016 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Russo Brothers Explain Where Captain America : Civil War Starts '' . Comicbook.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch in Nepal '' . The Himalayan Times . November 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' shoot underway in UK with Benedict Cumberbatch '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch , Chiwetel Ejiofor spotted shooting scenes for Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' in New York '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Derrickson , Scott ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chu , Karen ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Director Addresses Whitewashing Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Offers Update on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy Assemble in a Rehearsal Photo '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # GoTGVol2 . WHEW . So much gratitude to my wonderful cast and crew . Thank you all '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . 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7867153389855320443	I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud	I wandered lonely as a Cloud - wikipedia I wandered lonely as a Cloud Jump to : navigation , search I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth A hand - written manuscript of the poem ( 1802 ) . British Library Add . MS 47864 I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills , When all at once I saw a crowd , A host , of golden daffodils ; Beside the lake , beneath the trees , Fluttering and dancing in the breeze . Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way , They stretched in never - ending line Along the margin of a bay : Ten thousand saw I at a glance , Tossing their heads in sprightly dance . The waves beside them danced ; but they Out - did the sparkling waves in glee : A poet could not but be gay , In such a jocund company : I gazed -- and gazed -- but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought : For oft , when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood , They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; And then my heart with pleasure fills , And dances with the daffodils . . William Wordsworth ( 1815 ) `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' ( also commonly known as `` Daffodils '' ) is a lyric poem by William Wordsworth . It is Wordsworth 's most famous work . The poem was inspired by an event on 15 April 1802 , in which Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy came across a `` long belt '' of daffodils . Written some time between 1804 and 1807 ( in 1804 by Wordsworth 's own account ) , it was first published in 1807 in Poems in Two Volumes , and a revised version was published in 1815 . In a poll conducted in 1995 by the BBC Radio 4 Bookworm programme to determine the nation 's favourite poems , I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud came fifth . Often anthologised , the poem is commonly seen as a classic of English romantic poetry , although Poems in Two Volumes , in which it first appeared , was poorly reviewed by Wordsworth 's contemporaries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Revised version 3 Reception 3.1 Contemporary 3.2 Modern usage 3.2. 1 Daffodil tourism 3.2. 1.1 Anniversaries 3.2. 2 In popular culture 4 References 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Background ( edit ) The inspiration for the poem came from a walk Wordsworth took with his sister Dorothy around Glencoyne Bay , Ullswater , in the Lake District . He would draw on this to compose `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' in 1804 , inspired by Dorothy 's journal entry describing the walk : Ullswater in the English Lake District . Ullswater from Gobarrow Park , J.M.W. Turner , watercolor , 1819 . When we were in the woods beyond Gowbarrow park we saw a few daffodils close to the water side , we fancied that the lake had floated the seed ashore and that the little colony had so sprung up -- But as we went along there were more and yet more and at last under the boughs of the trees , we saw that there was a long belt of them along the shore , about the breadth of a country turnpike road . I never saw daffodils so beautiful they grew among the mossy stones about and about them , some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness and the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the Lake , they looked so gay ever glancing ever changing . This wind blew directly over the lake to them . There was here and there a little knot and a few stragglers a few yards higher up but they were so few as not to disturb the simplicity and unity and life of that one busy highway -- We rested again and again . The Bays were stormy and we heard the waves at different distances and in the middle of the water like the Sea . -- Dorothy Wordsworth , The Grasmere Journal Thursday , 15 April 1802 At the time he wrote the poem , Wordsworth was living with his wife , Mary Hutchinson , and sister Dorothy at Town End , in Grasmere in England 's Lake District . Mary contributed what Wordsworth later said were the two best lines in the poem , recalling the `` tranquil restoration '' of Tintern Abbey , They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude Wordsworth was aware of the appropriateness of the idea of daffodils which `` flash upon that inward eye '' because in his 1815 version he added a note commenting on the `` flash '' as an `` ocular spectrum '' . Coleridge in Biographia Literaria of 1817 , while he acknowledging the concept of `` visual spectrum '' as being `` well known '' , described Wordsworth 's ( and Mary 's ) lines , amongst others , as `` mental bombast '' . Fred Blick , has shown that the idea of flashing flowers was derived from the `` Elizabeth Linnaeus Phenomenon '' , so - called because of the discovery of flashing flowers by Elizabeth Linnaeus in 1762 . The phenomenon was reported upon in 1789 and 1794 by Erasmus Darwin , whose work Wordsworth certainly read . The entire household thus contributed to the poem . Nevertheless , Wordsworth 's biographer Mary Moorman , notes that Dorothy was excluded from the poem , even though she had seen the daffodils together with Wordsworth . The poem itself was placed in a section of Poems in Two Volumes entitled Moods of my Mind in which he grouped together his most deeply felt lyrics . Others included To a Butterfly , a childhood recollection of chasing butterflies with Dorothy , and The Sparrow 's Nest , in which he says of Dorothy `` She gave me eyes , she gave me ears '' . The earlier Lyrical Ballads , a collection of poems by both himself and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , had been first published in 1798 and had started the romantic movement in England . It had brought Wordsworth and the other Lake poets into the poetic limelight . Wordsworth had published nothing new since the 1800 edition of Lyrical Ballads , and a new publication was eagerly awaited . Wordsworth had , however , gained some financial security by the 1805 publication of the fourth edition of Lyrical Ballads ; it was the first from which he enjoyed the profits of copyright ownership . He decided to turn away from the long poem he was working on ( The Recluse ) and devote more attention to publishing Poems in Two Volumes , in which `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' first appeared . Revised version ( edit ) Narcissus pseudonarcissus , the `` daffodil '' native to the Lake District Wordsworth revised the poem in 1815 . He replaced `` dancing '' with `` golden '' ; `` along '' with `` beside '' ; and `` ten thousand '' with `` fluttering and '' . He then added a stanza between the first and second , and changed `` laughing '' to `` jocund '' . The last stanza was left untouched . The plot of the poem is simple . In the 1815 revision , Wordsworth described it as `` rather an elementary feeling and simple impression ( approaching to the nature of an ocular spectrum ) upon the imaginative faculty , rather than an exertion of it ... '' I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills , When all at once I saw a crowd , A host of golden daffodils ; Beside the lake , beneath the trees , Fluttering and dancing in the breeze . Continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way , They stretched in never - ending line along the margin of a bay : Ten thousand saw I at a glance , tossing their heads in sprightly dance . The waves beside them danced ; but they Out - did the sparkling waves in glee : A poet could not but be gay , in such a jocund company : I gazed -- and gazed -- but little thought what wealth the show to me had brought : For oft , when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood , They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; And then my heart with pleasure fills , And dances with the daffodils . Pamela Woof notes `` The permanence of stars as compared with flowers emphasises the permanence of memory for the poet . '' Andrew Motion notes that the final verse replicates in the minds of its readers the very experience it describes . Reception ( edit ) Contemporary ( edit ) The title page of Poems in Two Volumes Poems in Two Volumes was poorly reviewed by Wordsworth 's contemporaries , including Lord Byron , whom Wordsworth came to despise . Byron said of the volume , in one of its first reviews , `` Mr. W ( ordsworth ) ceases to please , ... clothing ( his ideas ) in language not simple , but puerile '' . Wordsworth himself wrote ahead to soften the thoughts of The Critical Review , hoping his friend Francis Wrangham would push for a softer approach . He succeeded in preventing a known enemy from writing the review , but it did n't help ; as Wordsworth himself said , it was a case of `` Out of the frying pan , into the fire '' . Of any positives within Poems in Two Volumes , the perceived masculinity in The Happy Warrior , written on the death of Nelson and unlikely to be the subject of attack , was one such . Poems like `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' could not have been further from it . Wordsworth took the reviews stoically . Even Wordsworth 's close friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge said ( referring especially to the `` child - philosopher '' stanzas VII and VIII of Intimations of Immortality ) that the poems contained `` mental bombast '' . Two years later , however , many were more positive about the collection . Samuel Rogers said that he had `` dwelt particularly on the beautiful idea of the ' Dancing Daffodils ' '' , and this was echoed by Henry Crabb Robinson . Critics were rebutted by public opinion , and the work gained in popularity and recognition , as did Wordsworth . Poems in Two Volumes was savagely reviewed by Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review ( without , however , singling out `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' ) , but the Review was well known for its dislike of the Lake poets . As Sir Walter Scott put it at the time of the poem 's publication , `` Wordsworth is harshly treated in the Edinburgh Review , but Jeffrey gives ... as much praise as he usually does '' , and indeed Jeffrey praised the sonnets . Upon the author 's death in 1850 , the Westminster Review called `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' `` very exquisite '' . Modern usage ( edit ) The poem is presented and taught in many schools in the English - speaking world : these include the 7th grade of most schools of the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) , India ; the English Literature GCSE course in some examination boards in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland ; and in the current Higher School Certificate syllabus topic , Inner Journeys , New South Wales , Australia . It is also frequently used as a part of the Junior Certificate English Course in Ireland as part of the Poetry Section . In The Middle Passage , V.S. Naipaul refers to a campaign in Trinidad against the use of the poem as a set text because daffodils do not grow in the tropics . Because it is one of the best known poems in the English language , it has frequently been the subject of parody and satire . The English Prog Rock band Genesis parodies the poem in the opening lyrics to the song `` The Colony of Slippermen '' , from their 1974 album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . It was the subject of a 1985 Heineken beer TV advertisement , which depicts a poet having difficulties with his opening lines , only able to come up with I walked about a bit on my own or I strolled around without anyone else until downing a Heineken and reaching the immortal `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' ( because `` Heineken refreshes the poets other beers ca n't reach '' ) . The assertion that Wordsworth originally hit on `` I wandered lonely as a cow '' until Dorothy told him `` William , you ca n't put that '' occasionally finds its way into print . Daffodil Tourism ( edit ) The daffodils Wordsworth saw would have been wild daffodils . However , the National Gardens Scheme runs a Daffodil Day every year , allowing visitors to view daffodils in Cumbrian gardens including Dora 's Field , which was planted by Wordsworth . In 2013 the event was held in March , when unusually cold weather meant that relatively few of the plants were in flower . April , the month that Wordsworth saw the daffodils at Ullswater , is usually a good time to view them , although the Lake District climate has changed since the poem was written . Anniversaries ( edit ) In 2004 , in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the writing of the poem , it was also read aloud by 150,000 British schoolchildren , aimed both at improving recognition of poetry , and in support of Marie Curie Cancer Care . In 2007 , Cumbria Tourism released a rap version of the poem , featuring MC Nuts , a Lake District Red squirrel , in an attempt to capture the `` YouTube generation '' and attract tourists to the Lake District . Published on the two - hundredth anniversary of the original , it attracted wide media attention . It was welcomed by the Wordsworth Trust , but attracted the disapproval of some commentators . In 2015 events marking the 200th anniversary of the publication of the revised version were celebrated at Rydal Mount . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 2013 musical Big Fish ( musical ) , composed by Andrew Lippa , some lines from the poem are used in the song `` Daffodils , '' which concludes the first act . Lippa mentioned this in a video created by Broadway.com in the same year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wordsworth , William . `` I wandered lonely as a cloud '' . British Library Images Online . Jump up ^ `` William Wordsworth ( 1770 -- 1850 ) : I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' . Representative Poetry Online . 2009 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC . `` Historic figures : William Wordsworth ( 1770 -- 1850 ) '' . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Moorman ( 1965 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Magill , Frank Northen ; Wilson , John ; Jason , Philip K. ( 1992 ) . Masterplots II . ( Goa - Lov , Vol. 3 ) . Salem Press . p. 1040 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89356 - 587 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gryff Rhys Jones , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Nation 's Favourite Poems . BBC Books . p. 17 . ISBN 0563387823 . ^ Jump up to : The Wordsworth Trust . `` Dove Cottage '' . The Wordsworth Museum & Art Gallery . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daffodils at Glencoyne Bay . '' . Visit Cumbria . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Wordsworth ed . Woof ( 2002 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ ( https://wordsworth.org.uk/blog/2017/02/22/flashes-upon-the-inward-eye-wordsworth-coleridge-and-flashing-flowers Jump up ^ Moorman ( 1965 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Moorman ( 1965 ) p. 96 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hunter ( 2009 ) . William Wordsworth . Frances Lincoln Ltd . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3045 - 3 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Kenneth R. ( 1998 ) . The Hidden Wordsworth . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 822 -- 823 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04623 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth '' . The Wordsworth Museum & Art Gallery . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Motion , Andrew ( 6 March 2004 ) . `` The host with the most '' . Guardian Online . London . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Pamela Woof ( November 2009 ) . `` The Wordsworths and the Cult of Nature : The daffodils '' . British History in - depth . BBC . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` William Wordsworth '' . Britain Express . 2000 . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Byron , Baron George ( 1837 ) . The works of Lord Byron complete in one volume . H.L. Broenner . p. 686 . Jump up ^ Hill , John Spencer . `` The Structure of Biographia Literaria '' . John Spencer Hill ( self - published ) . Jump up ^ Woof , Robert ; et al. ( 2001 ) . William Wordsworth : the critical heritage . Routlege . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 03441 - 8 . Jump up ^ Editor ( 1850 ) . `` The Prelude ... '' . Westminster Review . New York : Leonard Scott and Co. 53 ( October ) : 138 . Jump up ^ Rilkoff , Matt ( 27 December 2011 ) . `` Greenie of the week : William Wordsworth '' . Taranaki Daily News . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics to The Colony of Slippermen '' . Jump up ^ `` Flowery language '' . Scottish Poetry Library . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` The ruthless side of William Wordsworth '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( March 2015 ) . `` I wandered lonely through a secret daffodil wood '' . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From Cartmel to Carlisle . Wordsworth 's Daffodil Legacy '' . National Gardens Scheme . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity to view host of golden daffodils '' . Westmorland Gazette . March 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( March 2012 ) . `` The ruthless side of William Wordsworth '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mass recital celebrates daffodils '' . BBC . March 2004 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Poem set to rap to lure visitors '' . BBC . April 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin Wainwright ( April 2007 ) . `` Respect for Wordsworth 200 years on with daffodil rap '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ben Marshall ( April 2007 ) . `` Romantic poetry will never rock the house '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition tribute to Wordsworth 's Daffodils '' . Cumbria Crack : Breaking News Penrith , Cumbria , Carlisle , Lake District . Jump up ^ Broadwaycom ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) , Composer Andrew Lippa Sits Down at the Piano to Share the Larger - Than - Life Tales of `` Big Fish '' , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Their cottage is known as Dove Cottage today , but in fact it had no name in their time and their address was simply `` Town End , Grasmere '' , Town End being the name of the hamlet in Grasmere they lived in c.f. Moorman ( 1957 ) pp. 459 -- 60 . Jump up ^ In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth famously defined poetry as `` the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings : it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility . '' Mary Moorman ( 1957 pp. 148 -- 9 ) remarks that in this manner spring poems such as `` Tintern Abbey '' and `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' , as well as all the best of The Prelude . Bibliography ( edit ) Davies , Hunter . William Wordsworth , Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1980 Gill , Stephen . William Wordsworth : A Life , Oxford University Press 1989 Moorman , Mary . William Wordsworth , A Biography : The Early Years , 1770 -- 1803 v. 1 , Oxford University Press 1957 Moorman , Mary . William Wordsworth : A Biography : The Later Years , 1803 -- 50 v. 2 , Oxford University Press 1965 Wordsworth , Dorothy ( ed . Pamela Woof ) . The Grasmere and Alfoxden Journals . Oxford University Press 2002 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Daffodils , The Wordsworth Trust Information about William Wordsworth Facsimile of Dorothy 's `` daffodils '' entry in her journal Google Books archive of Poems in Two Volumes Volume II Preface to Lyrical Ballads Google Books archive of Francis Jeffrey 's review of Poems in Two Volumes `` Daffodils '' set to music From the 1990 concept album `` Tyger and Other Tales '' ( 1 ) ( hide ) William Wordsworth Topics Early life Lake Poets Lyrical Ballads Preface to the Lyrical Ballads `` Anecdote for Fathers '' `` The Idiot Boy '' `` Lucy Gray '' The Lucy poems `` She dwelt among the untrodden ways '' `` A slumber did my spirit seal '' `` Strange fits of passion have I known '' `` Three years she grew in sun and shower '' The Matthew poems `` Michael , a Pastoral '' `` Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey '' `` We Are Seven '' Later poetry Poems , in Two Volumes Peter Bell The White Doe of Rylstone `` Composed upon Westminster Bridge '' `` Elegiac Stanzas '' `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' The Lucy poems `` I travelled among unknown men '' `` London , 1802 '' `` Ode : Intimations of Immortality '' `` Resolution and Independence '' `` The Solitary Reaper '' `` The World Is Too Much with Us '' `` Character of the Happy Warrior '' The Recluse The Excursion The Prelude Prose Guide to the Lakes People Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert Southey Dora Wordsworth ( daughter ) Dorothy Wordsworth ( sister ) Places Alfoxton House Allan Bank Dove Cottage Rydal Mount Wordsworth House Jump up ^ http://www.shmoop.com/wandered-lonely-cloud-daffodils/man-the-natural-world-theme.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wandered_Lonely_as_a_Cloud&oldid=800258867 '' Categories : Poetry by William Wordsworth British poems 1804 poems 1807 poems 1815 poems British poetry Cumbria in fiction Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 11 : 48 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the poem a host of golden daffodils	[ "\"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" (also commonly known as \"Daffodils\"[2]) is a lyric poem by William Wordsworth. It is Wordsworth's most famous work.[3]" ]	[ "William Wordsworth" ]
1593041558140360780	One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)	One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) - wikipedia One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) For the Broadway play , see One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( play ) . One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Theatrical release poster Directed by Miloš Forman Produced by Saul Zaentz Michael Douglas Screenplay by Lawrence Hauben Bo Goldman Based on One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey Starring Jack Nicholson Louise Fletcher William Redfield Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Haskell Wexler Bill Butler Edited by Richard Chew Sheldon Kahn Lynzee Klingman Production company Fantasy Films Distributed by United Artists Release date November 19 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 19 ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $109 million One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Miloš Forman , based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey . The film stars Jack Nicholson , and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher , William Redfield , Will Sampson , and Brad Dourif . The film also featured Christopher Lloyd in his film debut . Considered to be one of the greatest films ever made , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is No. 33 on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list . The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Actor in Lead Role , Actress in Lead Role , Director , and Screenplay ) following It Happened One Night in 1934 , an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 by The Silence of the Lambs . It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards . In 1993 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress , and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Others 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 Oregon , recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15 - year - old . Though not actually mentally ill , McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor and serve the rest of his sentence in a relaxed environment . Upon arriving at the hospital , he finds the ward run by the steely , strict Nurse Ratched , who subtly suppresses the actions of her patients through a passive - aggressive routine , intimidating the patients . The other patients include anxious , stuttering Billy Bibbit ; Charlie Cheswick , who is prone to childish tantrums ; delusional Martini ; the well - educated , paranoid Dale Harding ; belligerent Max Taber ; epileptic Jim Sefelt ; and `` Chief '' Bromden , a tall Native American believed to be deaf and mute . Ratched soon sees McMurphy 's lively , rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority , confiscating the patients ' cigarettes and rationing them . During his time in the ward , McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched . He steals a hospital bus , escaping with several patients to go on a fishing trip , encouraging his friends to become more self - confident . McMurphy learns his sentence may become indefinite , and he makes plans to escape , exhorting Chief to throw a hydrotherapy cart through a window . He , Chief , and Cheswick get into a fight with the orderlies after the latter becomes agitated over his stolen cigarettes . Ratched sends them to the `` shock shop , '' and McMurphy discovers Chief can actually speak , feigning being deaf and mute to avoid engaging with anyone . After being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy , McMurphy returns to the ward pretending to have brain damage , but reveals the treatment has charged him up even more . McMurphy and Chief make plans to escape , but decide to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night . McMurphy sneaks two women , Candy and Rose , into the ward , and bribes the night guard . After a night of partying , McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape , inviting Billy to come with them . He refuses , not ready to leave the hospital . McMurphy instead convinces him to have sex with Candy . Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients passed out drunk . She discovers Billy and Candy together , the former now free of his stutter , until Ratched threatens to inform his mother about his escapade . Billy is overwhelmed with fear and locks himself in the doctor 's office and commits suicide . The enraged McMurphy chokes Ratched , before being knocked out by an orderly . Ratched comes back with a neck brace and a scratchy voice . Rumors spread that McMurphy escaped , rather than be taken `` upstairs '' . Later that night , Chief sees McMurphy being returned to his bed . He discovers McMurphy has lobotomy scars on his forehead , and smothers his friend with a pillow . Chief finally throws the hydrotherapy cart through the window and escapes into the night , cheered on by Taber . Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy Louise Fletcher as Nurse Ratched Will Sampson as `` Chief '' Bromden William Redfield as Dale Harding Brad Dourif as Billy Bibbit Sydney Lassick as Charlie Cheswick Christopher Lloyd as Max Taber Danny DeVito as Martini Dean Brooks as Dr. John Spivey William Duell as Jim Sefelt Vincent Schiavelli as Bruce Frederickson Michael Berryman as Ellis Nathan George as Attendant Washington Marya Small as Candy Scatman Crothers as Orderly Turkle Louisa Moritz as Rose Peter Brocco as Col. Matterson Production ( edit ) Actor Kirk Douglas -- who had originated the role of McMurphy in the 1963 -- 1964 Broadway stage version of the Ken Kesey novel -- had purchased the film rights to the story , and tried for a decade to bring it to the big screen , but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him . Eventually , he gave the rights to his son Michael Douglas , who succeeded in getting the film produced -- but the elder Douglas , by then nearly 60 , was considered too old for the McMurphy role , which ultimately went to 38 - year - old Jack Nicholson . Douglas brought in Saul Zaentz as co-producer . The film 's first screenwriter , Lawrence Hauben , introduced Douglas to the work of Miloš Forman , whose 1967 Czechoslovak film The Firemen 's Ball had the sort of qualities they were looking for . Forman flew to California and went through the script page by page and outlined what he would do , in contrast with other directors who had been approached who were less than forthcoming . Forman wrote in 2012 : `` To me ( the story ) was not just literature but real life , the life I lived in Czechoslovakia from my birth in 1932 until 1968 . The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched , telling me what I could and could not do ; what I was or was not allowed to say ; where I was and was not allowed to go ; even who I was and was not . '' Saul Zaentz , a voracious reader , felt an affinity with Kesey , and so after Hauben 's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay , and promised him a piece of the action , but it did n't work out and ended in a financial dispute . Hal Ashby , who had been an early consideration for director , suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy . Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson 's schedule . However , Douglas later felt that this ended up as a blessing , as it gave more time to get the ensemble right . Casting ( edit ) Danny DeVito , who was Douglas 's oldest friend , was the first to be cast as he had played Martini , one of the patients , in the 1971 off - Broadway production . Douglas found Will Sampson , who played Chief Bromden , through a used car dealer that Douglas was sitting next to on an aircraft . Douglas had told him that they were looking for a big guy to play the chief . He sold a lot of cars to Native Americans and six months later called Douglas to say : `` the biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day ! '' Miloš Forman had considered Shelley Duvall for the role of Candy . While screening Thieves Like Us ( 1974 ) to see if she was right for the role , he became interested in Louise Fletcher , who had a supporting role , for the role of Nurse Ratched . A mutual acquaintance , the casting director Fred Roos , had already mentioned her name as a possibility . Even so it took four or five meetings , over a year , ( during which the role was offered to other actresses ) for Fletcher to secure the role of Nurse Ratched . Her final audition was late in 1974 , with Forman , Zaentz and Douglas . The day after Christmas , her agent called to say she was expected at the Oregon State Hospital in Salem on 4 January to begin rehearsals . Rehearsals ( edit ) Prior to commencement of filming , a week of rehearsals started on 4 January 1975 in Oregon , during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy . Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy on a patient . Filming ( edit ) Other than Nicholson , the rest of the cast were working for scale , or a little above that . Fletcher worked for 11 weeks , and made $10,000 before taxes . Filming began in January 1975 , and concluded approximately three months later , and was shot on location in Salem , Oregon , and the surrounding area , as well as on the Oregon coast . The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital , an actual mental hospital , as this was also the setting of the novel . The hospital 's director , Dean Brooks , was supportive of the filming and eventually ended up playing the character of Dr. John Spivey in the film . Brooks identified a patient for each of the actors to shadow , and some of the cast even slept on the wards at night . He also wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew , to which the producers agreed . Douglas recalls that it was n't until later that he found out that many of them were criminally insane . As Forman did n't allow the actors to see the day 's filming , this led to the cast losing confidence in him , while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance . Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something , which he did , and restored the actor 's confidence . Haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler . Wexler believed his dismissal was due to his concurrent work on the documentary Underground , in which the radical terrorist group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law . However , Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over artistic differences . Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , though Wexler said there was `` only about a minute or two minutes in that film I did n't shoot . '' According to Butler , Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman : `` ... ( Jack ) never talked to Miloš at all , he only talked to me . '' Filming went over the initial budget of $2 m and over-schedule , but Saul Zaentz , who was personally financing the movie , was able to fund this by borrowing against his company , Fantasy Records . The movie cost in total $4.4 m to make . Reception ( edit ) The film was met with overwhelming critical acclaim ; Roger Ebert said `` Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there 's a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong . But it does go wrong , insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry , so that at the end , the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all . And yet there are those moments of brilliance . '' Ebert would later put the film on his `` Great Movies '' list . A.D. Murphy of Variety wrote a mixed review as well , as did Vincent Canby : Writing in The New York Times , Canby called the film `` a comedy that ca n't quite support its tragic conclusion , which is too schematic to be honestly moving , but it is acted with such a sense of life that one responds to its demonstration of humanity if not to its programmed metaphors '' . The film opens with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche , featuring an eerie bowed saw ( performed by Robert Armstrong ) and wine glasses . Commenting on the score , reviewer Steven McDonald has said , `` The edgy nature of the film extends into the score , giving it a profoundly disturbing feel at times -- even when it appears to be relatively normal . The music has a tendency to always be a little off - kilter , and from time to time it tilts completely over into a strange little world of its own ... '' The film went on to win the `` Big Five '' Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony . These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson , Best Actress for Louise Fletcher , Best Direction for Forman , Best Picture , and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman . The film currently has a 95 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 9 / 10 . Its consensus states : `` The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s - and testament to the director 's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later . '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is considered to be one of the greatest American films . Ken Kesey participated in the early stages of script development , but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view ; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement . Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie , but said he disliked what he knew of it , a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk who wrote , `` The first time I heard this story , it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson . A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked . '' In 1993 , this film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry . Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Academy Award Academy Award for Best Picture Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won Academy Award for Best Director Miloš Forman Won Academy Award for Best Actor Jack Nicholson Won Academy Award for Best Actress Louise Fletcher Won Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Brad Dourif Nominated Academy Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated Academy Award for Best Film Editing Richard Chew , Lyzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Nominated Academy Award for Original Music Score Jack Nitzsche Nominated Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture Miloš Forman Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Jack Nicholson Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama Louise Fletcher Won Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor Brad Dourif Won BAFTA Award BAFTA Award for Best Film Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won BAFTA Award for Best Direction Miloš Forman Won BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Jack Nicholson Won BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Louise Fletcher Won BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Brad Dourif Won BAFTA Award for Best Editing Richard Chew , Lynzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Won BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Nominated Others ( edit ) American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - # 20 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Nurse Ratched - # 5 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - # 17 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - # 33 See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1970s portal List of Academy Award records List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees Mental illness in film White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Sylvia ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Haskell Wexler and the Making of ' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ' '' . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Chew was listed as `` supervising editor '' in the film 's credits , but was included in the nomination for an editing Academy Award . ^ Jump up to : `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Phil ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Douglas : how we made One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forman , Milos ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Opinion - Obama the Socialist ? Not Even Close '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Louise Fletcher recalls the impact of landing the Oscar - winning role of Nurse Ratched '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at the American Film Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Story Notes for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's Love Affair with Oregon Coast Continues '' . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon State Hospital -- A documentary film ( Mental Health Association of Portland ) '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , John . `` Haskell Wexler , Oscar - Winning Cinematographer , Dies at 93 . '' The New York Times , December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review , Chicago Sun - Times , January 1 , 1975 Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review , Chicago Sun - Times , February 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Variety.com - A.D. Murphy , Variety , November 7 , 1975 Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 28 , 1975 ) . `` Critic 's Pick : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( Original Soundtrack ) - Jack Nitzsche - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest Movie Reviews , Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Carnes , Mark Christopher , Paul R. Betz , et al. ( 1999 ) . American National Biography , Volume 26 . New York : Oxford University Press USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522202 - 4 . p. 312 , Jump up ^ Carnes , p. 312 Jump up ^ Foreword of One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Copyright 2007 by Chuck Palahniuk . Available in the 2007 Edition published by Penguin Books Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry -- Titles '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest on IMDb One Flew Over The Cuckoo 's Nest at the TCM Movie Database One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at Rotten Tomatoes One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at Box Office Mojo Ken Kesey Novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) Caverns ( 1989 ) Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear ( 1990 ) Sailor Song ( 1992 ) Last Go Round with Ken Babbs ( 1994 ) Collections Kesey 's Garage Sale ( 1973 ) Demon Box ( 1986 ) Kesey 's Jail Journal ( 2003 ) Plays Over the Border ( 1973 ) The Furthur Enquiry ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1971 film ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Related Merry Pranksters Further bus Acid Tests Neal Cassady Carolyn Garcia Lee Quarnstrom Ken Babbs Paul Foster The Electric Kool - Aid Acid Test Kesey Square Magic Trip The Storyteller : Ken Kesey Memorial Ken Kesey 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Thalavattam ( 1986 film ) Manasukkul Mathappu ( 1988 film ) Kyon Ki ( 2005 film ) Characters Randle McMurphy Nurse Ratched See also Institutionalisation Films directed by Miloš Forman Black Peter ( 1964 ) Loves of a Blonde ( 1965 ) The Firemen 's Ball ( 1967 ) Taking Off ( 1971 ) Visions of Eight ( 1973 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Hair ( 1979 ) Ragtime ( 1981 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Valmont ( 1989 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Goya 's Ghosts ( 2006 ) Awards for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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2 LCCN : no2007050259 SUDOC : 180849603 VIAF : 316751608 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)&oldid=841634826 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films 1970s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films American independent films Best Picture Academy Award winners Films scored by Jack Nitzsche Films based on American novels Films directed by Miloš Forman Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films produced by Michael Douglas Films produced by Saul Zaentz Films set in 1963 Films set in Oregon Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films shot in Oregon Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Suicide in films United States National Film Registry films Screenplays by Bo Goldman Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 01 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who starred in one flew over the cuckoos nest	[ "\n\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMiloš Forman\n\n\nProduced by\nSaul Zaentz\nMichael Douglas\n\n\nScreenplay by\nLawrence Hauben\nBo Goldman\n\n\nBased on\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\nby Ken Kesey\n\n\nStarring\nJack Nicholson\nLouise Fletcher\nWilliam Redfield\n\n\nMusic by\nJack Nitzsche\n\n\nCinematography\nHaskell Wexler\nBill Butler[1]\n\n\nEdited by\nRichard Chew[2]\nSheldon Kahn\nLynzee Klingman\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nFantasy Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUnited Artists\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nNovember 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$109 million[3]\n\n", "\n\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMiloš Forman\n\n\nProduced by\nSaul Zaentz\nMichael Douglas\n\n\nScreenplay by\nLawrence Hauben\nBo Goldman\n\n\nBased on\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\nby Ken Kesey\n\n\nStarring\nJack Nicholson\nLouise Fletcher\nWilliam Redfield\n\n\nMusic by\nJack Nitzsche\n\n\nCinematography\nHaskell Wexler\nBill Butler[1]\n\n\nEdited by\nRichard Chew[2]\nSheldon Kahn\nLynzee Klingman\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nFantasy Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUnited Artists\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nNovember 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$109 million[3]\n\n", "\n\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMiloš Forman\n\n\nProduced by\nSaul Zaentz\nMichael Douglas\n\n\nScreenplay by\nLawrence Hauben\nBo Goldman\n\n\nBased on\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\nby Ken Kesey\n\n\nStarring\nJack Nicholson\nLouise Fletcher\nWilliam Redfield\n\n\nMusic by\nJack Nitzsche\n\n\nCinematography\nHaskell Wexler\nBill Butler[1]\n\n\nEdited by\nRichard Chew[2]\nSheldon Kahn\nLynzee Klingman\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nFantasy Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUnited Artists\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nNovember 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$109 million[3]\n\n" ]	[ "Jack Nicholson", "Louise Fletcher", "William Redfield" ]
1104627273854231882	This Is What You Came For	This Is What You Came for - wikipedia This Is What You Came for Jump to : navigation , search `` This Is What You Came For '' Single by Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna Released 29 April 2016 Format Digital download Genre EDM Length 3 : 41 Label Westbury Road Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Calvin Harris Producer ( s ) Calvin Harris Calvin Harris singles chronology `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 2015 ) `` This Is What You Came For '' ( 2016 ) `` Hype '' ( 2016 ) Rihanna singles chronology `` Needed Me '' ( 2016 ) `` This Is What You Came For '' ( 2016 ) `` Nothing Is Promised '' ( 2016 ) `` This Is What You Came For '' is a song by Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris , featuring Barbadian singer Rihanna . The song was released on 29 April 2016 , through Columbia Records and Westbury Road . Featuring influences of house music , Harris produced the song and co-wrote it with Taylor Swift . Rihanna and Harris had previously collaborated on her sixth studio album , Talk That Talk , which included the international chart - topper `` We Found Love '' and US top five single `` Where Have You Been '' , the former of which was written and produced by Harris . He played the final version for Rihanna at the 2016 Coachella Music Festival . The single debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart . It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Rihanna 's 21st top - five song and Harris 's second ; the song is currently Harris 's highest peaking single as a lead artist . It also reached number one on the US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs , became the 12th number one for Rihanna and Harris 's tenth on sister chart Dance / Mix Show Airplay. and became Rihanna 's 25th and Harris 's fourth chart - topper on the Dance Club Songs . It topped the charts in Australia , Canada , and the Republic of Ireland and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Germany , New Zealand and Switzerland . `` This Is What You Came For '' received mixed reviews from critics ; while some praised them for creating a catchy track , others labeled it as boring , and cited Rihanna 's vocals as overprocessed . A music video for the song premiered on 17 June 2016 and features Rihanna in an open cube with images projected on the inside walls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and release 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Live performances 7 Track listing 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Writing and release ( edit ) Harris 's then - girlfriend Taylor Swift ( pictured ) co-wrote `` This Is What You Came For '' . She was initially credited under the pseudonym Nils Sjöberg . Calvin Harris presented the final recording to Rihanna , two weeks prior to its release . During his performance at Coachella , Harris shared the song with Rihanna and her manager in her trailer . Harris stated that he was `` nervous '' to play her the song because he had `` changed so many bits from when she first heard it . '' The song was released on 29 April 2016 . The song marks the pair 's third collaboration , following the global chart - topper `` We Found Love '' and the Billboard Hot 100 top - five single `` Where Have You Been '' , which are both featured on Rihanna 's sixth studio album , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . Harris and Nils Sjöberg were credited as the song 's writers . On 13 July 2016 , TMZ reported that the track was co-written with Harris 's then - girlfriend Taylor Swift , who used the pseudonym Nils Sjöberg because they did not want their relationship to overshadow the song . The track became a point of contention upon its release , when Harris -- in response to being asked about the possibility of collaborating with Swift during an interview with Ryan Seacrest -- said that he `` ca n't see it happening . '' Harris also took to his Twitter account to confirm that Swift wrote the lyrics and contributed some vocals , while he `` wrote the music , produced the song , arranged it and cut the vocals '' , and also confirming her previous request for secrecy as co-songwriter . The credit has since been officially changed to `` Taylor Swift '' in BMI 's and ASCAP 's entry for the song . Composition ( edit ) `` This Is What You Came For '' is an EDM song . Gil Kaufman of Billboard stated that the song is `` a chilled - out , joyful club track that nods to classic Chicago house from the late 1980s and early 1990s , but with a modern , poppier flavor . '' The song is written in the key of A minor with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The song follows a chord progression of Am -- Fmaj7 -- G -- C , and Rihanna 's vocals span from G to E . Music video ( edit ) The official music video for the song directed by Emil Nava with Director of Photography Martin Coppen and edited by Ellie Johnson , was released to YouTube on 16 June 2016 . In it , a giant white box is shown sitting in a variety of places , such as a misty field and a forest . The scene then cuts to Rihanna , dressed in a sparkly blue jumpsuit , singing while standing and dancing inside the box . While she performs , graphics are projected onto all 5 sides around her . Lasers were the only other effects used with the video projections , and were provided by Dynamic FX . These include a variety of video effects and designs , footage of a crowd partying and running horses , and a drawing of a mountain with lightning over it . The video technology used for projections blended all angles of the backing video , so it would be displayed without skewing the image and allowing it to play back in a 3D environment . This new technology was being used for the first time on this video . This video also had many scenes and different cube designs cut from it , as the filming was cut short due to time constrains . Calvin Harris makes a brief cameo appearance in the video , driving a sports car ( Lamborghini Aventador ) . As the video ends , Rihanna walks outside , revealing the box has been set up on a dark , deserted soundstage . Two months after its release , the video reached 500 million views , and on 29 November 2016 , the video reached one billion views . As of October 2017 , it has reached 1.8 billion views , and is the site 's 22nd most viewed video . Principal photography was shot in Astoria Queens , NY on May 27 , 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) `` This Is What You Came For '' received mixed reviews . Lary Barleet from NME stated that `` As it builds to a climax , he pulls it right back , eschewing the EDM drop in favour of voguish and mellow tropical house . It will definitely be a hit , however by manipulating her voice so much he 's stripped away the personality that made ' We Found Love ' such a standout , and her latest album ' Anti ' so compelling . The result is surprisingly soulless . '' Robbie Daw from the Idolator gave the song a positive review , stating , `` The song is pretty decent Euro - centric dance floor fodder . It 's just a bit subdued - which might have been the correct decision ; why attempt to top a pop classic and fail when you can zig left , aiming for other territory altogether ? '' Rihanna 's vocals on the song were met positively by critics . Ryan Middleton from Music Times states `` The song starts out with Rihanna 's vocals and mostly cooing with a soft build that `` drops '' into a steady house , four - on - the - floor rhythm and deep bass stabs , using Rihanna 's voice as the main element for the melody . It does n't have the soaring , pop radio synths one might expect from these two , but then again this is n't 2011 and a simple revamp of ' We Found Love , ' would be disappointing . The drop may be a little disappointing for fans upon first listen , but give a second , third or fifth spin and there is an earworm quality to this one that will stick with you for a while . It may not have the lasting power of ' We Found Love , ' but it will dominate the radio all summer . '' He praised the song for creating a catchy hit , however he criticized Harris for failing to create anything new . NPR listed it at 89 on its `` Top 100 Songs of 2016 '' list , while Fuse considered it the 10th best song of the year . Chart performance ( edit ) `` This Is What You Came For '' debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart . The single debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 and later peaked at number three on the chart , becoming Rihanna 's 28th top ten hit in the US , Harris 's fourth , while on the magazine 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay it extended Rihanna 's number - one streak on that chart to 12 ( the most of any artist on that chart ) and gave Harris his tenth ( the most among male artists , but at the same time extended his most weeks at number one on the chart among artists to 73 ) . `` This Is What You Came For '' became Rihanna 's 25th and Harris 's fourth number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart , where it became the first song since 2013 's `` Wake Me Up '' to stay at number one for two weeks . As of October 2016 , the single has sold 1.2 million copies in the United States . `` This Is What You Came For '' debuted at number one on the Scottish Singles Chart , and peaked at number one in Australia , Canada and Ireland . The song also reached the top 10 in Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , Switzerland , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , Hungary , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Portugal and Slovakia . The song has reached the top 10 in all except three of the countries it has charted in . Live performances ( edit ) Taylor Swift performed `` This is What You Came For '' on the piano for the first time live at the United States Grand Prix in Austin , Texas , on October 22 , 2016 . Swift then performed an acoustic guitar version at the DirecTV Super Saturday Night in Houston , Texas , on February 4 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) 3 : 41 Digital download -- Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) ( Extended Mix ) 4 : 47 2 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) ( Dillon Francis Remix ) 3 : 43 3 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) ( R3hab vs Henry Fong Remix ) 4 : 18 4 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) ( R3hab Remix ) 2 : 30 5 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) ( Grandtheft Remix ) 3 : 01 6 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) ( Tony Junior Remix ) 3 : 35 7 . `` This Is What You Came For '' ( featuring Rihanna ) ( Bobby Puma Remix ) 4 : 44 Total length : 26 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Argentina Digital Songs ( CAPIF ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 21 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Mexico ( Billboard Mexico Airplay ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 64 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 6 Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela ( Record Report ) 72 Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 8 Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 9 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 21 France 15 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) 17 Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 45 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 13 Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 200,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Diamond 200,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,467,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Date Format Version Label 29 April 2016 Digital download Single ( 1 track ) Sony Westbury Road Columbia 17 June 2016 Remixes ( 4 tracks ) 2 August 2016 Remixes ( 7 tracks ) See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Scotland ) List of UK top 10 singles in 2016 List of UK Dance Singles Chart number ones of 2016 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2016 List of number - one dance singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Is What You Came For ( feat . Rihanna ) -- Single by Calvin Harris '' . iTunes US . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris : This Is What You Came For -- Music on Google Play '' . play.google.com . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris Debuts New Song This Is What You Came For With Rihanna , Admits He Was Nervous About It '' . E ! News . 29 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listen To Rihanna and Calvin Harris ' ' This Is What You Came For ' '' . Billboard. 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift Secretly Wrote ' This is What You Came For ' and Calvin ' Disrespected ' Her '' . TMZ. 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Wrote Ex Calvin Harris and Rihanna 's Hit ' This Is What You Came For , ' Her Rep Confirms '' . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Secretly Co-Wrote Calvin Harris and Rihanna 's `` This Is What You Came For '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Repertoire : This Is What You Came For '' . BMI . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory : This Is What You Came For '' . ASCAP . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiles , Adam . `` Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna `` This Is What You Came For '' Sheet Music in A Minor `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For ( Official Video ) ft . Rihanna -- Youtube '' . YouTube . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 100 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Review : Calvin Harris & Rihanna 's ' This Is What You Came For ' Is No ' We Found Love ' '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` Pop Perspective : Calvin Harris & Rihanna 's `` This Is What You Came For '' Rated And Reviewed `` . Idolator . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris , Rihanna ' This Is What You Came For ' Review : Pair Follow Up ' We Found Love ' '' . Music Times . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 2016 '' . NPR . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 2016 '' . Fuse . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flume 's ' Skin ' Scores Best Sales Week of 2016 on Top Dance / Electronic Albums '' from Billboard ( 9 June 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Play Songs , July 16 , 2016 '' . Billboard. 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marketshare at the Three - Quarter Pole : Top 25 Albums and Singles '' . Hits Daily Double . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Performs ' This Is What You Came For ' at Formula 1 Concert : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is What You Came For ( feat . Rihanna ) ( Remixes ) by Calvin Harris '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino > Top 20 Oficial Del 25 al 31 de Julio , 2016 ( Argentina ) '' . Archived from the original on 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 ... MonitorLatino.com Retrieved 24 July 2016 Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' ( in Spanish ) . CAPIF . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . To view the peak position , select digital mensual , 2016 and Julio . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . national-report.com Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201635 into search . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201620 into search . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For ( Feat . Rihanna ) '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris : This Is What You Came For ( Feat . Rihanna ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 19 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's # 1 Music Discovery , Rating , and Purchasing Experience ! '' . Media Forest . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Mexico : Aug 20 , 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : Aug 06 , 2016 '' . Billboard. 29 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . 23 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201626 into search . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201627 into search . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2016 - 06 - 21 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For ( Feat . Rihanna ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance / Electronic Songs for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Calvin Harris . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Record Report '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 9 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Anglo -- Record Report '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 6 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top singles 2016 '' . Pure Charts ( in French ) . chartinfrance.net . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2016 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016 '' . Media Forest . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . The Official NZ Music Charts . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/hot-dance-electronic-songs Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resumen Anual 2016 '' . recordreport.com.ve . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Calvin Harris in the field Interpret . Enter This Is What You Came For in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Gold / Platinum Single Certifications '' . Music Canada . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna ; ' This Is What You Came For ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Calvin Harris ft . Rihanna '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Calvin Harris feat . Rihanna -- This Is What You Came For '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select 31 in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Type Calvin Harris in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select This Is What You Came For and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter This Is What You Came For in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Calvin Harris ' Official Top 20 biggest singles '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Calvin Harris -- This Is What You Came For '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` This Is What You Came For '' music video on YouTube Calvin Harris singles I Created Disco `` Acceptable in the 80s '' `` The Girls '' `` Merrymaking at My Place '' Ready for the Weekend `` I 'm Not Alone '' `` Ready for the Weekend '' `` Flashback '' `` You Used to Hold Me '' 18 Months `` Bounce '' `` Feel So Close '' `` Let 's Go '' `` We 'll Be Coming Back '' `` Sweet Nothing '' `` Drinking from the Bottle '' `` I Need Your Love '' `` Thinking About You '' Motion `` Under Control '' `` Summer '' `` Blame '' `` Outside '' `` Open Wide '' `` Pray to God '' Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 `` Slide '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Rollin '' `` Feels '' `` Faking It '' Non-album singles `` Iron '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Hype '' `` My Way '' Other songs `` Slow Acid '' Featured singles `` Dance wiv Me '' `` We Found Love '' `` Off the Record '' Produced songs `` In My Arms '' `` Holiday '' `` Hands '' `` Off & On '' `` Only the Horses '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` Call My Name '' `` Spectrum ( Say My Name ) '' `` I Will Never Let You Down '' Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_What_You_Came_For&oldid=804480138 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Calvin Harris songs Rihanna songs Songs written by Calvin Harris Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Works published under a pseudonym MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use British English from June 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Scots Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 08 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	this is what you came for calvin harris	[]	[]
2852100965706693638	The Rolling Stones	The Rolling Stones - wikipedia The Rolling Stones `` Rolling Stones '' redirects here . For other uses , see Rolling Stones ( disambiguation ) . For the magazine , see Rolling Stone . The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones performing at Summerfest in Milwaukee in 2015 . Left to right : Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards Background information Origin London , England Genres Rock blues blues rock rock and roll Years active 1962 -- present Labels Decca London Rolling Stones Virgin ABKCO Interscope Polydor Associated acts The New Barbarians Billy Preston Faces The Pretty Things John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings Website rollingstones.com Members Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Past members Brian Jones Ian Stewart Dick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Taylor The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London , England , in 1962 . The first stable line - up consisted of Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line - up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985 . Brian Jones was the original leader of the group . The band 's primary songwriters , Jagger and Richards , assumed leadership after Andrew Loog Oldham became the group 's manager . Their musical focus shifted from covering blues songs to writing original material , a decision with which Jones did not agree . Jones left the band less than a month before his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor , who remained until 1974 . After Taylor left the band , Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and continues on guitar in tandem with Richards . Following Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist . The Stones ' touring keyboardists have included Nicky Hopkins ( 1967 -- 1982 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978 -- 1981 ) , Billy Preston ( through the mid-1970s ) and Chuck Leavell ( 1982 -- present ) . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 and were identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the group began a short period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) . Subsequently , the group returned to its `` bluesy '' roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) which along with its follow - ups Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) is generally considered the band 's best work and is seen as their `` Golden Age '' . During this period , they were first introduced on stage as `` The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World '' . Musicologist Robert Palmer attributed the endurance of the Rolling Stones to their being `` rooted in traditional verities , in rhythm - and - blues and soul music '' , while `` more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone '' . The band continued releasing commercially successful albums , including Some Girls ( 1978 ) and Tattoo You ( 1981 ) , which were their most popular albums worldwide . From 1983 to 1987 tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split ; however , they overcame their differences and rekindled their friendship after a temporary separation to work on solo projects . The Stones experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) , promoted by a large stadium and arena tour . Since the 1990s , new recorded material from the group has been less frequent and less well - received . Despite this , the Rolling Stones continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit , with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s . By 2007 , the band had four of the top five highest - grossing concert tours of all time : Voodoo Lounge Tour ( 1994 -- 1995 ) , Bridges to Babylon Tour ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , Licks Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) and A Bigger Bang Tour ( 2005 -- 2007 ) . The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' list and their estimated record sales are above 250 million . They have released 30 studio albums , 23 live albums and numerous compilations . Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) marked the first of five consecutive No. 1 studio and live albums in the UK . Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) was the first of eight consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the US . In 2008 , the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Artists chart . In 2012 , the band celebrated its 50th anniversary . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : Building a following 1.3 1965 -- 1967 : Height of fame 1.4 1968 -- 1972 : `` Back to basics '' 1.5 1972 -- 1977 : Critical fluctuations and Ronnie Wood 1.6 1978 -- 1982 : Commercial peak 1.7 1983 -- 1988 : Band turmoil and solo projects 1.8 1989 -- 1999 : Comeback , return to popularity , and record - breaking tours 1.9 2000 -- 2011 : A Bigger Bang and continued success 1.10 2012 -- present : 50th anniversary and covers album 2 Musical development 3 Legacy 4 Tours 5 Band members 5.1 Timeline 6 Discography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Keith Richards and Mick Jagger became childhood friends and classmates in 1950 in Dartford , Kent . The Jagger family moved to Wilmington , Kent , five miles ( 8.0 km ) away , in 1954 . In the mid-1950s , Jagger formed a garage band with his friend Dick Taylor ; the group mainly played material by Muddy Waters , Chuck Berry , Little Richard , Howlin ' Wolf and Bo Diddley . Jagger met Richards again on 17 October 1961 on platform two of Dartford railway station . The Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records Jagger was carrying revealed a shared interest . A musical partnership began shortly afterwards . Richards and Taylor often met Jagger at his house . The meetings moved to Taylor 's house in late 1961 where Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith joined the trio ; the quintet called themselves the Blues Boys . In March 1962 , the Blues Boys read about the Ealing Jazz Club in Jazz News newspaper , which mentioned Alexis Korner 's rhythm and blues band , Blues Incorporated . The group sent a tape of their best recordings to Korner , who was favourably impressed . On 7 April , they visited the Ealing Jazz Club where they met the members of Blues Incorporated , who included slide guitarist Brian Jones , keyboardist Ian Stewart and drummer Charlie Watts . After a meeting with Korner , Jagger and Richards started jamming with the group . Jones , no longer in a band , advertised for bandmates in Jazz Weekly , while Stewart found them a practice space ; together they decided to form a band playing Chicago blues . Soon after , Jagger , Taylor and Richards left Blues Incorporated to join Jones and Stewart . The first rehearsal included guitarist Geoff Bradford and vocalist Brian Knight , both of whom decided not to join the band . They objected to playing the Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs preferred by Jagger and Richards . In June 1962 the addition of the drummer Tony Chapman completed the line - up of Jagger , Richards , Jones , Stewart and Taylor . According to Richards , Jones named the band during a phone call to Jazz News . When asked by a journalist for the band 's name , Jones saw a Muddy Waters LP lying on the floor ; one of the tracks was `` Rollin ' Stone '' . 1962 -- 1964 : building a following ( edit ) The back room of what was the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond , London where the Rolling Stones had their first residency in 1963 Jones , Jagger , Richards , Stewart , and Taylor played a gig billed as `` the Rollin ' Stones '' on 12 July 1962 , at the Marquee Club in London . Shortly afterwards , the band went on their first tour of the UK , which they called a `` training ground '' tour , because it was a new experience for all of them . Their material included the Chicago blues as well as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs . The band 's original rhythm section did not include bassist Bill Wyman , who joined in December 1962 , or drummer Charlie Watts , who joined in January 1963 . By 1963 they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity . In 1964 two unscientific opinion polls rated the band as Britain 's most popular group , outranking even the Beatles . The band 's name was changed shortly after their first gig to `` The Rolling Stones '' . The group 's then acting manager , Giorgio Gomelsky , secured a Sunday afternoon residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond , London , in February 1963 . He claimed this triggered an `` international renaissance for the blues '' . In May 1963 , The Rolling Stones signed Andrew Loog Oldham as their manager . His previous clients , the Beatles directed the former publicist to the band . Because Oldham was only nineteen and had not reached the age of majority -- he was also younger than anyone in the band -- he could not obtain an agent 's licence or sign any contracts without his mother co-signing . By necessity he joined with booking agent Eric Easton to secure record financing and assistance booking venues . Gomelsky , who had no written agreement with the band , was not consulted . Initially , Oldham tried applying the strategy used by Brian Epstein , the Beatles ' manager and have the band members wear suits . He later changed his mind and imagined a band which contrasted with the Beatles , featuring unmatched clothing , long hair , and an unclean appearance . He wanted to make the Stones `` a raunchy , gamy , unpredictable bunch of undesirables '' and to `` establish that the Stones were threatening , uncouth and animalistic '' . Stewart left the official line - up , but remained road manager and touring keyboardist . Of Stewart 's decision , Oldham later said , `` Well , he just does n't look the part , and six is too many for ( fans ) to remember the faces in the picture . '' Later , Oldham reduced the band members ' ages in publicity material to make them appear as teenagers . Decca Records , which had declined to sign a deal with the Beatles , gave the Rolling Stones a recording contract with favourable terms . The band got three times a new act 's typical royalty rate , full artistic control of recordings and ownership of the recording master tapes . The deal also let the band use non-Decca recording studios . Regent Sound Studios , a mono facility equipped with egg boxes on the ceiling for sound treatment , became their preferred location . Oldham , who had no recording experience but made himself the band 's producer , said Regent had a sound that `` leaked , instrument - to - instrument , the right way '' creating a `` wall of noise '' that worked well for the band . Because of Regent 's low booking rates , the band could record for extended periods rather than the usual three - hour blocks common at other studios . All tracks on the first Rolling Stones album , The Rolling Stones , were recorded there . Oldham contrasted the Rolling Stones ' independence with the Beatles ' obligation to record in EMI 's studios , saying it made them appear as `` mere mortals ... sweating in the studio for the man '' . He promoted the Rolling Stones as the nasty counterpoint to the Beatles by having the band pose unsmiling on the cover of their first album . He also encouraged the press to use provocative headlines such as : `` Would you let your daughter marry a Rolling Stone ? '' By contrast , Wyman says , `` Our reputation and image as the Bad Boys came later , completely there , accidentally ... ( Oldham ) never did engineer it . He simply exploited it exhaustively . '' In a 1972 interview , Wyman stated , `` We were the first pop group to break away from the whole Cliff Richard thing where the bands did little dance steps , wore identical uniforms and had snappy patter . '' A cover version of Chuck Berry 's `` Come On '' was the Rolling Stones ' first single , released on 7 June 1963 . The band refused to play it at live gigs , and Decca bought only one ad to promote the record . With Oldham 's direction , fan - club members bought copies at record shops polled by the charts , helping `` Come On '' rise to No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart . Having a charting single gave the band entree to play outside London , starting with a booking at the Outlook Club in Middlesbrough on 13 July , sharing the billing with The Hollies . Later in 1963 Oldham and Easton arranged the band 's first big UK concert tour as a supporting act for American stars including Bo Diddley , Little Richard and the Everly Brothers . The tour gave the band the opportunity to hone their stagecraft . During the tour the band recorded their second single , a Lennon -- McCartney - penned number entitled `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' . It reached No. 12 on the UK charts . The song was written and given to the Stones when John Lennon and Paul McCartney visited them in the studio as the two Beatles liked giving the copyrights to songs away to their friends . It reached No. 12 on the UK charts . The Beatles 1963 album , With the Beatles , includes their version of the song . The third single by the Stones , Buddy Holly 's `` Not Fade Away '' , reflecting Bo Diddley 's style , was released in February 1964 and reached No. 3 . Oldham saw little future for an act that lost significant songwriting royalties by playing songs of what he described as `` middle - aged blacks '' , limiting the appeal to teenage audiences . Jagger and Richards decided to write songs together . Oldham described the first batch as `` soppy and imitative '' . Because the band 's songwriting developed slowly , songs on their first album The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ; issued in the US as England 's Newest Hit Makers ) , were primarily covers , with only one Jagger / Richards original -- `` Tell Me ( You 're Coming Back ) '' -- and two numbers credited to Nanker Phelge , the pen name used for songs written by the entire group . The Rolling Stones ' first US tour in June 1964 was `` a disaster '' according to Wyman . When we arrived , we did n't have a hit record ( there ) or anything going for us . '' When the band appeared on the variety show The Hollywood Palace , that week 's guest host , Dean Martin , mocked both their hair and their performance . During the tour they recorded for two days at Chess Studios in Chicago , meeting many of their most important influences , including Muddy Waters . These sessions included what would become the Rolling Stones ' first No. 1 hit in the UK , their cover version of Bobby and Shirley Womack 's `` It 's All Over Now '' . The Stones followed the Famous Flames , featuring James Brown , in the theatrical release of the 1964 film T.A.M.I. Show , which showcased American acts with British Invasion artists . According to Jagger , `` We were n't actually following James Brown because there was considerable time between the filming of each section . Nevertheless , he was still very annoyed about it ... '' On 25 October the band appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show . Because of the pandemonium surrounding the Stones , Sullivan banned them from his show . However , he booked them for an appearance in the following year . Their second LP , 12 X 5 , which was only available in the US , was released during the tour . During the early Stones ' releases , Richards was typically credited as `` Richard '' . The Rolling Stones ' fifth UK single , a cover of Willie Dixon 's `` Little Red Rooster '' -- with `` Off the Hook '' , credited to Nanker Phelge , as the B - side -- was released in November 1964 and became their second No. 1 hit in the UK . The band 's US distributors , London Records , declined to release `` Little Red Rooster '' as a single . In December 1964 , the distributor released the band 's first single with Jagger / Richards originals on both sides : `` Heart of Stone '' , with `` What a Shame '' as the B - side ; the single went to No. 19 in the US . 1965 -- 1967 : height of Fame ( edit ) The band 's second UK LP , The Rolling Stones No. 2 , was released in January 1965 and reached No. 1 on the charts . The US version , released in February as The Rolling Stones , Now ! , reached No. 5 . The album was recorded at Chess Studios in Chicago and RCA Studios in Los Angeles . In January and February that year the band played 34 shows for around 100,000 people in Australia and New Zealand . The single `` The Last Time '' , released in February , was the first Jagger / Richards composition to reach No. 1 on the UK charts ; it reached No. 9 in the US . It was later identified by Richards as `` the bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones . It gave us a level of confidence ; a pathway of how to do it . '' Their first international No. 1 hit was `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' , recorded in May 1965 during the band 's third North American tour . Richards recorded the guitar riff that drives the song with a fuzzbox as a scratch track to guide a horn section . Nevertheless , the final cut was without the planned horn overdubs . Issued in the summer of 1965 , it was their fourth UK No. 1 and their first in the US where it spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 . It was a worldwide commercial success for the band . The US version of the LP Out of Our Heads , released in July 1965 , also went to No 1 ; it included seven original songs , three Jagger / Richards numbers and four credited to Nanker Phelge . Their second international No. 1 single `` Get Off of My Cloud '' was released in the autumn of 1965 , followed by another US - only LP , December 's Children . A trade ad for the 1965 Rolling Stones ' North American tour The album Aftermath , released in the late spring of 1966 , was the first LP to be composed entirely of Jagger / Richards songs ; it reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in the US . On this album Jones ' contributions expanded beyond guitar and harmonica . To the Middle Eastern - influenced `` Paint It , Black '' he added sitar ; to the ballad `` Lady Jane '' he added dulcimer and to `` Under My Thumb '' he added marimbas . Aftermath also contained `` Goin ' Home '' , a nearly 12 - minute - long song that included elements of jamming and improvisation . The Stones ' success on the British and American singles charts peaked during the 1960s . `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' was released in February 1966 , and reached No. 2 in the UK and US charts ; `` Paint It , Black '' reached No. 1 in the UK and US in May 1966 . `` Mother 's Little Helper '' , released in June 1966 , reached No. 8 in the US ; it was one of the first pop songs to discuss the issue of prescription drug abuse . `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' was released in September 1966 and reached No. 5 in the UK and No. 9 in the US . It had a number of firsts for the group : it was the first Stones recording to feature brass horns and the back - cover photo on the original US picture sleeve depicted the group satirically dressed in drag . The song was accompanied by one of the first official music videos , directed by Peter Whitehead . January 1967 saw the release of Between the Buttons , which reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 2 in the US . It was Andrew Oldham 's last venture as the Rolling Stones ' producer . Allen Klein took over his role as the band 's manager in 1965 . Richards recalled , `` There was a new deal with Decca to be made ... and he said he could do it . '' The US version included the double A-side single `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' and `` Ruby Tuesday '' , which went to No. 1 in the US and No. 3 in the UK . When the band went to New York to perform the numbers on The Ed Sullivan Show in January , they were ordered to change the lyrics of the refrain of `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' to `` let 's spend some time together '' . In early 1967 , Jagger , Richards and Jones began to be hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use , after News of the World ran a three - part feature entitled `` Pop Stars and Drugs : Facts That Will Shock You '' . The series described alleged LSD parties hosted by The Moody Blues attended by top stars including The Who 's Pete Townshend and Cream 's Ginger Baker , and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians . The first article targeted Donovan ( who was raided and charged soon after ) ; the second instalment ( published on 5 February ) targeted the Rolling Stones . A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the exclusive London club Blaise 's , where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets , displayed a piece of hashish and invited his companions back to his flat for a `` smoke '' . The article claimed this was Mick Jagger , but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity ; the reporter had in fact been eavesdropping on Brian Jones . Two days after the article was published Jagger filed a writ for libel against the News of the World . A week later on 12 February , Sussex police , tipped off by the paper , which had been tipped off by his chauffeur raided a party at Keith Richards ' home , Redlands . No arrests were made at the time , but Jagger , Richards and their friend art dealer Robert Fraser were subsequently charged with drug offences . Andrew Oldham was afraid of being arrested and fled to America . Richards said in 2003 , `` When we got busted at Redlands , it suddenly made us realize that this was a whole different ball game and that was when the fun stopped . Up until then it had been as though London existed in a beautiful space where you could do anything you wanted . '' On the treatment of the man responsible for the raid , he later added : `` As I heard it , he never walked the same again . '' In March 1967 , while awaiting the consequences of the police raid , Jagger , Richards and Jones took a short trip to Morocco , accompanied by Marianne Faithfull , Jones ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg and other friends . During this trip the stormy relations between Jones and Pallenberg deteriorated to the point that she left Morocco with Richards . Richards said later : `` That was the final nail in the coffin with me and Brian . He 'd never forgive me for that and I do n't blame him , but hell , shit happens . '' Richards and Pallenberg would remain a couple for twelve years . Despite these complications , the Rolling Stones toured Europe in March and April 1967 . The tour included the band 's first performances in Poland , Greece , and Italy . On 10 May 1967 , the day Jagger , Richards and Fraser were arraigned in connection with the Redlands charges , Jones ' house was raided by police . He was arrested and charged with possession of cannabis . Three of the five Stones now faced drug charges . Jagger and Richards were tried at the end of June . Jagger received a three - month prison sentence for the possession of four amphetamine tablets ; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to a year in prison . Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point but were released on bail the next day pending appeal . The Times ran the famous editorial entitled `` Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel ? '' in which conservative editor William Rees - Mogg surprised his readers by his unusually critical discourse on the sentencing , pointing out that Jagger had been treated far more harshly for a minor first offence than `` any purely anonymous young man '' . While awaiting the appeal hearings , the band recorded a new single , `` We Love You '' , as a thank you for their fans ' loyalty . It began with the sound of prison doors closing , and the accompanying music video included allusions to the trial of Oscar Wilde . On 31 July , the appeals court overturned Richards ' conviction , and reduced Jagger 's sentence to a conditional discharge . Jones ' trial took place in November 1967 . In December , after appealing the original prison sentence , Jones received a £ 1,000 fine and was put on three years ' probation , with an order to seek professional help . The band released Their Satanic Majesties Request , which reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 2 in the US , in December 1967 . It drew unfavourable reviews and was widely regarded as a poor imitation of the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Satanic Majesties was recorded while Jagger , Richards and Jones were awaiting their court cases . The band parted ways with Oldham during the sessions . The split was publicly amicable , but in 2003 Jagger said : `` The reason Andrew left was because he thought that we were n't concentrating and that we were being childish . It was not a great moment really -- and I would have thought it was n't a great moment for Andrew either . There were a lot of distractions and you always need someone to focus you at that point , that was Andrew 's job . '' Satanic Majesties became the first album the Rolling Stones produced on their own . Its psychedelic sound was complemented by the cover art , which featured a 3D photo by Michael Cooper , who had also photographed the cover of Sgt . Pepper . Bill Wyman wrote and sang a track on the album : `` In Another Land '' , also released as a single , the first on which Jagger did not sing lead . 1968 -- 1972 : `` back to Basics '' ( edit ) Keith Richards , 1972 The band spent the first few months of 1968 working on material for their next album . Those sessions resulted in the song `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' , released as a single in May . The subsequent album , Beggars Banquet , an eclectic mix of country and blues - inspired tunes , marked the band 's return to their roots . It was also the beginning of their collaboration with producer Jimmy Miller . It featured the lead single `` Street Fighting Man '' ( which addressed the political upheavals of May 1968 ) and `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Controversy over the design of the album cover , which featured a public toilet with graffiti covering the walls of a stall , delayed the album 's release for nearly six months . It was well received at the time of release and reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 5 in the US . Richards said of the album : There is a change between material on Satanic Majesties and Beggars Banquet . I 'd grown sick to death of the whole Maharishi guru shit and the beads and bells . Who knows where these things come from , but I guess ( the music ) was a reaction to what we 'd done in our time off and also that severe dose of reality . A spell in prison ... will certainly give you room for thought ... I was fucking pissed with being busted . So it was , ' Right we 'll go and strip this thing down . ' There 's a lot of anger in the music from that period . The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus , which originally began as an idea about `` the new shape of the rock - and - roll concert tour '' , was filmed at the end of 1968 . It featured John Lennon , Yoko Ono , the Dirty Mac , the Who , Jethro Tull , Marianne Faithfull , and Taj Mahal . The footage was shelved for twenty - eight years but was finally released officially in 1996 , with a DVD version released in October 2004 . By the time of Beggars Banquet 's release , Brian Jones was only sporadically contributing to the band . Jagger said that Jones was `` not psychologically suited to this way of life '' . His drug use had become a hindrance , and he was unable to obtain a US visa . Richards reported that in a June meeting with Jagger , Watts and himself at Jones ' house , Jones admitted that he was unable to `` go on the road again '' , and left the band saying , `` I 've left , and if I want to I can come back . '' On 3 July 1969 , less than a month later , Jones drowned under mysterious circumstances in the swimming pool at his home , Cotchford Farm , in Hartfield , East Sussex . Mick Taylor ( pictured in 1972 ) is , in part , responsible for the Stones ' new sound in the early 1970s . Replacing Brian Jones in 1969 , Taylor came from John Mayall 's Bluesbreakers and was a member of the Stones until 1974 The Rolling Stones were scheduled to play at a free concert for Blackhill Enterprises in London 's Hyde Park , two days after Jones ' death ; they decided to go ahead with the show as a tribute to him . The concert , their first with new guitarist Mick Taylor , was performed in front of an estimated 250,000 fans . A Granada Television production team filmed the performance , which was broadcast on British television as The Stones in the Park . Blackhill Enterprises stage manager Sam Cutler introduced the Rolling Stones on to the stage by announcing : `` Let 's welcome the Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World . '' Cutler repeated the introduction throughout their 1969 US tour . Jagger read an excerpt from Shelley 's poem Adonaïs , an elegy written on the death of his friend John Keats . They released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones before opening their set with `` I 'm Yours and I 'm Hers '' , a Johnny Winter number . Also performed , but previously unheard by the audience , were `` Midnight Rambler '' and `` Love in Vain '' from their forthcoming album Let It Bleed ( released December 1969 ) and `` Give Me A Drink '' , which eventually appeared on Exile on Main St. ( released May 1972 ) . The show also included the concert debut of `` Honky Tonk Women '' , which the band released the previous day . `` Gimme Shelter '' Sample of `` Gimme Shelter '' by the Rolling Stones , from Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' Sample of `` Brown Sugar '' by the Rolling Stones , from Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . The Stones ' last album of the sixties was Let It Bleed which reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 3 in the US . It featured `` Gimme Shelter '' with guest lead female vocals by Merry Clayton ( sister of Sam Clayton , of the American rock band Little Feat ) . Other tracks include `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( with accompaniment by the London Bach Choir , who initially asked that their name be removed from the album 's credits after apparently being `` horrified '' by the content of some of its other material , but later withdrew this request ) , `` Midnight Rambler '' as well as a cover of Robert Johnson 's `` Love in Vain '' . Jones and Taylor are both featured on the album . Just after the US tour ended , the band performed at the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway , about fifty miles ( 80 km ) east of San Francisco . The Hells Angels biker gang provided security . A fan , Meredith Hunter , was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after they realised he was armed . Part of the tour , and the Altamont concert , was documented in Albert and David Maysles ' film Gimme Shelter . In response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings ( in particular Live'r Than You 'll Ever Be , recorded during the 1969 tour ) , the album Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! was released in 1970 . Critic Lester Bangs declared it the best ever live album . It reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 6 in the US . At the end of the decade the band appeared on the BBC 's review of the sixties music scene Pop Go the Sixties , performing `` Gimme Shelter '' , which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969 . The following year , the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca , but still owed them a Jagger / Richards credited single . To get back at the label and fulfil their final contractual obligation , the band came up with the track `` Schoolboy Blues '' -- deliberately making it as crude as they could in hopes of forcing Decca to keep it `` in the vaults '' . Amid contractual disputes with Klein , they formed their own record company , Rolling Stones Records . Sticky Fingers , released in March 1971 , the band 's first album on their own label , featured an elaborate cover designed by Andy Warhol . It was an Andy Warhol photograph of a man from the waist down in tight jeans featuring a functioning zipper . When unzipped , it revealed the subject 's underwear , imprinted with a saying -- `` This Is Not Etc . '' In some markets an alternate cover was released because of the perceived offensive nature of the original at the time . The Rolling Stones ' logo , designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun , was introduced in 1971 Sticky Fingers ' cover was the first to feature the logo of Rolling Stones Records , which effectively became the band 's logo . It consisted of a pair of lips with a lapping tongue . Designer John Pasche created the logo following a suggestion by Jagger to copy the out stuck tongue of the Hindu goddess Kali . Critic Sean Egan has said of the logo , `` Without using the Stones ' name , it instantly conjures them , or at least Jagger , as well as a certain lasciviousness that is the Stones ' own ... It quickly and deservedly became the most famous logo in the history of popular music . '' The tongue and lips design was part of a package that VH1 named the `` No. 1 Greatest Album Cover '' of all time in 2003 . The album contains one of their best - known hits , `` Brown Sugar '' , and the country - influenced `` Dead Flowers '' . Both were recorded at Alabama 's Muscle Shoals Sound Studio during the 1969 American tour . The album continued the band 's immersion into heavily blues - influenced compositions . The album is noted for its `` loose , ramshackle ambience '' and marked Mick Taylor 's first full release with the band . Sticky Fingers reached number one in both the UK and the US . The Stones ' Decca catalogue is currently owned by Klein 's ABKCO label . In 1968 , the Stones , acting on a suggestion by pianist Ian Stewart , put a control room in a van and created a mobile recording studio so they would not be limited to the standard 9 -- 5 operating hours of most recording studios . The band lent the mobile studio to other artists , including Led Zeppelin , who used it to record Led Zeppelin III ( 1970 ) and Led Zeppelin IV ( 1971 ) . Deep Purple immortalised the mobile studio itself in the song `` Smoke on the Water '' with the line `` the Rolling truck Stones thing just outside , making our music there '' . Following the release of Sticky Fingers , the Rolling Stones left England after receiving advice from their financial manager Prince Rupert Loewenstein . He recommended they go into tax exile before the start of the next financial year . The band had learned , despite being assured that their taxes were taken care of , they had not been paid for seven years and the UK government was owed a relative fortune . The Stones moved to the South of France , where Richards rented the Villa Nellcôte and sublet rooms to band members and their entourage . Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio , they held recording sessions in the basement . They completed the new tracks , along with material dating as far back as 1969 , at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles . The resulting double album , Exile on Main St. , was released in May 1972 , and reached number one in both the US and the UK . Given an A+ grade by critic Robert Christgau and disparaged by Lester Bangs -- who reversed his opinion within months -- Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones ' best albums . The films Cocksucker Blues ( never officially released ) and Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( released in 1974 ) document the subsequent highly publicised 1972 North American Tour . The band 's double compilation , Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 , was released in 1972 ; it reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 4 in the US . It is certified Diamond in the US having sold over 12 million copies , and spent over 264 weeks on the Billboard album chart . In 1974 Bill Wyman was the first band member to release solo material , his album Monkey Grip . As of 2018 Wyman has released five solo albums , with the most recent , Back to Basics , released in 2015 . 1972 -- 1977 : critical fluctuations and Ronnie Wood ( edit ) Members of the band set up a complex financial structure in 1972 to reduce the amount of their taxes . Their holding company , Promogroup , has offices in both The Netherlands and the Caribbean . The Netherlands was chosen because it does not directly tax royalty payments . The band have been tax exiles ever since , meaning they can no longer use Britain as their main residence . Due to the arrangements with the holding company , the band has reportedly paid a tax of just 1.6 % on their total earnings of £ 242 million over the past 20 years . In November 1972 the band began recording sessions in Kingston , Jamaica , for the album Goats Head Soup ; it was released in 1973 and reached No. 1 in both the UK and US . The album , which contained the worldwide hit `` Angie '' , was the first in a string of commercially successful but tepidly received studio albums . The sessions for Goats Head Soup also produced unused material , most notably an early version of the popular ballad `` Waiting on a Friend '' , which was not released until the Tattoo You LP eight years later . Bill Wyman , 1975 Another legal battle over drugs , dating back to their stay in France , interrupted the making of Goats Head Soup . Authorities had issued a warrant for Richards ' arrest and the other band members had to return briefly to France for questioning . This , along with Jagger 's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges , complicated the band 's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973 : they were denied permission to play in Japan and almost banned from Australia . A European tour followed in September and October 1973 , which bypassed France , coming after Richards ' arrest in England on drug charges . The 1974 album It 's Only Rock ' n Roll was recorded in the Musicland Studios in Munich , Germany ; it reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 1 in the US . Miller was not invited to return as the album 's album producer because his `` contribution level had dropped '' . Jagger and Richards produced the album credited as `` the Glimmer Twins '' . Both the album and the single of the same name were hits . Near the end of 1974 , Taylor began to lose patience after years of feeling like a `` junior citizen in the band of jaded veterans '' . The band 's situation made normal functioning complicated , with members living in different countries , and legal barriers restricting where they could tour . In addition , drug use was starting to affect Richards ' productivity , and Taylor felt some of his own creative contributions were going unrecognised . At the end of 1974 , with a recording session already booked in Munich to record another album , Taylor quit the Rolling Stones . Taylor said in 1980 , I was getting a bit fed up . I wanted to broaden my scope as a guitarist and do something else ... I was n't really composing songs or writing at that time . I was just beginning to write , and that influenced my decision ... There are some people who can just ride along from crest to crest ; they can ride along somebody else 's success . And there are some people for whom that 's not enough . It really was n't enough for me . Ronnie Wood ( left ) and Jagger ( right ) in Chicago , 1975 The Stones needed a new guitarist , and the recording sessions for the next album , Black and Blue ( 1976 ) ( No. 2 in the UK , No. 1 in the US ) in Munich provided an opportunity for some guitarists hoping to join the band to work while trying out . Guitarists as stylistically disparate as Peter Frampton and Jeff Beck were auditioned as well as Robert A. Johnson and Shuggie Otis . Both Beck and Irish blues rock guitarist Rory Gallagher later claimed they had played without realising they were being auditioned . American session players Wayne Perkins and Harvey Mandel also tried out , but Richards and Jagger preferred for the band to remain purely British . When Ronnie Wood auditioned , everyone agreed he was the right choice . He had already recorded and played live with Richards , and had contributed to the recording and writing of the track `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll '' . He had declined Jagger 's earlier offer to join the Stones , because of his commitment to the Faces , saying `` that 's what 's really important to me '' . Faces ' lead singer Rod Stewart went so far as to say he would take bets that Wood would not join the Stones . Wood officially joined the Rolling Stones in 1975 for their upcoming Tour of the Americas , which was a contributing factor in the disbandment of the Faces . Unlike the other band members , however , Wood was a salaried employee , which remained the case until the early 1990s , when he finally joined the Stones ' business partnership . Jagger in 1976 The 1975 Tour of the Americas kicked off in New York City with the band performing on a flatbed trailer being pulled down Broadway . The tour featured stage props including a giant phallus and a rope on which Jagger swung out over the audience . Jagger had booked live recording sessions at the El Mocambo , a club in Toronto , to produce a long - overdue live album , 1977 's Love You Live , the first Stones live album since Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! . It reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 5 in the US . Richards ' addiction to heroin delayed his arrival in Toronto ; the other members had already arrived . On 24 February 1977 , when Richards and his family flew in from London , they were temporarily detained by Canada Customs after Richards was found in possession of a burnt spoon and hash residue . Three days later , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , armed with an arrest warrant for Anita Pallenberg , discovered 22 grams ( 0.78 oz ) of heroin in Richards ' room . He was charged with importing narcotics into Canada , an offence that carried a minimum seven - year sentence . El Mocambo where some of the live album Love You Live was recorded in 1977 The Crown prosecutor later conceded that Richards had procured the drugs after his arrival . Despite the incident , the band played two shows in Toronto , only to cause more controversy when Margaret Trudeau , then - wife of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , was seen partying with the band after one show . The band 's shows were not advertised to the public . Instead , the El Mocambo had been booked for the entire week by April Wine for a recording session . 1050 CHUM , a local radio station , ran a contest for free tickets to see April Wine . Contest winners who selected tickets for Friday or Saturday night were surprised to find the Rolling Stones playing . On 4 March , Richards ' partner Anita Pallenberg pleaded guilty to drug possession and incurred a fine in connection with the original airport incident . The drug case against Richards dragged on for over a year . Ultimately , he received a suspended sentence and was ordered to play two free concerts for the CNIB in Oshawa ; both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians , a group that Wood had put together to promote his latest solo album , which Richards also joined . This episode strengthened Richards ' resolve to stop using heroin . It also ended his relationship with Pallenberg , which had become strained since the death of their third child , Tara . Pallenberg was unable to curb her heroin addiction as Richards struggled to get clean . While Richards was settling his legal and personal problems , Jagger continued his jet - set lifestyle . He was a regular at New York 's Studio 54 disco club , often in the company of model Jerry Hall . His marriage to Bianca Jagger ended in 1977 , although they had long been estranged . Although the Rolling Stones remained popular through the early 1970s , music critics had begun to grow dismissive of the band 's output , and record sales failed to meet expectations . By the mid-1970s , after punk rock became influential , many people had begun to view the Rolling Stones as an outdated band . 1978 -- 1982 : commercial peak ( edit ) The group 's fortunes changed in 1978 , after the band released Some Girls , which included the hit single `` Miss You '' , the country ballad `` Far Away Eyes '' , `` Beast of Burden '' and `` Shattered '' . In part as a response to punk , many songs , particularly `` Respectable '' , were fast , basic , guitar - driven rock and roll , and the album 's success re-established the Rolling Stones ' immense popularity among young people . It reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 1 in the US . Following the US Tour 1978 , the band guested on the first show of the fourth season of the TV series Saturday Night Live . Following the success of Some Girls , the band released their next album Emotional Rescue in mid-1980 . During recording sessions for the album , a rift between Jagger and Richards was slowly developing . Richards wanted to tour in the summer or autumn of 1980 to promote the new album . Much to his disappointment , Jagger declined . Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached No. 3 in the US . The Rolling Stones performing in December 1981 In early 1981 , the group reconvened and decided to tour the US that year , leaving little time to write and record a new album , as well as rehearse for the tour . That year 's resulting album , Tattoo You , featured a number of outtakes , including lead single `` Start Me Up '' , which reached No. 2 in the US and ranked No. 22 on Billboard 's Hot 100 year - end chart . Two songs ( `` Waiting on a Friend '' ( US No. 13 ) and `` Tops '' ) featured Mick Taylor 's unused rhythm guitar tracks , while jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins played on `` Slave '' and `` Waiting on a Friend '' . The album reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 1 in the US . The Rolling Stones reached No. 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982 with `` Hang Fire '' . Their American Tour 1981 was their biggest , longest and most colourful production to date . It was the highest - grossing tour of that year . It included a concert at Chicago 's Checkerboard Lounge with Muddy Waters , in one of his last performances before his death in 1983 . Some of the shows were recorded . This resulted in the 1982 live album Still Life ( American Concert 1981 ) which reached No. 4 in the UK and No. 5 in the US , and the 1983 Hal Ashby concert film Let 's Spend the Night Together , filmed at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona and the Brendan Byrne Arena in the Meadowlands , New Jersey . In mid-1982 , to commemorate their 20th anniversary , the Rolling Stones took their American stage show to Europe . The European Tour 1982 was their first in six years and used a similar format to the American tour . The band were joined by former Allman Brothers Band keyboardist Chuck Leavell , who continues to perform and record with them . By the end of the year , the Stones signed a new four - album recording deal with a new label , CBS Records , for a reported $50 million , then the biggest record deal in history . 1983 -- 1988 : band turmoil and solo projects ( edit ) Before leaving Atlantic , the Rolling Stones released Undercover in late 1983 . It reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 4 in the US . Despite good reviews and the Top Ten peak position of the title track , the record sold below expectations and there was no tour to support it . Subsequently , the Stones ' new marketer / distributor CBS Records took over distributing their Atlantic catalogue . Richards and Wood during a Stones concert in Turin , Italy in 1982 By this time , the Jagger / Richards rift had grown significantly . To Richards ' annoyance , Jagger signed a solo deal with CBS Records and spent much of 1984 writing songs for his first album . He also declared his growing lack of interest in the Rolling Stones . By 1985 , Jagger was spending more time on solo recordings . Much of the material on 1986 's Dirty Work was generated by Richards , with more contributions from Wood than on previous Rolling Stones albums . It was recorded in Paris , and Jagger was often absent from the studio , leaving Richards to keep the recording sessions moving forward . In June 1985 , Jagger teamed up with David Bowie for `` Dancing in the Street '' , which was recorded for the Live Aid charity movement . This was one of Jagger 's first solo performances , and the song reached No. 1 in the UK , and No 7 in the US . In December 1985 , Stewart died of a heart attack . The Rolling Stones played a private tribute concert for him at London 's 100 Club in February 1986 . Two days later they were presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Dirty Work was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews , reaching No. 4 in both the US and UK . It was the Stones first album for CBS with an outside producer , Steve Lillywhite . With relations between Richards and Jagger at an all - time low , Jagger refused to tour to promote the album and instead undertook a solo tour , where he performed some Rolling Stones ' songs . As a result of their animosity , the Stones almost broke up . Jagger 's solo records , She 's the Boss ( 1985 ) , which reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 13 in the US , and Primitive Cool ( 1987 ) which reached No. 26 in the UK and Number 41 in the US , met with moderate commercial success . In 1988 , with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive , Richards released his first solo album , Talk Is Cheap which reached No. 37 in the UK and No. 24 in the US . It was well received by fans and critics , and certified Gold in the US . Richards has subsequently referred to this late - 80s period , where the two were recording solo albums with no obvious reunion of the Stones in sight , as `` World War III '' . The following year 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones , a documentary spanning the band 's career was released for their 25th anniversary . 1989 -- 1999 : comeback , return to popularity , and record - breaking tours ( edit ) In early 1989 , the Stones , including Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood as well as Brian Jones and Ian Stewart ( posthumously ) , were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Jagger and Richards set aside their animosity and went to work on a new Rolling Stones album , Steel Wheels . Heralded as a return to form , it included the singles `` Mixed Emotions '' ( US No. 5 ) , `` Rock and a Hard Place '' ( US No. 23 ) and `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' . The album also included `` Continental Drift '' , which the Rolling Stones recorded in Tangier , Morocco in 1989 with the Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar , coordinated by Tony King and Cherie Nutting . Nigel Finch produced a BBC documentary film The Rolling Stones in Morocco . The album reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 3 in the US . The Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour was the band 's first world tour in seven years and their biggest stage production to date . Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N ' Roses . Recordings from the tour include the 1991 concert album Flashpoint , which reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 16 in the US , and the concert film Live at the Max released in 1991 . The tour was Bill Wyman 's last . After years of deliberation he decided to leave the band , although his retirement was not made official until January 1993 . He then published Stone Alone , an autobiography based on scrapbooks and diaries he had kept since the band 's early days . A few years later he formed Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings and began recording and touring again . After the successes of the Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle tours , the band took a break . Watts released two jazz albums ; Wood recorded his fifth solo album , the first in 11 years , called Slide On This ; Wyman released his fourth solo album ; Richards released his second solo album in late 1992 , Main Offender and did a small tour including big concerts in Spain and Argentina . Jagger got good reviews and sales with his third solo album , Wandering Spirit which reached No. 12 in the UK and No. 11 in the US . The album sold more than two million copies worldwide , being certified Gold in the US . Multiple platinum award for their 1994 album Voodoo Lounge , on display at the Museo del Rock in Madrid After Wyman 's departure , the Rolling Stones ' new distributor / record label , Virgin Records , remastered and repackaged the band 's back catalogue from Sticky Fingers to Steel Wheels , except for the three live albums . They issued another hits compilation in 1993 entitled Jump Back , which reached No. 16 in the UK and No. 30 in the US . By 1993 , the Stones were ready to start recording another studio album . Charlie Watts chose Darryl Jones , a former sideman of Miles Davis and Sting as Wyman 's replacement for 1994 's Voodoo Lounge . The album met with strong reviews and sales , going double platinum in the US . Reviewers took note and credited the album 's `` traditionalist '' sounds to the Rolling Stones ' new producer Don Was . Voodoo Lounge won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards . It reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in the US . Richards in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil during the Voodoo Lounge Tour , 1995 The accompanying Voodoo Lounge Tour lasted into the following year and grossed $320 million , becoming the world 's highest - grossing tour at the time . Mostly acoustic numbers from various concerts and rehearsals made up Stripped which reached No. 9 in the UK and the US . It featured a cover of Bob Dylan 's `` Like a Rolling Stone '' , as well as infrequently played songs like `` Shine a Light '' , `` Sweet Virginia '' and `` The Spider and the Fly '' . On 8 September 1994 , the Stones performed their new song `` Love Is Strong '' and `` Start Me Up '' at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York . The band received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the ceremony . The Rolling Stones were the first major recording artists to broadcast a concert over the Internet ; a 20 - minute video was broadcast on 18 November 1994 using the Mbone at 10 frames per second . The broadcast , engineered by Thinking Pictures and financed by Sun Microsystems , was one of the first demonstrations of streaming video ; while it was not a true webcast , it introduced many to the technology . The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon ( UK 6 ; US 3 ) , released in 1997 to mixed reviews . It reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 3 in the US . The video of the single `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' featured Angelina Jolie as guest and met steady rotation on both MTV and VH1 . Sales were roughly equal to those of previous records ( about 1.2 million copies sold in the US ) . The subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour , which crossed Europe , North America and other destinations , proved the band remained a strong live attraction . Once again , a live album was culled from the tour , No Security , only this time all but two songs ( `` Live With Me '' and `` The Last Time '' ) were previously unreleased on live albums . The album reached No. 67 in the UK and No. 34 in the US . In 1999 , the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the US and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe . 2000 -- 2011 : a Bigger Bang and continued success ( edit ) In late 2001 , Mick Jagger released his fourth solo album , Goddess in the Doorway . It met with mixed reviews , reaching No. 44 in the UK and No. 39 in the US . A month after the September 11 attacks , Jagger , Richards and a backing band took part in The Concert for New York City , performing `` Salt of the Earth '' and `` Miss You '' . In 2002 , the Stones released Forty Licks , a greatest hits double album , to mark forty years as a band . The collection contained four new songs recorded with the core band of Jagger , Richards , Watts , Wood , Leavell and Jones . The album has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide . It reached No. 2 in both the US and UK . The same year , Q magazine named the Rolling Stones one of the 50 Bands To See Before You Die , and the 2002 -- 2003 Licks Tour gave people that chance . It included shows in small theatres . The Stones headlined the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in Toronto , Canada , to help the city -- which they had used for rehearsals since the Steel Wheels tour -- recover from the 2003 SARS epidemic . An estimated 490,000 people attended the concert . On 9 November 2003 , the band played their first concert in Hong Kong as part of the Harbour Fest celebration , in support of its SARS - affected economy . The same month , the band licensed the exclusive rights to sell the new four - DVD boxed set , Four Flicks , recorded on their recent world tour , to the US Best Buy chain of stores . In response , some Canadian and US music retail chains ( including HMV Canada and Circuit City ) pulled Rolling Stones CDs and related merchandise from their shelves and replaced it with signs explaining why . In 2004 , a double live album of the Licks Tour , Live Licks , was released and certified gold in the US . It reached No. 2 in both the UK and US . In November 2004 , the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame . The Rolling Stones at the San Siro stadium in Milan , Italy , July 2006 The band 's first new album in almost eight years , A Bigger Bang , was released on 6 September to strong reviews , including a glowing write - up in Rolling Stone magazine . The album reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 3 in the US . The single `` Streets of Love '' reached the top 15 in the UK . The album included the political `` Sweet Neo Con '' , Jagger 's criticism of American Neoconservatism . The song was reportedly almost dropped from the album because of objections from Richards . When asked if he was afraid of a political backlash like the Dixie Chicks had endured , Richards responded that the album came first saying , `` I do n't want to be sidetracked by some little political ' storm in a teacup ' . '' The subsequent A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005 , and included North America , South America and East Asia . In February 2006 , the group played the half - time show of Super Bowl XL in Detroit , Michigan . By the end of 2005 , the Bigger Bang tour set a record of $162 million in gross receipts , breaking the North American mark set by the band in 1994 . On 18 February 2006 the band played a free concert to over one million people at the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro -- one of the largest rock concerts of all time . The Rolling Stones at Twickenham Stadium , London during A Bigger Bang Tour in August 2006 After performances in Japan , China , Australia and New Zealand in March / April 2006 , the Stones ' tour took a scheduled break before proceeding to Europe . During the break Keith Richards was hospitalised in New Zealand for cranial surgery after a fall from a tree on Fiji , where he had been on holiday . The incident led to a six - week delay in launching the European leg of the tour . In June 2006 it was reported that Ronnie Wood was continuing his alcohol abuse rehabilitation programme , but this did not affect the rearranged European tour schedule . Mick Jagger 's throat problems forced the cancellation of two of the 21 shows scheduled for July -- September 2006 . The Stones returned to North America for concerts in September 2006 , and returned to Europe on 5 June 2007 . By November 2006 , the Bigger Bang tour had been declared the highest - grossing tour of all time . Martin Scorsese filmed the Stones performances at New York City 's Beacon Theatre on 29 October and 1 November 2006 for the documentary film , Shine a Light , released in 2008 . The film features guest appearances by Buddy Guy , Jack White , and Christina Aguilera . An accompanying soundtrack , also titled Shine a Light , was released in April 2008 and reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 11 in the US . The album 's debut at No. 2 on the UK charts was the highest position for a Rolling Stones concert album since Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! The Rolling Stones in Concert in 1970 . At the Beacon Theater show , music executive Ahmet Ertegun fell and later died from his injuries . The band toured Europe throughout June -- August 2007 . 12 June 2007 saw the release of the band 's second four - disc DVD set : The Biggest Bang , a seven - hour film featuring their shows in Austin , Rio de Janeiro , Saitama , Shanghai and Buenos Aires , along with extras . On 10 June 2007 , the band performed their first gig at a festival in 30 years , at the Isle of Wight Festival , to a crowd of 65,000 and were joined onstage by Amy Winehouse . On 26 August 2007 , they played their last concert of the Bigger Bang tour at the O2 Arena in London . At the conclusion of the tour , the band had grossed a record - setting $558 million and were listed in the latest edition of Guinness World Records which stated the record was for gross receipts of $437 million . Mick Jagger released a compilation of his solo work called The Very Best of Mick Jagger , including three unreleased songs , on 2 October 2007 . It reached No. 57 in the UK and No. 77 in the US . On 12 November 2007 , ABKCO released Rolled Gold : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( UK 26 ) , a double - CD remake of the 1975 compilation Rolled Gold . The Rolling Stones in 2008 ( from left to right : Watts , Wood , Richards , Jagger ) at the Berlin Film Festival 's world premiere of Martin Scorsese 's documentary film Shine a Light In July 2008 the Rolling Stones left EMI to sign with Vivendi 's Universal Music , taking with them their catalogue stretching back to Sticky Fingers . New music released by the band while under this contract was to be issued through Universal 's Polydor label . Mercury Records was to hold the US rights to the pre-1994 material , while the post-1994 material was to be handled by Interscope Records ( once a subsidiary of Atlantic ) . During the autumn , Jagger and Richards worked with producer Don Was to add new vocals and guitar parts to ten unfinished songs from the Exile on Main St. sessions . Jagger and Mick Taylor also recorded a session together in London where Taylor added lead guitar to what would be the expanded album 's single , `` Plundered My Soul '' . On 17 April 2010 , the band released a limited edition 7 - inch vinyl single of the previously unreleased track `` Plundered My Soul '' as part of Record Store Day . The track , part of the group 's 2010 re-issue of Exile on Main St. , was combined with `` All Down the Line '' as its B - side . The band appeared at the Cannes Festival for the premiere of the documentary Stones in Exile ( directed by Stephen Kijak ) about the recording of the album Exile on Main St ... On 23 May , the re-issue of Exile on Main St. reached No. 1 on the UK charts , almost 38 years to the week after it first occupied that position . The band became the first act to see a classic work return to No. 1 decades after it was first released . In the US , the album re-entered the charts at No. 2 . In October 2010 , the Stones released Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones to cinemas and later on to DVD . A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the United States . Although originally released to cinemas in 1974 , it had never been available for home release apart from bootleg recordings . In October 2011 , the Stones released The Rolling Stones : Some Girls Live In Texas ' 78 to cinemas . A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the US . This live performance was recorded during one show in Ft . Worth , Texas in support of their 1978 US Tour and their album Some Girls . The film was released on ( DVD / Blu - ray Disc ) on 15 November 2011 . On 21 November , the band reissued Some Girls as a 2 CD deluxe edition . The second CD included twelve previously unreleased tracks ( except `` So Young , '' which was a B - side to `` Out of Tears '' ) from the sessions with mostly newly recorded vocals by Jagger . 2012 -- present : 50th anniversary and covers album ( edit ) Stage set for the 50 & Counting tour at the Prudential Center , New Jersey on 13 December 2012 The Rolling Stones celebrated their 50th anniversary in the summer of 2012 by releasing the book The Rolling Stones : 50 . A new take on the band 's lip - and - tongue logo , designed by Shepard Fairey , was also revealed and used during the celebrations . Jagger 's brother Chris performed a gig at The Rolling Stones Museum in Slovenia in conjunction with the celebrations . The documentary Crossfire Hurricane , directed by Brett Morgen , was released in October 2012 . He conducted approximately fifty hours of interviews for the film , including extensive interviews with Wyman and Taylor . This was the first official career - spanning documentary since 1989 's 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones , filmed for their 25th anniversary in 1988 . A new compilation album , GRRR ! , was released on 12 November . Available in four different formats , it included two new tracks , `` Doom and Gloom '' and `` One More Shot '' , recorded at Studio Guillaume Tell in Paris , France , in the last few weeks of August 2012 . The album debuted at No. 3 in the UK and No. 19 in the US and went on to sell over two million copies worldwide . The music video for `` Doom and Gloom '' featuring Noomi Rapace was released on 20 November . The Rolling Stones performing in Hyde Park , London on 13 July 2013 In November 2012 , the Stones began their 50 & Counting ... tour at London 's O2 Arena , where they were joined by Jeff Beck . At their second show in London Eric Clapton and Florence Welch joined the group onstage . Their third anniversary concert took place on 8 December at the Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York . The last two dates were at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey , on 13 and 15 December . Bruce Springsteen and blues rock band the Black Keys joined the band on the final night . They also played two songs at 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . The Stones played nineteen shows in the US in spring 2013 , before returning to the UK . They returned to Hyde Park in July , though it was not free like the 1969 concert . On 29 June , the band performed at the 2013 Glastonbery Festival . Hyde Park Live , a live album recorded at the two Hyde Park gigs on 6 and 13 July , was released exclusively as a digital download through iTunes later that month . It peaked at No. 16 in the UK and No. 19 in the US . A live DVD , Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park , was released on 11 November . In February 2014 , the band embarked on their 14 On Fire tour spanning the Middle East , Asia , Australia and Europe , scheduled to last through to the summer . On 17 March , Jagger 's long - time partner L'Wren Scott died suddenly , resulting in the cancellation and rescheduling of the opening tour dates to October . On 4 June , The Rolling Stones performed for the first time in Israel . Haaretz described the concert as being `` Historic with a capital H . '' In a 2015 interview with Jagger , when asked if retirement crosses his mind he stated , `` Nah , not in the moment . I 'm thinking about what the next tour is . I 'm not thinking about retirement . I 'm planning the next set of tours , so the answer is really , ' No , not really . ' '' The Stones in Cuba in March 2016 . A spokesman for the band called it `` the first open air concert in Cuba by a British rock band . '' The Stones embarked on their Latin American tour in February 2016 . On 25 March , the band played a bonus show , a free open air concert in Havana , Cuba . In June of that year , The Rolling Stones released , Totally Stripped , an expanded and reconceived edition of Stripped , in multiple formats . Their concert on 25 March 2016 in Cuba was commemorated in the film Havana Moon . It premiered on 23 September for one night only in more than a thousand theatres worldwide . The film Olé Olé Olé : A Trip Across Latin America , a documentary of their 2016 Latin America tour , was shown in theatres on 12 December for one night only . Olé Olé Olé : A Trip Across Latin America came out on DVD and Blu - ray 26 May 2017 . The band released Blue & Lonesome on 2 December 2016 . The album consisted of 12 blues covers of artists like Howlin ' Wolf , Jimmy Reed and Little Walter . Recording took place in British Grove Studios , London , in December 2015 , and featured Eric Clapton on two tracks . The album reached No. 1 in the UK , the second - highest opening sales week for an album that year . It also debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 . In July 2017 , the Toronto Sun reported the Stones were getting ready to record their first album of original material in more than a decade . The album On Air , a collection of 18 recordings the band performed on the BBC between 1963 and 1965 , was released in December 2017 . The compilation featured eight songs the band had never recorded or released commercially . In May 2017 , a new tour across Europe was announced , called the No Filter Tour , with fourteen shows in twelve different venues across Europe in September and October of the same year . It was later extended throughout July 2018 , adding fourteen new dates across the UK and Europe , making it the band 's first UK tour since 2006 . Musical development ( edit ) See also : Instruments played by the Rolling Stones A copy of `` Micawber '' , Keith Richards ' signature Telecaster model , in the Fender Guitar Factory Museum The Rolling Stones have assimilated various musical genres into their own collective sound . Throughout the band 's career , their musical contributions have been marked by a continual reference and reliance on musical styles including blues , psychedelia , R&B , country , folk , reggae , dance , and world music , exemplified by Jones ' collaboration with the Master Musicians of Jajouka , as well as traditional English styles that use stringed instruments like harps . Brian Jones experimented with the use of non-traditional instruments such as the sitar and slide guitar in their early days . The group started out covering early rock ' n ' roll and blues songs , and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs . Jagger and Richards had a shared admiration of Jimmy Reed , Muddy Waters , and Howlin ' Wolf . Little Walter influenced Brian Jones . Richards recalls , `` He was more into T - Bone Walker and jazz blues stuff . We 'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say , ' Look , it 's all the same shit , man , and you can do it . ' '' Charlie Watts , a traditional jazz drummer , was also introduced to the blues through his association with the pair . `` Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that . I learned that Earl Phillips was playing on those records like a jazz drummer , playing swing , with a straight four . '' Jagger , recalling when he first heard the likes of Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Muddy Waters , Fats Domino , and other major American R&B artists , said it `` seemed the most real thing '' he had heard up to that point . Similarly , Keith Richards , describing the first time he listened to Muddy Waters , said it was the `` most powerful music ( he had ) ever heard ... the most expressive . '' He also recalled , `` when you think of some dopey , spotty seventeen year old from Dartford , who wants to be Muddy Waters -- and there were a lot of us -- in a way , very pathetic , but in another way , ( it was ) very ... heartwarming '' . Despite the Rolling Stones ' predilection for blues and R&B numbers on their early live set lists , the first original compositions by the band reflected a more wide - ranging interest . Critic Richie Unterberger described the first Jagger / Richards single , `` Tell Me ( You 're Coming Back ) '' , as a `` pop rock ballad ... When ( Jagger and Richards ) began to write songs , they were usually not derived from the blues , but were often surprisingly fey , slow , Mersey - type pop numbers '' . `` As Tears Go By '' , the ballad originally written for Marianne Faithfull , was one of the first songs written by Jagger and Richards and one of many written by the duo for other artists . Jagger said of the song , `` It 's a relatively mature song considering the rest of the output at the time . And we did n't think of ( recording ) it , because the Rolling Stones were a butch blues group . '' The Rolling Stones did later record a version which became a top five hit in the US . Of their early writing experience , Richards said , The amazing thing is that although Mick and I thought these songs were really puerile and kindergarten - time , every one that got put out made a decent showing in the charts . That gave us extraordinary confidence to carry on , because at the beginning songwriting was something we were going to do in order to say to Andrew ( Loog Oldham ) , ' Well , at least we gave it a try ... ' Jagger said , `` We were very pop - orientated . We did n't sit around listening to Muddy Waters ; we listened to everything . In some ways it 's easy to write to order ... Keith and I got into the groove of writing those kind of tunes ; they were done in ten minutes . I think we thought it was a bit of a laugh , and it turned out to be something of an apprenticeship for us . '' A Vox Teardrop guitar as used by Brian Jones , on display at the Hard Rock Cafe in Sacramento , California The writing of `` The Last Time '' , the Rolling Stones ' first major single , proved a turning point . Richards called it `` a bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones . It gave us a level of confidence ; a pathway of how to do it . '' The song was based on a traditional gospel song popularised by the Staple Singers , but the Rolling Stones ' number features a distinctive guitar riff , played by Brian Jones . Prior to the emergence of Jagger / Richards as the Stones ' songwriters , the band members occasionally were given collective credit under the pseudonym Nanker Phelge . Some songs attributed to Nanker Phelge have been re-attributed to Jagger / Richards . Beginning with Jones and continuing with Wood , the Rolling Stones have developed what Richards refers to as the `` ancient art of weaving '' responsible for part of their sound -- the interplay between two guitarists on stage . Unlike most bands , the Stones follow Richards ' lead rather than the drummer 's ( Watts ) . Likewise , Watts is primarily a jazz player who was able to bring that genre 's influences to the style of the band 's drumming . The following of Richards ' lead has led to conflicts between Jagger and Richards and they have been known to annoy one another , but they have both agreed it makes a better record ; Watts in particular has praised Jagger 's production skills . In the studio , the band have tended to use a fluid personnel for recordings and not use the same players for each song . Guest pianists were commonplace on recordings ; several songs on Beggars Banquet are driven by Nicky Hopkins ' piano playing . On Exile on Main St. , Richards plays bass on three tracks while Taylor plays on four . Richards started using open tunings for rhythm parts ( often in conjunction with a capo ) , most prominently an open - E or open - D tuning in 1968 . Beginning in 1969 , he often used 5 - string open - G tuning ( with the lower 6th string removed ) , as heard on the 1969 single `` Honky Tonk Women '' , `` Brown Sugar '' ( Sticky Fingers , 1971 ) , `` Tumbling Dice '' ( capo IV ) , `` Happy '' ( capo IV ) ( Exile on Main St. , 1972 ) , and `` Start Me Up '' ( Tattoo You , 1981 ) . The feuds between Jagger and Richards originated in the 1970s when Richards was a heroin addict , resulting in Jagger managing the band 's affairs for many years . When Richards got himself off heroin and became more present in decision making , Jagger was not used to it and did not like his authority diminished . This led to the period Richards has referred to as `` World War III '' . Musical collaboration between members of the band and supporting musicians was key , due to the fluid lineups typically experienced by the band in the studio , as tracks tended to be recorded `` by whatever members of the group happened to be around at the time of the sessions . '' Over time , Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and , with the help of the Stones , has , in the words of the Telegraph , `` changed music '' through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry . Legacy ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by the Rolling Stones Overhead shot of the Stones concert at Washington -- Grizzly Stadium in Montana , October 2006 . The Stones have had the highest - grossing concert tour three times Since their formation in 1962 , the Rolling Stones have survived multiple feuds . They have released 30 studio albums , 23 live albums , 25 compilation albums and 120 singles . According to OfficialCharts.com , the Stones are ranked the fourth bestselling group of all time . Their top single is `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' , regarded by many at the time as `` the classic example of rock and roll '' . The Stones contributed to the blues lexicon , creating their own `` codewords '' and slang , such as `` losing streak '' for menstrual period , which they have used throughout their catalogue of songs . The band has been viewed as the musical `` vanguard of a major transfusion '' of various cultural attitudes , making them accessible to youth in both America and Britain . Muddy Waters was quoted as saying that the Rolling Stones and other English bands piqued the interest of American youth in blues musicians . After they came to the United States , sales of Waters ' albums -- and those of other blues musicians -- increased public interest , thus helping to reconnect the country with its own music . The Rolling Stones have sold over 240 million albums worldwide and have held over 48 tours of varying length , including three of the highest - grossing tours of all time : Bridges to Babylon Tour , Voodoo Lounge Tour , and A Bigger Bang Tour . In May 2013 , Rolling Stone magazine declared them the `` most definitional band that rock & roll has produced '' . The Telegraph called Mick Jagger `` the Rolling Stone who changed music '' . The band has been the subject of numerous documentaries and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Pete Townshend in 1989 . The Rolling Stones have inspired and mentored new generations of musical artists both as a band and individually . They are also credited with changing the `` whole business model of popular music '' . The band has received , and been nominated for multiple awards during their 55 years together including : three Grammy awards ( and 12 nominations ) , the Juno award for International Entertainer of the Year in 1991 , U.K. 's Jazz FM Awards Album of the Year ( 2017 ) for their album Blue & Lonesome , and NME ( New Musical Express ) awards such as best live band and the NME award for best music film , for their documentary Crossfire Hurricane . On Mick Jagger 's 75th birthday , scientists named seven fossil stoneflies after present and former members of the band . Two species , Petroperla mickjaggeri and Lapisperla keithrichardsi , were placed within a new family Petroperlidae . The new family was named in honour of the Rolling Stones , derived from the Greek `` petra '' that stands for `` stone '' . The scientists referred to the fossils as `` Rolling Stoneflies '' . Tours ( edit ) Main article : The Rolling Stones concerts The Rolling Stones ' first concert was on 12 July 1962 at the Marquee Club in London . The most documented of the band 's concerts is the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway in 1969 . The Hells Angels biker gang provided security . Believing he was armed , they stabbed and beat an audience member , Meredith Hunter to death . Albert and David Maysles documented part of the tour and the Altamont concert in their film Gimme Shelter . From small clubs and hotels in London with little room for Jagger to move around to selling out stadiums worldwide , Rolling Stones tours have changed significantly over the decades . The Stones ' early setups were simple compared to what they became later in the band 's career when elaborate stage designs , pyrotechnics and giant screens were used . By the time the Stones toured America in 1969 , they began to fill large halls and arenas , such as The Forum in Inglewood , California . They were also using more equipment , including lighting rigs and better sound equipment than they had used in clubs . The 1969 tour is considered a `` great watershed tour '' by Mick Jagger because they `` started hanging the sound and therefore hanging the lights '' . Attributing the birth of arena rock to the Stones 1969 US tour , The Guardian ranked it 19 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history . Before this tour the loudest sound at large - capacity shows was often the crowd , so the Stones used lighting and sound systems that ensured they could be seen and heard in the biggest arenas . The Guardian commented that their `` combination of front - of - house excellence and behind the scenes savvy took the business of touring to an entirely new level . '' During the 1972 tour , the Stones developed a complex light show which included giant mirrors that bounced the light off them . During the 1975 Tour of the Americas , arena shows became an industry for the band , and the Stones hired a new lighting director , Jules Fisher . The props the band used on stage increased in both size and sophistication , similar to those on Broadway . They started to use multiple stages , from which they would select for a particular show . On this tour they had two versions of what Jagger referred to as the `` lotus stage '' . One version had a large Venetian ( cylindrical ) curtain , and the other had leaves that began in a folded up position and opened during the beginning of the concert . This period also included a variety of props , including inflatable penises and other gimmicks , and incorporated a number of circus tricks . ... at the beginning of the show the stage was completely covered with a kind of sheath gauze . I had to get inside the lotus , climb up a ladder and hang on like grim death to one of the petals , which then opened to reveal the band playing . -- Mick Jagger , speaking of stage design in According to The Rolling Stones Runway ( pictured in 2012 ) first appeared in Stones ' concerts in 1981 During the 1981 -- 1982 American tour , the Stones worked with Japanese designer Kazuhide Yamazari in constructing their stages for stadium - sized locations and audiences . During this period , stages increased in size to include runways and movable sections of the stage going out into the audience . This tour used coloured panels and was one of the last Stones tours to do so before switching to devices such as video screens . Stadium shows provided a new challenge for the band . The venues were large enough in size that the band became `` like ants '' to audience members . This resulted in Jagger having to project himself `` over the footlights '' and the band needing to use more gimmicks , such as pyrotechnics , lights and video screens . When you 're out there in this vast stadium , you have to physically tiny up on stage , so that 's why on the 1981 - 2 tour we had those coloured panels and later we started using devices like video screens . We became very aware of not being seen , of just being there like ants . Mick is the one who really has to project himself over the footlights . And when the show gets that big , you need a little extra help , you need a couple of gimmicks , as we call it , in the show . You need fireworks , you need lights , you need a bit of theatre . -- Charlie Watts , According to the Rolling Stones As time went on , their props and stage equipment became increasingly sophisticated . When the Stones began to fill stadium - sized venues , or larger , they ran into the problem of the audience no longer being able to see them . This was particularly the case when they performed a free concert for an estimated 1.5 million people in Rio de Janeiro on the A Bigger Bang tour in 2006 . The show required over 500 lights , hundreds of speakers , and a video screen almost thirteen metres ( 43 ft ) in length . Due to the 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) length of the beach on which the Stones performed , sound systems had to be set up in a relay pattern down the length of the beach , to keep the sound in sync with the music from the stage ; for every three hundred and forty metres ( 1,120 ft ) of beach , the sound had to be delayed an additional second . Band members ( edit ) Current members Mick Jagger -- vocals , harmonica , rhythm guitar , percussion , keyboards ( 1962 -- present ) Keith Richards -- lead and rhythm guitar , bass guitar , vocals ( 1962 -- present ) Charlie Watts -- drums , percussion ( 1963 -- present ) Ronnie Wood -- rhythm and lead guitar , bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1975 -- present ) Former members Brian Jones -- rhythm guitar , harmonica , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 1962 -- 1969 ; died 1969 ) Ian Stewart -- keyboards , piano ( 1962 -- 1963 ; touring 1969 , 1975 -- 1976 , 1978 , 1981 -- 1982 ; died 1985 ) Mick Taylor -- lead guitar , bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1969 -- 1974 ; guest 1981 , 2012 -- 2014 ) Bill Wyman -- bass guitar , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 1962 -- 1993 ; guest 2012 ) Early members Dick Taylor -- bass guitar ( 1962 ) Ricky Fenson -- bass guitar ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Colin Golding -- bass guitar ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Tony Chapman -- drums ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Carlo Little -- drums ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Current touring members Chuck Leavell -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1982 -- present ) Bernard Fowler -- backing vocals , percussion ( 1989 -- present ) Darryl Jones -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1993 -- present ) Matt Clifford -- keyboards , French horn , musical integrator ( 1989 -- 1990 , 2012 -- present ) Tim Ries -- saxophone , keyboards ( 1999 -- present ) Karl Denson -- saxophone ( 2014 -- present ) Sasha Allen -- backing vocals , co-lead vocals on `` Gimme Shelter '' ( 2016 -- present ) Former touring musicians Bobby Keys -- saxophone ( 1969 -- 1973 ; 1981 -- 2014 ; died 2014 ) Jim Price -- trumpet ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Lisa Fischer -- backing vocals , co-lead vocals on `` Gimme Shelter '' ( 1989 -- 2015 ) Billy Preston -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1973 -- 1977 ; died 2006 ) Nicky Hopkins -- keyboards ( 1971 -- 1973 ; died 1994 ) Ernie Watts -- saxophone ( 1981 ) Ian McLagan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 1981 ; died 2014 ) Blondie Chaplin -- additional guitar , backing vocals ( 1997 -- 2007 ) Ollie E. Brown -- percussion ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Rolling Stones discography Studio albums The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ) 12 X 5 ( 1964 ) The Rolling Stones No. 2 ( 1965 ) Out of Our Heads ( 1965 ) December 's Children ( And Everybody 's ) ( 1965 ) Aftermath ( 1966 ) Between the Buttons ( 1967 ) Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) Goats Head Soup ( 1973 ) It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( 1974 ) Black and Blue ( 1976 ) Some Girls ( 1978 ) Emotional Rescue ( 1980 ) Tattoo You ( 1981 ) Undercover ( 1983 ) Dirty Work ( 1986 ) Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) Voodoo Lounge ( 1994 ) Bridges to Babylon ( 1997 ) A Bigger Bang ( 2005 ) Blue & Lonesome ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) The Rolling Stones portal Book : The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones Museum List of highest - grossing concert tours Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mick Avory himself has categorically denied `` on many occasions '' that he played with the Rollin ' Stones that night . In fact he only rehearsed twice with them in the Bricklayers Arms pub , before they became known as the Rollin ' Stones . Jump up ^ Wyman 's book Rolling With The Stones incorrectly states the band played the Alcove club that night . Jump up ^ The comma in the title of the song was later dropped . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stones : are they really the world 's greatest rock ' n ' roll band ? '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Stones may be old , but they can still rock '' . Msnbc . Archived from the original on 26 December 2005 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( 27 December 1981 ) . `` The Year of the Rolling Stones '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Jagger The Rolling Stones '' . www.rollingstones.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Charles . ( 2003 ) , pp. 119 -- 120 , The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography , Omnibus Press . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversary of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards Dartford meeting '' . BBC News . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Greenfield 1981 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Jones Leaves Rolling Stones '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Faulk , B.J. ( 2011 ) . New Left in Victorian Drag : `` The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus '' . Texas Studies In Literature & Language , 53 ( 2 ) , 138 -- 158 . 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Retrieved 15 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mick Jagger : the Rolling Stone who changed music '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 1989 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Like a Rolling Stone / Bands influenced by Mick and the boys '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Martin Advises ' Voice ' Singers To Get Moves Like Mick Jagger : Watch Now '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ HuffPost Live ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` Joss Stone Interview : Mick Jagger Taught Me About The Meaning Of Soul '' . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones '' . GRAMMY.com. 14 May 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 International Entertainer of the Year The Rolling Stones The JUNO Awards '' . The JUNO Awards . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones Win Album of the Year at U.K. 's Jazz FM Awards '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Caspar Llewellyn ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` NME awards : Rolling Stones win best live band '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sroka , Pavel ; Staniczek , Arnold H. ; Kondratieff , Boris C. ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` ' Rolling ' stoneflies ( Insecta : Plecoptera ) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber '' . PeerJ. 6 : e5354 . doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 5354 . Jump up ^ `` Blues before sunrise -- Marquee Club , 165 Oxford St , London W1D 2JW '' . stonesexhibitionism.com . July 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Burks , John ( 27 February 1970 ) . `` Rock & Roll 's Worst Day : The aftermath of Altamont '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 1 November 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bangs , Lester ( 12 November 1970 ) . `` The Rolling Stones : Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 28 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones at 50 : The world 's greatest rock brand turns 50 '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 4 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : According to the Rolling Stones . Jagger , Mick. , Loewenstein , Dora. , Dodd , Philip , 1957 -- , Watts , Charlie . San Francisco , Calif. : Chronicle Books . 2003 . pp. 190 -- 192 . ISBN 0811840603 . OCLC 53051557 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rolling Stones Fall 1969 Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : According to the Rolling Stones . Jagger , Mick. , Loewenstein , Dora. , Dodd , Philip , 1957 -- , Watts , Charlie . San Francisco , Calif. : Chronicle Books . 2003 . pp. 164 -- 166 . ISBN 0811840603 . OCLC 53051557 . ^ Jump up to : Hann , Michael ( 12 June 2011 ) . `` The birth of arena rock '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones : On Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 2 November 1974 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Davis , Stephen ( 11 December 2001 ) . Old Gods Almost Dead : The 40 - Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones . Crown / Archetype . ISBN 9780767909563 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Stones ' Sloppy Start '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( 19 February 2006 ) . `` The Stones Rock 1.5 Million in Rio Days Before Carnival '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS Entertainment Rolling Stones hold giant Rio gig '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( 19 February 2006 ) . `` The Stones Rock 1.5 Million in Rio Days Before Carnival '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live On Copacabana Beach -- Full Concert , The Rolling Stones -- YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohl , C. , Callner , M. , Gladstein , R. , Howard , S. ( Producers ) , & Strand , C. ( Director ) . ( 2007 ) . The Rolling Stones -- Live On Copacabana Beach ( Motion Picture ) . 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Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beatles , Stones Sideman Billy Preston Dies '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Nicky Hopkins '' . The Independent . 9 September 1994 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' All you have to do is feel ' : saxophonist Ernie Watts melds jazz and Indian classical music '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Makes the Rolling Stones the Greatest Rock & Roll Band in the World '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faces Keyboardist Ian McLagan Dead at 69 '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` Ian McLagan , famed keyboardist and Rolling Stones collaborator , dies '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Beach Boy Blondie Chaplin Reunites With Brian Wilson After 40 Years '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jet '' . Johnson Publishing Company . 11 September 1975 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Margotin , Philippe ; Guesdon , Jean - Michel ( 25 October 2016 ) . `` The Rolling Stones All the Songs : The Story Behind Every Track '' . Running Press -- via Google Books . Sources ( edit ) Bockris , Victor ( 1992 ) . Keith Richards : The Biography . Poseidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 70061 - 4 . Booth , Stanley ( 2000 ) . The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 579 - 1 . Cohen , Rich ( 2016 ) . The Sun & the Moon & the Rolling Stones . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 804 - 17923 - 2 . Coral , Gus ; Hinckley , David ; Rodman , Debra ( 1995 ) . The Rolling Stones : Black & White Blues . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57036 - 150 - 0 . Davis , Stephen ( 2001 ) . Old Gods Almost Dead : The 40 - Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones . New York , NY : Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0312 - 9 . Egan , Sean ( 2013 ) . The Mammoth Book of The Rolling Stones . London : Robinson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78033 - 646 - 6 . Egan , Sean ( 2014 ) . The Utmost Guide to The Rolling Stones . London : Askill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 954575 - 06 - 9 . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` The British Are Coming ! The British Are Coming ! : The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long - haired English rockers . '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Greenfield , Robert ( 1981 ) . The Rolling Stone Interviews : Keith Richards . New York : St. Martin 's Press / Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 68954 - 4 . Greenspan , Edward , ed. ( 1980 ) . `` Regina v. Richards 49 C.C.C. ( 2d ) '' . Canadian Criminal Cases . Canada Law Book . Haslam , Dave ( 2015 ) . Life After Dark : A History of British Nightclubs & Music Venues . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 20700 - 5 . Jagger , Mick ; Richards , Keith ; Watts , Charlie ; Wood , Ronnie ( 2003 ) . According to the Rolling Stones . San Francisco , California : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 4060 - 6 . Marshall , Jim ( 2012 ) . The Rolling Stones 1972 . San Francisco , California : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 2180 - 2 . McLagan , Ian ( 2000 ) . All the Rage : A Riotous Romp Through Rock and Roll History . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7842 - 4 . Moon , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` The Rolling Stones '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . London : Fireside . pp. 695 -- 699 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Portions posted at `` The Rolling Stones Album Guide '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Nathan , David ; Lindsay , Susan Gedutis ( 2001 ) . Inside the Hits . Berklee Press . p. 217 . Neill , Andy ( 2015 ) . Keith Richards : A Life in Pictures . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 12873 - 7 . Nelson , Murray N. ( 2010 ) . The Rolling Stones : A Musical Biography . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38034 - 1 . Norman , Philip ( 2001 ) . The Stones . London : Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 0 - 283 - 07277 - 6 . Oldham , Andrew Loog ( 2000 ) . Stoned . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27094 - 0 . Patell , Cyrus R.K. ( 2011 ) . Rolling Stones ' Some Girls . A&C Black . p. 24 . Paytress , Mark ( 2003 ) . Rolling Stones : Off the Record . London : Omnibus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8869 - 9 . Perone , James ( 2012 ) . The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37906 - 2 . < / ref > Richards , Keith ( 2010 ) . Life ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 03438 - 8 . Sandford , Christopher ( 1999 ) . Mick Jagger : Primitive Cool . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1002 - 7 . Sandford , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Keith Richards : Satisfaction . New York : Caroll & Graf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1368 - 4 . Schinder , Scott ; Schwartz , Andy ( 2010 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever . ABC - CLIO . p. 230 . Szatmary , David P. ( 2014 ) . Rockin ' in Time ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson . Wells , Simon ( 2012 ) . The Great Rolling Stones Drug Bust . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 12711 - 2 . Wyman , Bill ( 1990 ) . Bill Wyman , Stone Alone : The Story of a Rock ' n ' Roll Band . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 82894 - 4 . Wyman , Bill ( 2002 ) . Rolling with the Stones . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7894 - 8967 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Booth , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Dance with the Devil : The Rolling Stones & Their Times . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 53488 - 3 . Booth , Stanley ( 1995 ) . Keith : Standing in the Shadows . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11841 - 4 . Carr , Roy ( 1976 ) . The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record . Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 52641 - 7 . Cutler , Tom ( 2010 ) . A Gentleman 's Bedside Book : Entertainment for the Last Fifteen Minutes of the Day . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 849 - 01803 - 6 . Egan , Sean ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Rolling Stones . London : Penguin . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 719 - 2 . Flippo , Chet ( 1985 ) . On the Road With the Rolling Stones . Doubleday / Dolphin . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19374 - 2 . Forget , Thomas ( 2003 ) . The Rolling Stones . New York : Rosen Central . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3644 - 9 . Greenfield , Robert ( 2002 ) ( 1974 ) . S.T.P. : A Journey Through America with the Rolling Stones . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81199 - 5 . Hector , James ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of the Rolling Stones . London : Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4303 - 6 . Hotchner , A.E. ( 1990 ) . Blown Away : The Rolling Stones and the Death of the Sixties . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 69316 - 6 . Jackson , Laura ( 1993 ) . Golden Stone : The Untold Life and Tragic Death of Brian Jones . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 09820 - 0 . Janovitz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Rocks Off : 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 1 - 250 - 02631 - 8 . McMillian , John ( 2013 ) . Beatles vs. Stones . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 5969 - 6 . Miller , Jim ( 1980 ) . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73728 - 6 . Phelge , James ( 2000 ) . Nankering with the Stones . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 373 - 4 . Sanchez , Tony ( 1996 ) . Up and Down with the Rolling Stones . New York : Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80711 - 4 . Spitz , Marc ( 2011 ) . Jagger : Rebel , Rock Star , Rambler , Rogue . Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 655 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Rolling Stonesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Discussion from Meta - Wiki Official website The Rolling Stones at Encyclopædia Britannica The Rolling Stones at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rolling Stones at AllMusic The Rolling Stones discography at Discogs The Rolling Stones on IMDb The Rolling Stones discography at MusicBrainz The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries Charlie Is My Darling ( 1966 ) The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 No Filter Tour Associated places Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Portal The Rolling Stones singles discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) The Rolling Stones album discography UK & US releases 1964 -- 1967 UK releases The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ) The Rolling Stones No. 2 ( 1965 ) US releases The Rolling Stones ( England 's Newest Hit Makers ) ( 1964 ) 12 X 5 ( 1964 ) The Rolling Stones , Now ! ( 1965 ) December 's Children ( And Everybody 's ) ( 1965 ) UK & US releases Out of Our Heads ( 1965 ) Aftermath ( 1966 ) Between the Buttons ( 1967 ) US live releases Got Live If You Want It ! ( 1966 ) UK EPs The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ) Five by Five ( 1964 ) Got Live If You Want It ! ( 1965 ) Compilations Big Hits ( High Tide and Green Grass ) ( UK & US ) ( 1966 ) Flowers ( US ) ( 1967 ) International releases 1967 -- present Studio albums Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) Goats Head Soup ( 1973 ) It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( 1974 ) Black and Blue ( 1976 ) Some Girls ( 1978 ) Emotional Rescue ( 1980 ) Tattoo You ( 1981 ) Undercover ( 1983 ) Dirty Work ( 1986 ) Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) Voodoo Lounge ( 1994 ) Bridges to Babylon ( 1997 ) A Bigger Bang ( 2005 ) Blue & Lonesome ( 2016 ) Live albums ' Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! ' ( 1970 ) Love You Live ( 1977 ) Still Life ( 1982 ) Flashpoint ( 1991 ) Stripped ( 1995 ) No Security ( 1998 ) Live Licks ( 2004 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Brussels Affair ( Live 1973 ) ( 2011 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Hampton Coliseum ( Live 1981 ) ( 2012 ) L.A. Friday ( Live 1975 ) ( 2012 ) Live at the Tokyo Dome ( 1990 ) ( 2012 ) Light the Fuse ( Live 2005 ) ( 2012 ) Live at Leeds ( 2012 ) Hyde Park Live ( 2013 ) Marquee Club ( Live in 1971 ) ( 2015 ) Sticky Fingers Live ( 2015 ) Totally Stripped ( 2016 ) Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Compilations Through the Past , Darkly ( Big Hits Vol. 2 ) ( 1969 ) Made in the Shade ( 1975 ) Time Waits for No One : Anthology 1971 -- 1977 ( 1979 ) Sucking in the Seventies ( 1981 ) Rewind ( 1971 -- 1984 ) ( 1984 ) Jump Back : The Best of The Rolling Stones ( 1993 ) Forty Licks ( 2002 ) Rarities 1971 -- 2003 ( 2005 ) GRRR ! ( 2012 ) On Air ( 2017 ) Post-contract ABKCO albums Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 ( 1971 ) More Hot Rocks ( Big Hits & Fazed Cookies ) ( 1972 ) Metamorphosis ( 1975 ) Singles Collection : The London Years ( 1989 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Post-contract Decca albums Stone Age ( 1971 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1971 ) Milestones ( 1972 ) Rock ' n ' Rolling Stones ( 1972 ) No Stone Unturned ( 1973 ) Rolled Gold : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( 1975 ) Solid Rock ( 1980 ) Slow Rollers ( 1981 ) Rolled Gold+ : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( 2007 ) Other albums Jamming with Edward ! ( 1972 ) Story of The Stones ( 1982 ) Live at the Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 ( 2012 ) Box sets Singles 1963 -- 1965 ( 2004 ) Singles 1965 -- 1967 ( 2004 ) Singles 1968 -- 1971 ( 2005 ) The Rolling Stones Box Set ( 2009 ) Singles 1971 -- 2006 ( 2011 ) The Rolling Stones in Mono ( 2016 ) The Rolling Stones videography Videos T.A.M.I. Show ( 1964 ) Charlie Is My Darling ( 1966 ) Sympathy for the Devil ( 1968 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 1974 ) Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1982 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) The Rolling Stones : Some Girls Live In Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 ( 2012 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2016 ) From The Vault - Sticky Fingers : Live At The Fonda Theatre 2015 ( 2017 ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Class of 1989 Performers Dion Otis Redding The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , Bill Wyman The Temptations Dennis Edwards , Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams Stevie Wonder Early influences The Ink Spots Bessie Smith The Soul Stirrers Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Phil Spector Mick Jagger Albums She 's the Boss Primitive Cool Wandering Spirit Goddess in the Doorway Alfie The Very Best of Mick Jagger Songs `` Memo from Turner '' `` State of Shock '' `` Just Another Night '' `` Lucky in Love '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Let 's Work '' `` Sweet Thing '' `` God Gave Me Everything '' `` Visions of Paradise '' `` Joy '' `` Old Habits Die Hard '' `` Gotta Get a Grip '' Featured singles `` T.H.E. ( The Hardest Ever ) '' See also The Rolling Stones Jagger / Richards SuperHeavy Being Mick The Mick Jagger Centre Chris Jagger `` Moves like Jagger '' Vinyl Species named for Jagger Aegrotocatellus jaggeri -- trilobite Anomphalus jaggerius -- snail Jaggermeryx naida -- anthracotheriidae Keith Richards Albums Talk Is Cheap Live at the Hollywood Palladium , December 15 , 1988 Main Offender Vintage Vinos Crosseyed Heart Songs `` Take It So Hard '' `` Trouble '' Bands The Rolling Stones The Dirty Mac The New Barbarians Related articles Jagger / Richards Life Anita Pallenberg Patti Hansen ( wife ) Theodora Richards ( daughter ) Alexandra Richards ( daughter ) Hail ! Hail ! 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-4010382138129022880	My Old Kentucky Home	My Old Kentucky Home - wikipedia My Old Kentucky Home This article is about the song . For the Kentucky site , see My Old Kentucky Home State Park . For other uses , see My Old Kentucky Home ( disambiguation ) . `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Sheet music , 10th edition , 1892 ( ? ) Song Written possibly 1852 Published January 1853 Genre Parlor song Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Foster `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' is an anti-slavery ballad originally written by Stephen Foster , ( probably ) composed in 1852 . It was published in January 1853 by Firth , Pond , & Co. of New York . Foster likely composed the song after having been inspired by the narrative of popular anti-slavery novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , while likely referencing imagery witnessed on his visits to the Bardstown , Kentucky farm called Federal Hill . In Foster 's sketchbook , the song was originally entitled `` Poor Uncle Tom , Good - Night ! '' , but was altered by Foster as `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' Frederick Douglass , an abolitionist , wrote in his 1855 autobiography My Bondage and My Freedom that the song `` awakens sympathies for the slave , in which antislavery principles take root , grow , and flourish '' . Contents 1 Original lyric synopsis 2 Creation and career impact 3 Public sentiment 4 Kentucky state song 5 Modern impact 6 Recording history 7 Adaptations 8 Appearance in media 9 Lyrics by Stephen Foster 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Original lyric synopsis ( edit ) In its entirety , the song contains three verses and one chorus repeated after each verse . The first verse of `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' describes an enslaved servant 's description of the natural beauty and his feelings associated with the Kentucky landscape . The line that begins `` By'n by Hard Times , comes a knocking at the door , Then my old Kentucky home , good - night ! '' acknowledges that the farm on which the subject is enslaved is experiencing financial hardship , and the verse suggests that the narrator knows he will leave the Kentucky farm as a result of being sold to settle the debt . The chorus of the song describes a presumptive longing by the narrator , and probably his wife or other love interest , to return to the beauty of the Kentucky landscape : `` Weep no - more my lady , O weep no more today . For we 'll sing one song for my old Kentucky home , for my old Kentucky home far - away . '' In the second verse , the enslaved servant describes an environment on the Kentucky farm absent of his peers . The narrator recalls a variety of remembrances of his peers and the places they formerly occupied , `` They sing no more by the glimmer of the moon , On the bench by the old cabin door . '' In the third verse , the narrator outlines that the work of an enslaved servant is unavoidable and exhausting regardless of location , `` The head must bow and the back will have to bend , Wherever the darkies may go '' . The narrator acknowledges in the third line of the third verse that they have been sold to a sugar plantation and that they will likely perish as a result . In the fifth line of the third verse , the narrator observes that their departure from the Kentucky farm will occur in a matter of days and again refrains that an enslaved servant 's work is highly strenuous , `` A few more days for to tote the weary load , no matter , ' twill never be light '' . The song ends with the chorus which contextually applies to all three verses . Foster 's composition , both in each verse and in its entirety , focuses on the unfair treatment of slaves and serves to bring awareness to its listeners of the hardships endured by slaves . The composition also embodies a common theme in Foster 's work of his own childhood experiences of losing his home as a result of financial hardships . Creation and career impact ( edit ) The creation of the song `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' established a decisive moment within Stephen Foster 's career in regard to his personal beliefs on the institution of slavery and is an example of the common theme of the loss of home , which is prevalent throughout Foster 's work . In March 1852 , Harriet Beecher Stowe 's abolitionist novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin appeared in bookstores in Foster 's hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The novel , written about the plight of an enslaved servant in Kentucky , had a profound effect on Foster 's future song - writing by altering the tone of his music to sympathize the position of the enslaved servant . In his notebook , Foster penned the lyrics inspired by Stowe 's novel , initially named `` Poor Old Uncle Tom , Good - Night ! '' Foster ultimately removed references to Stowe 's book , renaming the work , `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' Foster 's song includes distinct Kentucky imagery . Foster 's brother Morrison indicated in correspondence that Foster was an `` occasional visitor '' to Federal Hill , owned by Foster 's relations , the Rowan family of Bardstown , Kentucky . The Foster and Rowan family 's close relationship appears to have been initiated through Stephen 's sister Charlotte who stayed with the Rowans at Federal Hill in 1828 . While Charlotte lived with the Rowan family , Atkinson Hill Rowan made a proposal of marriage to her , which she ultimately declined . Charlotte died in the home of George Washing Barclay , a cousin of both families , with Atkinson Hill Rowan at her bedside . The song `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' is one of many examples of the loss of home in Foster 's work . Biographers believe that this common theme originated from the loss of Foster 's childhood home , known as the `` White Cottage '' , an estate his mother referred to as an Eden , in reference to the Garden of Eden . The family was financially supported by the family patriarch William Foster , who owned vast holdings , which were lost through bad business dealings that left the family destitute and unable to keep possession of the White Cottage ; the family was forced to leave the estate when Stephen Foster was three years old . After years of financial instability and the sharing of memories of the White Cottage with Stephen by his parents and siblings , the impact of longing for a permanent home that was no longer available to him greatly influenced his writing . Public sentiment ( edit ) Frederick Douglass in 1856 Upon its release in 1853 by Firth , Pond & Company , `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night '' grew quickly in popularity , selling thousands of copies . The song 's popular and nostalgic theme of the loss of home resonated with the public and further resolved to stimulate strong feelings in support of the abolitionist movement in the United States . Famous African - American abolitionist Frederick Douglass promoted the song , among other similar songs of the time period , in his autobiography My Bondage and My Freedom as evoking a sentimental theme towards the enslaved servant that promotes and popularizes the cause of abolishing slavery in the United States . Douglass commented , `` They ( My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! , etc . ) are heart songs , and the finest feelings of human nature are expressed in them . ( They ) can make the heart sad as well as merry , and can call forth a tear as well as a smile . They awaken the sympathies for the slave '' , he stated , `` in which anti-slavery principles take root and flourish '' . The song held popularity for over a decade and throughout the American Civil War . The song 's reach throughout the United States and popularity has been attributed to soldiers of the war , who passed the tune from location to location during the war 's tenure . Soldiers of the war , both Union and Confederate , visited Federal Hill by the thousands to see the landmark that lent visual inspiration for Foster 's song both during the war and after . Following the war , Federal Hill continued to be frequented by tourists throughout the remainder of the 19th century . After the American Civil War had ended and the institution of slavery was abolished , the song , `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good Night ! '' , which encouraged and inspired abolitionist views in the United States thereafter continued to be held in high esteem by the public . The typical reduction of the song 's title from `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' to `` My Old Kentucky Home '' occurred after the turn of the century . The song 's first verse and chorus are recited annually at the Kentucky Derby . Colonel Matt Winn introduced the song as a derby tradition . As early as 1930 , it was played to accompany the Post Parade ; the University of Louisville Marching Band has played the song for all but a few years since 1936 . In 1982 , Churchill Downs honored Foster by establishing the Stephen Foster Handicap . The University of Kentucky , University of Louisville , Murray State University , Eastern Kentucky University , and Western Kentucky University bands play the song at their schools ' football and basketball games . Kentucky State song ( edit ) WHEREAS , the song , `` My Old Kentucky Home , '' by Stephen Collins Foster , has immortalized Kentucky throughout the civilized world , and is known and sung in every State and Nation ; ... -- Preamble to a 1928 Act of the Kentucky legislature In 1928 , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' was `` selected and adopted '' by the Kentucky state legislature as the state 's official song . It has remained so , subject to one change that was made in 1986 . In that year , a Japanese youth group visiting the Kentucky General Assembly sang the song to the legislators , using the original lyrics that included the word `` darkies '' . Legislator Carl Hines was offended by this and subsequently introduced a resolution that would substitute the word `` people '' in place of `` darkies '' whenever the song was used by the House of Representatives . A similar resolution was introduced by Georgia Davis Powers in the Kentucky State Senate . The resolution was adopted by both chambers . Modern impact ( edit ) Today , the song My Old Kentucky Home remains an important composition due to its role in the evolution of American songwriting and as one of the most influential songs in American culture . According to popular - song analysts , the appeal of the theme of ' returning home ' is one in which listeners of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' are able to personally relate within their own lives . Many revisions and updates of the song have occurred throughout the past century has further ingrained the song in American culture . Recording History ( edit ) `` My Old Kentucky Home '' was recorded many times during the early era of cylinder recordings . The Cylinder Audio Archive at the University of California ( Santa Barbara ) Library contains nineteen commercial recordings of the song ( in addition to several home recordings ) . In most cases , even those of the commercial recordings , the Archive is unable to determine the precise dates ( or even years ) of either their recording or their release , with some cylinders being dated only to a forty - year range from the 1890s to the 1920s . The earliest recording of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' for which the Archive was able to determine a precise year of release is from 1898 and features an unidentified cornet duo . However , the song is known to have been recorded earlier than that ( in February 1894 ) by the Standard Quartette , a vocal group that was appearing in a musical that featured the song ( making their recording perhaps the earliest example of a cast recording ) . No copy of that cylinder is known to have survived . And although cylinder recordings were more popular during the 1800s than were disc records , some of the latter were being sold , mostly by Berliner Gramophone . A version sung by A.C. Weaver was recorded in September 1894 and released with catalog number 175 . The popularity of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' as recording material continued into the 20th century , despite the fact that the song was then more than fifty years old . In the first two decades of the century , newly established Victor Records released thirteen versions of the song ( plus five more recordings that included it as part of a medley ) . During that same period , Columbia Records issued a similar number , including one by Margaret Wilson ( daughter of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson ) . One of the major vocal groups of the day , the Peerless Quartet , recorded it twice , as did internationally - known operatic soprano Alma Gluck . It was also recorded by various marching and concert bands , including three recordings by one of the most well - known , Sousa 's Band , as well as three by the house concert band at Edison Records . Although the frequency of its recording dropped off as the century progressed , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' continued to be used as material by some of the major popular singers of the day . Versions were recorded by Kate Smith , Bing Crosby , and Al Jolson . A version by operatic contralto Marian Anderson was released in Japan and Paul Robeson recorded his version for an English company while living in London in the late 1920s . The song continued to find expression in non-traditional forms , including a New Orleans jazz version by Louis Armstrong and a swing version by Gene Krupa . For a listing of some other recorded versions of the song , see External links . In 2001 , the National Endowment for the Arts and the Recording Industry Association of America promulgated a list of the 365 `` Songs of the Century '' that best displayed `` historical significance of not only the song but also of the record and artist '' . `` My Old Kentucky Home '' appeared on that list ( the only song written by Foster to do so ) , represented by the 1908 recording of operatic soprano Geraldine Farrar ( Victor Records 88238 ) . Adaptations ( edit ) By the time that commercial music began to be recorded , the verse melody of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' had become so widely known that recording artists sometimes quoted it in material that was otherwise unrelated to Foster 's song . Henry Burr 's 1921 recording of `` Kentucky Home '' quotes the melody in an interlude midway through the record . And vaudeville singer Billy Murray 's 1923 recording of `` Happy and Go - Lucky in My Old Kentucky Home '' adds the melody in the record 's finale . An earlier recording by Murray , 1915 's `` We 'll Have a Jubilee in My Old Kentucky Home '' , takes the further step of incorporating a portion of Foster 's melody ( but not his lyrics ) into each chorus . And a few decades earlier than that , a young Charles Ives , while still a student at Yale University in the 1890s , used Foster 's melody ( both the verse and the chorus ) as a strain in one of his marches . Ives often quoted from Foster and musicologist Clayton Henderson has detected material from `` My Old Kentucky Home '' in eight of his works . In the mid-1960s , songwriter Randy Newman used the verse of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' ( with modified lyrics ) as the chorus to his `` Turpentine and Dandelion Wine '' . Newman recorded this adaptation for his 12 Songs album ( 1970 , Reprise RS 6373 ) under the title `` Old Kentucky Home '' . However , the adaptation had been recorded earlier at least twice . The first was by the Beau Brummels , who recorded it for their Triangle album ( 1967 , Warner Brothers WS 1692 ) . The second was by the Alan Price Set , who included it as the B - side to their `` Love Story '' single ( 1968 , Decca F 12808 ) . Since Newman 's recording , the adaptation was covered several times more . The only version that charted was by Johnny Cash , who released it as a single from his John R. Cash album ( 1975 , Columbia KC 33370 ) . The single reached No. 42 on Billboard 's country - music chart . Note that the various cover versions generally use slightly different titles , some adding `` My '' to Newman 's title , others omitting `` Old '' . Also , some use Newman 's original title of `` Turpentine and Dandelion Wine '' as a subtitle . A more complete listing of these cover versions can be found in External links . Appearance in media ( edit ) `` My Old Kentucky Home '' has appeared in many films , live action and animated , and in television episodes , in the 20th and 21st centuries . In 1926 , the song first appeared in film in the first animated cartoon to have ever featured synchronized dialogue . The original title for the first draft of Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind was `` Tote The Weary Load '' , a lyric from `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' The lyric `` a few more days for to tote the weary load '' appears in the text of the novel as Scarlett O'Hara is returning to Tara . Judy Garland sang `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' live on December 14 , 1938 , on the radio show , America Calling . She later covered it again on The All Time Flop Parade with Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters . On April 29 , 1953 , Garland headlined a Kentucky Derby week appearance in Lexington , Kentucky named `` The Bluegrass Festival '' where she sang the song `` My Old Kentucky Home '' , accompanied by a single violin . In 1939 , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' was featured in the film version of Gone With The Wind both instrumentally and with lyrics . In the movie , Prissy , played by Butterfly McQueen , sings the line , `` a few more days for to tote the weary load '' . In 1940 , Bing Crosby sung `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' via radio broadcast with Leopold Stokowski conducting a symphony for the dedication of the Stephen Foster postage stamp release held in Bardstown , Kentucky at My Old Kentucky Home . Kate Smith performed the song on March 20 , 1969 , on The Dean Martin Show with Mickey Rooney and Barbara Eden . The song was covered in The Simpsons , Season 21 , Episode 13 , `` The Color Yellow . '' Marge and Lisa read from the footnotes of a cookbook written by Mabel Simpson in which she describes the escape of an enslaved servant , Virgil , who is assisted by Eliza Simpson . Virgil and Eliza find safe harbor in a circus operated by Krusty the Clown , who hides them from slave patrollers by disguising them as circus acts . Krusty asks what talents Virgil possesses , to which he replies that he has music talent and then performs the song , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' while playing violin . The song was covered in Mad Men , Season 3 , Episode 3 , `` My Old Kentucky Home . '' Roger Sterling ( played by John Slattery ) performs the song in blackface for a company Kentucky Derby party . Johnny Depp , Lyle Lovett , David Amram and Warren Zevon covered the song `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at the tribute memorial of journalist Hunter Thompson in December 1996 . One of Thompson 's most notable pieces , `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' , in addition to Thompson being a native of Louisville , Kentucky , inspired the performers to cover the song for his tribute . The performance was recreated 9 years later in 2005 at midnight after Thompson 's ashes were blasted from a cannon . Lyrics by Stephen Foster ( edit ) The original Stephen Foster lyrics of the song , were : The sun shines bright in the old Kentucky home . ' Tis summer , the darkies are gay , The corn top 's ripe and the meadow 's in the bloom While the birds make music all the day . The young folks roll on the little cabin floor , All merry , all happy , and bright . By ' n by hard times comes a-knocking at the door , Then my old Kentucky home , good night . Weep no more my lady , oh ! weep no more today ! We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home , For the old Kentucky home far away . They hunt no more for the ' possum and the coon , On the meadow , the hill and the shore , They sing no more by the glimmer of the moon , On the bench by the old cabin door . The day goes by like a shadow o'er the heart , With sorrow where all was delight . The time has come when the darkies have to part , Then my old Kentucky home , good night ! Weep no more my lady , oh ! weep no more today ! We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home , For the old Kentucky home far away . The head must bow and the back will have to bend , Wherever the darkies may go . A few more days and the trouble all will end , In the field where the sugar - canes grow . A few more days for to tote the weary load , No matter ' twill never be light . A few more days till we totter on the road , Then my old Kentucky home , good - night ! Weep no more my lady , oh ! weep no more today ! We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home , For the old Kentucky home far away . Modern renditions ( with Kentucky officially adopting this change in 1986 ) of the song change the word darkies to people . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home : A Song with a Checkered Past '' . studio360 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Jackson ( 1974 ) . Stephen Foster song book : original sheet music of 40 songs . Courier Dover Press . p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good Night ! '' . 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home State Park '' The History of My Old Kentucky Home `` . visitmyoldkyhome.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home : A Song with a Checkered Past '' . wnyc . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PressRoom ( April 9 , 2001 ) . `` American Experience on KET profiles `` My Old Kentucky Home '' author , Stephen Foster `` . KET . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Frederick . My Bondage and My Freedom : Part I - Life as a Slave , Part II - Life as a Freeman , with an introduction by James M'Cune Smith . New York and Auburn : Miller , Orton & Mulligan ( 1855 ) ; ed . John Stauffer , Random House ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7031 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : MacLowry , Randall . `` American Experience , Stephen Foster '' . PBS.org . Public Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Charlotte . `` University of Pittsburgh Digital Archives '' ( PDF ) . University of Pittsburgh Digital Archives . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Atkinson Hill . `` From A. Hill Rowan to Ann Eliza Foster , November 19 , 1829 '' ( PDF ) . University of Pittsburgh Digital Archives . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ William Emmett Studwell ( 1997 ) . The Americana song reader . Psychology Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Frederick ( 1855 ) . My Bondage , My Freedom . Miller , Orton & Mulligan . p. 462 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - My Old Kentucky Home - Recreation Parks - Kentucky State Parks '' . ky.gov . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Thomas D. ( February 5 , 2015 ) ( 1977 ) . `` The Slavery Background of Foster 's My Old Kentucky Home '' . In Harrison , Lowell H. ; Dawson , Nelson L. A Kentucky Sampler : Essays from The Filson Club History Quarterly 1926 -- 1976 . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 100 -- 117 . ISBN 9780813163086 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , James ( March 15 , 2012 ) . The Kentucky Derby , How the Run for the Roses Became America 's Premiere Sporting Event . Lexington , KY : The University of Kentucky Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home : Official Song of the Kentucky Derby '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Carly ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` My Old Kentucky Home '' . University Place Patch . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shankle , George Earlie ( 1941 ) ( 1934 ) . State Names , Flags , Seals , Songs , Birds , Flowers , and Other Symbols ( revised ed . ) . New York : H.W. Wilson . pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ When originally enacted , the provision was located at section 4618p of the Kentucky Statutes . After the re-codification of those Statutes in 1942 , the provision now resides at section 2.100 of Title I , Chapter 2 of the Kentucky Revised Statutes . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Carl R. Hines , Sr. , '' . Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History . University of Kentucky Libraries : Lexington . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Discussion of the episode begins approximately 82 minutes into the interview . Also see the contemporaneous reporting that appeared in the article written by Bob Johnson in the edition of March 12 , 1986 of the Courier - Journal ( page 18 ) and the Associated Press article that appeared in the edition of March 21 , 1986 of the Lexington Herald - Leader ( page A11 ) . Hines ' resolution was House Resolution 159 ( 1986 ) ; Powers ' resolution was Senate Resolution 114 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ `` Search Results : my + old + kentucky + home '' . UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive . UC Santa Barbara Library . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbia Phonograph Company 2813 ( cylinder 14763 at the Cylinder Audio Archive ) . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ( 2004 ) . Lost Sounds : Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry , 1890 - 1919 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02850 - 3 . The Standard Quartette is discussed in Chapter 6 ( pages 92 - 102 ) . The February 1894 recordings are discussed at pages 95 - 97 . Jump up ^ `` Berliner 175 ( 7 - in . single - faced ) '' . Discography of American Historical Recordings . UC Santa Barbara Library . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Note that Berliner issued `` My Old Kentucky Home '' several times through 1899 , with different singers . These re-recordings were released under the same catalog number as the original but with differently - suffixed matrix numbers . For example , the version sung by Weaver has matrix number 175 - Z , whereas a later version by Irish tenor George J. Gaskin ( recorded in 1897 ) has matrix number 175 - ZZ . Jump up ^ `` Search Results : my + old + kentucky + home '' . National Jukebox . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbia Records ( `` Symphony Series '' ) A-2416 ( 1917 ) Jump up ^ Indestructible Records 694 ( 1908 ) and Everlasting Records 1077 ( 1909 ) Jump up ^ Victor Records 74386 ( 1914 ) and 74468 ( 1916 ) . Jump up ^ Berliner 129 ( 1898 ) , Victor 3264 ( 1901 ) and Victor 2481 ( 1903 ) . The two Victor recordings were labeled `` fantasies '' . Jump up ^ Edison Gold Moulded 8818 ( 1904 ) , Edison Amberol 87 ( 1909 ) , and Edison Blue Amberol 2239 ( 1914 ) , all credited to the Edison Concert Band . Jump up ^ MGM Records 30474 , part of Smith 's Songs of Stephen Foster album ( MGM E-106 ) Jump up ^ Crosby 's recording appeared as the B - side on two of his singles -- `` ' Til Reveille '' ( Decca Records 3886 , 1941 ) and `` De Camptown Races '' ( Decca Records 25129 , 1947 ) . It also appeared in his Stephen Foster album ( Decca Records A-440 and A-482 , both 1946 ) . Jump up ^ Decca Records 27365 ( circa 1950 ) Jump up ^ Victor Co. of Japan SD - 4 . This is the same recording that was released by Victor Records in the United States with catalog number 18314 . The recording and release dates are unclear , but the physical characteristics of the label for the Japanese release ( red label , circular non-scroll border , etc . ) , as well as the numbering of the American release , suggest that both were issued in the very early 1940s ( and certainly before the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States ) . The recording later appeared on the 1951 LP Great Combinations ( RCA Victor LM 1703 ) . Jump up ^ His Master 's Voice B. 3653 . The recording 's entry at the British Library gives the recording date as October 2 , 1928 ( see item number BLLSA4329674 at www.explore.bl.uk ) . Jump up ^ On the album Satchmo Plays King Oliver ( Audio Fidelity Records AFSD 5930 , 1960 ) Jump up ^ Columbia Records 35205 ( 1939 ) Jump up ^ `` RIAA , NEA Announce Songs of the Century '' ( Press release ) . Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . March 2001 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Victor Records 18821 . Written by Harold Weeks and Abe Brashen . Jump up ^ Victor Records 19240 . Written by Clarence Gaskill . Another version of `` Happy and Go - Lucky ... '' was recorded a few months later by The Happiness Boys , who extended Murray 's arrangement by quoting `` My Old Kentucky Home '' as a countermelody not just in the finale , but also in other parts of the song . That version was issued on Federal Records 5376 ( the company not to be confused with the Cincinnati - based Federal Records that operated in the 1950s ) . It was also issued on Sears , Roebuck 's Silvertone label , with catalog number 2376 . Jump up ^ Edison Blue Amberol Records 2748 . Written by Walter Donaldson . Jump up ^ Henderson , Clayton W. ( 2008 ) ( 1990 ) . The Charles Ives Tunebook ( second ed . ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 158 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35090 - 9 . The march is identified as Ives ' third ( i.e. , `` March No. 3 '' ) . It apparently had not been recorded until 1974 , when it appeared on the Yale Theater Orchestra 's Old Songs Deranged ( Columbia Masterworks M 32969 ) . Because Ives added the Foster quote to a work he had already composed , there are two versions of that march -- one that incorporates the melody and one that does not . The version that incorporates the melody also appears on the Detroit Chamber Winds ' 1993 album Remembrance : A Charles Ives Collection ( Koch International Classics 7182 ) . Jump up ^ `` John R. Cash ( awards ) '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silent Era '' . www.silentera.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Tony ( 1999 ) . Confederates in the Attic . Random House . p. 306 . ISBN 9780679758334 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Margaret . Gone with the Wind. 1936 . Edition : Hamilton Books , 2016 . GoogleBooks pt. 258 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Scott ( 2006 ) . Judy Garland : The Day - by - Day Chronicle of a Legend . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 448 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3555 - 0 . Jump up ^ Edge , Lynn ( October 8 , 1989 ) . `` ' GWTW ' start toted the load during filming '' ( 60 ) . Star - News . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibbs , Dixie ( 198 ) . Bardstown . Bardstown , Kentucky : Arcadia . p. 78 . ISBN 9780738589916 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eden , Barbara ( April 5 , 2011 ) . Jeanie Out of the Bottle . Random House . ISBN 9780307886958 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bundle Up With Dean '' . The Golddiggers . The Golddiggers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Color Yellow / Transcript '' . Wikisimpsons . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ burgermeister meisterburger ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) , Mad Men : Kentucky Derby , Roger Sterling sings in blackface , Peggy Olson gets high , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Amram with Johnny Depp , Warren Zevon : Hunter S. Thompson Tribute '' . Youtube . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aldrich , Mark . A Catalog of Folk Song Settings for Wind Band , p. 74 ( Hal Leonard Corporation , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Foster , Stephen . Stephen Foster Song Book : Original Sheet Music of 40 Songs , p. 67 ( Courier Corporation , 1974 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Clark , Thomas D. ( January 1936 ) . `` The Slavery Background of Foster 's My Old Kentucky Home '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 10 ( 1 ) . ISBN 9780813163086 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Kentucky portal Wikisource has original text related to this article : My Old Kentucky Home Performances My Old Kentucky Home ( instrumental ) as played by one of the University of Kentucky Bands Geraldine Farrar 's 1908 recording Other List of recordings of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at SecondHandSongs.com List of recordings of Randy Newman 's adaptation at SecondHandSongs.com Stephen Foster List of songs written by Stephen Foster Songs Minstrel songs Angelina Baker ( 1850 ) Camptown Races ( 1850 ) The Glendy Burk ( 1860 ) My Old Kentucky Home ( 1853 ) Oh ! Susanna ( 1848 ) Old Folks at Home ( Swanee River ) ( 1851 ) Parlor songs Ah ! May the Red Rose Live Alway Open Thy Lattice Love Beautiful Dreamer ( 1864 ) Hard Times Come Again No More ( 1854 ) Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( 1854 ) Old Black Joe ( 1853 ) Willie Has Gone To War ( 1862 ) History and biographers History and biographies The Stephen Foster Collection and archive William Barclay Foster Eliza Clayland Tomlinson Foster Morrison Foster Horace Waters Harold Vincent Milligan Jane McDowell Foster Wiley Henrietta Crosman Evelyn Foster Morneweck Films , musicals , recordings Films Harmony Lane I Dream of Jeanie Swanee River Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( anime ) Musicals Stephen Foster - The Musical Hard Times Recordings Beautiful Dreamer : The Songs of Stephen Foster State Parks My Old Kentucky Home State Park Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park Stephen C. Foster State Park Other Stephen Foster Handicap Stephen Foster Memorial Stephen Foster Memorial Day Stephen Foster ( sculpture ) Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Old_Kentucky_Home&oldid=845187354 '' Categories : 1853 songs American songs Blackface minstrel songs Music of Kentucky Songs written by Stephen Foster United States state songs Songs about Kentucky Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Lëtzebuergesch 日本語 Norsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 01 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays my old kentucky home at the derby	[ "The song's first verse and chorus are recited annually at the Kentucky Derby. Colonel Matt Winn introduced the song as a derby tradition.[15] As early as 1930, it was played to accompany the Post Parade; the University of Louisville Marching Band has played the song for all but a few years since 1936. In 1982, Churchill Downs honored Foster by establishing the Stephen Foster Handicap.[16] The University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, Murray State University, Eastern Kentucky University, and Western Kentucky University bands play the song at their schools' football and basketball games.[17]\n" ]	[ "the University of Louisville Marching Band" ]
3704201446289964320	List of Stanley Cup champions	List of Stanley Cup champions - wikipedia List of Stanley Cup champions Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the winning teams . For players who have played on winning teams , see Stanley Cup winning players . The Stanley Cup The Stanley Cup is a trophy awarded annually to the playoff champion club of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ice hockey league . It was donated by the Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892 , and is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America . Inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy was first awarded to Canada 's amateur ice hockey clubs who won the trophy as the result of challenge games and league play . Professional clubs came to dominate the competition in the early years of the twentieth century , and in 1913 the two major professional ice hockey organizations , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) ( forerunner of the NHL ) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , reached a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other in an annual series for the Stanley Cup . After a series of league mergers and folds , it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 , though it was nominally still subject to external challenge . After 1947 , the Cup became the de jure NHL championship prize . From 1914 to the end of the 2017 season , the trophy has been won 99 times . 23 different teams have won the cup , 18 of which are still active in the NHL . Prior to that , the challenge cup was held by nine different teams . The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made the finals an additional ten times . There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded : 1919 , because of the Spanish flu epidemic , and 2005 , because of the NHL lockout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 2 NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) 3 NHL champions ( since 1927 ) 4 Appearances 4.1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 4.2 Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) 4.2. 1 Active teams 4.2. 2 Defunct teams 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General 6.2 Specific 7 External links Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) The first Stanley Cup Champions : The Montreal Hockey Club See also : List of Stanley Cup challenge games The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893 . From 1887 to 1893 , the league did not play a round - robin format , but rather challenges between teams of the association that year , with the winner of the series being the ' interim ' champion , with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year . The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going , but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy . If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship , it would then inherit the Cup , without a challenge . The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904 , when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league , the CAHL . The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa , instead of the CAHL league champion . During the challenge cup period , none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions ; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title . A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first - place in their leagues at the end of the regular season . Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and / or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees . In 1912 , Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team 's regular season . In 1908 , the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada 's amateurs , as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy . This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins , including successful victories and defenses in challenges , and league championships for the challenge era . Date Winning team Coach Losing team Playoff format Score Winning goal March 17 , 1893 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) 1893 AHAC champions , no challengers March 22 , 1894 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Ottawa HC ( AHAC ) Single - elimination ( 1894 AHAC championship playoff ) 3 -- 1 Billy Barlow ( 9 : 00 , third qtr ) March 9 , 1895 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1895 AHAC Champion March 9 , 1895 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 5 -- 1 February 14 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Single - elimination 2 -- 0 Jack Armytage ( 10 : 00 , first half ) February 29 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) 1896 MHA champion December 30 , 1896 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 5 Ernie McLea ( 28 : 00 , second half ) March 6 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1897 AHAC Champion December 27 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Ottawa Capitals ( CCHA ) Single - elimination 15 -- 2 March 5 , 1898 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Frank Richardson - playing 1898 AHAC Champion February 15 -- 18 , 1899 Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Frank Richardson - Playing Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Two - game total goals 5 -- 3 Robert MacDougall ( second half ) March 4 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1899 CAHL Champion March 14 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 2 Harry Trihey February 12 -- 15 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Harry Trihey ( second half ) March 7 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Halifax Crescents ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Joe McKenna March 10 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1900 CAHL Champion January 29 -- 31 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Dan Bain ( 4 : 00 , OT ) February 19 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Winnipeg HC ( MHA ) Single - elimination ( 1901 MHA championship ) 4 -- 3 January 21 -- 23 , 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Toronto Wellingtons ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Fred Scanlon ( 9 : 00 , second half ) March 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) 1902 MHA Champion March 13 -- 17 , 1902 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Clarence McKerrow Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Jack Marshall ( first half ) January 29 -- 31 , February 2 -- 4 , 1903 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) D. Browne Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Tom Phillips March 7 -- 10 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Two - game total goals ( 1903 CAHL championship playoff ) 9 -- 1 Suddy Gilmour ( 4 : 34 , first half , second game ) March 12 -- 14 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Rat Portage Thistles ( MNWHA ) Two - game total goals 10 -- 4 Frank McGee ( 8 : 20 , first half ) December 30 , 1903 , January 1 -- 4 , 1904 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Winnipeg Rowing Club ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee ( 11 : 00 , second half ) February 23 -- 25 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Toronto Marlboros ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Arthur Moore ( 9 : 38 , first half ) March 2 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Montreal Wanderers ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals March 9 -- 11 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Brandon Wheat Cities ( MNWHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 18 : 00 , first half ) January 13 -- 16 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Dawson City Nuggets Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harry Westwick ( 12 : 15 , first half ) March 3 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing 1905 FAHL Champion March 7 -- 9 -- 11 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Rat Portage Thistles ( MHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee February 27 -- 28 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Queen 's University ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harvey Pulford ( 10 : 00 , second half ) March 6 -- 8 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Smiths Falls HC ( FAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 17 : 45 , first half ) March 14 -- 17 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1906 ECAHA championship playoff ) 12 -- 10 Lester Patrick December 27 -- 29 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing New Glasgow Cubs ( MaHL ) Two - game total goals 17 -- 5 January 21 -- 23 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Roxy Beaudro March 16 -- 18 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Brandon Wheat Cities ( MPHL ) Best - of - three ( 1907 MPHL championship ) 2 -- 0 Fred Whitcroft ( 19 : 00 , first half ) March 23 -- 25 , 1907 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Lester Patrick ( capt . ) Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson January 9 -- 13 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Ottawa Victorias ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals 22 -- 4 Frank Glass ( 25 : 00 , first half , first game ) March 7 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) 1908 ECAHA Champions March 10 -- 12 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Winnipeg Maple Leafs ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 8 March 14 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Toronto ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 6 -- 4 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson December 28 -- 30 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 13 -- 10 Walter Smaill ( 33 : 45 , second half , second game ) March 6 , 1909 Ottawa HC ( ECHA ) Pete Green 1909 ECHA champions January 5 -- 7 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( CHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Two - game total goals 15 -- 4 Hamby Shore ( 10 : 10 , first half , first game ) January 18 -- 20 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 21 -- 11 Bruce Stuart ( 23 : 45 , first half ) March 9 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) 1910 NHA Champion March 12 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) Berlin Dutchmen ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 3 Harry Hyland ( 22 : 00 , first half ) March 10 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green 1911 NHA Champions March 13 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 5 : 00 , third ) March 16 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Port Arthur Bearcats ( New Ontario Hockey League ) Single - elimination 13 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 4 : 30 , second ) March 5 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan 1912 NHA Champions March 11 -- 13 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan Moncton Victorias ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Joe Malone ( 18 : 00 , first ) March 5 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) 1913 NHA Champions March 8 -- 10 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) Sydney Millionaires ( MaPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 5 Tommy Smith ( 3 : 10 , second , first game ) March 7 -- 11 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1914 NHA championship playoff ) 6 -- 2 Scotty Davidson ( 2 : 00 , third , second game ) March 14 -- 17 -- 19 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Victoria Aristocrats ( PCHA ) Best - of - five 3 -- 0 Harry Cameron ( 7 : 00 , third ) Notes ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895 , the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen 's University . As a compromise , the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match , the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions . The Montreals eventually won the game , 5 -- 1 , and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup . ^ B. Intended to be a best - of - three series , Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game . ^ C. The January 31 ( a Saturday ) game was tied 2 -- 2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on the Sunday . The game was played on February 2 ( a Monday ) and the January 31 game was considered to be void . ^ D. For most of 1904 , the Ottawa Senators were not affiliated with any league . ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute . After game one ended tied at the end of regulation , 5 -- 5 , the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee , and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa . ^ F. During the series , it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge . A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees . However , on March 18 , Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge , because he had expected Emmett Quinn , president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored . In any case , all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted . Sources Coleman , Charles L. ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup , vol. 1 , 1893 -- 1926 inc . Sherbrooke , Quebec : Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited . Montreal Gazette Ottawa Citizen Ottawa Journal Winnipeg Tribune NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats -- Toronto Hockey Club series , Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA , and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup . '' The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year , with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules . The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement , because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada , the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy . After the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , joined the PCHA in 1914 , the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . Two years later , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place . In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions , with the third having a bye directly to the final . In 1924 , the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL . With the loss of the PCHA , the championship reverted to a single series . After their win in 1925 , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . For the 1925 -- 26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) . With the Victoria Cougars ' loss in 1926 , it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Losing team Coach Games Winning goal 1915 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Frank Patrick - playing Ottawa Senators ( NHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frank Shaughnessy ( mgr . ) 3 -- 0 Barney Stanley ( 5 : 30 , second ) 1916 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Edward Savage ( mgr . ) 3 -- 2 George Prodgers ( 17 : 20 , third ) 1917 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pete Muldoon Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing 3 -- 1 Bernie Morris ( 7 : 55 , first ) 1918 Toronto Arenas ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Dick Carroll Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Frank Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Corb Denneny ( 10 : 30 , third ) 1919 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) vs. Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) -- Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic -- Stanley Cup not awarded 1920 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Green Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Muldoon 3 -- 2 Jack Darragh ( 5 : 00 , third ) 1921 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Pete Green Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Frank Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Jack Darragh ( 9 : 40 , second ) 1922 Toronto St. Pats ( NHL ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) George O'Donoghue Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Frank Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Babe Dye ( 4 : 20 , first ) 1923 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pete Green Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ken McKenzine 2 -- 0 Punch Broadbent ( 11 : 23 , first ) 1924 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 4 , 2 -- 1 ) Léo Dandurand Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Eddie Oatman - playing 2 -- 0 Howie Morenz ( 4 : 55 , first ) 1925 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 5 , 2 -- 2 ) Léo Dandurand 3 -- 1 Gizzy Hart ( 2 : 35 , second ) 1926 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gerard Victoria Cougars ( WHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Nels Stewart ( 2 : 50 , second ) NHL champions ( since 1927 ) ( edit ) The WHL folded in 1926 , and its assets were bought by the NHL . This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup . Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges , but from that year forward , no non-NHL team has played for it , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the cup to the NHL , allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup . A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley 's conditions in the 1947 agreement . The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating , as was the case in the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Since 1927 , the league 's playoff format , deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , has changed multiple times . In some systems that were previously used , playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference . From 1942 to 1967 , the Cup was competed for by the league 's six teams , also known as the Original Six . After the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference . Since 1982 , the Finals have been played between the league 's conference playoff champions . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Losing team Coach Games Winning goal Conn Smythe Trophy Winner 1927 Ottawa Senators ( C ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Dave Gill Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Art Ross 2 -- 0 -- 2 Cy Denneny ( 7 : 30 , second ) 1928 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick - playing Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gerard 3 -- 2 Frank Boucher ( 3 : 35 , third ) 1929 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Cy Denneny - playing New York Rangers ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick 2 -- 0 Bill Carson ( 18 : 02 , third ) 1930 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Art Ross 2 -- 0 Howie Morenz ( 1 : 00 , second ) 1931 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 7 , 4 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 2 Johnny Gagnon ( 9 : 59 , second ) 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Dick Irvin New York Rangers ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 0 Ace Bailey ( 15 : 07 , third ) 1933 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 1 Bill Cook ( 7 : 34 , OT ) 1934 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 1 Mush March ( 10 : 05 , second OT ) 1935 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 0 Baldy Northcott ( 16 : 18 , second ) 1936 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jack Adams Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 1 Pete Kelly ( 9 : 45 , third ) 1937 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Jack Adams New York Rangers ( A ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 2 Marty Barry ( 19 : 22 , first ) 1938 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Bill Stewart Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 1 Carl Voss ( 16 : 45 , second ) 1939 Boston Bruins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Art Ross Toronto Maple Leafs ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Roy Conacher ( 17 : 54 , second ) 1940 New York Rangers ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Frank Boucher Toronto Maple Leafs ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 2 Bryan Hextall ( 2 : 07 , OT ) 1941 Boston Bruins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Cooney Weiland Detroit Red Wings ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 0 Bobby Bauer ( 8 : 43 , second ) 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Hap Day Detroit Red Wings ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 3 Pete Langelle ( 9 : 48 , third ) 1943 Detroit Red Wings ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Jack Adams Boston Bruins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Art Ross 4 -- 0 Joe Carveth ( 12 : 09 , first ) 1944 Montreal Canadiens ( 8 , 5 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin Chicago Black Hawks ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Paul Thompson 4 -- 0 Toe Blake ( 9 : 12 , OT ) 1945 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Hap Day Detroit Red Wings ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 3 Babe Pratt ( 12 : 14 , third ) 1946 Montreal Canadiens ( 9 , 6 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin Boston Bruins ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dit Clapper 4 -- 1 Toe Blake ( 11 : 06 , third ) 1947 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Hap Day Montreal Canadiens ( 10 , 6 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 2 Ted Kennedy ( 14 : 39 , third ) 1948 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Hap Day Detroit Red Wings ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 0 Harry Watson ( 11 : 13 , first ) 1949 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 14 , 8 -- 6 ) Hap Day Detroit Red Wings ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 0 Cal Gardner ( 19 : 45 , second ) 1950 Detroit Red Wings ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan New York Rangers ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lynn Patrick 4 -- 3 Pete Babando ( 8 : 31 , second OT ) 1951 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Joe Primeau Montreal Canadiens ( 11 , 6 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Bill Barilko ( 2 : 53 , OT ) 1952 Detroit Red Wings ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan Montreal Canadiens ( 12 , 6 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 0 Metro Prystai ( 6 : 50 , first ) 1953 Montreal Canadiens ( 13 , 7 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Boston Bruins ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Lynn Patrick 4 -- 1 Elmer Lach ( 1 : 22 , OT ) 1954 Detroit Red Wings ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan Montreal Canadiens ( 14 , 7 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 3 Tony Leswick ( 4 : 20 , OT ) 1955 Detroit Red Wings ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Jimmy Skinner Montreal Canadiens ( 15 , 7 -- 7 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 3 Gordie Howe ( 19 : 49 , second ) 1956 Montreal Canadiens ( 16 , 8 -- 7 ) Toe Blake Detroit Red Wings ( 14 , 7 -- 7 ) Jimmy Skinner 4 -- 1 Maurice Richard ( 15 : 08 , second ) 1957 Montreal Canadiens ( 17 , 9 -- 7 ) Toe Blake Boston Bruins ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Milt Schmidt 4 -- 1 Dickie Moore ( 0 : 14 , second ) 1958 Montreal Canadiens ( 18 , 10 -- 7 ) Toe Blake Boston Bruins ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Milt Schmidt 4 -- 2 Bernie Geoffrion ( 19 : 26 , second ) 1959 Montreal Canadiens ( 19 , 11 -- 7 ) Toe Blake Toronto Maple Leafs ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 1 Marcel Bonin ( 9 : 55 , second ) 1960 Montreal Canadiens ( 20 , 12 -- 7 ) Toe Blake Toronto Maple Leafs ( 17 , 9 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 0 Jean Beliveau ( 8 : 16 , first ) 1961 Chicago Black Hawks ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Rudy Pilous Detroit Red Wings ( 15 , 7 -- 8 ) Sid Abel 4 -- 2 Ab McDonald ( 18 : 49 , second ) 1962 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 18 , 10 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Chicago Black Hawks ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Rudy Pilous 4 -- 2 Dick Duff ( 14 : 14 , third ) 1963 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Detroit Red Wings ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Sid Abel 4 -- 1 Eddie Shack ( 13 : 28 , third ) 1964 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 20 , 12 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Detroit Red Wings ( 17 , 7 -- 10 ) Sid Abel 4 -- 3 Andy Bathgate ( 3 : 04 , first ) 1965 Montreal Canadiens ( 21 , 13 -- 7 ) Toe Blake Chicago Black Hawks ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Billy Reay 4 -- 3 Jean Beliveau ( 0 : 14 , first ) Jean Beliveau 1966 Montreal Canadiens ( 22 , 14 -- 7 ) Toe Blake Detroit Red Wings ( 18 , 7 -- 11 ) Sid Abel 4 -- 2 Henri Richard ( 2 : 20 , OT ) Roger Crozier 1967 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 21 , 13 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Montreal Canadiens ( 23 , 14 -- 8 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Jim Pappin ( 19 : 24 , second ) Dave Keon 1968 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 24 , 15 -- 8 ) Toe Blake St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 J.C. Tremblay ( 11 : 40 , third ) Glenn Hall 1969 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 25 , 16 -- 8 ) Claude Ruel St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 John Ferguson ( 3 : 02 , third ) Serge Savard 1970 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Harry Sinden St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Bobby Orr ( 0 : 40 , OT ) Bobby Orr 1971 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 26 , 17 -- 8 ) Al MacNeil Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Reay 4 -- 3 Henri Richard ( 2 : 34 , third ) Ken Dryden 1972 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Tom Johnson New York Rangers ( E ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Emile Francis 4 -- 2 Bobby Orr ( 11 : 18 , first ) Bobby Orr 1973 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 27 , 18 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Billy Reay 4 -- 2 Yvan Cournoyer ( 8 : 13 , third ) Yvan Cournoyer Philadelphia Flyers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Fred Shero Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Bep Guidolin 4 -- 2 Rick MacLeish ( 14 : 48 , first ) Bernie Parent Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Fred Shero Buffalo Sabres ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Floyd Smith 4 -- 2 Bob Kelly ( 0 : 11 , third ) Bernie Parent 1976 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 28 , 19 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 0 Guy Lafleur ( 14 : 18 , third ) Reggie Leach 1977 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 29 , 20 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Don Cherry 4 -- 0 Jacques Lemaire ( 4 : 32 , OT ) Guy Lafleur 1978 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 30 , 21 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Don Cherry 4 -- 2 Mario Tremblay ( 9 : 20 , first ) Larry Robinson 1979 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 31 , 22 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman New York Rangers ( CC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 1 Jacques Lemaire ( 1 : 02 , second ) Bob Gainey 1980 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Al Arbour Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn 4 -- 2 Bob Nystrom ( 7 : 11 , OT ) Bryan Trottier 1981 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Al Arbour Minnesota North Stars ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sonmor 4 -- 1 Wayne Merrick ( 5 : 37 , first ) Butch Goring 1982 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Al Arbour Vancouver Canucks ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Roger Neilson 4 -- 0 Mike Bossy ( 5 : 00 , second ) Mike Bossy New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Al Arbour Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 0 Mike Bossy ( 12 : 39 , first ) Billy Smith 1984 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Glen Sather New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 1 Ken Linseman ( 0 : 38 , second ) Mark Messier 1985 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 1 Paul Coffey ( 17 : 57 , first ) Wayne Gretzky 1986 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 32 , 23 -- 8 ) Jean Perron Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bob Johnson 4 -- 1 Bobby Smith ( 10 : 30 , third ) Patrick Roy Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 3 Jari Kurri ( 14 : 59 , second ) Ron Hextall 1988 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Terry O'Reilly 4 -- 0 Wayne Gretzky ( 9 : 44 , second ) Wayne Gretzky 1989 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Terry Crisp Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 33 , 23 -- 9 ) Pat Burns 4 -- 2 Doug Gilmour ( 11 : 02 , third ) Al MacInnis 1990 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Muckler Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Mike Milbury 4 -- 1 Craig Simpson ( 9 : 31 , second ) Bill Ranford 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Bob Johnson Minnesota North Stars ( CC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bob Gainey 4 -- 2 Ulf Samuelsson ( 2 : 00 , first ) Mario Lemieux 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Scotty Bowman Chicago Blackhawks ( CC ) ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 0 Ron Francis ( 7 : 59 , third ) Mario Lemieux 1993 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 34 , 24 -- 9 ) Jacques Demers Los Angeles Kings ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Barry Melrose 4 -- 1 Kirk Muller ( 3 : 51 , second ) Patrick Roy 1994 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Mike Keenan Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn 4 -- 3 Mark Messier ( 13 : 29 , second ) Brian Leetch 1995 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jacques Lemaire Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Neal Broten ( 7 : 56 , second ) Claude Lemieux Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Marc Crawford Florida Panthers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Doug MacLean 4 -- 0 Uwe Krupp ( 4 : 31 , third OT ) Joe Sakic 1997 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Terry Murray 4 -- 0 Darren McCarty ( 13 : 02 , second ) Mike Vernon 1998 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 21 , 9 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman Washington Capitals ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ron Wilson 4 -- 0 Martin Lapointe ( 2 : 26 , second ) Steve Yzerman 1999 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ken Hitchcock Buffalo Sabres ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Lindy Ruff 4 -- 2 Brett Hull ( 14 : 51 , third OT ) Joe Nieuwendyk 2000 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Larry Robinson Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Ken Hitchcock 4 -- 2 Jason Arnott ( 8 : 20 , second OT ) Scott Stevens 2001 Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Bob Hartley New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Larry Robinson 4 -- 3 Alex Tanguay ( 4 : 57 , second ) Patrick Roy 2002 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 22 , 10 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Paul Maurice 4 -- 1 Brendan Shanahan ( 14 : 04 , second ) Nicklas Lidstrom 2003 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pat Burns Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Babcock 4 -- 3 Michael Rupp ( 2 : 22 , second ) Jean - Sebastien Giguere Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Tortorella Calgary Flames ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 3 Ruslan Fedotenko ( 14 : 38 , second ) Brad Richards 2005 Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . 2006 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette Edmonton Oilers ( WC ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Craig MacTavish 4 -- 3 Frantisek Kaberle ( 4 : 18 , second ) Cam Ward 2007 Anaheim Ducks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Randy Carlyle Ottawa Senators ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bryan Murray 4 -- 1 Travis Moen ( 15 : 44 , second ) Scott Niedermayer 2008 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Mike Babcock Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Michel Therrien 4 -- 2 Henrik Zetterberg ( 7 : 36 , third ) Henrik Zetterberg 2009 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dan Bylsma Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Babcock 4 -- 3 Maxime Talbot ( 10 : 07 , second ) Evgeni Malkin Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 2 Patrick Kane ( 4 : 06 , OT ) Jonathan Toews 2011 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Claude Julien Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Alain Vigneault 4 -- 3 Patrice Bergeron ( 14 : 37 , first ) Tim Thomas 2012 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Peter DeBoer 4 -- 2 Jeff Carter ( 12 : 45 , first ) Jonathan Quick 2013 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Claude Julien 4 -- 2 Dave Bolland ( 19 : 01 , third ) Patrick Kane 2014 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Alain Vigneault 4 -- 1 Alec Martinez ( 14 : 43 , second OT ) Justin Williams 2015 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 13 , 6 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jon Cooper 4 -- 2 Duncan Keith ( 17 : 13 , second ) Duncan Keith 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan San Jose Sharks ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter DeBoer 4 -- 2 Kris Letang ( 7 : 46 , second ) Sidney Crosby 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan Nashville Predators ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 2 Patric Hörnqvist ( 18 : 25 , third ) Sidney Crosby Appearances ( edit ) Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Legend : SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( win ) ; UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( loss ) ; Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win . Team SC UC Total Win % Appearances Ottawa HC 17 19 . 895 1894 , 1903 ( 2 ) , 1904 ( 4 ) , 1905 ( 3 ) , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1906 , 1909 , 1910 ( 2 ) , 1911 ( 3 ) Montreal Wanderers 10 12 . 833 1904 , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1907 , 1907 , 1908 ( 5 ) , 1910 ( 2 ) Winnipeg Victorias 6 5 11 . 545 1896 ( 2 ) , 1896 , 1899 , 1900 , 1901 ( 2 ) , 1902 ( 2 ) , 1902 , 1903 Montreal Victorias 6 8 . 750 1895 , 1896 , 1896 , 1897 ( 2 ) , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 Montreal Shamrocks 5 6 . 833 1899 ( 2 ) , 1900 ( 3 ) , 1901 Montreal HC 5 0 5 1.000 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1902 , 1903 Quebec Bulldogs 0 1.000 1912 ( 2 ) , 1913 ( 2 ) Rat Portage / Kenora Thistles 5 . 400 1903 , 1905 , 1907 ( 2 ) , 1907 Toronto Blueshirts 0 1.000 1914 ( 2 ) Queen 's University 0 . 000 1895 , 1899 , 1906 Brandon Wheat Cities 0 . 000 1904 , 1907 Edmonton HC 0 . 000 1908 , 1910 Galt HC 0 . 000 1910 , 1911 Winnipeg Maple Leafs 0 . 000 1901 , 1908 The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once : Berlin Dutchmen ( 1910 ) , Dawson City Nuggets ( 1905 ) , Halifax Crescents ( 1900 ) , Moncton Victorias ( 1912 ) , Montreal Canadiens ( 1914 ) , New Glasgow Cubs ( 1906 ) , Ottawa Capitals ( 1897 ) , Ottawa Victorias ( 1908 ) , Port Arthur Bearcats ( 1911 ) , Smiths Falls ( 1906 ) , Sydney Millionaires ( 1913 ) , Toronto Marlboros ( 1904 ) , Toronto Professionals ( 1908 ) , Toronto Wellingtons ( 1902 ) , Victoria Aristocrats ( 1914 ) , Winnipeg Rowing Club ( 1904 ) . Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) ( edit ) Active teams ( edit ) Unless marked otherwise , teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup . A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Apps Team Wins Losses Win % Years of appearance ( in Stanley Cup Finals ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Montreal Canadiens 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 . 727 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1925 , 1930 , 1931 , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Detroit Red Wings 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 458 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 . 619 1918 , 1922 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1967 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Boston Bruins 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 316 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 2011 , 2013 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Blackhawks 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 462 1931 , 1934 , 1938 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1971 , 1973 , 1992 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Rangers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 364 1928 , 1929 , 1932 , 1933 , 1937 , 1940 , 1950 , 1972 , 1979 , 1994 , 2014 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Philadelphia Flyers 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 . 250 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1985 , 1987 , 1997 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Edmonton Oilers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 714 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 2006 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pittsburgh Penguins 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 833 1991 , 1992 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Islanders 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 800 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Jersey Devils 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 600 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Dallas Stars 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 250 1981 , 1991 , 1999 , 2000 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Los Angeles Kings 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 667 1993 , 2012 , 2014 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Calgary Flames 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 333 1986 , 1989 , 2004 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 St. Louis Blues 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1968 , 1969 , 1970 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Vancouver Canucks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1982 , 1994 , 2011 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Colorado Avalanche 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1.000 1996 , 2001 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Anaheim Ducks 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2003 , 2007 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carolina Hurricanes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2002 , 2006 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Tampa Bay Lightning 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2004 , 2015 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffalo Sabres 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 000 1975 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Florida Panthers 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Nashville Predators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2017 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Ottawa Senators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2007 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 San Jose Sharks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Washington Capitals 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 1998 Five active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance . Three of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions : Columbus Blue Jackets ( 16 seasons , 3 playoffs ) Minnesota Wild ( 16 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 Division Championship ) Vegas Golden Knights ( 2017 expansion team ) The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location : Atlanta Thrashers ( 11 seasons , 1 playoff , 1 Division Championship ) / Winnipeg Jets ( 5 seasons , 1 playoff ) Winnipeg Jets ( original team ) ( 17 seasons , 11 playoffs ) / Phoenix - Arizona Coyotes ( 19 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 Division Championship ) Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations : Quebec Nordiques ( 16 seasons , 9 playoffs , 2 Division Championships ) -- won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche Kansas City Scouts ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) / Colorado Rockies ( 6 seasons , 1 playoff ) -- won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils Oakland Seals - California Golden Seals ( 9 seasons , 2 playoffs ) / Cleveland Barons ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) -- merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars Atlanta Flames ( 8 seasons , 6 playoffs ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames Hartford Whalers ( 18 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 Division Championship ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes Defunct teams ( edit ) Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league ( s ) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup . A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Years of Appearance 5 Ottawa Senators ( NHA / NHL ) . 800 1915 , 1920 , 1921 , 1923 , 1927 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA / WCHL ) . 250 1915 , 1918 , 1921 , 1922 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) . 667 1926 , 1928 , 1935 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) . 500 1917 , 1919 , 1920 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL / WHL ) . 500 1925 , 1926 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) 0 . 000 1916 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1923 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1924 Notes The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no - decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic . It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team . The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club ( later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947 ) , and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks . The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986 -- 87 season . The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars . The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . See also ( edit ) Book : Stanley Cup Book : Stanley Cup finals Stanley Cup winning players NHL Conference Finals List of NHL franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup - winning goals '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` STC List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . LegendsofHockey.net . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup Playoffs -- Winners and Finalists Since 1893 '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Coleman , Charles ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 1 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1966 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 2 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1969 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 3 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Diamond , Dan ; Zweig , Eric ; Duplacey , James ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Holzman , Morey ( 2002 ) . Deceptions and Doublecross . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 413 - 2 . McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . Dan Diamond Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Podnieks , Andre ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Hockey Hall of Fame . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Fun Facts '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Quebec Bulldogs 1911 -- 12 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Champions of the World '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 15 , 1896 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Men Win '' . Ottawa Journal . February 15 , 1896 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` After the puck '' . The Globe . March 2 , 1896 . p. 06 . Jump up ^ `` Victorias Always Win '' . The Globe and Mail . February 20 , 1901 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Goes To Kenora Thistles '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 19 , 1907 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vics Lost First Stanley Cup Game to Wanderers '' . Ottawa Citizen . January 10 , 1908 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton 7 -- 6 '' . The Montreal Gazette . December 31 , 1908 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawas Smothered Galt in Stanley Cup Match '' . The Ottawa Citizen . January 6 , 1910 . p. 9 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Not in Quebec 's Class '' . The Montreal Gazette . March 9 , 1913 . p. 14 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Win Championship of NHA From Canadiens '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 12 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Beat Victoria 2 to 1 -- Roughest Game of Year '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 20 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1964 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest In a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Muddle Cleared Up '' . Toronto Globe and Mail . March 19 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Holzman2002 . The Toronto NHL franchise ( not using any nickname ) was operated by the Toronto Arena Company , but only became a legal entity in the fall of 1918 as the Toronto Arena Hockey Club . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 . External links ( edit ) List of winners of the Stanley Cup List of winning rosters of the Stanley Cup Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Stanley Cup playoffs 1910s -- 1920s 1910 . 1911 . 1912 . 1913 . 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 . 2005 . 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 . 2019 . 2020 . 2021 . 2022 . 2023 . 2024 . 2025 . 2026 . 2027 . 2028 . 2029 See also Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - 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3913609366868454603	Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee	Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee - Wikipedia Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee Jump to : navigation , search Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee President Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki Headquarters Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan , Ahmedabad - 380006 ECI Status Pradesh Committee Politics of India Political parties Elections The Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee ( GPCC ) is the unit of the Indian National Congress for the state of Gujarat . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Office 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) It was formed in 1920 and its first president was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel . The GPCC would organize Indian nationalist campaigns during the Indian freedom struggle , and after independence in 1947 , it became responsible for supplying candidates of the Congress in local and state election campaigns . In November 2007 , the Congress released a list of its party contestants for the first phase of two - phased elections in Gujarat . Congress lost the elections as the Bharatiya Janata Party got clear majority . Office ( edit ) Gujarat Pradesh Congress started its first office at Khamasa in Ahmedabad under leadership of Shri Kantilal Ghiya as a first President . In 1971 , it was shifted to Shahpur . Then it was shifted to Hawawala Blocks on Ashram Road , Ahmedabad . In 1977 , it was shifted to Khanpur in the premises , which was till recently Ahmedabad City Congress Office . Then it was shifted to Vikram Chambers on Ashram Road . Then , the place where Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan stands at present was handed over to Congress by Late Shri Hitendrabhai Desai . Gujarat Congress was run from this premises , till the construction work started for Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan . Meanwhile , it was shifted to Mirzapur earlier and then to Vasna . And on 28 December 2006 Political secretary of Hon . Congress President shri Ahmedbhai Patel hoisted the flag on new building ( Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan ) . See also ( edit ) Indian National Congress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) . `` The Congress in Gujarat ( 1917 -- 1969 ) : Conservative Face of a Progressive Party '' . Studies in Indian Politics . doi : 10.1177 / 2321023017727982 . External links ( edit ) Official website Indian National Congress Seva Dal Mahila Congress Minority Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) Congress Karma Parishad History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC ) Andhra Pradesh CC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Core group Gujarat PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Maharashtra PCC Mizoram PCC Mumbai PCC Punjab PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Uttarakhand PCC West Bengal PCC Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. 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economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee&oldid=804998314 '' Categories : Politics of Gujarat Indian National Congress by state Indian government stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox Indian political party with unknown parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 12 : 28 . About Wikipedia	who is the president of congress party in gujarat	[]	[]
-8816087194884329964	If (Bread song)	If ( Bread song ) - wikipedia If ( Bread song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` If '' Single by Bread from the album Manna B - side `` Take Comfort '' Released March 21 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 21 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Soft rock Length 2 : 33 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) David Gates , Waleen johnson Producer ( s ) David Gates Bread singles chronology `` Let Your Love Go '' ( 1971 ) `` If '' ( 1971 ) `` Mother Freedom '' ( 1971 ) `` Let Your Love Go '' ( 1971 ) `` If '' ( 1971 ) `` Mother Freedom '' ( 1971 ) `` If '' is a song written by American singer - songwriter David Gates in 1971 . Originally popularized by his group Bread , the song charted at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 when released as a single in 1971 and number six in Canada . The song also spent three weeks at number one on the U.S. Easy Listening chart , and one week at the top of the Canadian AC chart . In the U.S. , Bread 's version was the shortest song title to become a top ten hit until 1993 , when Prince hit No. 7 with `` 7 '' , later matched by Britney Spears ' No. 1 hit `` 3 '' in 2009 . `` If '' has been a perennial favorite at weddings ( for example , as a first - dance song ) ever since it was released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia KMR 41 Canada RPM Top Singles 6 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 82 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 61 U.S. Cash Box 89 Cover versions ( edit ) It has been covered by other singers and musicians , including Petula Clark , Sergio Franchi , Eddie Kendricks , Cleo Laine , Perry Como , Frank Sinatra , Tom Jones , Jack Jones , Shirley Bassey , Dorothy Squires , Mirusia Louwerse , Herbie Mann , Julio Iglesias , Joe Pass , Ryoko Moriyama , Westlife , Olivia Newton - John , Dolly Parton , Dana , Scott Walker , Andy Williams , Frankmusik , Sarah Geronimo ( From Sarah G. Live ! statement song ) , Deni Hines , George Millard , Damien Leith and an instrumental cover by Violinist Vov Dylan Telly Savalas recorded a mostly - spoken version which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in March 1975 , and has the shortest title of any song to reach number one in the UK . This version also charted at # 12 on the US Billboard Easy Listening chart in late 1974 . A parody version of the Savalas version , recorded by voiceover artists Chris Sanford and Bill Mitchell performing as Yin and Yan , reached number 25 in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` First Dance Songs for Weddings '' . Weddings.about.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 5 / 15 / 71 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 311 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary 1961 - 1993 . Record Research . p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` About Chris Sandford - Actor . Presenter . Angler . Writer . Flytyer '' . Chris Sandford . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Yin And Yan - If ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 2009 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' by Andy Williams Billboard Easy Listening number - one single ( Bread version ) April 24 , 1971 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Me and You and a Dog Named Boo '' by Lobo Preceded by `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel UK number - one single ( Telly Savalas version ) March 8 , 1975 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bye Bye Baby '' by Bay City Rollers Bread David Gates Jimmy Griffin Robb Royer Mike Botts Larry Knechtel Studio albums Bread On the Waters Manna Baby I 'm - a Want You Guitar Man Lost Without Your Love Compilation albums The Best of Bread The Best of Bread , Volume 2 The Sound of Bread Anthology of Bread Hit singles `` Make It with You '' `` It Do n't Matter to Me '' `` If '' `` Baby I 'm - a Want You '' `` Everything I Own '' `` The Guitar Man '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Aubrey '' `` Lost Without Your Love '' Related articles Discography Elektra Records Rhino Records Warner Music Group Book : Bread Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( first wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_(Bread_song)&oldid=816428018 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1971 songs Folk rock songs Elektra Records singles 1975 singles Bread ( band ) songs Songs written by David Gates UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 08 : 00 . About Wikipedia	who wrote if a picture paints a thousand words	[ "\n\n\"If\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bread\n\n\nfrom the album Manna\n\n\nB-side\n\"Take Comfort\"\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 21, 1971 (1971-03-21)\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch single\n\n\nGenre\nSoft rock\n\n\nLength\n2:33\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nDavid Gates, Waleen johnson\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDavid Gates\n\n\nBread singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"If\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bread\n\n\nfrom the album Manna\n\n\nB-side\n\"Take Comfort\"\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 21, 1971 (1971-03-21)\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch single\n\n\nGenre\nSoft rock\n\n\nLength\n2:33\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nDavid Gates, Waleen johnson\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDavid Gates\n\n\nBread singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "David Gates", "Waleen johnson" ]
8403589910445670539	Cigarette pack	Cigarette pack - wikipedia Cigarette pack Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with FlipTop ( rap battle ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Row of L&M cigarettes , illustrating US ' regular ' and ' 100 ' lengths . Packages of fewer than 20 cigarettes are illegal to buy in the United States . On the left a new Lucky Strike cigarette pack by a new EU directive meanwhile on the right there 's an obsolete pack as red . Warning photos will come into effect in May 2017 at the latest across the EU . A pack or packet of cigarettes is a rectangular container , mostly of paperboard , which contains cigarettes . The pack is designed with a flavor - protective foil , paper or biodegradable plastic , and sealed through a transparent airtight plastic film . By pulling the `` pull - tabs '' , the pack is opened . Hard packs can be closed again after opening , whereas soft packs can not . Cigarette packs often contain warning messages depending on which country they are sold in . Contents ( hide ) 1 Package size 1.1 Pack 1.2 Carton 2 Hard pack and soft pack 3 Collectible pack 4 Features 5 Plain tobacco packaging 6 References 7 External links Package size ( edit ) Box of 400 Marlboro cigarettes . Pack ( edit ) The size of a pack is often regulated . Government agencies usually set a minimum pack size . In Australia , the most common quantity per pack is 25 , although some brands have changed them to 26 , second to 20 which by law , is the minimum . 30 , 40 and even 50 packs are also sold . In Canada , most packs sold have 25 cigarettes , but packs of 20 are also popular . In many European countries , increases of cigarette tax can cause the quantity of cigarettes in the pack to change , in order to achieve the same end price . In Malaysia , the selling of packs containing fewer than 20 cigarettes is prohibited . In the United States of America , the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20 . Certain brands , such as Export As , come in a pack of 25 . For many years , half - packs of 10 ( or even 14 ) cigarettes were commonly available . In the United Kingdom brands are only sold in packets of 20 , following a May , 2017 law prohibiting the sale of 10 - stick packs . The legislation also outlawed branded packaging , introducing boxes which are a plain , green color . The packaging has the brand name in a basic typeface , with most of the packet dedicated to textual and photographic health warnings . Vending machines sometimes dispense packets containing 16 or 18 cigarettes , although the dimensions of the packaging are the same as the equivalent packet containing 20 . Carton ( edit ) A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs , totaling 200 cigarettes . Some cartons contain twenty packs , totaling 400 cigarettes . Hard pack and soft pack ( edit ) A hard pack is the usual style of paperboard packaging for store bought cigarettes , which consists of a relatively stable box . This successfully prevents the crumpling of cigarettes when kept in a person 's pocket or handbag . The flip - top hard pack cigarette case was introduced in 1955 by Philip Morris . Flip - up top of a hard pack Soft pack A soft pack is a box packaging made of thin paper , usually containing 20 cigarettes . Soft packs may be considered inconvenient as they rupture easily and can not be resealed . They offer the immediate convenience of not having to open the package each time the smoker wants a cigarette . They require less physical ' pocket space ' when fewer cigarettes remain in the pack . With American brands , cigarettes from a soft pack are usually a few millimeters longer than their hard - boxed counterparts . Collectible pack ( edit ) Camel Collector 's Pack To encourage cigarette pack collectors , some cigarette packs were made to present a particular interest for collectors . There are cigarette packs labeled `` collectible '' . Some brands introduce promotional packs to bypass advertising laws . An example would be a limited time promotion where the pack is made from tin with the shape , purpose , and look of a cigarette case to entice potential buyers . They are distinguished by unique décor or are very old or they were removed from manufacturing for some reasons and consequently became rare . Features ( edit ) Most cigarette packs have no features at all and are just made up of a single container filled with cigarettes . However , some cigarette packs have been proposed that also contain an empty container for disposing the cigarette butts into . This could reduce cigarette butts of being discarded unto the street , where they contaminate the environment . Plain tobacco packaging ( edit ) Main article : Plain tobacco packaging References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cigarette Vending Packs '' . Licensed Trade Vending Supplies . Archived from the original on 13 October 2004 . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gene Borio . `` Tobacco Timeline : The Twentieth Century 1950 -- 1999 -- The Battle is Joined '' . Tobacco.org . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dealing With an Innovative Industry : A Look at Flavored Cigarettes Promoted by Mainstream Brands '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 7 August 2005 . PMC 1470487 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cigarette packs with container for cigarette butts Jump up ^ Patent for a cigarette packs with container for cigarette butts External links ( edit ) Encyclopedia of Cigarettes Cigarettes Types Fashion Fire safe Kretek Lights Menthol Beedi Components Tobacco Rolling paper Filter Additives Peripherals Ashtray Case Holder Lighter Pack Receptacles Vending machine Culture Cigarette card Cigarette smoking among college students Loosie Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Health issues Chain smoking Cigarette smoking for weight loss Nicotine poisoning Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smoking cessation Tobacco harm reduction Related products Electronic cigarette Candy cigarette Herbal cigarette Heat - not - burn tobacco product Nicotine patch Nicotine gum Nicotine inhaler Nicotine lozenge Tobacco industry Cultivation of tobacco Egyptian cigarette industry History of commercial tobacco in the United States Tobacco advertising Government and the law Cigarette smuggling Illicit cigarette trade Plain cigarette packaging Smoking age Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco control movement Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco politics WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Lists Cigarette brands Cigarette smoke carcinogens Countries by cigarette consumption per capita Rolling papers Smoking bans Commons Paper products Containers Box Carton Corrugated box Cigarette pack Coffee cup sleeve Corrugated fiberboard Envelope Molded pulp Oyster pail Paper bag Paperboard Paper cup Hygiene Facial tissue Napkin Paper towel Toilet paper Wet wipe Stationery Continuous stationery Greeting card Index card Letter Manila folder Postage stamp Postcard Post-it Note Financial Banknote Business card Coupon Pay card Passbook Decorations Ingrain wallpaper Wallpaper Media Book Newspaper Newsprint Pamphlet Recreation Confetti Paper craft Paper toys Playing card Other Beverage coaster Filter paper Form Sandpaper Security paper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarette_pack&oldid=826277981 '' Categories : Paper products Cigarettes Containers Paperboard packaging Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles that may contain original research from April 2008 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 06 : 36 . About Wikipedia	how many cigarettes in a pack in the us	[ "In the United States of America, the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20. Certain brands, such as Export As, come in a pack of 25. For many years, half-packs of 10 (or even 14) cigarettes were commonly available." ]	[ "at least 20" ]
-6838579415491337423	September 20	September 20 - wikipedia September 20 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 2 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search < < September > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 2018 September 20 in recent years 2017 ( Wednesday ) 2016 ( Tuesday ) 2015 ( Sunday ) 2014 ( Saturday ) 2013 ( Friday ) 2012 ( Thursday ) 2011 ( Tuesday ) 2010 ( Monday ) 2009 ( Sunday ) 2008 ( Saturday ) September 20 is the 263rd day of the year ( 264th in leap years ) in the Gregorian calendar . There are 102 days remaining until the end of the year . This date is slightly more likely to fall on a Tuesday , Thursday or Sunday ( 58 in 400 years each ) than on Friday or Saturday ( 57 ) , and slightly less likely to occur on a Monday or Wednesday ( 56 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances 5 External links Events ( edit ) 622 -- Muhammad and Abu Bakr arrived in Medina 1058 -- Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border - zone in present - day Burgenland . 1066 -- Battle of Fulford , Viking Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin 1187 -- Saladin begins the Siege of Jerusalem . 1260 -- The Great Prussian Uprising among the old Prussians begins against the Teutonic Knights . 1378 -- Cardinal Robert of Geneva , called by some the `` Butcher of Cesena '' , is elected as Avignon Pope Clement VII , beginning the Papal schism . 1498 -- The 1498 Nankai earthquake generates a tsunami that washes away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku - in in Kamakura , Kanagawa , Japan ; since then the Buddha has sat in the open air . 1519 -- Ferdinand Magellan sets sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with about 270 men on his expedition to circumnavigate the globe . 1596 -- Diego de Montemayor founds the city of Monterrey in New Spain . 1697 -- The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France , England , Spain , the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic ending the Nine Years ' War ( 1688 -- 97 ) . 1737 -- The finish of the Walking Purchase which forces the cession of 1.2 million acres ( 4,860 km2 ) of Lenape - Delaware tribal land to the Pennsylvania Colony . 1792 -- French troops stop allied invasion of France , during the War of the First Coalition at the Battle of Valmy . 1835 -- Ragamuffin rebels capture Porto Alegre , then capital of the Brazilian imperial province of Rio Grande do Sul , triggering the start of ten - year - long Ragamuffin War . 1854 -- Battle of Alma : British and French troops defeat Russians in Crimea . 1857 -- The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ends with the recapture of Delhi by troops loyal to the East India Company . 1860 -- The Prince of Wales ( later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom ) visits Canada and the United States . 1863 -- American Civil War : The conclusion of the Battle of Chickamauga in northwestern Georgia , the bloodiest two - day battle of the conflict , and the only significant Confederate victory in the war 's Western Theater . 1870 -- Bersaglieri corps enter Rome through the Porta Pia and complete the unification of Italy , ending de facto the temporal power of popes . 1871 -- Bishop John Coleridge Patteson is martyred on the island of Nukapu , a Polynesian outlier island now in the Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands . He is the first bishop of Melanesia . 1881 -- U.S. President Chester A. Arthur is sworn in , the morning after becoming President upon James A. Garfield 's death . 1893 -- Charles Duryea and his brother road - test the first American - made gasoline - powered automobile . 1906 -- Cunard Line 's RMS Mauretania is launched at the Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . 1909 -- The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the South Africa Act 1909 , creating the Union of South Africa from the British Colonies of the Cape of Good Hope , Natal , Orange River Colony , and the Transvaal Colony . 1910 -- The ocean liner SS France , later known as the `` Versailles of the Atlantic '' , is launched . 1911 -- White Star Line 's RMS Olympic collides with British warship HMS Hawke . 1941 -- The Holocaust in Lithuania : Four hundred three Jews ( 128 men , 176 women and 99 children ) were murdered by Einsatzkommando 3 and the local police in Nemenčinė . 1942 -- The Holocaust in Ukraine : In the course of two days a German einsatzgruppen murders at least 3,000 Jews in Letychiv . 1946 -- The first Cannes Film Festival is held , having been delayed seven years due to World War II . 1946 -- King Christian X of Denmark annuls the Declaration of Independence of the Faroe Islands . 1955 -- The Treaty on Relations between the USSR and the GDR is signed . 1961 -- Greek general Konstantinos Dovas becomes Prime Minister of Greece . 1962 -- James Meredith , an African American , is temporarily barred from entering the University of Mississippi . 1965 -- Following the Battle of Burki , the Indian Army captures Dograi in course of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . 1967 -- RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 is launched at John Brown & Company , Clydebank , Scotland . 1971 -- Having weakened after making landfall in Nicaragua the previous day , Hurricane Irene regains enough strength to be renamed Hurricane Olivia , making it the first known hurricane to cross from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific . 1973 -- Billie Jean King beats Bobby Riggs in the Battle of the Sexes tennis match at the Houston Astrodome . 1973 -- The death of Folk and Rock Singer Jim Croce along Musician and Songwriter Maury Muehleisen . 1977 -- The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is admitted to the United Nations . 1979 -- A coup d'état in the Central African Empire overthrows Emperor Bokassa I . 1982 -- The National Football League players begin a 57 - day strike . 1984 -- A suicide bomber in a car attacks the U.S. embassy in Beirut , Lebanon , killing twenty - two people . 1990 -- South Ossetia declares its independence from Georgia . 2000 -- The United Kingdom 's MI6 Secret Intelligence Service building is attacked by individuals using a Russian - built RPG - 22 anti-tank missile . The perpetrators remain unidentified . 2001 -- In an address to a joint session of Congress and the American people , U.S. President George W. Bush declares a `` War on Terror '' . 2003 -- Maldives civil unrest : The death of prisoner sparks a day of rioting in Malé . 2007 -- Between 15,000 and 20,000 protesters marched on Jena , Louisiana , in support of six black youths who had been convicted of assaulting a white classmate . 2008 -- A dump truck full of explosives detonates in front of the Marriott hotel in Islamabad , Pakistan , killing 54 people and injuring 266 others . 2011 -- The United States military ends its `` Do n't ask , do n't tell '' policy , allowing gay men and women to serve openly for the first time . 2017 -- Hurricane Maria makes landfall in Puerto Rico as a powerful Category 4 hurricane , resulting in at least 64 deaths , US $90 billion in damage , and a major humanitarian crisis . Births ( edit ) 524 -- Kan Bahlam I , Mayan ruler ( d . 583 ) 917 -- Kyunyeo , Korean poet ( d . 973 ) 1161 -- Emperor Takakura of Japan ( d . 1181 ) 1449 -- Philipp I , Count of Hanau - Münzenberg ( d . 1500 ) 1486 -- Arthur , Prince of Wales ( d . 1502 ) 1504 -- Philip III , Count of Nassau - Weilburg ( d . 1559 ) 1514 -- Philipp IV , Count of Hanau - Lichtenberg ( d . 1590 ) 1593 -- Gottfried Scheidt , German organist and composer ( d . 1661 ) 1599 -- Christian the Younger of Brunswick ( d . 1623 ) 1608 -- Jean - Jacques Olier , French priest and mystic , founded the Society of Saint - Sulpice ( d . 1657 ) 1614 -- Martino Martini , Italian missionary , cartographer and historian ( d . 1661 ) 1685 -- Giuseppe Matteo Alberti , Italian violinist and composer ( d . 1751 ) 1746 -- Maurice , Count de Benyovszky , Slovak - Hungarian explorer ( d . 1786 ) 1758 -- Jean - Jacques Dessalines , Haitian emperor ( d . 1806 ) 1778 -- Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , Russian admiral , cartographer , and explorer ( d . 1852 ) 1800 -- Benjamin Franklin White , American singer and composer ( d . 1879 ) 1815 -- Richard Dry , Australian politician , 7th Premier of Tasmania ( d . 1869 ) 1819 -- Frederick Ellsworth Sickels , American inventor ( d . 1895 ) 1820 -- John F. Reynolds , American general ( d . 1863 ) 1831 -- Kate Harrington , American poet and educator ( d . 1917 ) 1833 -- Ernesto Teodoro Moneta , Italian soldier and journalist , Nobel Prize laureate ( d . 1918 ) 1842 -- James Dewar , Scottish - English chemist and physicist ( d . 1923 ) 1844 -- William H. Illingworth , English - American photographer ( d . 1893 ) 1847 -- Susanna Rubinstein , Austrian psychologist ( d . 1914 ) 1851 -- Henry Arthur Jones , English playwright and critic ( d . 1929 ) 1853 -- Chulalongkorn , Siamese king ( d . 1910 ) 1861 -- Herbert Putnam , American lawyer and publisher , 8th Librarian of Congress ( d . 1955 ) 1872 -- Maurice Gamelin , French general ( d . 1958 ) 1873 -- Sidney Olcott , Canadian - American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1949 ) 1873 -- Ferenc Szisz , Hungarian race car driver ( d . 1944 ) 1875 -- Matthias Erzberger , German publicist and politician ( d . 1921 ) 1876 -- Carleton Ellis , American inventor and chemist ( d . 1941 ) 1878 -- Upton Sinclair , American novelist , critic , and essayist ( d . 1968 ) 1880 -- Ildebrando Pizzetti , Italian composer , musicologist and critic ( d . 1968 ) 1884 -- Maxwell Perkins , American editor ( d . 1947 ) 1885 -- Enrico Mizzi , Maltese lawyer and politician , 6th Prime Minister of Malta ( d . 1950 ) 1886 -- Charles Williams , English author , poet , and critic ( d . 1945 ) 1889 -- Oskar Kaplur , Estonian wrestler ( d . 1962 ) 1889 -- Charles Reidpath , American runner and general ( d . 1975 ) 1890 -- Linda Eenpalu , Estonian activist and politician ( d . 1967 ) 1891 -- Tomás Garrido Canabal , Mexican revolutionary ( d . 1943 ) 1893 -- Colin Fraser Barron , Scottish - Canadian sergeant , Victoria Cross recipient ( d . 1958 ) 1893 -- Hermann Lux , German footballer and manager ( d . 1962 ) 1895 -- Walter Dubislav , German logician and philosopher of science ( d . 1937 ) 1899 -- Leo Strauss , German - American political scientist , philosopher , and academic ( d . 1973 ) 1902 -- Stevie Smith , English author and poet ( d . 1971 ) 1906 -- Jean Dréville , French actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1997 ) 1906 -- Vera Faddeeva , Russian mathematician ( d . 1983 ) 1911 -- Shriram Sharma , Indian philosopher and activist ( d . 1991 ) 1913 -- Sidney Dillon Ripley , American ornithologist and academic ( d . 2001 ) 1914 -- Kenneth More , English actor ( d . 1982 ) 1915 -- Malik Meraj Khalid , Pakistani politician , Prime Minister of Pakistan ( d . 2003 ) 1917 -- Red Auerbach , American basketball player and coach ( d . 2006 ) 1917 -- Olga Dahl , Swedish genealogist ( d . 2009 ) 1917 -- Fernando Rey , Spanish actor ( d . 1994 ) 1917 -- Clarice Taylor , American actress ( d . 2011 ) 1917 -- Obdulio Varela , Uruguayan footballer ( d . 1996 ) 1918 -- Horace Gould , English racing driver ( d . 1968 ) 1920 -- Jay Ward , American animator , producer , and screenwriter , founded Jay Ward Productions ( d . 1989 ) 1921 -- Chico Hamilton , American drummer , composer , and bandleader ( d . 2013 ) 1923 -- Akkineni Nageswara Rao , Indian actor and producer ( d . 2014 ) 1923 -- Maurice Sauvé , Canadian economist , academic , and politician ( d . 1992 ) 1924 -- Gogi Grant , American singer ( d . 2016 ) 1924 -- Albert Marre , American director , and producer ( d . 2012 ) 1924 -- Jackie Paris , American singer and guitarist ( d . 2004 ) 1925 -- James Bernard , English composer and screenwriter ( d . 2001 ) 1925 -- Ananda Mahidol King Thailand ( d . 1946 ) 1925 -- Bobby Nunn , American R&B singer ( The Robins ; The Coasters ) ( d . 1986 ) 1926 -- Libero Liberati , Italian motorcycle racer ( d . 1962 ) 1927 -- Colette Bonheur , Canadian singer ( d . 1966 ) 1927 -- John Dankworth , English saxophonist , clarinet player , and composer ( d . 2010 ) 1927 -- Red Mitchell , American bassist , composer , and poet ( d . 1992 ) 1927 -- Rachel Roberts , Welsh actress ( d . 1980 ) 1928 -- Alberto de Lacerda , Mozambican - Portuguese poet and radio host ( d . 2007 ) 1928 -- Olga Ferri , Argentinian dancer and choreographer ( d . 2012 ) 1928 -- Donald Hall , American poet , editor , and critic 1929 -- Anne Meara , American actress and playwright ( d . 2015 ) 1929 -- Joe Temperley , Scottish saxophonist and clarinet player 1930 -- Richard Montague , American mathematician and philosopher ( d . 1971 ) 1931 -- Cherd Songsri , Thai director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 2006 ) 1933 -- Dennis Viollet , English footballer and manager ( d . 1999 ) 1934 -- Hamit Kaplan , Turkish World and Olympic champion sports wrestler ( d . 1976 ) 1934 -- Takayuki Kubota , Japanese - American martial artist and actor 1934 -- Sophia Loren , Italian actress 1934 -- David Marquand , English academic and politician 1934 -- Jeff Morris , American actor ( d . 2004 ) 1934 -- Rajinder Puri , Indian cartoonist , journalist , and activist ( d . 2015 ) 1935 -- David Pegg , English footballer ( d . 1958 ) 1935 -- Keith Roberts , English author and illustrator ( d . 2000 ) 1935 -- Jim Taylor , American football player and sportscaster 1936 -- Andrew Davies , Welsh author , screenwriter , and producer 1936 -- Salvador Reyes Monteón , Mexican footballer and manager ( d . 2012 ) 1937 -- Birgitta Dahl , Swedish politician , Swedish Minister for the Environment 1937 -- Geoffrey Dear , Baron Dear , English police officer 1937 -- Robert L. Gerry III , American businessman 1937 -- Garry Johnson , English general 1937 -- Monica Zetterlund , Swedish actress and singer ( d . 2005 ) 1938 -- Eric Gale , American guitarist and producer ( d . 1994 ) 1938 -- Jane Manning , English soprano and educator 1940 -- Tarō Asō , Japanese target shooter and politician , 92nd Prime Minister of Japan 1940 -- William Finley , American actor ( d . 2012 ) 1940 -- Anna Pavord , Welsh - English journalist and author 1941 -- Dale Chihuly , American sculptor and educator 1941 -- Sammy McMillan , Irish footballer 1942 -- Rose Francine Rogombé , Gabonese lawyer and politician , President of Gabon ( d . 2015 ) 1942 -- Gérald Tremblay , Canadian businessman and politician , 41st Mayor of Montreal 1944 -- Jeremy Child , English actor 1944 -- Paul Madeley , English footballer 1946 -- Pete Coors , American businessman and politician 1946 -- Markandey Katju , Indian lawyer and judge 1947 -- Billy Bang , American violinist and composer ( d . 2011 ) 1947 -- Jude Deveraux , American author 1947 -- Chris Ortloff , American journalist and politician 1947 -- Bruce Pasternack , American businessman 1947 -- Patrick Poivre d'Arvor , French journalist and author 1948 -- Rey Langit , Filipino journalist and radio host 1948 -- Victoria Mallory , American singer and actress ( d . 2014 ) 1948 -- George R.R. Martin , American novelist and short story writer 1948 -- Chuck Panozzo , American bass player ( Styx ) 1948 -- John Panozzo , American drummer ( Styx ) ( d . 1996 ) 1949 -- Mahesh Bhatt , Indian director , producer , and screenwriter 1951 -- Joanna Cameron , American actress and model ( The Secrets of Isis ) 1951 -- Guy Lafleur , Canadian ice hockey player 1951 -- Javier Marías , Spanish journalist , author , and academic 1951 -- Greg Valentine , American wrestler 1953 -- Rocky Mattioli , Italian - Australian boxer 1954 -- Anne McIntosh , Scottish lawyer and politician 1954 -- Henry Samueli , American businessman , co-founded Broadcom 1955 -- Betsy Brantley , American actress 1955 -- Johnny Kidd , English wrestler 1955 -- José Rivero , Spanish golfer 1955 -- Peter Scolari , American actor and director 1956 -- Jennifer Tour Chayes , American mathematician and computer scientist 1956 -- Gary Cole , American actor 1956 -- Steve Coleman , American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader 1956 -- John Harle , English saxophonist , composer , conductor , and producer 1957 -- Alannah Currie , New Zealand singer - songwriter 1957 -- Michael Hurst , New Zealand actor and director 1958 -- Arn Anderson , American wrestler and trainer 1959 -- Joseph Alessi , American trombonist and educator 1959 -- Joanna Domańska , Polish pianist and educator 1959 -- Meral Okay , Turkish actress , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 2012 ) 1960 -- Lee Hall , English playwright and screenwriter 1960 -- Dave Hemingway , English singer - songwriter and drummer 1960 -- Deborah Roberts , American journalist 1961 -- Lisa Bloom , American lawyer and journalist 1961 -- Caroline Flint , English politician , Minister of State for Europe 1961 -- Erwin Koeman , Dutch retired football player and coach 1962 -- Jim Al - Khalili , Iraqi - English physicist , author , and academic 1963 -- Anil Dalpat , Pakistani cricketer 1964 -- Randy Bradbury , American bass player 1965 -- Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen , Danish badminton player 1966 -- Nuno Bettencourt , Portuguese singer - songwriter and guitarist 1967 -- Roger Anderson , American wrestler 1967 -- Martin Harrison , American football player 1967 -- Kristen Johnston , American actress 1967 -- Gunnar Nelson , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1967 -- Matthew Nelson , American singer - songwriter and bass player 1968 -- Ijaz Ahmed , Pakistani cricketer and coach 1968 -- Leah Pinsent , Canadian actress 1968 -- Darrell Russell , American race car driver ( d . 2004 ) 1968 -- Philippa Forrester , English television and radio presenter , producer and author 1969 -- Patrick Pentland , Irish - Canadian singer - songwriter , guitarist , and producer 1969 -- Tim Rogers , Australian singer - songwriter and guitarist 1969 -- Ben Shepherd , American musician and songwriter ( Soundgarden ) 1969 -- Richard Witschge , Dutch footballer and coach 1971 -- Todd Blackadder , New Zealand rugby player and coach 1971 -- Masashi Hamauzu , Japanese pianist and composer 1971 -- Henrik Larsson , Swedish footballer and manager 1971 -- Dominika Peczynski , Swedish singer and television host 1972 -- Victor Ponta , Romanian jurist and politician , 63rd Prime Minister of Romania 1973 -- Ronald McKinnon , American football player 1973 -- Jo Pavey , English runner 1975 -- Asia Argento , Italian actress 1975 -- Joel Gertner , American wrestling announcer 1975 -- Juan Pablo Montoya , Colombian race car driver 1975 -- Jason Robinson , American saxophonist and composer 1976 -- Ainsley Earhardt , Fox News commentator 1977 -- Chris Mooney , American journalist and academic 1978 -- Jason Bay , Canadian - American baseball player 1978 -- Patrizio Buanne , Austrian - Italian singer - songwriter and producer 1978 -- Héctor Camacho Jr. , Puerto Rican - American boxer 1978 -- Dante Hall , American football player 1978 -- Scott Minto , Australian rugby league player 1980 -- Vladimir Karpets , Russian cyclist 1981 -- Feliciano López , Spanish tennis player 1981 -- David McMillan , American football player ( d . 2013 ) 1981 -- Ryan Tandy , Australian rugby player ( d . 2014 ) 1981 -- Jordan Tata , American baseball player 1982 -- Jason Bacashihua , American ice hockey player 1982 -- Aaron Burkart , German race car driver 1982 -- Brian Fortuna , American dancer and choreographer 1982 -- Sexy Star , Mexican wrestler 1982 -- Athanasios Tsigas , Greek footballer 1983 -- Freya Ross , Scottish runner 1983 -- Ángel Sánchez , Puerto Rican - American baseball player 1984 -- Brian Joubert , French figure skater 1985 -- Ian Desmond , American baseball player 1985 -- Mami Yamasaki , Japanese model and actress 1986 -- Hayato Fujita , Japanese wrestler 1986 -- İbrahim Kaş , Turkish footballer 1986 -- Jason Nightingale , New Zealand rugby league player 1987 -- Gain , South Korean singer 1987 -- Jack Lawless , American drummer 1987 -- Tito Tebaldi , Italian rugby player 1988 -- Sergei Bobrovsky , Russian ice hockey player 1988 -- Ayano Ōmoto , Japanese singer and dancer 1988 -- Ryan Simpkins , Australian rugby league player 1990 -- Phillip Phillips , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1990 -- John Tavares , Canadian ice hockey player 1991 -- Isaac Cofie , Ghanaian footballer 1992 -- Peter Prevc , Slovenian ski jumper 1992 -- Michał Żyro , Polish footballer 1993 -- Julian Draxler , German footballer 1995 -- Laura Dekker , Dutch sailor 1995 -- Rob Holding , English footballer 1996 -- Ioana Loredana Roșca , Romanian tennis player Deaths ( edit ) 855 -- Gozbald , bishop of Würzburg 1085 -- Hermann II , Count Palatine of Lotharingia ( b . 1049 ) 1190 -- Adelog of Hildesheim , German bishop 1241 -- Conrad II of Salzwedel , German nobleman and bishop 1246 -- Michael of Chernigov ( b . 1185 ) 1266 -- Jan Prandota , Bishop of Kraków 1328 -- Ibn Taymiyyah , Syrian theologian and scholar ( b . 1263 ) 1384 -- Louis I , Duke of Anjou ( b . 1339 ) 1440 -- Frederick I , Elector of Brandenburg ( b . 1371 ) 1460 -- Gilles Binchois , Flemish composer ( b . 1400 ) 1492 -- Anne Neville , Countess of Warwick ( b . 1426 ) 1501 -- Agostino Barbarigo , Doge of Venice 1501 -- Thomas Grey , 1st Marquess of Dorset , stepson of Edward IV of England ( b . 1457 ) 1533 -- Veit Stoss , German sculptor ( b.c. 1447 ) 1537 -- Pavle Bakić , medieval Serb monarch ; last Serb Despot 1565 -- Cipriano de Rore , Flemish composer and teacher ( b . 1515 ) 1586 -- Sir Anthony Babington , English Catholic conspirator ( b . 1561 ) 1586 -- Chidiock Tichborne , English conspirator and poet ( b . 1558 ) 1590 -- Lodovico Agostini , Italian priest , composer , and scholar ( b . 1534 ) 1625 -- Heinrich Meibom , German historian and poet ( b . 1555 ) 1627 -- Jan Gruter , Dutch scholar and critic ( b . 1560 ) 1639 -- Johannes Meursius , Dutch historian and scholar ( b . 1579 ) 1643 -- Lucius Cary , 2nd Viscount Falkland , English soldier and politician , Secretary of State for England ( b . 1610 ) 1684 -- Kim Seok - ju , Korean scholar and politician ( b . 1634 ) 1793 -- Fletcher Christian , English lieutenant ( b . 1764 ) 1803 -- Robert Emmet , Irish commander ( b . 1780 ) 1815 -- Nicolas Desmarest , French geologist and scholar ( b . 1725 ) 1839 -- Sir Thomas Hardy , 1st Baronet , English admiral ( b . 1769 ) 1840 -- José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia , Paraguayan lawyer and politician , Consul of Paraguay ( b . 1766 ) 1845 -- Matvei Gedenschtrom , Russian explorer and public servant ( b . 1780 ) 1852 -- Philander Chase , American bishop and educator , founded Kenyon College ( b . 1775 ) 1855 -- José Trinidad Reyes , Honduran priest and educator ( b . 1797 ) 1863 -- Jacob Grimm , German philologist and mythologist ( b . 1785 ) 1884 -- Leopold Fitzinger , Austrian zoologist and author ( b . 1802 ) 1898 -- Theodor Fontane , German author and poet ( b . 1819 ) 1906 -- Robert R. Hitt , American politician , 13th United States Assistant Secretary of State ( b . 1834 ) 1908 -- Pablo de Sarasate , Spanish violinist and composer ( b . 1844 ) 1927 -- George Nichols , American actor , director , and screenwriter ( b . 1864 ) 1930 -- Gombojab Tsybikov , Russian anthropologist and explorer ( b . 1873 ) 1933 -- Annie Besant , English theosophist and activist ( b . 1847 ) 1939 -- Paul Bruchési , Canadian archbishop ( b . 1855 ) 1945 -- Augusto Tasso Fragoso , Brazilian politician , President of Brazil ( b . 1869 ) 1945 -- William Seabrook , American occultist , journalist , and explorer ( b . 1884 ) 1945 -- Eduard Wirths , German physician ( b . 1909 ) 1947 -- Fiorello H. La Guardia , American lawyer and politician , 99th Mayor of New York City ( b . 1882 ) 1947 -- Jantina Tammes , Dutch biologist , geneticist , and academic ( b . 1871 ) 1957 -- Heino Kaski , Finnish pianist and composer ( b . 1885 ) 1957 -- Jean Sibelius , Finnish violinist and composer ( b . 1865 ) 1970 -- Alexandros Othonaios , Greek general and politician , 126h Prime Minister of Greece ( b . 1879 ) 1971 -- Giorgos Seferis , Greek poet and diplomat , Nobel Prize laureate ( b . 1900 ) 1972 -- Pierre - Henri Simon , French historian and author ( b . 1903 ) 1973 -- Jim Croce , American singer - songwriter and guitarist ( b . 1943 ) 1975 -- Saint - John Perse , French poet and diplomat , Nobel Prize laureate ( b . 1887 ) 1979 -- Ludvík Svoboda , Czech general and politician , 8th President of Czechoslovakia ( b . 1895 ) 1984 -- Steve Goodman , American singer - songwriter and guitarist ( b . 1948 ) 1985 -- Helen MacInnes , Scottish - American librarian and author ( b . 1907 ) 1987 -- Michael Stewart , American playwright and composer ( b . 1924 ) 1993 -- Erich Hartmann , German soldier and pilot ( b . 1922 ) 1994 -- Abioseh Nicol , Sierra Leonean physician , academic , and diplomat ( b . 1924 ) 1994 -- Jule Styne , American composer ( b . 1905 ) 1996 -- Paul Erdős , Hungarian - Polish mathematician and academic ( b . 1913 ) 1996 -- Reuben Kamanga , Zambian politician , 1st Vice-President of Zambia ( b . 1929 ) 1996 -- Paul Weston , American pianist , composer , and conductor ( b . 1912 ) 1999 -- Robert Lebel , Canadian businessman ( b . 1905 ) 2000 -- Gherman Titov , Russian general , pilot , and astronaut ( b . 1935 ) 2002 -- Sergei Bodrov Jr. , Russian actor , director , and screenwriter ( b . 1971 ) 2003 -- Simon Muzenda , Zimbabwean politician , 1st Vice-President of Zimbabwe ( b . 1922 ) 2003 -- Gareth Williams , Baron Williams of Mostyn , Welsh lawyer and politician , Lord President of the Council ( b . 1941 ) 2004 -- Brian Clough , English footballer and manager ( b . 1935 ) 2004 -- Townsend Hoopes , American soldier and historian ( b . 1922 ) 2005 -- Simon Wiesenthal , Austrian human rights activist , Holocaust survivor ( b . 1908 ) 2006 -- Armin Jordan , Swiss conductor ( b . 1932 ) 2006 -- Sven Nykvist , Swedish director , producer , and cinematographer ( b . 1922 ) 2006 -- John W. Peterson , American pilot and songwriter ( b . 1921 ) 2007 -- Johnny Gavin , Irish footballer ( b . 1928 ) 2010 -- Leonard Skinner , American soldier and educator ( b . 1933 ) 2011 -- Oscar Handlin , American historian and author ( b . 1915 ) 2011 -- Burhanuddin Rabbani , Afghan academic and politician , 10th President of Afghanistan ( b . 1940 ) 2012 -- Fortunato Baldelli , Italian cardinal ( b . 1935 ) 2012 -- Richard H. Cracroft , American author and academic ( b . 1936 ) 2012 -- Tereska Torrès , French soldier and author ( b . 1920 ) 2013 -- James B. 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5296954621577224290	Tiger Zinda Hai	Tiger Zinda Hai - Wikipedia Tiger Zinda Hai Jump to : navigation , search Tiger Zinda Hai Theatrical release poster Directed by Ali Abbas Zafar Produced by Aditya Chopra Screenplay by Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra Story by Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra Starring Salman Khan Katrina Kaif Narrated by Salman Khan Music by Background score : Julius Packiam Songs : Vishal - Shekhar Cinematography Marcin Laskawiec Edited by Rameshwar S. Bhagat Production company Yash Raj Films Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 22 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Running time 161 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 210 crore Box office ₹ 570.83 crore Tiger Zinda Hai ( Translation : Tiger is alive ) is a 2017 Indian Hindi - language action thriller film , directed and co-written by Ali Abbas Zafar . The film stars Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif and Sajjad Delfrooz in leading roles , with Angad Bedi , Kumud Mishra , Nawab Shah , Girish Karnad and Paresh Rawal in supporting roles . The film is the sequel to the 2012 film Ek Tha Tiger and the second installment of the Tiger film series , and is based on the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL . The first look of the poster was revealed by Salman Khan through his official Twitter account on 18 October 2017 on the occasion of Diwali . The official trailer was released on 7 November . The film was released on 22 December 2017 . With a budget of ₹ 2.1 billion ( US $32 million ) , it is the one of the most expensive Hindi films and one of the most expensive Indian films of all time . It has grossed more than ₹ 5.5 billion ( US $84 million ) at the box office , becoming one of the highest - grossing Indian films of all time . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards , Tom Struthers won the Filmfare Award for Best Action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Marketing and release 5 Critical reception 6 Box office 7 Soundtrack 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Plot During a dark night in Iraq , an American journalist types a warning message to CIA before he is slaughtered by some guards . Abu Usman is the head of ISC , a terrorist organisation which kills American journalists . While carrying a rally in Ikrit , Usman is shot in the arm by the Iraqi Army . He is taken to the city hospital . Abu Usman holds hostage of the Indian and Pakistani nurses and makes the hospital as his center . USA decides to launch an airstike at the city to kill Usman . Indian nurse Maria calls the Indian Embassy of Iraq , informing about the incident . The chairman of the RAW , Shenoy , has talks with CIA who give him 7 days of time to rescue the nurses after which they will hold the airstrike . Shenoy feels that only Tiger would be able to rescue the nurses and that too within a period of 7 days . Eight years after the events of Ek Tha Tiger , Tiger and Zoya are living in Innsbruck , and have a son , Junior . Several days later , Tiger is called by Shenoy . He meets his deputy Karan who informs him about the abduction of nurses . Tiger has the whole information recorded in his pen drive but refuses to carry the mission as he thinks RAW would not forgive him . But after Zoya insists him , he sets to carry the mission . Tiger travels to Syria . Karan suggests him the plan and members but Tiger refuses and brings his own gang of RAW members consisting of Azaan , a sharpshooter , Namit a bomb - defuser , and Rakesh a senior - citizen but expert hacker . They reach an oil refinery controlled by Baghdavi and carry out the plan but face difficulty after the arrival of Firdauz , who has the duty of checking the workers . In the hospital a Pakistani Nurse Sana gets caught while escaping by an ISC member which results in her getting shot . One day , Tiger spots Hassan , a child sent by Abu Usman as a human bomb whom Tiger rescues and flees with the help of Zoya and her ISI team members Abrar and Javed . That night , Tiger and his gang set fire in the refinery and pretend to get burned so that they are taken to the hospital . Baghdavi reluctantly agrees to send them after assertion of Firdauz . En route to the hospital , they are joined by Zoya , Abrar and Javed . Firdauz reveals that he is a secret RAW agent working from the past 25 years . They go the hospital while Zoya leaves Tiger to first kill Baghdavi and his troops which she does with the help of some Syrian girls . At the hospital , Tiger orders Rakesh to poison the food served to Usman 's troops . On the day of the airstrike , the troops are food poisoned and Usman is angry . Tiger fights and defeats the troops and rescues the nurses from the hospital . Abu Usman holds Zoya in hostage which causes him to surrender . Everyone is captured by ISC and Tiger is tortured in a poison chamber . Tiger flees from the chamber and rescues the nurses and his team but Azaan is shot while fighting . He requests Captain Javed to raise the Indian Flag after the success of the mission . As they escape , they are joined by Firdauz who crashes an oil tanker which kills ISC members . Tiger disguises everyone in the execution robes of American journalists in order for a safe passage out of Ikrit . Tiger leaves to rescue Zoya . As he tries to break the chains in the tunnel , he is beaten up by Usman but Tiger stabs and wounds him in a fierce encounter and moves to rescue Zoya . Zoya insists Tiger to leave her for the verve of Junior . A missile blows the chamber . In the bus boarding back to India without Tiger , Javed raises Indian and Pakistani flags above the bus keeping Azaan 's promise and also as a signal of friendship , meanwhile Firdauz takes Usman to a desert in his car and shoots him dead . One year later , Shenoy is called by Tiger from Greece . A flashback shows that Tiger broke the chain and rescued Zoya . Tiger and Zoya have adopted Hassan . Though Tiger goes into hiding once again due to his belief that the RAW will never let him go , he assures Shenoy that he will always be there for his country in trouble . Cast Salman Khan as Avinash `` Tiger '' Singh Rathore Katrina Kaif as Zoya Sajjad Delafrooz as Abu Usman Paresh Rawal as Firdauz aka Tohbaan Angad Bedi as Namit Kumud Mishra as Rakesh Girish Karnad as Shenoy Paresh Pahuja as Azaan Neha Hinge as Maria Gavie Chahal as Captain Abrar Anupriya Goenka as Poorna Kashmira Irani as Pakistani Nurse Sana Anant Vidhaat Sharma as Karan Ivan Rodrigues as India 's Ambassador to Iraq Siddhartha Basu as Indian Defense Minister . Rohit KaduDeshmukh as Rohit Anjana Om Kashyap as Herself ( Indian TV Reporter ) Danish Bhatt as Captain Javed Khalida Jan Touray as Pakistani Nurse Naghma Nawab Shah as Pawan Zachary Coffin as Gary Casey Shannon as Sam Jacobs Najmeddin Al Hadad as Hakim Vibhoutee Sharma as Jiya Sartaaj Kakkar as Junior Jineet Rath as Hasaan Production Filming took place in Abu Dhabi , Austria , Greece and Morocco . The last song of the movie was shot in the Aegean island of Naxos , Greece in October 2017 . Iranian actor Sajjad Delafrooz was roped in to play the role of Abu Usman , leader of terrorist organisation ISC . Sajjad Delafrooz had worked in the 2015 Hindi film Baby . The film 's production budget is reportedly ₹ 210 crore ( US $32 million ) , or ₹ 140 crore ( US $21 million ) excluding Salman Khan 's fees . This would make it one of the most expensive Yash Raj Films productions , along with Dhoom 3 , Sultan and Thugs of Hindostan . Marketing and release The film 's trailer was released on 6 November 2017 . Within 24 hours , it broke many records for Hindi film trailers on YouTube , with more than 29 million views , 480 thousand likes and 250 thousand shares . On 11 November , it became the most liked film trailer on YouTube with 700 thousand likes , surpassing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) then . The record was later surpassed by the trailer of Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) with about 2 million likes . The film was released on 22 December 2017 worldwide . The film received U / A certificate from Central Board of Film Certification . Despite having a song featuring Pakistani singer Atif Aslam , the film has not been given No - Objection Certificate by Central Board of Film Censors in Pakistan , stating the reason as was said for Ek Tha Tiger that `` The image of Pakistan and its law enforcement agencies '' have been compromised . Tiger Zinda Hai was in controversy on its release and faced protests from Valmiki community , when Salman Khan allegedly made a casteist slur , where he compared his dancing skills to a sanitation worker , `` or `` bhangi '' in a dance show . Shilpa Shetty also laughed along with him , and said that she also looked like one . Valmiki group is made up of a cluster of dalit communities -- a few of whom are Bhangi , Mehtar , Chuhra , Lal Beghi and Halalkhor . Valmiki community filed a legal case against both actors for hurting their sentiments . Maharashtra Navnirman Sena also unsuccessfully protested urging Mumbai multiplexes to promote Marathi film Deva instead of Tiger Zinda Hai . Their leaders raised issue about the loss of screens to Marathi films like Deva and Ek Atrangi which released alongside . Critical reception Tiger Zinda Hai opened to generally favourable reviews . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4.5 stars , and said `` Salman is the lifeline , the real treasure of Tiger Zinda Hai . He sinks his teeth into the character and , in several sequences , peels off the mask of super-stardom and brings the actor to the fore . Katrina is in solid form , in action sequences specifically . Commands attention . '' Umesh Punwani of Koimoi gave 4 stars , and said `` Katrina Kaif is brilliant ! She has very few dialogues , and no that 's not the reason she 's good . Working amazingly well with her expressions , she has turned into an athlete for this one . Performing few major action sequences , she is flawless . '' Aarti Jhurani of The National gave 4 stars , and said `` While logic is not a very important factor in Khan 's films , emotions certainly are , and the director made sure to hit all the soft spots -- from patriotism to Indo - Pakistan bonding to a multitude of cheesy dialogues -- which is a smart move , and sure to bring in both Indian and Pakistani audiences . '' Lasyapriya Sundaram of The Times of India gave 3.5 stars , and said `` The film is visually stunning in parts and Salman Khan plays Tiger with roaring confidence and dialogues packed with punch . Of course , his fans get a true - blue Salman Khan moment when he bares his torso . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave 3.5 stars , and said `` It may look like a Hollywood action thriller , but at its heart , Tiger Zinda Hai is an unabashed masala movie . The heady mixture of an international looking action film and the regular tropes of Hindi cinema make it a pleasing watch . '' Rohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle gave 3 stars , and said `` Ali Abbas Zafar smoothly takes Ek Tha Tiger franchise ahead by telling a real story and inserting whole lot of drama and thrill . The film also touches upon relationships between India and Pakistan but subtly . The biggest hiccup of the film is its length . '' Rajeev Masand of News 18 gave 3 stars , and said `` The film has some thrilling action , while logic and subtlety are sacrificed at the altar of spectacle and sentiment . Katrina gets some terrific action moments and she executes them well , but make no mistake , the heavy lifting here is left to Salman Khan , and he 's clearly up for the challenge . '' Richa Barua of Asianet News gave the film a rating of 4.5 stars , and states that the film `` keeps you glued to the seats . '' Raja Sen of NDTV India gave 2.5 stars , and said `` Tiger Zinda Hai breaks for intermission at a point when most self - respecting action films would have rushed into the climax . Long before the finish eventually rolled around , I found myself wishing Tiger would croak just so I could make it out alive . '' Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave 2.5 stars , and said `` It 's better for the filmmakers to set a character trajectory that matches the star 's current image rather than basking in the glory of the past . '' Anna M.M. Vetticad of Firstpost gave 2.5 stars , stating that both Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif delivered fun with equal parts swag , silliness and schmaltz . Shubhra Gupta of Indian Express gave 2.5 stars , and said `` Only once in a while , the film gives in and provides us a killing which sobers us up , but very quickly it 's back to the base , with Bhai taking over , and everyone including Nurse Poorna and Zoya making way for him . But you can see she enjoys kicking butt : you wish she had more to do . '' Box Office Tiger Zinda Hai made a new non-holiday record in India as it collected ₹ 34.1 crore nett on its first day . It went on to collect ₹ 35.30 crore nett gross on second day . The film recorded the second highest day of all time ( after third day of Bahubali 2 : The Conclusion ) on its third day with net - gross of ₹ 45.53 crore and the highest ever for the Hindi film industry . With three day nett gross collections of over ₹ 1.14 billion , Tiger Zinda Hai had the second highest opening weekend of all time ( after Bahubali 2 : The Conclusion ) and the highest opening weekend of all time in the Bollywood film industry . Tiger Zinda Hai grossed Rs 154 crore in first four days in India . Tiger Zinda Hai grossed $2 million in two days , $450,000 on day one in US / Canada and around £ 150,000 in the UK . The film grossed $7 million in its opening weekend in overseas , including $2,535,825 in US / Canada . The film grossed ₹ 190 crore worldwide in its opening weekend . As of 25 February 2018 , the film has grossed US $87.32 million ( ₹ 569 crore ) worldwide , including ₹ 434.82 crore ( US $67.11 million ) in India , and US $20.3 million ( ₹ 128.9 crore ) overseas . Soundtrack Tiger Zinda Hai Soundtrack album by Vishal -- Shekhar Released 12 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) Recorded 2017 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 25 : 29 Label YRF Music Producer Aditya Chopra Vishal -- Shekhar chronology Befikre ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) External audio Audio Jukebox on YouTube The music of the film is composed by Vishal - Shekhar while lyrics are penned by Irshad Kamil . The background score is composed by Julius Packiam . The first song of the film titled as Swag Se Swagat which is sung by Vishal Dadlani and Neha Bhasin was released on 21 November 2017 . It has become the most liked Bollywood song on YouTube and the fastest Bollywood song to cross 100 million views on YouTube . The second song of the film , Dil Diyan Gallan which is sung by Atif Aslam was released by Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif at Big Boss Season 11 on 2 December 2017 . The album was released on 12 December 2017 by YRF Music . The Arabic version of `` Swag Se Swagat '' was sung by Rabih Baroud and Brigitte Yaghi . Track listing No . Title ( ( ( extra_column ) ) ) Length 1 . `` Swag Se Swagat '' Vishal Dadlani & Neha Bhasin 03 : 56 2 . `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' Atif Aslam 04 : 20 3 . `` Zinda Hai '' ( Tiger Theme by Julius Packiam ) Sukhwinder Singh , Rap : Raftaar 04 : 14 4 . `` Daata Tu '' Shreya Ghoshal 04 : 14 5 . `` Tera Noor '' Jyoti Nooran 04 : 42 6 . `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' ( Unplugged ) Neha Bhasin 04 : 03 Total length : 25 : 29 Awards and nominations Date of Ceremony Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 16 January 2018 3rd Films of India Online Awards Best Action Direction Tom Struthers Won 20 January 2018 63rd Filmfare Awards Best Action Tom Struthers Won References Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Official Trailer '' . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai - Movie '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 23 December 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise breakup of Tiger Zinda Hai -- Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TIGER ZINDA HAI - British Board of Film Classification '' . www.bbfc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Nair , Vipin ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Second time 's the charm '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Ali Abbas Zaffar : Didn t write Tiger Zinda Hai as a sequel '' . Mid Day . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Today . `` Times of India '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ News , 18 . `` News 18 , Tiger Zinda Hai '' . News 18 . News 18 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Today , India . `` Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The real story of Tiger Zinda Hai : How India got 46 nurses back from ISIS '' . Rediff.com. 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai First Look Poster : Salman Khan Sends A Perfect Diwali Gift To Fans '' . News18.com . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Trailer : Tiger Zinda Hai trailer : Watch Salman Khan and Deepika Padukone blow up buildings , torch cars and rescue hostages '' . GQ ( Indian edition ) . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sushmita ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Audience loved Salman Khan - starrer ; ready to give it more than 5 ratings '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmfare Awards 2018 : Complete List Of Winners '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paresh Rawal to join Team ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 9 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gavie Chahal says Punjabi film industry badly needs professional film makers '' . Daily Hunt . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who is Tiger Zinda Hai villain ? Meet Sajjad Delfrooz . He is locking horns with Salman and Katrina '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai adds Paresh Rawal to its cast '' . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angad Bedi kicked about working with Salman Khan in Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 27 Apr 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Trailer : Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif 's ' Roar ' Is What You Just Heard '' . NDTV. 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif in Greece for the shooting of their film Tiger Zinda Hai '' . www.elinepa.org . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Sajjad Delafrooz , the Salman Khan 's arch nemesis in Tiger Zinda Hai '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Is ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' YRF 's costliest film ? '' . Republic World . 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIGER ZINDA HAI Trailer Creates Multiple Records Within 24 Hours '' . YRF. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajat Tripathi ( 11 November 2017 ) . `` Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai trailer becomes the most liked movie trailer on YouTube in the world ! '' . BollywoodLife.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer sets record for most views in a single day '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' cleared by CBFC , gets U / A certificate '' . Zee News . 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai not cleared for Pakistan screening by CBFC '' . DAWN Images . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Has Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif 's ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' been banned in Pakistan ? '' . The Express Tribune . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' faces Valmiki community wrath - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai protests intensify : Mob attacks theatre in Agra , demands to stop film screening '' . India Today . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan and Shilpa Shetty Kundra in legal trouble for their ' bhangi ' comment ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Multiplexes to screen Salman Khan - starrer ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' despite MNS threat - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Shiv Sena joins MNS against Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai , says our tiger is ' zinda ' too '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Box Office Collection : Will Salman Khan - Katrina Kaif deliver 2017 's biggest hit ? '' . m.businesstoday.in . Jump up ^ `` taran adarsh ( @ taran_adarsh ) Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Movie Review : Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif - Entertainment Abhi Zinda Hai '' . Koimoi. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Film review : Tiger Zinda Hai '' . The National . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : This Tiger is alive and kicking '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Tiger Zinda Hai '' . filmfare.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Salman roars , Katrina packs a punch '' . deccanchronicle.com/. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Movie Review : A Beloved Leading Man and Some Thrilling Action '' . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Movie Review : Salman Khan Is Alive And Kicking In A Film That Is Too Long '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Salman Khan on a horse is far more lethal than ISIS '' . Hindustan Times . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : Salman , Katrina deliver fun with equal parts swag , silliness and schmaltz - Entertainment News , Firstpost '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai movie review : The Katrina and Salman starrer is an enjoyable fare '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Sets Non Holiday Record - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Days In History - Tiger Zinda Hai Second - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Opening Weekends - Tiger Zinda Hai Second - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Monday Early Estimate '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Runs Riot On Monday - Challenges Bahubali '' . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Continues Strongly In Gulf - Good In USA - Box Office India '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Zinda Hai Strong In US / Canada On Monday '' . Jump up ^ `` Overseas - Tiger Zinda Hai Set To Be Number One Weekend '' . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Opening Weekends All Time - Tiger 5th '' . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 65.11 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise breakup of Tiger Zinda Hai '' . Bollywood Hungama. 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Tiger Zinda Hai collects 20.30 mil . USD ( Rs. 128.9 cr . ) in overseas till 6th week '' . Bollywood Hungama. 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Swag se swagat ' gets Arabic version '' . Jump up ^ YRF ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Arabic : Swag Se Swagat عربى Song - Tiger Zinda Hai - Salman Khan - Katrina Kaif - Rabih - Brigitte '' . Koimoi . pu Katrina Kaif - Entertainment Abhi Zinda Hai . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` FOI Online Awards '' . FOI Online Awards . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . 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( 2012 ) Yomics World List of films released by Yash Raj Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Zinda_Hai&oldid=834039437 '' Categories : 2017 films Hindi - language films Indian spy films Films about the Research and Analysis Wing Indian action thriller films Films shot in Austria Indian action films Films about terrorism Yash Raj Films films Indian action adventure films Indian adventure films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français हिन्दी मैथिली മലയാളം नेपाली Português Русский 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 16 : 40 . 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-7029959273338117	Green Eggs and Ham	Green Eggs and Ham - wikipedia Green Eggs and Ham Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see Green Eggs and Ham ( TV series ) . For the video game , see Dr. Seuss : Green Eggs and Ham ( video game ) . Green Eggs and Ham Author Dr. Seuss Cover artist Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Random House The Living Books Company Publication date August 12 , 1960 ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 80016 - 5 OCLC 184476 Preceded by One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish Followed by The Sneetches and Other Stories Green Eggs and Ham is a children 's book by Dr. Seuss , first published on August 12 , 1960 . As of 2016 , the book has sold 8 million copies worldwide . The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973 's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam - I - am and the first - person narrator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Reception and cultural impact 4 Adaptations 5 Temporary ban 6 Selected translations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A character named `` Sam - I - am '' pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham . The unnamed character refuses , responding , `` I do not like green eggs and ham . I do not like them , Sam - I - am . '' He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him , asking him to try them in eight locations ( house , box , car , tree , train , dark , rain , boat ) and with three animals ( mouse , fox , and goat ) . Finally , he gives into Sam 's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham , which he does like after all and happily responds , `` I do so like green eggs and ham . Thank you . Thank you , Sam - I - am . '' Background ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss 's `` Beginner Books '' , written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers . The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 words and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf , Dr. Seuss 's publisher . that Seuss ( after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words ) could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit . The 50 words are : a , am , and , anywhere , are , be , boat , box , car , could , dark , do , eat , eggs , fox , goat , good , green , ham , here , house , I , if , in , let , like , may , me , mouse , not , on , or , rain , Sam , say , see , so , thank , that , the , them , there , they , train , tree , try , will , with , would , you . Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12 , 1960 . By 2001 , it had become the fourth - best selling English - language children 's hardcover book of all time . As of 2014 , the book has sold 8 million copies . In 1999 the National Education Association ( NEA ) conducted an online survey of children and teachers , seeking the 100 most popular children 's books . The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third , just above another Dr. Seuss book , The Cat in the Hat . The teachers ranked it fourth . Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll . Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it # 7 among the `` 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' in 2012 . That same year , it was ranked number 12 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21 , 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet . Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss . Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare . Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story . On September 29 , 1991 , following Dr. Seuss ' death earlier that week , the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment . Adaptations ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose , which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat , in 1973 . ( The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two . ) The song `` Green Eggs and Ham '' was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story . The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC and there were similar differences to reflect the new media such as Sam - I - Am sings his opening lines . An upcoming animated television series based on the book , Green Eggs and Ham , will premiere on Netflix in 2018 , produced by Warner Bros. Animation , A Very Good Production , A Stern Talking To , Random House Children 's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television . The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live - action in a stage - play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss . Temporary ban ( edit ) Main article : Book censorship in China In 1965 , a withdrawn source claimed that the book was banned in the People 's Republic of China for its `` portrayal of early Marxism '' . The ban was lifted in 1991 , following Seuss ' death . Selected translations ( edit ) לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב ( Lo ra'ev ve - lo ohev , 1960 , Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661 ) Huevos verdes con jamón ( 1960 , Spanish , ISBN 1880507013 ) Groene eieren met ham ( 1960s , Dutch , ISBN 9024002966 ) 火腿加綠蛋 ( Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn , 1992 , Chinese , ISBN 9573211254 ) Prosciutto e uova verdi ( 2002 , Italian , ISBN 880902446X ) Virent ova ! Viret perna ! ( 2003 , Latin , ISBN 0865165556 ) Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone ? ( 2004 , Polish , ISBN 8372781249 ) Les œufs verts au jambon ( 2009 , French , ISBN 9781569756881 ) Grünes Ei mit Speck ( 2011 , German , ISBN 9783596854417 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/20-best-selling-childrens-books9.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss on the Loose '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories '' . CNN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs and Ham '' . snopes.com. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 99 Interesting Facts about the world # 18 '' . All That is Interesting . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A 50 - year feast in 50 words Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Marketplace . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Sam - I - Am ! 50 Years of Green Eggs and Ham '' . Gnews. 2012 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 17 December 2001 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis . `` A Critic at Large : Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . 23 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kids ' top 100 books Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books '' . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parent & Child 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' ( PDF ) . Scholastic Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge makes ' Green Eggs and Ham ' ruling '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` ORDER the egg filed by the plaintiff is to be destroyed re : 55 Motion for Contempt , injunction '' , Wolff v. NH Department of Corrections et al ( Case 1 : 2006cv00321 ) , September 18 , 2007 , Filing 56 Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-ted-cruz-read-green-eggs-and-ham-in-the-u-s-senate-1.1867499 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/magazine/23FOB-Q4-t.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ABC News 2010 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up ' Green Eggs and Ham ' Animated Series From Ellen DeGeneres '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/20/surprisingly-banned-books_n_1218905.html Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Week : Green Eggs and Ham '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Claasen , Lynda ( 16 January 2015 ) . How Dr. Seuss Created Green Eggs and Ham ( Video ) . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television series The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Television specials Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Eggs_and_Ham&oldid=843524210 '' Categories : Books by Dr. Seuss 1960 children 's books Eggs in culture American picture books Constrained writing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 18 : 13 . 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-4815527138329704216	Sperm motility	Sperm motility - wikipedia Sperm motility Jump to : navigation , search Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract ( internal fertilization ) or through water ( external fertilization ) to reach the egg . Sperm motility can also be thought of as the quality , which is a factor in successful conception ; sperm that do not `` swim '' properly will not reach the egg in order to fertilize it . Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the cumulus oophorus ( a layer of cells ) and the zona pellucida ( a layer of extracellular matrix ) , which surround the mammalian oocyte . In the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , sperms aggregate in ' trains ' that are better able to fertilize eggs because they are more capable of navigating the viscous environment of the female reproductive tract . The trains move in a sinusoidal motion . Sperm motility is also affected by certain factors released by eggs . Sperm movement is activated by changes in intracellular ion concentration . The changes in ion concentration that provoke motility are different among species . In marine invertebrates and sea urchins , the rise in pH to about 7.2 -- 7.6 activates ATPase which leads to a decrease in intracellular potassium , and thus induces membrane hyperpolarization . As a result , sperm movement is activated . The change in cell volume which alters intracellular ion concentration can also contribute to the activation of sperm motility . In some mammals , sperm motility is activated by increase in pH , calcium ion and cAMP , yet it is suppressed by low pH in the epididymis . The tail of the sperm - the flagellum - confers motility upon the sperm , and has three principal components : a central skeleton constructed of 11 microtubules collectively termed the axoneme and similar to the equivalent structure found in cilia a thin cell membrane covering the axoneme mitochondria arranged spirally around it the axoneme , Back and forth movement of the tail results from a rhythmical longitudinal sliding motion between the anterior and posterior tubules that make up the axoneme . The energy for this process is supplied by ATP produced by mitochondria . The velocity of a sperm in fluid medium is usually 1 -- 4 mm / min . This allows the sperm to move towards an ovum in order to fertilize it . In mammals , spermatozoa mature functionally through a process which is known as capacitation . When spermatozoa reach the isthmic oviduct , their motility has been reported to be reduced as they attach to epithelium . Near the time of ovulation , hyperactivation occurs . During this process , the flagella move with high curvature and long wavelength . Hyperactivation is initiated by extracellular calcium ; however , the factors that regulate calcium level is unknown . Without technological intervention , a non-motile or abnormally - motile sperm is not going to fertilize . Therefore , the fraction of a sperm population that is motile is widely used as a measure of semen quality . Insufficient sperm motility is a common cause of subfertility or infertility . Several measures are available to improve sperm quality . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sperm DNA damage 2 Classifications of motility 3 References 4 External links Sperm DNA damage ( edit ) Sperm DNA damage is common in infertile men . About 31 % of men with sperm motility defects have high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation . Classifications of motility ( edit ) Straight moving , Zig - zag moving , Vibrating , Non-motile References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quill , A.T. , Garbers , L.D. ( 2002 ) . `` Sperm Motility Activation and Chemoattraction '' . In Daniel M. Hardy . Fertilization . Carlifornia : Academic press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 311629 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blomberg Jensen M : Vitamin D and male reproduction . Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10 , 175 -- 186 ( 2014 ) doi : 10.1038 / nrendo. 2013.262 Jump up ^ Darszon , A. , labarca , P. , Nishigaki , T. , and Espinosa , F. ( 1999 ) . Ion channels in sperm physiology . Physiol. Rev 79 , 481 - 510 Jump up ^ Mortimer , D. , Aitken , R.J. , Mortimer , S.T. , and Pacey , A.A. ( 1995 ) . Workshop report : Clinical CASA - the quest for consensus . Reprod . Fertil . Dev 7 , 951 -- 959 Jump up ^ Yanagimachi , R. ( 1994 ) . Mammalian fertilization . In `` The Physiology of Reproduction '' ( E. Knobil and J.D. Neill , eds . ) , pp. 189 -- 317 . Raven Press , New York Jump up ^ Simon L , Lutton D , McManus J , Lewis SE ( 2011 ) . `` Sperm DNA damage measured by the alkaline Comet assay as an independent predictor of male infertility and in vitro fertilization success '' . Fertil . Steril. 95 ( 2 ) : 652 -- 7 . PMID 20864101 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2010.08. 019 . Jump up ^ Belloc S , Benkhalifa M , Cohen - Bacrie M , Dalleac A , Chahine H , Amar E , Zini A ( 2014 ) . `` Which isolated sperm abnormality is most related to sperm DNA damage in men presenting for infertility evaluation '' . J. Assist . Reprod . Genet. 31 ( 5 ) : 527 -- 32 . PMC 4016368 . PMID 24566945 . doi : 10.1007 / s10815 - 014 - 0194 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sperm motility . Sperm motility , Colorado State University Semen analysis - how to interpret a semen analysis report , Malpani Infertility Clinic Sperm count analysis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sperm_motility&oldid=793978230 '' Categories : Andrology Fertility Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how does sperm move through the female reproductive system	[]	[]
5235969040242431424	The Secret Life of Pets	The Secret Life of Pets - wikipedia The Secret Life of Pets The Secret Life of Pets Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Renaud Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Brian Lynch Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Starring Louis C.K. Eric Stonestreet Kevin Hart Jenny Slate Ellie Kemper Lake Bell Dana Carvey Hannibal Buress Bobby Moynihan Steve Coogan Albert Brooks Music by Alexandre Desplat Edited by Ken Schretzmann Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) ( AIAFF ) July 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $875.5 million The Secret Life of Pets is a 2016 American computer - animated adventure comedy buddy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It is directed by Chris Renaud , co-directed by Yarrow Cheney and written by Brian Lynch , Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio . The film stars Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet , Kevin Hart , Steve Coogan , Ellie Kemper , Bobby Moynihan , Lake Bell , Dana Carvey , Hannibal Buress , Jenny Slate , and Albert Brooks . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was released in theaters in the United States on July 8 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $875 million worldwide , becoming the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2016 , and was the year 's most profitable release . A sequel is set for release on June 7 , 2019 , with Patton Oswalt taking over Max 's voice role from Louis C.K. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment . While she is at work during the day , he hangs out with other pets in the building : tabby cat Chloe , pug Mel , dachshund Buddy , and budgerigar Sweet Pea . One day , Katie adopts Duke , a large mongrel from the pound , leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke . Enraged by Max 's attitude towards him , Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley , but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removes both dogs ' collars and leaves them to be caught by Animal Control . Duke fears that he will be killed if he goes back to the pound . When Gidget , a white Pomeranian who is ( not so ) secretly in love with Max , discovers that he is missing , she decides to find him . Max and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball , the leader of `` The Flushed Pets '' -- a gang of sewer - dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them . After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners , the Flushed Pets invite them to join . Before they can prove their loyalty by allowing a one - fanged viper to bite them , Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated . The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn , inadvertently killing the viper in the process . Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them . Meanwhile , Gidget recruits a red - tailed hawk named Tiberius to find Max , but he mistakenly locates Ozone , whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs . They then enlist Mel , Buddy , Chloe , guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea . On the way , they meet Pops , an old Basset Hound who helps Gidget and the pets find Max . Meanwhile , Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food . Then , Gidget and her team encounter Snowball , who vows to kill them as well , and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget 's team flees . In the meantime , Duke tells Max about his previous owner , Fred , an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him . One day , Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control , but Fred never came to claim him . Max convinces him to visit Fred 's house in a nearby neighborhood , confident Fred will still love him and take him back . When they arrive at Fred 's house , they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died . Heartbroken , Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who have just returned to the house and called Animal Control . The handlers catch Max , but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead . While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van , Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him . However , when his gang is captured , Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them . They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge , stopping traffic . The Flushed Pets encircle Max , unaware of his partnership with Snowball , but Gidget and her team save him . Upon seeing Gidget using her kung - fu fighting skills , and Max starts to fall in love with her . The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape . As soon as Max gets the keys to Duke 's cage , the van plummets into the East River with him inside . Max is unable to free Duke , so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys , allowing them to escape the sinking van . The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig - driven taxi . Max expresses his love for Gidget , who returns his affection . Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans , but a little girl named Molly arrives and adopts Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers . At first , Snowball resists , but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet . The other pets return to their homes and embrace their owners , and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie , sparking a true friendship . At the film 's epilogue , Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard 's apartment . Leonard 's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier . Cast ( edit ) Louis C.K. as Max , a Jack Russell Terrier . Eric Stonestreet as Duke , a large , brown , shaggy mongrel . Kevin Hart as Snowball , a white rabbit . Jenny Slate as Gidget , a white Pomeranian and Max 's love interest . Ellie Kemper as Katie , Max and Duke 's friendly owner . Lake Bell as Chloe , an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat who is one of Max 's friends . Dana Carvey as Pops , an elderly Basset Hound who is paralyzed in his back legs . Hannibal Buress as Buddy , a laid - back dachshund and one of Max 's friends . Bobby Moynihan as Mel , a hyperactive pug and one of Max 's friends . Tara Strong as Sweetpea , a green and yellow budgie parakeet . Steve Coogan as Ozone , a Cockney - accented Sphynx cat . Coogan also voices Reginald , a malevolent Himalayan cat . Albert Brooks as Tiberius , a curmudgeonly red - tailed hawk . Chris Renaud as Norman , a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment . Michael Beattie as Tattoo , a slow - witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets . Sandra Echeverría as Maria , a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches . Jaime Camil as Fernando , a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches . Kiely Renaud as Molly , a little girl who adopts Snowball . Production ( edit ) Renaud first became involved with the project in 2012 , while he was still working on Despicable Me 2 . At that time , Illumination 's CEO Chris Meledandri pitched him an idea on a film about what pets do when their caretakers are away . While Renaud found the premise interesting he and his team did not know what form the story would take , with them at one point considering making it a murder mystery , before deciding to make something `` that was a bit more relatable '' The team used Jean - Jacques Sempé as an influence in designing the environment and attention was specifically paid to keep the designs `` very vertically oriented '' In keeping with the tradition of old WB cartoons , the owners faces are almost never seen . The home of the Flushed Pets was created to `` hint at the darker side '' of pet ownership `` without , hopefully , getting too heavy . as well as to explore `` this whole mythology in New York of the world that 's unseen , '' while still maintaining the pet theme . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination Mac Guff . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Recorded 2016 Genre Film score Jazz Classical Length 51 : 31 Label Back Lot Music Producer Dominique Lemonnier Alexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) Florence Foster Jenkins 2016 The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Light Between Oceans ( 2016 ) The Light Between Oceans 2016 The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat . The soundtrack was released on July 1 , 2016 by Back Lot Music . Track listing All music composed by Alexandre Desplat , except `` We Go Together '' by The Sausage Factory Singers . show Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Meet the Pets '' 2 : 37 2 . `` Katie 's Leaving '' 0 : 55 3 . `` Meet Duke '' 3 : 36 4 . `` Fetch Me a Stick '' 3 : 09 5 . `` Telenovela Squirrels '' 1 : 24 6 . `` Hijack ! '' 2 : 00 7 . `` Gidget Meets Tiberius '' 4 : 56 8 . `` Initiation Time '' 1 : 01 9 . `` Rooftop Route '' 1 : 27 10 . `` The Viper '' 1 : 49 11 . `` You Have an Owner ? '' 3 : 04 12 . `` Good Morning Max '' 1 : 21 13 . `` Sewer Chase '' 1 : 09 14 . `` Who 's With Me ? '' 1 : 21 15 . `` Me Like What Me See '' 0 : 54 16 . `` Traveling Bossa '' 1 : 56 17 . `` Flushed Out To Brooklyn '' 2 : 47 18 . `` Sausages ! '' 1 : 13 19 . `` Duke 's Old House / Captured '' 3 : 03 20 . `` Brooklyn Bridge Showdown '' 2 : 34 21 . `` Rescuing Duke '' 2 : 46 22 . `` Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi '' 1 : 24 23 . `` Max and Gidget '' 1 : 36 24 . `` Welcome Home '' 1 : 57 25 . `` We Go Together '' ( originally from Grease ) 1 : 24 Total length : 51 : 31 Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12 , 2016 , but was pushed back to July 8 , 2016 . It was released in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D using DMR . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was screened at VidCon . The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions . Home Media ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray , and DVD on December 6 , 2016 . In addition to the short film Mower Minions which was released theatrically with the feature film , the releases also include two short films : Norman Television and Weenie . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S. and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million against a production budget of $75 million . Its international takings helped push Universal Pictures ( International ) past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010 . It is the fifth - highest - grossing original worldwide film of all time ( behind Avatar , Zootopia , The Lion King , and Finding Nemo ) , the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2016 , the twelfth - highest - grossing animated film of all time , and the 51st - highest - grossing film of all time . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the most profitable release of 2016 . North america ( edit ) In Canada and the United States , the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend with some predictions going as high as $100 million . It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG - rated film ( breaking Shrek Forever After 's record ) and the seventh - widest of all time overall across 4,370 theaters , the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises . It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters which is the second - biggest of all time for Illumination behind only Minions ( $6.2 million ) , and the third biggest of all time for an animated film behind Finding Dory ( $9.2 million ) and Minions . This was followed by a record - breaking $38.5 million opening day gross ( including previews ) , the biggest for an original film . In its opening weekend , it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million , finishing first at the box office . Its debut is the sixth - biggest for an animated film , the sixth highest weekend debut in July , and the fourth - biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures . It also set the record for the largest opening for an original film , eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out . In its second weekend , the film made $50.8 million ( - 51.3 % ) while maintaining the top spot , despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters . Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend , it was still able to fend off the two other new releases -- Lights Out and Ice Age : Collision Course -- by earning another $29.6 million . It passed $300 million on its twenty - sixth day -- the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide -- becoming the seventh film of 2016 , the seventh Universal Pictures film ( the first for the year ) , and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark . Outside north america ( edit ) Internationally , The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets , and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age : Collision Course in the course of its release . In total , it had number - one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories , and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets . It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets ( dethroning Suicide Squad ) . However , this was n't the film 's biggest single weekend gross . Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million . It opened at No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ( $133.3 million ) and the Chinese film Time Raiders ( $64.6 million ) that weekend . It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release , where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets . Prior to its official debut in the UK and the Republic of Ireland on June 24 , the film had two days ' worth of previews on June 18 and 19 from which it made £ 3.63 million ( $5.2 million ) in two days . This figure was later counted in the film 's official opening weekend . It went on to score the fourth - biggest original animation opening weekend ever there , with £ 9.58 million ( $13.4 million ) from 592 theaters , trailing behind Inside Out , Monsters , Inc. , and Up . Excluding previews , its total three - day opening was $8.1 million . This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day : Resurgence . The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20 % and 24 % , earning £ 4.47 million ( $6.1 million ) and £ 3.62 million ( $4.8 million ) respectively despite facing some competitions . It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there . In Norway , it took the number one spot as well , with $778,000 . It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second - biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ( $2 million ) -- behind Madagascar , and Hong Kong ( $1.9 million ) -- behind Inside Out . In Argentina , the film had a record - breaking number - one debut with $4 million from 195 screens -- the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second - biggest opening ever for any film ( behind Furious 7 ) . Similarly , Chile also recorded the second - biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million ( behind Minions ) . Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million . In Mexico , other than opening at No. 1 , it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million , surpassing the studio 's own previous record holder Inside Out . Also in Russia , it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second - biggest ever for an animated film behind Minions with $16.3 million , although this included $6.4 million five days ' worth of previews . It went on to become the highest - grossing film of the summer that year . In Japan , the film opened on August 11 -- the date of Japan 's first Mountain Day national holiday -- with Toho - Towa distributing , and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two - day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot . The cumulative total for the four - day holiday ( August 11 -- 14 ) was $9.7 million . Similarly , it had number - one debuts in Germany ( $7.1 million ) , France ( $5.9 million ) , Australia ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.1 million ) , Brazil ( $4.4 million ) , Spain ( $4.5 million ) , Poland ( $1.7 million ) , Singapore ( $1.3 million ) , Belgium ( $1.2 million ) , Denmark ( $1.2 million ) , Indonesia ( $1.1 million ) , the Philippines ( $1 million ) , and South Africa ( $463,000 ) . In Germany , it scored the best animation opening since Minions . It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia , Russia and Spain for three weekends . In Japan , the film was the highest - grossing foreign release of the weekend , holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends . In China -- the world 's second - biggest film market -- the film opened on a Tuesday , earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day . To Sunday , it achieved a six - day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone ( Friday to Sunday ) , with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day . In both instances , it was behind the local film Time Raiders . In South Korea , despite debuting in fifth place , it had an opening of $6.9 million . Elsewhere , it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands , $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary , it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000 , and also in Portugal ( $965,000 ) , Latvia ( $224,000 ) , and South Africa . In terms of total earnings , its biggest markets are China ( $58 million ) , United Kingdom and Ireland ( $47.2 million ) , Japan ( $41.6 million ) and Russia ( $34.2 million ) . It became the third - highest - grossing film of all time in Russia ( behind Avatar and Zootopia ) and the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Spain . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 213 reviews with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Fast - paced , funny , and blessed with a talented voice cast , The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated , cheerfully undemanding family - friendly diversion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it `` an animated fluffball -- a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible . '' Scott Tobias , writing for NPR , characterized the film 's concept as `` Toy Story but with house pets , '' highlighting the film 's `` thinly distinguished characters '' and `` gloppy sentimentality . '' Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said `` In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together , The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us . Let the fur -- and the warm , fuzzy feelings -- fly . '' However , some critics disliked the film 's unexpected similarities with Pixar 's Toy Story . Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that `` The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour - long ripoffs you 'd see on a children 's television network . '' Ethan Anderton of the website / Film criticised the film 's characterisation , and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to `` Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Eric Guillon Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat British Academy Children 's Awards November 20 , 2016 BAFTA Kids ' Vote The Secret Life of Pets Cinema Audio Society February 18 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Animated David Acord , Jason Butler , Gary A. Rizzo , Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Score -- Animated Film Alexandre Desplat Won International Film Music Critics Association 21 February 2017 Best Original Score for a Comedy Film Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie The Secret Life of Pets Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Kevin Hart Favorite Villain Won Most Wanted Pet NAACP Image Awards February 11 , 2017 Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Family Movie The Secret Life of Pets Favorite Animated Movie Voice Kevin Hart Producers Guild of America January 28 , 2017 Best Animated Motion Picture Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Secret Life of Pets 2 In August 2016 , it was announced that there would be a sequel with director Chris Renaud , producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy , and writer Brian Lynch , with a release date of July 13 , 2018 . On January 25 , 2017 , its release date was pushed back to July 3 , 2019 . On August 15 , 2017 , its release date was moved forward to June 7 , 2019 . On November 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Louis C.K. would not be reprising his role as Max after being accused of , and having admitted to , inappropriate sexual conduct with five women . In April 2018 , it was announced that Patton Oswalt will replace C.K. as Max while Hart , Stonestreet , Slate , Kemper , Bell , Carvey , Buress and Moynihan will return . Additional casting includes Tiffany Haddish , Nick Kroll , Harrison Ford and Pete Holmes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Billington , Alex ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for Illumination 's ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Movie '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Kinsey ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pets ' Project Gets Title : ' The Secret Life Of Pets '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE SECRET LIFE OF PETS ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets 2 ' Will Be Unleashed A Month Earlier '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr . `` Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet & Kevin Hart To Voice Animated ' Pets ' Movie - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Brooks in Negotiations for Illumination 's ' Pets ' Project ; 4 More Join Voice Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , James ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon 2015 : Universal Gears Up Fast & Furious 8 '' . Empire . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : The Universal Pictures Presentation '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Helmer Chris Renaud On Corporate Synergy , Visual Inspirations And The Comedy Of Louis C.K. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Serto , Dan . `` Chris Renaud Talks ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . AWN . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Elsa Keslassy ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat to Score ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets ( Original Motion Picture Score ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets '' . IMAX . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fullscreen Movie Night - The Secret Life of Pets - VidCon '' . VidCon . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` From Illumination Entertainment and Universal Pictures : The Secret Life of Pets '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Crosses $800 M As Illumination Lights Up $4 B+ In Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Becomes Fifth - Biggest Wholly Original Hit Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` No. 1 ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Could Hit $60 M Opening , According To Some Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Animation Set to Reign Again as ' Secret Life of Pets ' Eyes $80 + Million Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Digs Up Huge $5.33 M Thursday For Possible $100 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST RELEASES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Barking Up $90 M - $100 M Opening ; ' Mike And Dave ' Eyes $13 M - $14 M -- Midday B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock and Rebecca Ford ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Heading for Stellar $97 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Snags Huge $38 M Friday , Aims For $100 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolf1 ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box office : Secret Life of Pets roars past $100 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Wakes Up Summer 's Second Half With $104 M+ Opening -- B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Bites Off Huge $103.2 M Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CS ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets Opens to a Big $103.2 Million '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' No. 2 With $46 M , Slimed By ' Secret Life of Pets ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Up $59.6 M ; ' Ice Age 5 ' Bombs With $21 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets ' Wags Past $400 M Global ; Sets Sequel Release Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universal '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Independence Day Resurgence ' Lands With $100 M Overseas Start ; ' Dory ' Nears $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $19.3 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' Resurgence ' Rises To $175.8 M ; China Shells Out For ' TMNT2 ' -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jason Bourne ' Supreme With $50.1 M Bow & Franchise Records -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets ' Woofs It Past $500 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Pictures ' Pets ' Collars $674 M WW ; ' Suicide Squad ' Necks $575 M Through Sunday -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad 's Offshore Bow Rises To $133.3 M Topping ' Deadpool ' -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 puts the frighteners on gods and turtles at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets repels alien invasion at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Wins as Revenue Share Rises Despite Brexit - Driven Pound Drop '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Independence Day 2 ' Underwhelms With $41.6 M ; ' Finding Dory ' Sprints to $73.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ab Fab ad campaign makes Edina and Patsy toast of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets beats Tarzan to the top of the tree at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics Overseas As Chinese Summer & Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Kick Into Gear -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' $30 M Debut ; ' Lights Out ' $8.5 M ; Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Nails $64 M Bow -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Kozlov ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Russia Box Office : Summer Gross Sets Record in Rubles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad 's Offshore Bow Rises To $133.3 M Topping ' Deadpool ' Comp -- Intl Box Office Hot Actuals '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bourne ' Back At # 1 ; ' Ice Age ' Skates Across $300 M Offshore ; ' Pets ' Prances Past $700 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Into China With $31.3 M Bow ; ' Pets ' Woofs It Past $750 M WW - International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sully ' Flies Higher In Offshore Debut ; ' Suicide Squad ' Squashes $700 M WW -- International Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Tops Overseas Again As ' Magnificent 7 ' Corrals $19.2 M & ' Storks ' Bundles $18.3 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Nears $100 M Overseas ; ' Girl On The Train ' Chugs $16.5 M ; ' A Monster Calls ' In Spain -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Local Adventure ' Time Raiders ' Romps to $71 M , Unversal 's ' Pets ' Nears $30 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Time Raiders ' Runs Away With $65 Million Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Growth Returns in August After Prolonged Downturn '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Just fur fun , peeking at ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . npr.org . NPR . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of Pets ' : Louis C.K. and Kevin Hart in animated treat for pet lovers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sim , Jonathan ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` How ' The Secret Life of Pets ' is RIPPING OFF Toy Story '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets - Toy Story with Animals , No Ambition '' . The Escapist . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Is a Silly , Poor Excuse for a ' Toy Story ' Retread '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . annieawards.org . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Foster , Elizabeth ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Horrible Histories , TrueTube lead BAFTA Children 's noms '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Children 's BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Film '' . awards.bafta.org . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-nominations-2016/ Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight , ' ' Birth of a Nation ' and ' Loving ' score big with NAACP Image Award nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary. `` 2017 Producers Guild Film Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life of Pets 2 ' in the Works , Set for 2018 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing 2 ' Set for Christmas Day 2020 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Pictures , Illumination Parts Ways With Louis C.K. On ' Secret Life Of Pets 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Harrison Ford Takes First Animated Role , In Illumination 's ' The Secret Life Of Pets 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Secret Life of Pets Official website The Secret Life of Pets on IMDb The Secret Life of Pets at Rotten Tomatoes The Secret Life of Pets at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Chris Renaud No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Despicable Me ( 2010 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Illumination Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff List of unproduced Universal Pictures animated projects 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Comedy portal Animals portal Film in the United States portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_Pets&oldid=856970082 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 animated films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films American films American 3D films American animated films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about animals Animated films about birds Animated films about cats Animated films about dogs Animated films about revenge Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films about birds Films about cats Films about dogs Films about rabbits and hares Films about revenge Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring pets Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in New York City Illumination Entertainment animated films IMAX films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 18 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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1381857886763162670	Vikaspuri	Vikaspuri - Wikipedia Vikaspuri This is an old revision of this page , as edited by UnaNocheLoca ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 56 , 28 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 14 : 56 , 28 August 2017 by UnaNocheLoca ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for geographic features . 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( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vikas Puri विकासपुरी Vikas Puri suburb Vikas Puri Location in India Coordinates : 28 ° 38 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 30 '' E / 28.63333 ° N 77.07500 ° E / 28.63333 ; 77.07500 Coordinates : 28 ° 38 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 30 '' E / 28.63333 ° N 77.07500 ° E / 28.63333 ; 77.07500 Country India State National Capital Territory of Delhi District West Delhi Government Body Municipal Corporation of Delhi Languages Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 110018 Telephone code 011 Lok Sabha constituency Outer Delhi Civic agency Municipal Corporation of Delhi Vikaspuri is a residential colony in Delhi , India . It comes under the Patel Nagar subzone of West Delhi . Vikaspuri has the pincode 110018 . It is divided into nine major blocks -- A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , J and M. It also has a nearby colony named Shankar Garden . H Block is divided into sub-blocks H-I , H - II and H - III . Mahinder Yadav of Aam Aadmi Party is the MLA of Vikaspuri . Two DDA apartment blocks ( opposite JG - 2 block ) , named Vikaspuri Extension pocket - A and pocket - B are across the Outer Ring Road , on either side of Manohar Nagar Gurudwara . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Entertainment 3 Connectivity 3.1 Metro 3.2 Other modes 4 Educational institutions 5 Distances 6 Facilities 6.1 Banks 6.2 Restaurants 6.3 Coffee shops and ice cream parlors 7 See also 8 References History Vikaspuri is a planned urban area started by the Delhi Development Authority in the 1980s , it boomed in population in the late 1990s . Entertainment Vikaspuri is known for its suburban life and AEZ Square , which houses PVR Vikaspuri a multiplex , restaurants like McDonald 's and Domino 's Pizza and many smaller markets that are connected to each block of the larger town . Shopping at Delhi Haat at the District Centre , Janakpuri for handicrafts made by local artisans and there is a 24x7 service convenience store . Vikaspuri is approximately 3 km from the Westend Mall in neighbouring Janakpuri which adds to the shopping and eating experience. The Janak Puri Club in the adjoining town of Vikaspuri includes sports like swimming and gym and organizes parties and it makes Vikaspuri one of the highly connected townships of Delhi . The rapid urbanisation of Delhi has led to mushrooming of such societies all over the city -- noted societies are now coming out at Rohini and Dwarka . There 's a mall being built by the Reliance group of industries on Virjanand Marg ( near D - Block ) . Bus numbers 883 , 825A , 410A , 816A , 588A , and 805A pass by the Virjanand Marg Bus Stop and are the best transport route to the new mall . Connectivity Metro Delhi Metro 's Blue Line ( Dwarka Sector - 21 - Vaishali / Noida City Center ) Janakpuri ( West ) and Uttam Nagar ( East ) stations are approximately at equal distance from Vikaspuri . Rickshaws , Gramin Sewa or operated rickshaw go from these Metro stations to Vikaspuri . The Blue Line connects Vikaspuri to Connaught Place , Pragati Maidan , Anand Vihar ISBT and Vaishali . The line is being extended to the airport via Dwarka . Vikaspuri will benefit from the Delhi Metro 's Phase III which will be completed by March 2016 . The Janakpuri ( West ) - Noida Botanical garden line will connect commuters to major places like IIT Delhi , Hauz Khas , IGI Domestic Airport , Nehru Place and others . Other modes In all parts cycle - rikshaws and autorikshaws can be found easily . Gramin Sewa Autos ply on Virjanand Marg ( Uttam Nagar East Metro - PVR Vikaspuri - H - Block Vikaspuri ) . Recently motor - powered low - height four - seater rickshaws have come up but are relatively uncommon . You can get them from the Janakpuri West metro station . Educational institutions There are many public and government senior secondary schools . Amongst them , the best school with surplus facilities is KR Mangalam World School . Others include Adarsh Public School , Kendriya Vidyalaya , St Cecilia 's Public School , Kerala School , Banasthali Public School , Columbia Foundation School , V.V.D.A.V. Public School , Brain International School , Oxford Sr. Sec . School , Rama Krishna Sr. Secondary School , Kamal Public Sr Sec School , Mamta Modern Sr. Sec . School , Govt . Sarvodaya Girls Sr. Sec . School , Holy Innocents Public School . There are many famous playschools -- Footprints : Play School & Day Care Creche , Droplets , CPS Junior School ( part of St Cecilia 's Public School ) , Adarsh Kindergarten ( part of Adarsh Public School ) , Bachpan Play School and others . Distances International Airport T3 : 16 km Connaught Place : 20 km New Delhi Railway Station : 20 km Old Delhi Railway Station : 18 km Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station : 28 km Facilities Banks Allahabad Bank Axis Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank HDFC Bank IDBI Bank ICICI Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank South Indian Bank State Bank Of Hyderabad State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India Yes Bank Corporation Bank Restaurants Domino 's Pizza Hut ( delivery only ) McDonald 's Sagar Ratna Dolphins Grillz Kathi Rolls Monica Cafe red hot ( Chinese Cuisine ) Coffee shops and ice cream parlors Cafe Coffee Day Giani 's See also West Delhi References Jump up ^ `` MCD West Delhi Website '' . Jump up ^ http://www.india.com/news/india/delhi-assembly-election-constituency-wise-results-2015-complete-list-of-winning-mlas-277522/ Jump up ^ `` Official Press Release '' . Jump up ^ `` Bachpan Play School '' . Bachpanglobal.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . ( hide ) Neighbourhoods of Delhi Ashok Nagar Ashok Vihar Ashram Chowk Ber Sarai Chanakyapuri Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazaar Chittaranjan Park Civil Lines Connaught Place Daryaganj Dayanand Colony Defence Colony Delhi Cantonment Derawal Nagar Dhaula Kuan Dilshad Garden Dwarka Sub City Faridabad Gandhi Nagar Geetanjali Enclave Ghaziabad Gole Market Govindpuri Greater Kailash Green Park Gulmohar Park Gurgaon Hauz Khas Inder Puri Indirapuram Jangpura Janakpuri Kailash Colony Kalkaji Kamla Nagar Kapasheda Karol Bagh Kashmere Gate Kirti Nagar Kotla Mubarakpur Lajpat Nagar Laxmibai Nagar Laxmi Nagar Lutyens ' Delhi Malviya Nagar Mayapuri Mayur Vihar Meera Bagh Mehrauli Model Town Munirka Najafgarh Nehru Place New Friends Colony Netaji Nagar New Delhi Nizamuddin East Nizamuddin West Noida Okhla Old Delhi Paharganj Palam Palika Bazaar Pandav Nagar Paschim Vihar Patel Nagar Patparganj Pitam Pura Preet Vihar Punjabi Bagh Raisina Hill Rajouri Garden Rajendra Nagar Ramakrishna Puram Rohini Sadar Bazaar Safdarjung Saket Sarita Vihar Sarojini Nagar Shahdara Shahpur Jat Shalimar Bagh Shastri Park Shivaji Place Shiv Ram Park South Extension Tilak Nagar Urdu Bazar Vasant Kunj Vasant Vihar Vasundhara Enclave Vikaspuri West Patel Nagar Yamuna Vihar Landmarks Hindu temples Museums Power stations Topics Universities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikaspuri&oldid=797671023 '' Categories : Cities and towns in West Delhi district Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from August 2017 All articles needing copy edit Articles with topics of unclear notability from August 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with peacock terms from August 2017 All articles with peacock terms Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Languages اردو Edit links This version of the page has been revised . 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1534609365810090452	United States Ambassador to Ireland	United States ambassador to Ireland - wikipedia United States ambassador to Ireland Jump to : navigation , search Ambassador of the United States of America to Ireland Seal of the United States Department of State Incumbent Reece Smyth since January 20 , 2017 Chargé d'Affaires a.i. Residence Deerfield Residence Nominator The President of the United States Inaugural holder Frederick A. Sterling ( envoy ) George A. Garrett ( amb . ) Formation 1927 ( envoy ) 1950 ( ambassador ) Website U.S. Embassy in Ireland Embassy of the United States , Dublin The United States Ambassador to Ireland is the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary from the United States of America to the Republic of Ireland . It is considered a highly prestigious position within the United States Foreign Service . The chief of mission for the United States in Ireland held the title of envoy from 1927 through 1950 , and six people served in the role . Since 1950 , the title has been ambassador , and 23 people have served in the role . Only the first envoy , Frederick A. Sterling , was a career Foreign Service Officer -- other envoys , and all ambassadors to date , have been non-career appointees . The first four envoys were commissioned to the Irish Free State , prior to the formation of the Republic of Ireland . The ambassador and embassy staff at large work at the Ballsbridge Chancery of the Embassy of the United States , Dublin . Deerfield Residence is the official residence of the ambassador , located in the Phoenix Park , Dublin . Kevin O'Malley , an Irish American St. Louis attorney , was the most recent ambassador . O'Malley was nominated by President Barack Obama on June 5 , 2014 , confirmed by the United States Senate on September 18 , 2014 , sworn - in by Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State John Kerry on September 30 , 2014 , and presented his credentials to Irish President Michael D. Higgins on October 8 , 2014 . O'Malley served until January 20 , 2017 , the date of the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump . In December 2016 , Maggie Haberman of The New York Times reported that then president - elect Trump intended to name Brian P. Burns as the next ambassador to Ireland . However , in June 2017 , Burns withdrew his name from consideration , due to ill health . Reece Smyth is the current chargé d'affaires of the U.S. Embassy in Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chiefs of Mission 1.1 Envoys 1.2 Ambassadors 1.3 Other nominees 1.4 Chargé d'affaires 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Chiefs of mission ( edit ) Envoys ( edit ) Until 1950 , the official title was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary . No . Name Appointed Presentation of Credentials Termination of Mission Days in Office Notes Frederick A. Sterling February 19 , 1927 July 27 , 1927 March 7 , 1934 2415 W.W. McDowell January 15 , 1934 March 27 , 1934 April 9 , 1934 13 Alvin Mansfield Owsley May 15 , 1935 June 27 , 1935 July 7 , 1937 741 John Cudahy May 28 , 1937 August 23 , 1937 January 15 , 1940 875 5 David Gray February 16 , 1940 April 15 , 1940 June 28 , 1947 2630 6 George A. Garrett April 10 , 1947 July 28 , 1947 April 18 , 1950 995 ^ E1 Commissioned to the Irish Free State ^ E2 Died in office ( while in Ireland ) ^ E3 Promoted to Ambassador Ambassadors ( edit ) Since 1950 , the official title has been Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary . No . Name Appointed Presentation of Credentials Termination of Mission Days in Office Notes George A. Garrett March 17 , 1950 April 18 , 1950 May 27 , 1951 404 Francis P. Matthews July 6 , 1951 October 22 , 1951 September 7 , 1952 321 William Howard Taft III April 2 , 1953 May 13 , 1953 June 25 , 1957 1504 R.W. Scott McLeod May 9 , 1957 July 17 , 1957 March 15 , 1961 1337 5 Edward G. Stockdale March 29 , 1961 May 17 , 1961 July 7 , 1962 416 6 Matthew H. McCloskey July 12 , 1962 July 19 , 1962 June 7 , 1964 689 7 Raymond R. Guest March 11 , 1965 April 28 , 1965 June 7 , 1968 1136 8 Leo J. Sheridan September 26 , 1968 November 1 , 1968 June 1 , 1969 212 9 John D.J. Moore April 19 , 1969 June 23 , 1969 June 30 , 1975 2198 10 Walter J.P. Curley Jr . July 23 , 1975 September 18 , 1975 May 2 , 1977 592 11 William V. Shannon June 22 , 1977 July 20 , 1977 June 7 , 1981 1418 12 Peter H. Dailey March 15 , 1982 April 30 , 1982 January 15 , 1984 625 13 Robert F. Kane February 28 , 1984 March 6 , 1984 May 29 , 1985 449 14 Margaret M. Heckler December 17 , 1985 January 30 , 1986 August 20 , 1989 1298 15 Richard A. Moore August 7 , 1989 September 19 , 1989 June 15 , 1992 1000 16 William H.G. FitzGerald June 15 , 1992 June 26 , 1992 June 5 , 1993 344 17 Jean Kennedy Smith June 17 , 1993 June 24 , 1993 September 17 , 1998 1911 18 Michael J. Sullivan October 22 , 1998 January 21 , 1999 June 20 , 2001 881 19 Richard J. Egan August 29 , 2001 September 10 , 2001 January 31 , 2003 508 20 James C. Kenny October 6 , 2003 October 31 , 2003 August 13 , 2006 1017 21 Thomas C. Foley August 28 , 2006 October 18 , 2006 January 22 , 2009 827 22 Daniel M. Rooney July 1 , 2009 July 3 , 2009 December 14 , 2012 1260 23 Kevin F. O'Malley September 18 , 2014 October 8 , 2014 January 20 , 2017 835 ^ A1 Died in office ( while in the United States ) ^ A2 Interred in Ireland ^ A3 Still living Other nominees ( edit ) Deerfield Residence , official residence of the Ambassador Appointed or nominated , but did not serve . W.W. McDowell Appointment : September 13 , 1933 . Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; did not serve under this appointment . Reappointed in January 1934 . William E. McCann Note : Not commissioned ; nomination of March 17 , 1981 , not acted upon by the Senate . Chargé d'affaires ( edit ) Interim chiefs of mission . Stuart A. Dwyer September 2013 -- October 2014 Reece Smyth January 2017 -- present See also ( edit ) Embassy of the United States , Dublin Deerfield Residence -- Official residence of the ambassador Ireland -- United States relations Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland Ambassadors of the United States Embassy of Ireland in Washington , D.C. References ( edit ) United States Department of State : Background notes on Ireland ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs of Mission for Ireland '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy History '' . U.S. Embassy in Ireland . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of Ambassador 's Residence '' . U.S. Embassy in Ireland . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carswell , Simon ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` US nominates Missouri lawyer as next Irish ambassador '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Carswell , Simon ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` O'Malley approved as US ambassador to Ireland '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Dowd , Niall . `` NYT reporter tweets Trump ready to name Brian Burns as US Ambassador '' . Irish Central . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish - American withdraws as Trump 's nominee for US ambassador '' . RTÉ . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump is yet to select an Irish ambassador but a Texan is keeping the seat warm '' . TheJournal.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm ( Background Notes ) . External links ( edit ) United States Department of State : Chiefs of Mission for Ireland United States Department of State : Ireland United States Embassy in Ireland Twitter account ( verified ) of the United States Ambassador to Ireland United States Ambassadors to Ireland Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ( 1927 -- 50 ) Commissioned to the Irish Free State Frederick A. Sterling ( 1927 -- 34 ) W.W. McDowell ( 1934 ) Alvin M. Owsley ( 1935 -- 37 ) John Cudahy ( 1937 -- 40 ) Commissioned to the Republic of Ireland David Gray ( 1940 -- 47 ) George A. Garrett ( 1947 -- 50 ) Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary ( 1950 -- present ) George A. Garrett ( 1950 -- 51 ) Francis P. Matthews ( 1951 -- 52 ) William Howard Taft III ( 1953 -- 57 ) R.W. Scott McLeod ( 1957 -- 61 ) Edward G. Stockdale ( 1961 -- 62 ) Matthew H. McCloskey ( 1962 -- 64 ) Raymond R. Guest ( 1965 -- 68 ) Leo J. Sheridan ( 1968 -- 69 ) John D.J. Moore ( 1969 -- 75 ) Walter J.P. Curley Jr. ( 1975 -- 77 ) William V. Shannon ( 1977 -- 81 ) Peter H. Dailey ( 1982 -- 84 ) Robert F. Kane ( 1984 -- 85 ) Margaret M. Heckler ( 1985 -- 89 ) Richard A. Moore ( 1989 -- 92 ) William H.G. FitzGerald ( 1992 -- 93 ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( 1993 -- 98 ) Michael J. Sullivan ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Richard J. Egan ( 2001 -- 03 ) James C. Kenny ( 2003 -- 06 ) Thomas C. Foley ( 2006 -- 09 ) Daniel M. Rooney ( 2009 -- 12 ) Kevin F. 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4175613960755900630	M&M's	M&M 's - wikipedia M&M 's Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the candy . For other uses , see M&M . M&M 's Owner Mars , Incorporated Country United States Introduced February 28 , 1941 ; 77 years ago ( 1941 - 02 - 28 ) Related brands Minstrels , Revels , Treets Markets Worldwide ( over 100 countries ) Website www.mms.com M&M 's are `` colorful button - shaped chocolates '' , each of which has the letter `` m '' printed in lower case on one side , surrounds a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M 's . The original candy had a milk chocolate filling which , upon introducing other variations , was branded as the `` plain '' variety . `` Peanut '' M&M 's , which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate , and finally a candy shell , were the first variation to be introduced , and they remain a regular variety . Numerous other variations have been introduced , some of which are regular widespread varieties ( such as `` peanut butter '' , `` almond '' , `` pretzel '' , `` crispy '' , `` dark chocolate '' , and `` caramel '' ) while others are limited in duration or geographic availability . M&M 's is the flagship product of the Mars Wrigley Confectionery division of Mars , Incorporated . The candy originated in the United States in 1941 , and are sold in over 100 countries , since 2003 . More than 400 million individual M&M 's are produced every day in the United States . They are produced in different colors , some of which have changed over the years . The candy - coated chocolate concept was inspired by a method used to allow soldiers to carry chocolate in warm climates without having it melt . The company 's longest - lasting slogan reflects this : `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . '' A traditional milk chocolate M&M weighs about 0.91 grams / 0.032 ounces and has about 4.7 kilocalories ( kcal ) of food energy ( 1.7 kcal from fat ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1930 - 70s 1.2 1980s 1.3 1990s 1.4 2000s 1.5 2010s 2 Varieties 3 Marketing 3.1 E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial 3.2 Marketing campaigns 3.3 Joint marketing campaigns 3.4 Related brands 4 M&M 's characters 5 Color changes in chocolate M&M 's 6 Health concerns 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 1930 - 70s ( edit ) Plain / Milk Chocolate M&M 's were introduced in 1941 . Forrest Mars , Sr. , son of the Mars Company founder , Frank C. Mars , copied the idea for the candy in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating British - made Smarties , chocolate pellets with a colored shell of what confectioners call hard panning ( essentially hardened sugar syrup ) surrounding the outside , preventing the candies from melting . Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3 , 1941 . Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill , Newark , New Jersey . When the company was founded it was M&M Limited . The two `` Ms '' represent the names of Forrest E. Mars Sr. , the founder of Newark Company , and Bruce Murrie , son of Hershey Chocolate 's president William F.R. Murrie , who had a 20 percent share in the product . The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate , as Hershey had control of the rationed chocolate at the time . M&M 's chocolate candy in cross-section with millimeter ruler for scale . Shows layers of hard panned coating . The company 's first big customer was the U.S. army , which saw the invention as a way to allow soldiers to carry chocolate in tropical climates without it melting . During World War II , the candies were exclusively sold to the military . The resulting demand for the candies caused an increase in production and the company moved its factory to bigger quarters at 200 North 12th Street in Newark , New Jersey , where it remained until 1958 when it moved to a bigger factory at Hackettstown . Peanut M&M 's were introduced in 1954 . In 1949 , the brand released the tagline `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . '' Peanut butter M&M 's . ( Not to be confused with Peanut M&Ms ) In 1950 , a black `` M '' was imprinted on the candies giving them a unique trademark . It was changed to white in 1954 . In the early 1950s , the Midwest Research Institute ( now MRIGlobal ) in Kansas City , Missouri , worked on behalf of M&M 's to perfect a process whereby 3,300 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) of chocolate centers could be coated every hour . Peanut M&M 's were introduced in 1954 but first appeared only in the color tan . In 1960 , M&M 's added the yellow , red , and green colors . In 1976 , the color orange was added to the mix to replace red , which was discontinued in response to the `` red dye scare '' over Red Dyes # 2 and # 4 having been evaluated to be carcinogenic in nature . Although M&M 's were made with the less controversial Red Dye # 40 , the public was wary of any food being dyed red . Red M&M 's were re-introduced in 1987 . 1980s ( edit ) In the 1980s , M&M 's were introduced internationally to Australia , Canada , Europe , Hong Kong , Japan , Malaysia , and the United Kingdom . Although they were marketed and then withdrawn in the 1960s , almond - centered M&M 's were available again in 1988 in limited release , with appearances only during Christmas and Easter times ; they became a standard part of the product line in 1992 . Also in 1986 , M&M 's launched Holidays Chocolate Candies for Easter and Christmas , with the Easter candies having bunny , chick , and egg symbols on pastel - colored shells , and the Christmas candies having pine tree , bell , and candle symbols on red and green shells ; with the latter also having a special mint flavor . By 1993 , the holiday symbols were replaced with the standard trademark `` M '' . 1990s ( edit ) In 1991 , Peanut Butter M&M 's were released . These candies have peanut butter inside the chocolate center and the same color scheme as the other varieties . As of at least 2013 , the size of the peanut butter M&M has become slightly smaller . In 1995 , tan M&Ms were discontinued to be replaced by blue . In 1996 , Mars introduced `` M&M 's Minis '' , smaller candies usually sold in plastic tubes instead of bags . In 1999 , Crispy M&M 's were released . They were slightly larger than the milk chocolate variety and also featured a crispy wafer center . They were discontinued in the United States in 2005 and remained available in Europe , and Southeast Asia . In January 2015 , they returned to production in the United States . 2000s ( edit ) In July 2001 , Dulce de Leche M&M 's were introduced in five markets with large Hispanic populations : Los Angeles , California ; San Diego , California ; Miami , Florida ; Mcallen - Brownsville , Texas ; and San Antonio , Texas . The flavor never became popular with the Hispanic community , who preferred existing M&M 's flavors , and it was discontinued in most areas by early 2003 . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Pretzel M&M 's were released . They contain a crunchy , salty pretzel center inside of the chocolate coating and are about the same size as the Peanut M&M 's , but their shape tends to be more spherical . In 2013 , the M&M 's chocolate bar was re-released . It was originally released in 2004 and named M - Azing . In 2014 , Mega M&M 's were re-introduced . Before then , the ' Mega M&M 's ' had been released in 2007 promoting the Shrek Movies , being dubbed `` Ogre - Sized M&M 's '' . In 2015 , Crispy M&M 's were re-introduced in the United States . They had remained available continuously in Europe and Australia . In 2016 , the M&M cookie was re-introduced in the United States . Also in 2016 , the M&M 's flavor vote was created in which the fans could vote for either honey , coffee , or chili nut M&M 's to go with peanut M&M 's . Coffee Nuts was announced as the winner by VEEP 's Tony Hale In April 2017 , M&M 's chocolate blocks went on sale in Australia . Six varieties ( milk chocolate , strawberry , crispy , hazelnut , crispy mint and almond ) are available . Also in 2017 , Caramel M&M 's were released in the United States . Varieties ( edit ) M&M 's varieties have included the following sizes and fillings . Note that some have only been made available for a limited time , such as white cheesecake for Easter , pumpkin spice or white candy corn for Halloween , and White Strawberry Shortcake for Valentine 's Day . sizes : regular ( in the following flavors ) , minis , mega ( × 3 the chocolate ) and the `` chocolate bar '' . chocolate : milk chocolate , dark chocolate , white chocolate nut : peanuts , almonds , hazelnuts , peanut butter , dark chocolate peanut , strawberried peanut butter , strawberry nut spice and herb : mint chocolate , cinnamon , pumpkin spice , white chocolate peppermint , holiday mint , gingerbread , mint crisp , pumpkin spice latte , mocha , coffee nut , honey nut , and chili nut . fruit : orange chocolate , cherry , raspberry , cherry cordial , pineapple , coconut , candy apple dessert : pretzel , birthday cake , white chocolate candy corn , red velvet , dulce de leche , white chocolate carrot cake , vanilla shake , crispy , three milks ( tres leches ) , pecan pie , and caramel . colors : Easter regularly sees pastel - colored candies and Christmas bags have green and red only Marketing ( edit ) Over the years , marketing has helped build and expand the M&M 's brand . Computer - animated graphics , personification of the candies as characters with cartoon - like storytelling , and various merchandising techniques including the introduction of new flavors , colors and customizable merchandise have helped to increase the brand 's recognition as a candy icon . E.T. : the Extra-Terrestrial ( edit ) In 1982 , the Mars candy bar company rejected the inclusion of M&M 's in the new Steven Spielberg movie E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial . Competitor Hershey , on the other hand , took a chance with their Reese 's Pieces , which is similar to M&M 's but contains a peanut butter filling , and with the blockbuster success , its candy sales dramatically increased , perhaps by as much as 300 % . Marketing campaigns ( edit ) In the early 1980s , its slogan was `` All the World Loves M&M 's , '' accompanied by a TV jingle of the same name . Actor Joel Higgins , then co-starring in the NBC - TV sitcom Silver Spoons , co-wrote the song . In 1990 , M&M 's exhibited at New York 's Erie County Fair a life - size fiberglass cow covered with 66,000 M&M candies -- each adhered by hand with the `` m '' logo on each candy facing outward . According to a website run by the cow 's designer , Michael Adams , the stunt earned M&M Mars $1 million in free publicity because it was reported on by Newsweek magazine , as well as the New York Post , UPI and WABC - TV , and Live with Regis . In 1995 , the company ran the M&M 's Color Campaign , a contest in which participants were given the choice of selecting purple , blue , or pink as the color of a new variety of M&M 's . The announcement of the winning color ( blue ) was carried on most of the television networks ' news programs as well as the talk shows of David Letterman and Jay Leno . As part of the contest results , the company had the Empire State Building lighted in blue . Although the financial details of these deals were not disclosed and neither was the campaign 's effect on sales , one marketing book estimated that the company `` collected millions '' in free publicity and that the campaign `` certainly '' resulted in an increasing of the brand 's awareness . In 1998 , M&M 's were styled as `` The Official Candy of the New Millennium , '' as MM is the Roman numeral for 2000 . This date was also the release of the rainbow M&M 's , which are multi-colored and filled with a variety of different fillings . In 2000 , `` Plain '' M&M 's ( a name created in 1954 when `` Peanut '' M&M 's were introduced ) were renamed `` Milk Chocolate '' M&M 's , and pictures of the candy pieces were added to the traditional brown and white packaging . In 2004 , M&M 's adopted the 1967 Petula Clark song Colour My World for its TV ads , albeit using newly recorded versions with other singers . Joint marketing campaigns ( edit ) In 1990 , Mars Snackfood US signed up to be a sponsor for NASCAR in the Sprint Cup Series . Drivers for the M&M 's - sponsored car through the years have included Ernie Irvan ( 1999 ) , Ken Schrader ( 2000 -- 02 ) , Eliott Sadler ( 2003 -- 06 ) , Ricky Rudd ( 2007 ) , David Gilliland ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Kyle Busch ( 2008 - current , won 2015 Sprint Cup Series Championship ) , and Michael McDowell . The introduction of the blue M&M to Australia was promoted by the Australian Football League 's Carlton Football Club , which wore sky - blue colored guernseys in one of its matches in 1997 instead of its traditional navy blue -- a color which the successful and fiercely traditional club had worn since the 1870s . In 2010 , Mars Snackfood Australia described it as the most successful promotional campaign it had ever engaged in . In April 2005 , M&M 's ran the `` mPire '' promotion to tie in with the Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith movie release . M&M 's were offered in dark chocolate varieties ( Regular and Peanut ) for the first time after a string of Addams Family M&M 's commercials . M&M 's World London In May 2004 , M&M 's ran a Shrek 2 promotion to tie in with the movie 's release . M&M 's were offered `` ogre - sized '' ( 65 % larger ) in swamp / ogre colors . They were sold at many stores displayed in huge cardboard - cutout ogre displays . In the summer of 2005 , Mars added `` Mega M&M 's '' to the lineup . These candies , at 55 % larger than the traditional M&M 's , were a little smaller than the ogre - sized version . They were available in milk chocolate and peanut varieties . The colors for Mega M&M 's were changed to less - bright colors , ostensibly to appeal to older consumers : teal ( replacing green ) , beige ( replacing orange ) , maroon ( replacing red ) , gold ( replacing yellow ) , blue - gray ( replacing blue ) , and brown . Outside of M&M 's World in Times Square , New York City In July 2006 , Dark Chocolate M&M 's reappeared in a purple package , followed in 2007 by Dark Chocolate Peanut M&M 's . Also in 2006 , the company piloted White Chocolate M&M 's as a tie - in with their `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' promotion . The company also offered eight new flavors of M&M 's via online sales , as well as at M&M 's World locations : `` All That Razz '' ; `` Eat , Drink , & Be Cherry '' ; `` A Day at the Peach '' ; `` Orange - U-Glad '' ; `` Mint Condition '' ; `` AlmonDeeLicious '' ; `` Nut What You Think '' ; and `` Cookie Monster '' . Mars also released a `` Crispy Mint '' variety in Australia that year . The M&M 's sponsored NASCAR stock car driven by Kyle Busch Also in 2006 , M&M 's became the official chocolate of NASCAR . In 2007 , M&M 's introduced a limited - edition raspberry flavor called `` M&M 's Razzberry Chocolate Candies '' . Also in 2007 , M&M 's produced a 50 - foot , smiling Lady Liberty M&M statue to kick off a campaign encouraging Americans to create their own M&M characters at mms.com . The website allows for people to log in and create their own character from scratch . They can choose features such as the color , shape , hair , and accessories . In 2008 , two limited - edition varieties of the candy were introduced -- `` Wildly Cherry '' M&M 's , and , as a marketing tie - in with the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , `` Mint Crisp '' M&M 's . M&M 's also introduced another new product called `` M&M 's Premiums '' in 2008 . They come in five flavors -- chocolate almond , mint chocolate , mocha , raspberry almond , and triple chocolate ( milk , dark , and white chocolate ) , which are sold in small upright cartons with a plastic bag inside . M&M 's Premiums do not have a candy shell but are coated with carnauba wax and color . Dark Chocolate was added in 2009 , replacing Mocha . During the summer of 2008 , My M&M 's launched ' Faces , ' which allows consumers to print the faces of loved ones on M&M 's chocolate candies at mymms.com . In February 2009 , M&M 's launched the `` M&M 's Colour Break - Up '' promotion in Australia where M&M 's were sold in separate packs ( one for each color ) : the packs included a code to win prizes . In Summer 2009 , M&M 's launched a limited - edition `` Strawberried Peanut Butter '' variant to tie in with the release of Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . In addition , M&M 's launched a limited edition `` Coconut M&M 's , '' which became a permanent item in 2010 . M&M 's World on the Las Vegas Strip In early 2010 , M&M 's Bare All were released as part of a competition in Australia and New Zealand . M&M 's Bare All winning packs were ordinary M&M 's , but without colored shells . An official website was launched , along with television advertisements . In April 2010 , M&M 's launched a new pretzel variety . In November 2011 , Mars released M&M 's Cinnamon Milk Chocolate for Christmas . About the time pretzel M&M 's came out , the M&M 's wrapper designs in the U.S. were redone , from the old design , used from 2004 - early 2010 . In 2012 , M&M 's released two new Dark Chocolate flavors : Raspberry and Mint . Also that year , M&M 's released a White Chocolate flavor for the Easter season . From May 30 , 2012 , onwards , M&M 's will be launched in Macau . Its Macanese launch language is Portuguese . In 2012 , Peanut M&M 's were produced in the UK in a limited edition `` Red , White and Blues only '' pack , in connection with the country 's Diamond Jubilee and 2012 Summer Olympics . The ' M ' remains white on the white candies . The commercial advertising this promotional package had Yellow donning various outfits of British stereotypes to try to get into the limited edition pack . Similarly , to promote the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Peanut M&M 's were produced in a pack that contained only green , yellow , and blue candies , dubbed `` Brazilian M&M 's '' in reference to the colors of the flag of Brazil . `` Brazilian M&M 's '' were re-released in 2016 to promote the 2016 Summer Olympics , but are now available in both Chocolate and Peanut . In 2013 , M&M 's launched the `` Better with M '' campaign , which included cause - related marketing . The campaign worked with Habitat for Humanity and encouraged fans to use a Facebook app to volunteer at the various sites where the homes were being built . The advertising campaign was one of the largest that Mars had ever executed . The 2013 `` America Better With M '' initiative sough to provide money directly to Habitat for Humanity through offering limited versions of M&Ms in red , white and blue . Related brands ( edit ) Related candy brands from Mars include Minstrels , Revels , Skittles , and Treets . M&M 's World specialty shops have been established in some locations , including Las Vegas , Orlando , New York , London , and Shanghai . Several M&Ms - themed video games have been created . The first was M&M 's : The Lost Formulas , released on September 28 , 2000 . M&M 's characters ( edit ) The six `` spokescandies '' for M&M 's since 2012 Early black - and - white adverts for the candy in 1954 featured two talking , anthropomorphic M&M characters -- one plain and one peanut -- diving into a swimming pool full of chocolate . The first incarnation of the characters in CGI was a 1994 celebrity campaign which had the characters interacting with celebrities on which M&Ms candy color is their favorite . This campaign was created by Blue Sky Studios . Concurrent with 1995 's blue M&M campaign , M&M 's introduced second computer - animated `` spokescandies '' in their television commercials . The depiction and campaign of the M&M 's were made by Will Vinton in 1995 . Vinton previously created the clay - animation California Raisins in 1986 . Around the time he worked on CGI projects , he made the depiction of the M&M 's as more mature than most food mascots . These include the team of the cynical and sardonic Red ( originally voiced by Jon Lovitz , thereafter Billy West ) who is the mascot for milk chocolate , peanut butter , and crispy M&M 's , and the happy and gullible , M&M 's , Yellow ( originally voiced by John Goodman , thereafter J.K. Simmons ) , who is the mascot for peanut M&M 's ( he was originally known as `` Peanut '' when first introduced ) . Other mascots include the `` cool one '' , Blue ( voiced by Phil Hartman until his death in 1998 , thereafter Robb Pruitt ) who is the mascot for almond M&M 's ; the seductive Green ( voiced by Cree Summer ) , who is the mascot for both dark chocolate mint and peanut butter M&M 's , and the slightly neurotic Orange ( voiced by Eric Kirchberger ) , who was introduced when Crispy M&M 's were first released and returned when Pretzel M&M 's debuted in 2010 . Orange , upon his return , was joined by the second non-M&M mascot , Pretzel Guy ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) , who `` supports '' him and offers helpful advice as he hates the idea of having a pretzel put inside his body . Other mascots that were introduced , but no longer used , are Almond , the original green guy ; Orange , a female peanut character , Chocolate Bar ; the first non-M&M character that always gets foiled or outdone by Red and Yellow by being melted when M&M 's ca n't , and the Swarmees for M&M 's Minis candies , which are portrayed as destructive yet crafty troublemakers who Red and Yellow are always trying unsuccessfully to contain . Female M&M 's mascots were introduced in 1995 . Green was the milk chocolate mascot and Tan was the peanut . Marketing discontinued Tan when they introduced the then - new Blue mascot . Green was the only female M&M 's mascot from her introduction in 1995 until 2012 when M&M 's unveiled a new additional spokescandy , the businesslike Ms. Brown ( voiced by Miss America 1984 Vanessa Williams ) , the `` Chief Chocolate Officer . '' She made her debut in a Super Bowl XLVI advertisement , where several people at a party assume she is naked because her shell is the same color as her insides , which causes Red to remove his outer shell thinking `` it 's that kind of party '' , and start dancing to the LMFAO song `` Sexy And I Know It . '' During a Super Bowl LII advertisement , Red was transformed into a human after finding a lucky penny and wishing he was inedible . As a human , he is portrayed by Danny DeVito . Color Character Type Voice actor Red Red Milk Chocolate , Dark Chocolate , Peanut Butter , and Crispy Jon Lovitz ( 1995 -- 96 ) Billy West ( 1996 -- present ) Danny DeVito ( 2018 - live human actor ) Yellow Yellow Peanut , and Dark Chocolate Peanut John Goodman ( 1995 -- 96 ) J.K. Simmons ( 1996 -- present ) Blue Blue Almond , Raspberry , and Dark Chocolate Phil Hartman ( 1995 -- 98 ) Robb Pruitt ( 1998 -- present ) Green Green Dark Chocolate , Dark Chocolate Mint , and Peanut Butter Cree Summer Orange Orange Crispy and Pretzel Eric Kirchberger Brown Ms. Brown Dark Chocolate and Milk Chocolate Vanessa Williams Orange Caramel ( cube ) Caramel David Cross Brown Pretzel Guy ( symmetrical ) Pretzel Maurice LaMarche Color changes in chocolate M&M 's ( edit ) Transparent chutes hold M&Ms of various colors . The original colors of M&M 's candies were red , yellow , violet , green and orange . In 1976 , the Food and Drug Administration released a study that linked red dye 2 in food coloring to cancer . Though Mars did not use this dye , they decided to pull the red M&M 's from the market to avoid possible misunderstandings . The red candy were reintroduced to the market ten years later . In early 1995 , Mars ran a promotion in which consumers were invited to vote on which of blue , pink , or purple would replace the tan M&M 's . Blue was the winner with 54 % of the votes . It replaced tan in late 1995 . Consumers could vote by calling 1 - 800 - FUN - COLOR . Ads for the new blue colors featured a plain and an almond blue M&M character as Red and Yellow take notice of trying to do takes in the commercial by painting themselves blue where they appear on stage with B.B. King singing the blues , but the filmmakers had to cut the scene as they were not the real blue M&M 's ; another featured Red and Yellow holding their breath to look like the new blue M&M 's , where Steven Weber sees the three M&M 's , Red , Yellow , and Blue ; and one more featuring Weber talking to the blue M&M if he had dived into the chocolate pool , but did not . In 2002 , Mars solicited votes in their first ever `` M&M 's Global Color Vote '' to add a new color from three choices : aqua ( turquoise ) , pink , and purple . Purple won and was featured for a limited time . To help the colors get votes , Ken Schrader and his MB2 Motorsports team , who was sponsored by M&M 's at the time , ran four paint schemes during the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season representing the promotion ( one for aqua , one for pink , one for purple , and another one with all three colors on the car . ) Specially marked packages of M&M 's were released in Japan . Finding a bag of all purple M&M 's entitled the customer to a prize of 100 million yen ( equivalent to approximately USD $852,000 ) . On January 1 , 2004 , at the stroke of midnight , Mars removed all of the colors of M&M 's and made them black - and - white on both their candies and the packaging . It coincided with a commercial parodying The Wizard of Oz where Dorothy is home in bed and looks out of the window and sees what the colors of the four M&M 's were . The goal was to help the M&M 's find their colors in black - and - white packages of M&M 's , in this order : brown , orange , red , green , yellow , and blue . After all of the colors have been found , the colored packaging returned , and began carrying the theme `` Chocolate is better in color '' . Since 2004 , M&M 's have been available online in 17 colors , with personalized phrases on each candy on the opposite side from the `` m '' . Released around Christmas , these custom - printed M&M 's were originally intended for holiday greetings , but are now available all year round . For the 2008 Valentine 's Day season , Mars introduced all - green bags of M&M 's . This was due to common urban folklore that says green M&M 's are an aphrodisiac . They were brought back for 2009 alongside the `` Ms. Green Heats Up Valentine 's Day '' contest . In October 2011 , Mars released M&M 's White Chocolate Candy Corn exclusively in the United States for Halloween . These candies come in three candy corn inspired colors : white , bright yellow , and bright orange . The following is a summary of the changes to the colors of the flagship ( milk chocolate ) flavor of M&M 's , the only filling manufactured continuously since the beginning of the brand . From 1941 until 1969 , each package contained M&M 's in five different colors ; when red M&M 's were reintroduced in 1987 , they were added as a sixth color instead of replacing any of the existing colors . 1940 ‒ present Health concerns ( edit ) Red candies were eliminated in 1976 because of health concerns over the dye amaranth ( FD&C Red # 2 ) , which was a suspected carcinogen , and were replaced with orange - colored candies . This was done despite the fact that M&M 's did not contain the dye ; the action was purely to satisfy worried consumers . Red candies were reintroduced ten years later , but they also kept the orange colored M&M 's . Paul Hethmon , then a student at University of Tennessee , started the campaign to bring back red M&M 's as a joke that would eventually become a worldwide phenomenon . In Europe , red M&M 's contain the red dye carmine ( E120 ) . Carmine , also known as cochineal , has had some campaigns launched against its use in food , because it is made from crushed insects . Notably , Starbucks in the UK had a campaign launched against it for using carmine . See also ( edit ) United States portal Similar candies from other companies : Smarties Cadbury Gems Reese 's Pieces Sixlets Presidential M&M 's References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : M&M 's candy fades to black and white , a December Reuters article via USA Today Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2002 ) . Peanuts : The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 9780252025532 . Jump up ^ `` The Mars Family Net Worth '' . TheRichest . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's Mega -- with three times as much chocolate -- hits stores '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Per M&M / Mars FAQ , How many candies are in a bag ? Jump up ^ By calculation from M&M 's nutrition info page . Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . Web.mit.edu. 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2005 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World - Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28 , 2008 '' . virtualnewarknj.com. April 12 , 1981 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrie , William F.R. ; 1873 -- 1950 - hersheyarchives.com - Retrieved January 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . Web.mit.edu . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2005 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World - Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28 , 2008 '' . virtual.com. April 12 , 1981 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew F. ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . Food and Drink in American History : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia ( 3 Volumes ) : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781610692335 . Jump up ^ `` MRI Breakthroughs '' . Mriresearch.org . September 11 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2012 ) . Fast Food and Junk Food : An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313393938 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S ® About M&MSŽ : History '' . Mms.com. 2010 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` M&M lovers pick purple - Jun. 20 , 2002 '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` M&M Minis '' . mms.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M / MARS Woos Latinos With New `` M&M 's '' Dulce de Leche - Caramel Chocolate Candies ; New Flavor to Premiere in Markets With Highest Concentration of Latinos . Food & Beverage > Food Industry from `` . AllBusiness.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Seat ! Dulce de Leche M&M 's Fail '' . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` This New M&M 's Flavour Will Fuel Your Coffee Addiction '' . TIME. 2016 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mars Chocolate North America ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` M&M 'S ® Launches New Soft Caramel - Filled Chocolate Candies '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : Coffee Nut , Honey Nut , and Chili Nut M&M 's ( M&M 's Flavor Vote ) '' . The Impulsive Buy . 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Snopes : Taking it E.T. `` Business by its very nature is cut - throat ; competitors rarely aid one another because one company 's success almost invariably comes at the expense of the other 's vitality . When such leg - ups occur , they are often inadvertent -- the result of one firm 's having failed to take advantage of an opportunity that its competitor later cleaned up on . Such was the case when Mars , Inc. passed on the chance for its flagship product , M&Ms , to be the candy used in 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Its turn - down cleared the way for Hershey Foods Corporation to make a remarkable splash for its Reese 's Pieces . '' Jump up ^ `` BMI Repertoire Search '' . BMI.com . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Events - M&M Candy Cow '' . Behindthescenesmarketing.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William M. Luther ( 2001 ) . The Marketing Plan : How to Prepare and Implement it ( 3rd ed . ) . AMACOM . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 2615 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( June 29 , 2000 ) . `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS : ADVERTISING ; M&M / Mars concludes , after 46 years , that ' Plain ' does not do justice to the original M&M 's candy '' . `` The New York Times '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Renée Cologne : Rock ' n ' Roll Housewife '' . reneecologne.com . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Candy Man comes to Carlton '' . Carlton Football Club . 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jon ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Mars backs Carlton Blues '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's get mega-sized '' . CNNMoney.com . Time Warner . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S Color Break Up '' . Mars . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) m-msbareall.com . Archived January 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About M&MS ® : Products : Pretzel '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M&M 'S Launching ' Better With M ' Marketing Campaign '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schultz , EJ ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Rewind : 1954 Ad Shows M&Ms Characters Go for a Chocolatey Swim '' . Ad Age . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors - M&M 's - Voice of Red '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' The Good Wife , ' awards shows and ' The Little Couple ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , Niala . `` Watch : M&M 's Super Bowl LII commercial with Danny DeVito '' . The Enquirer . The Enquirer . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( 2003 ) . Candymaking in Canada : The History and Business of Canada 's Confectionery Industry . Dundurn . ISBN 9781550023954 . Jump up ^ `` Custom Printed MY M&M 'S '' . mms.com . Mars , Incorporated . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S Chocolate Candies go green just in time for Valentine 's Day '' . PRNewswire . January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of M&M 'S Brand '' . mms.com . Mars , Incorporated . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The man who brought Red M&M 's back to life '' . WBIR. 2014 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ M&Ms Peanut Pouch Red M&Ms Tesco Jump up ^ Starbucks red dye campaign What is carmine and why is Starbucks taking it out of its products ? External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to M&M 's . Official website The History of M&M 's Chocolates from us.mms.com ( hide ) Mars , Incorporated Mars family Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. Mars Forrest Mars Sr . Forrest Mars Jr . John Franklyn Mars Jacqueline Mars Victoria B. Mars Brands Chocolate 3 Musketeers A. Korkunov Balisto Bounty Celebrations Dove Ethel M Fling Flyte Kudos M - Azing M&M 's Maltesers Mars Milky Way Revels Snickers Topic Tracker Treets Twix Galaxy Galaxy Milk Chocolate Galaxy Caramel Galaxy Counters Galaxy Crispy Galaxy Hazelnut Galaxy Fruit & Nut Galaxy Minstrels Galaxy Ripple Galaxy Senzi Galaxy Amicelli Galaxy Bubbles Galaxy Jewels Galaxy Promises Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp Galaxy Cookie Crumble Galaxy Orange & Shortcake Other foods Combos Dolmio Masterfoods Munch Promite Seeds of Change Uncle Ben 's Drink CocoaVia FLAVIA Klix Wrigley gum and confections Chewing gum With sugar Alert Big Red Doublemint Juicy Fruit Wrigley 's Spearmint Winterfresh Sugarfree 5 Airwaves Eclipse Ice Excel Extra Freedent Orbit Surpass Bubblegum With sugar Alpine Big League Chew Bubble Tape Hubba Bubba Sugarfree Ouch ! Mint and candy Altoids Eclipse Life Savers Lockets Skittles Starburst Tunes Pet care Products ADVANCE Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Buckeye Nutrition Cesar Chappie Eukanuba Exelpet Greenies Iams James Wellbeloved Medi - Cal My Dog Natura Nutro Pedigree Pill Pockets Royal Canin Schmackos Seramis Sheba Spillers Teasers Techni - Cal Whiskas Winergy Wisdom Panel MX Mixed Breed DNA Test Services Banfield Pet Hospital VCA Animal Hospitals ( pending ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%26M%27s&oldid=838875321 '' Categories : Mars confectionery brands Candy Brand name chocolate Products introduced in 1941 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 21 : 06 . 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2133377852383569976	The Rubberband Man	The Rubberband Man - wikipedia The Rubberband Man Jump to : navigation , search For the song by T.I. , see Rubberband Man . `` The Rubberband Man '' Single by The Spinners from the album Happiness Is Being With the Spinners B - side `` Now That We 're Together '' Released August 1976 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1976 Genre Pop / Soul / Funk Length 3 : 33 ( single edit ) 7 : 22 ( album version ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Thom Bell Linda Creed Producer ( s ) Thom Bell The Spinners singles chronology `` Wake Up Susan '' ( 1976 ) `` The Rubberband Man '' ( 1976 ) `` You 're Throwing a Good Love Away '' ( 1977 ) `` Wake Up Susan '' ( 1976 ) `` The Rubberband Man '' ( 1976 ) `` You 're Throwing a Good Love Away '' ( 1977 ) `` The Rubberband Man '' is a song recorded by the American vocal group The Spinners ( known as `` The Detroit Spinners '' in the UK ) . The song , written by producer Thom Bell and singer - songwriter Linda Creed , was about Bell 's son , who was being teased by his classmates for being overweight . Intended to improve his son 's self - image , the song eventually evolved from being about `` The Fat Man '' to `` The Rubberband Man '' . The last major hit by the Spinners to feature Philippé Wynne on lead vocals , `` The Rubberband Man '' spent three weeks at number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the U.S. R&B chart at the end of 1976 . It was also a top - 20 hit in the UK Singles Chart , reaching number 16 in October 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Arrangement and structure 2 Media 3 Covers 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links Arrangement and structure ( edit ) The arrangement opens with rhythmic clavinet and percussion , followed by a Philly string arrangement provided by the Mother Father Sister Brother musicians . There are brief bursts of brass section and piano . Singer Wynne 's delivery is `` singularly expressive '' and the bridge and chorus provide for a classic call and response routine by supporting vocalists Bobbie Smith ( tenor ) , Henry Fambrough ( baritone ) , Billy Henderson ( tenor / baritone ) and Pervis Jackson ( bass ) . The song also features the bass playing of Motown Legend Bob `` Funk Brother '' Babbitt . Wynne alternates between singing the verse and interjecting verbal asides and improvises the eight bars linking the chorus with the bridge . The backing singers ' retort of `` do - do - do - do , '' recalls the distinctive chorus in Stephen Stills ' song `` Love the One You 're With . '' Media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1981 film Stripes , the song is featured in the mud wrestling club scene . It also appears in the films Radio , Akeelah and the Bee and the 2014 remake of About Last Night . During an episode of US television series Martin , Gina sings the tagline of the song after informing Martin that she has reorganized his music CDs . It was also featured in episode 4 of the second season of Suits . In the early 2000s , the song was featured in a series of OfficeMax television commercials starring actor Eddie Steeples . It also appears on ads for NBA games on ESPN . The song was used at Wrigley Field to accompany Chicago Cubs closer Carlos Mármol 's entrance , and when Pittsburgh Pirates closer Kent Tekulve took the field at Three Rivers Stadium the late 1970s and early 80s . Covers ( edit ) The song was sung by Lynda Carter in a fourth - season episode of The Muppet Show . In 1977 , Tina Turner performed the song on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . Canadian pop - singer Tamara Silvera recorded the song in 1985 . Youssou N'Dour released a version on his 1986 album Nelson Mandela . Detroit rock band Electric Six released a version on their 2010 album Zodiac . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals : Philippé Wynne Background vocals : Bobby Smith , Pervis Jackson , Henry Fambrough and Billy Henderson Additional background vocals : the Sigma Sweethearts ( Barbara Ingram , Carla Benson and Yvette Benton ) Instrumentation : MFSB Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Australia ( ARIA ) 20 UK Singles Chart ( The Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank U.S. Cash Box 24 Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Canada 101 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 81 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feldman , Christopher G. ( 2000 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 2 Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 545 . Jump up ^ `` The Detroit Spinners : The Rubberband Man '' . 45cat.com . Jump up ^ Planer , Lindsay . `` The Rubberband Man '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Just to Be Close to You '' by The Commodores Billboard 's Hot Soul Singles number one single October 23 , 1976 Succeeded by `` Message in Our Music '' by The O'Jays ( hide ) The Spinners Henry Fambrough Charlton Washington Marvin Taylor Jessie Robert Peck Ronnie Moss Pervis Jackson Billy Henderson C.P. Spencer James Edwards Bobby Smith George Dixon Edgar `` Chico '' Edwards G.C. Cameron Philippé Wynne John Edwards Frank Washington Harold `` Spike '' Bonhart Studio albums The Original Spinners 2nd Time Around Spinners Mighty Love New and Improved Pick of the Litter Happiness Is Being with the Spinners Singles `` That 's What Girls Are Made For '' `` I 'll Always Love You '' `` Truly Yours '' `` It 's a Shame '' `` How Could I Let You Get Away '' `` I 'll Be Around '' `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' `` One of a Kind ( Love Affair ) '' `` Together We Can Make Such Sweet Music '' `` Mighty Love '' `` I 'm Coming Home '' `` Then Came You '' `` Sadie '' `` Games People Play '' `` The Rubberband Man '' `` Are You Ready for Love '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' / `` Forgive Me , Girl '' `` Cupid '' / `` I 've Loved You for a Long Time '' `` Yesterday Once More '' / `` Nothing Remains the Same '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' `` I 'll Be Around '' ( with Rappin ' 4 - Tay ) Related articles Discography Atlantic Records Motown Volt Records Book : The Spinners Category : The Spinners Portal : R&B and Soul Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rubberband_Man&oldid=798880468 '' Categories : 1976 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles The Spinners ( American R&B group ) songs Songs written by Linda Creed Songs written by Thom Bell 1976 songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the song rubberband man come out	[ "\n\n\"The Rubberband Man\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Spinners\n\n\nfrom the album Happiness Is Being With the Spinners\n\n\nB-side\n\"Now That We're Together\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 1976\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch single\n\n\nRecorded\n1976\n\n\nGenre\nPop / Soul / Funk\n\n\nLength\n3:33 (single edit)\n7:22 (album version)\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nThom Bell\nLinda Creed\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThom Bell\n\n\nThe Spinners singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Wake Up Susan\"\n(1976)\n\"The Rubberband Man\"\n(1976)\n\"You're Throwing a Good Love Away\"\n(1977)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Wake Up Susan\"\n(1976)\n\"The Rubberband Man\"\n(1976)\n\"You're Throwing a Good Love Away\"\n(1977)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "August 1976" ]
5671971640675429002	FIFA World Cup	FIFA World Cup - wikipedia FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 87 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions Germany ( 4th title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website www.fifa.com/worldcup/ 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification The 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is Germany , which won its fourth title at the 2014 tournament in Brazil . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals. 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England , France and Spain , with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 5 Performances 6 Attendance 7 Broadcasting and promotion 8 Results 8.1 Teams reaching the top four 8.2 Best performances by continental zones 9 Awards 10 Records and statistics 10.1 Top goalscorers 10.2 All - time table for champions 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 Bibliography 14 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural edition of the British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the turn of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat in 1912 in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World war II Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and in doing so became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 and 1938 tournaments , with Brazil the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Nazi Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World war II The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , and 2006 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the 25 October 2013 edition of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to Asia Football Confederation and Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on May 29 and December 3 . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) different outcome combinations possible . However a certain number ( 207 ) of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Selection process Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the only tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semifinal against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their only titles while playing as host nations . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) and Argentina ( 1978 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Host country Venues / cities Total attendance Matches Average attendance Highest attendances Highest attendance † Venue of best - attended game ( s ) venue † Best attended game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final match 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final match 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final match 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final match 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , CA Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final match 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final match 2002 South Korea & Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final match 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 80,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final match 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final match Overall 37,500,710 836 44,857 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last two columns , has been the final in only about half of the 20 World Cups to date . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . It was predicted that Brazil will bring in more than $11 billion in revenue for the 2014 World Cup . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . Recent World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each World Cup . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Hosting the World Cup or a home team 's win tends to increase male births and total birth rate , and heart attacks are more common when home teams are on the field . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals Year Hosts Winners Score Runners - up Third Place Score Fourth Place Number of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Sweden 16 / 15 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay Brazil Sweden Spain 16 / 13 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Uruguay 16 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden France 6 -- 3 West Germany 16 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Yugoslavia 16 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Soviet Union 16 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Uruguay 16 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Brazil 16 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Italy 16 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 France 24 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium 24 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 England 24 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Bulgaria 24 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Netherlands 32 2002 Details South Korea & Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 South Korea 32 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) France Germany 3 -- 1 Portugal 32 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Uruguay 32 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Brazil 32 2018 Details Russia 32 2022 Details Qatar 32 a.e.t. : after extra time p : after penalty shoot - out Notes Jump up ^ There was no official World Cup Third Place match in 1930 ; The United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . Jump up ^ Austria withdrew after the draw as a result of the Anschluss with Germany : some Austrian players subsequently joined the German squad , leaving the tournament with 15 teams . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a Third Place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . Jump up ^ Only 13 teams played the 1950 FIFA World Cup . 16 teams entered the seeding groups draw . However , Turkey and Scotland both withdrew before the draw ; France ( eliminated in qualifying ) was invited as a replacement , leaving the tournament to be held with 15 teams . After the draw , India and France both withdrew , so only 13 teams participated in the tournament . In all , 77 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 20 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament , and National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Ranking of teams by number of top eight Team Titles Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) & -- & -- 5 5 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) & -- & -- 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 France 1 ( 1998 * ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) & -- & -- 1 ( 1990 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) & -- & -- 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands & -- 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary & -- 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) & -- & -- Czechoslovakia & -- 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) & -- & -- Sweden & -- 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Poland & -- & -- 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) & -- & -- Austria & -- & -- 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) & -- Portugal & -- & -- 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) & -- United States & -- & -- 1 ( 1930 ) & -- & -- Chile & -- & -- 1 ( 1962 * ) & -- & -- Croatia & -- & -- 1 ( 1998 ) & -- & -- Turkey & -- & -- 1 ( 2002 ) & -- & -- Yugoslavia & -- & -- & -- 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) & -- & -- Soviet Union & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1966 ) & -- & -- Belgium & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1986 ) & -- & -- Bulgaria & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1994 ) & -- & -- South Korea & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 2002 * ) & -- & -- * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won eleven titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : USA ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) , Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won a World Cup in Africa in 2010 . Germany was the first European team to win in South America in 2014 . Only on four occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with three champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by Spain 's in 2010 and Germany 's in 2014 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by two championships . Total times teams qualified by confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 32 39 39 80 231 425 Top 16 5 9 13 31 81 140 Top 8 5 32 0 94 136 Top 4 0 22 0 56 80 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 26 40 1st 0 0 0 9 0 11 20 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 15 20 3rd 0 0 0 16 20 4th 0 0 5 0 14 20 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments Two players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) both played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo and West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany has played the most World Cup matches ( 106 ) and appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) as well as scoring the most World Cup goals ( 224 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 20 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 20 104 70 17 17 221 102 119 227 2.18 5 Germany 18 106 66 20 20 224 121 103 218 2.06 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 16 77 42 14 21 131 84 47 140 1.82 5 Spain 14 59 29 12 18 92 66 26 99 1.68 6 England 14 62 26 20 16 79 56 23 98 1.58 7 France 14 59 28 12 19 106 71 35 96 1.63 8 Uruguay 12 51 20 12 19 80 71 9 72 1.41 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal List of FIFA World Cup finals National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' . China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 41 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Turner `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' , Sky Sports News , 10 January 2017 . Retrieved on 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ The 1982 edition in Spain had a format with a second round consisting of 12 teams instead of 16 , 4 of which qualified to the semi-finals . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup winners 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany FIFA World Cup symbols Official songs 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` Anthem '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` Hot Hot Hot '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' Mascots 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka Balls 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Albums 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola FIFA World Cup hosts 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : France 1950 : Brazil 1954 : Switzerland 1958 : Sweden 1962 : Chile 1966 : England 1970 : Mexico 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Spain 1986 : Mexico 1990 : Italy 1994 : United States 1998 : France 2002 : South Korea & Japan 2006 : Germany 2010 : South Africa 2014 : Brazil 2018 : Russia 2022 : Qatar FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA Interactive World Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings FIFA World Ranking system ( 1999 -- 2006 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions World football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Interactive World Cup International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-17 U-20 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IGA - Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National football teams FIFA FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Summer Olympics Football AFC Asian Cup Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América OFC Nations Cup UEFA Euro AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia IR Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Korea DPR Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen CAF Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo DR Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Réunion Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zanzibar Zimbabwe CONCACAF Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela OFC American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati * New Caledonia New Zealand Niue * Palau * Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg FYR Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia Saar West Germany East Germany Ireland Tanganyika North Vietnam South Vietnam North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Republic Soviet Union CIS Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Netherlands Antilles Teams indicated in italics are associate / full members of their respective regional bodies but not members of FIFA . See also : List of women 's football teams World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - ball Pitch and putt Racquetball Rowing Motorsport enduro Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Squash Sailing Dinghy Teams Yacht Fleet Racing Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Mixed Archery Biathlon Diving Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Speedway motorcycle Track cycling Individual Bobsleigh Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Equestrian dressage Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Luge Mountain bike racing Orienteering Sailing Show jumping Skeleton Speed skating long track short track Skiing alpine cross-country freestyle Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Ski orienteering Snowboard Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Triathlon VIAF : 133874960 LCCN : n98090291 GND : 4018983 - 1 BIBSYS : 14068828 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=802024427 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA competitions World championships Recurring sporting events established in 1930 Quadrennial sporting events June sporting events July sporting events Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing French - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times have spain won world cup	[ "The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each." ]	[ "one" ]
8422800443662097823	Mirror image rule	Mirror image rule - wikipedia Mirror image rule Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence In the law of contracts , the mirror image rule , also referred to as an unequivocal and absolute acceptance requirement , states that an offer must be accepted exactly with no modifications . The offeror is the master of one 's own offer . An attempt to accept the offer on different terms instead creates a counter-offer , and this constitutes a rejection of the original offer . Contents ( hide ) 1 England 2 Australia 3 United States 4 References England ( edit ) The English common law established the concepts of consensus ad idem , offer , acceptance and counter-offer . The leading case on counter-offer is Hyde v Wrench ( 1840 ) . The phrase `` Mirror - Image Rule '' is rarely ( if at all ) used by English lawyers ; but the concept remains valid , as in Gibson v Manchester City Council ( 1979 ) , and Butler Machine Tool v Excello . Australia ( edit ) This position is adhered to in Australia ( New South Wales ) . If a person were to accept an offer , but make a modification , then they are actually rejecting the offer presented to them and are proposing a counter-offer : Masters v Cameron ( 1954 ) 91 CLR 353 . That modifying party is then the one making a new offer , and the original offeror is now the one who has to accept . United states ( edit ) In the United States , this rule still exists at common law . However , the Uniform Commercial Code ( `` UCC '' ) dispenses with it in § 2 - 207 . ( but it can also be argued that § 2 - 207 ( 1 ) enforces the mirror image rule ) Therefore , its applicability depends upon what law governs . Most states have adopted the UCC , which governs transactions in goods . Contracts for services or land , for example , would not be governed by the UCC . The 2nd restatement of contracts also provides that when parties have not agreed to an essential term , `` a term which is reasonable in the circumstances is supplied by the court . '' However , it may not be possible for a reasonable term to be supplied by the court . The 2 - 207 statute is a confusing and controversial one . To read more about it , see United States contract law , UCC , or Offer and acceptance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Restatement ( 2d ) Contracts § 59 ) Jump up ^ Hyde v Wrench ( 1840 ) EWHC Ch J90 Jump up ^ Gibson v Manchester City Council ( 1979 ) UKHL 6 Jump up ^ Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-cello Cpn ( England ) Ltd 1979 1 WLR 401 Jump up ^ Text of § 2 - 207 : https://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/2/article2.htm#s2-207 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirror_image_rule&oldid=787771105 '' Categories : Contract law Legal doctrines and principles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the mirror image rule is the common law requirement of which of the following	[]	[]
4931667887901486822	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	Federal deposit insurance Corporation - wikipedia Federal deposit insurance Corporation Jump to : navigation , search Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Agency overview Formed June 16 , 1933 Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Washington , D.C. Employees 8,713 ( December 2012 ) Agency executives Jelena McWilliams , Chairman Vacant , Vice Chairman Website www.fdic.gov This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment and transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment United States portal The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) is a United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions . The FDIC was created by the 1933 Banking Act , enacted during the Great Depression to restore trust in the American banking system . More than one - third of banks failed in the years before the FDIC 's creation , and bank runs were common . The insurance limit was initially US $2,500 per ownership category , and this was increased several times over the years . Since the passage of the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2011 , the FDIC insures deposits in member banks up to US $250,000 per ownership category . The FDIC and its reserves are not funded by public funds ; member banks ' insurance dues are the FDIC 's primary source of funding . The FDIC also has a US $100 billion line of credit with the United States Department of the Treasury . Only banks are insured by the FDIC ; credit unions are insured up to the same insurance limit by the National Credit Union Administration , which is also a government agency . As of the end of 2017 , the FDIC provided deposit insurance at 5,670 institutions . The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness , performs certain consumer - protection functions , and manages receiverships of failed banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ownership categories 2 Board of directors 3 History 3.1 Panics of 1893 and 1907 and the Great Depression : 1893 - 1933 3.2 Establishment of the FDIC : 1933 3.3 Historical insurance limits 3.4 S&L and bank crisis of the 1980s 3.5 2008 -- 2010 Financial crisis 3.5. 1 2008 3.5. 2 2009 3.5. 3 2010 4 Funds 4.1 Former funds 4.2 Deposit Insurance Fund 4.3 `` Full Faith and Credit '' 5 Insurance requirements 6 Resolution of insolvent banks 6.1 Covered Insured Depository Institutions Resolution Plans 7 Insured products 8 Items not insured 9 See also 9.1 Related agencies and programs 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Ownership categories ( edit ) The FDIC 's satellite campus in Arlington , Virginia , is home to many administrative and support functions , though the most senior officials work at the main building in Washington Each ownership category of a depositor 's money is insured separately up to the insurance limit , and separately at each bank . Thus a depositor with $250,000 in each of three ownership categories at each of two banks would have six different insurance limits of $250,000 , for total insurance coverage of 6 × $250,000 = $1,500,000 . The distinct ownership categories are Single accounts ( accounts not falling into any other category ) Certain retirement accounts ( including Individual Retirement Accounts ( IRAs ) ) Joint accounts ( accounts with more than one owner with equal rights to withdraw ) Revocable trust accounts ( containing the words `` Payable on death '' , `` In trust for '' , etc . ) Irrevocable trust accounts Employee Benefit Plan accounts ( deposits of a pension plan ) Corporation / Partnership / Unincorporated Association accounts Government accounts All amounts that a particular depositor has in accounts in any particular ownership category at a particular bank are added together and are insured up to $250,000 . For joint accounts , each co-owner is assumed ( unless the account specifically states otherwise ) to own the same fraction of the account as does each other co-owner ( even though each co-owner may be eligible to withdraw all funds from the account ) . Thus if three people jointly own a $750,000 account , the entire account balance is insured because each depositor 's $250,000 share of the account is insured . The owner of a revocable trust account is generally insured up to $250,000 for each unique beneficiary ( subject to special rules if there are more than five of them ) . Thus if there is a single owner of an account that is specified as in trust for ( payable on death to , etc . ) three different beneficiaries , the funds in the account are insured up to $750,000 . Board of Directors ( edit ) The Board of Directors of the FDIC is the governing body of the FDIC . The board is composed of five members , three appointed by the president of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate and two ex officio members . The three appointed members each serve six - year terms . No more than three members of the board may be of the same political affiliation . The president , with the consent of the Senate , also designates one of the appointed members as chairman of the board , to serve a five - year term , and one of the appointed members as vice chairman of the board . The two ex officio members are the Comptroller of the Currency and the director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) . As of May 2018 , the members of the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation were : Jelena McWilliams -- Chairman of the Board Vacant -- Vice Chairman Martin J. Gruenberg -- Independent Director Joseph Otting -- Comptroller of the Currency Mick Mulvaney -- Acting Director , Consumer Financial Protection Bureau History ( edit ) Panics of 1893 and 1907 and the Great Depression : 1893 - 1933 ( edit ) Further information : Panic of 1907 and Great Depression During the Panics of 1893 and 1907 , many banks filed bankruptcy due to bank runs caused by contagion . Both of the panics renewed discussion on deposit insurance . In 1893 , William Jennings Bryan presented a bill to Congress proposing a national deposit insurance fund . No action was taken , as the legislature paid more attention to the agricultural depression at the time . After 1907 , eight states established deposit insurance funds . Due to the lax regulation of banks and the widespread inability of banks to branch ; small , local unit banks -- often with poor financial health -- grew in numbers , especially in the western and southern states . In 1921 , there were about 31,000 banks in the US . The Federal Reserve Act initially included a provision for nationwide deposit insurance , but it was removed from the bill by the House of Representatives . From 1893 to the FDIC 's creation in 1933 , 150 bills were submitted in Congress proposing deposit insurance . There was widespread panic again over the American banking system due to fears over the strength of many banks in The Great Depression ; more than one - third of all U.S. banks were closed by bank runs . Bank runs , sudden demands by large numbers of customers to withdraw all their funds at almost the same time , brought down many bank companies as depositors attempted to withdraw more money than the bank had available as cash . Small banks in rural areas were especially affected . Written and publicly announced reassurances and tightened regulations by the government failed to assuage depositors ' fears . Establishment of the FDIC : 1933 ( edit ) President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Banking Act of 1935 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt himself was dubious about insuring bank deposits , saying , `` We do not wish to make the United States Government liable for the mistakes and errors of individual banks , and put a premium on unsound banking in the future . '' But public support was overwhelmingly in favor , and the number of bank failures dropped to near zero . On 16 June 1933 , Roosevelt signed the 1933 Banking Act into law , creating the FDIC . The initial plan set by Congress in 1934 was to insure deposits up to $2,500 ( $45,734 today ) adopting of a more generous , long - term plan after six months . However , the latter plan was abandoned for an increase of the insurance limit to $5,000 ( $91,468 today ) . The 1933 Banking Act : Established the FDIC as a temporary government corporation . The Banking Act of 1935 made the FDIC a permanent agency of the government and provided permanent deposit insurance maintained at the $5,000 level . Gave the FDIC authority to provide deposit insurance to banks Gave the FDIC the authority to regulate and supervise state non-member banks Funded the FDIC with initial loans of $289 million through the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve , which were later paid back with interest Extended federal oversight to all commercial banks for the first time Separated commercial and investment banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) Prohibited banks from paying interest on checking accounts Allowed national banks to branch statewide , if allowed by state law . Bank sign indicating the original insurance limit offered by the FDIC of $2,500 in 1934 Historical insurance Limits ( edit ) 1934 -- $2,500 1935 -- $5,000 1950 -- $10,000 1966 -- $15,000 1969 -- $20,000 1974 -- $40,000 1980 -- $100,000 2008 -- $250,000 Congress approved a temporary increase in the deposit insurance limit from $100,000 to $250,000 , which was effective from October 3 , 2008 , through December 31 , 2010 . On May 20 , 2009 , the temporary increase was extended through December 31 , 2013 . However , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( P.L. 111 - 203 ) , which was signed into law on July 21 , 2010 , made the $250,000 insurance limit permanent . In addition , the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 ( P.L. 109 - 171 ) allows for the boards of the FDIC and the National Credit Union Administration ( NCUA ) to consider inflation and other factors every five years beginning in 2010 and , if warranted , to adjust the amounts under a specified formula . S&L and bank crisis of the 1980s ( edit ) Main article : Savings and loan crisis Federal deposit insurance received its first large - scale test since the Great Depression in the late 1980s and early 1990s during the savings and loan crisis ( which also affected commercial banks and savings banks ) . The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ( FSLIC ) had been created to insure deposits held by savings and loan institutions ( `` S&Ls '' , or `` thrifts '' ) . Because of a confluence of events , much of the S&L industry was insolvent , and many large banks were in trouble as well . FSLIC 's reserves were insufficient to pay off the depositors of all of the failing thrifts , and fell into insolvency . FSLIC was abolished in August 1989 and replaced by the Resolution Trust Corporation ( RTC ) . On December 31 , 1995 , the RTC was merged into the FDIC , and the FDIC became responsible for resolving failed thrifts . Supervision of thrifts became the responsibility of a new agency , the Office of Thrift Supervision ( credit unions remained insured by the National Credit Union Administration ) . The primary legislative responses to the crisis were the Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 ( FIRREA ) , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 ( FDICIA ) . Federally chartered thrifts are now regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) , and state - chartered thrifts by the FDIC . Final combined total for all direct and indirect losses of FSLIC and RTC resolutions was an estimated $152.9 billion . Of this total amount , U.S. taxpayer losses amounted to approximately $123.8 billion ( 81 % of the total costs . ) No taxpayer money was used to resolve FDIC - insured institutions . 2008 -- 2010 Financial crisis ( edit ) Further information : 2007 -- 2012 global financial crisis 2008 ( edit ) In 2008 , twenty - five U.S. banks became insolvent and were closed by their respective chartering authority . However , during that year , the largest bank failure in terms of dollar value occurred on September 26 , 2008 , when Washington Mutual , with $307 billion in assets , experienced a 10 - day bank run on its deposits . The FDIC created the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program ( TLGP ) to strengthen confidence and encourage liquidity in the banking system by guaranteeing newly issued senior unsecured debt of banks , thrifts , and certain holding companies , and by providing full coverage of non-interest bearing deposit transaction accounts , regardless of dollar amount . The deposit insurance limit was temporarily raised from $100,000 to $250,000 . 2009 ( edit ) On August 14 , 2009 , Bloomberg reported that more than 150 publicly traded U.S. lenders had nonperforming loans above 5 % of their total holdings . This is important because former regulators say that this is the level that can wipe out a bank 's equity and threaten its survival . While this ratio does not always lead to bank failures if the banks in question have raised additional capital and have properly established reserves for the bad debt , it is an important indicator for future FDIC activity . On August 21 , 2009 , Guaranty Bank , in Texas , became insolvent and was taken over by BBVA Compass , the U.S. division of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria , the second - largest bank in Spain . This was the first foreign company to buy a failed bank during the credit crisis of 2008 and 2009 . In addition , the FDIC agreed to share losses with BBVA on about $11 billion of Guaranty Bank 's loans and other assets . This transaction alone cost the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund $3 billion . On August 27 , 2009 , the FDIC increased the number of troubled banks to 416 in the second quarter . That number compares to 305 just three months earlier . At the end of the third quarter , that number jumped to 552 . At the close of 2009 , a total of 140 banks had become insolvent . This is the largest number of bank failures in a year since 1992 , when 179 institutions failed . On February 23 , 2010 , FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair warned that the number of failures in 2010 could surpass the 140 banks that were seized in 2009 . Commercial real estate overexposure was deemed the most serious threat to banks in 2010 . On April 30 , 2010 , the FDIC was appointed as receiver for three banks in Puerto Rico at a cost of $5.3 billion . In 2010 , 157 banks with approximately $92 billion in total assets failed . In 2010 , a new division within the FDIC , the Office of Complex Financial Institutions , was created to focus on the expanded responsibilities of the FDIC by the Dodd - Frank Act for the assessment of risk in the largest , systemically important financial institutions , or SIFIs . Funds ( edit ) Former funds ( edit ) Between 1989 and 2006 , there were two separate FDIC funds -- the Bank Insurance Fund ( BIF ) , and the Savings Association Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) . The latter was established after the savings and loans crisis of the 1980s . The existence of two separate funds for the same purpose led to banks ' attempting to shift from one fund to another , depending on the benefits each could provide . In the 1990s , SAIF premiums were , at one point , five times higher than BIF premiums ; several banks attempted to qualify for the BIF , with some merging with institutions qualified for the BIF to avoid the higher premiums of the SAIF . This drove up the BIF premiums as well , resulting in a situation where both funds were charging higher premiums than necessary . Then Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan was a critic of the system , saying , `` We are , in effect , attempting to use government to enforce two different prices for the same item -- namely , government - mandated deposit insurance . Such price differences only create efforts by market participants to arbitrage the difference . '' Greenspan proposed `` to end this game and merge SAIF and BIF '' . Deposit insurance Fund ( edit ) In February 2006 , President George W. Bush signed into law the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 ( FDIRA ) and a related conforming amendments act . The FDIRA contains technical and conforming changes to implement deposit insurance reform , as well as a number of study and survey requirements . Among the highlights of this law was merging the Bank Insurance Fund ( BIF ) and the Savings Association Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) into a new fund , the Deposit Insurance Fund ( DIF ) . This change was made effective March 31 , 2006 . The FDIC maintains the DIF by assessing depository institutions an insurance premium . The amount each institution is assessed is based both on the balance of insured deposits as well as on the degree of risk the institution poses to the insurance fund . When a bank becomes insolvent , the FDIC is appointed receiver of the failed institution . As receiver , the FDIC takes title to the failed institution 's assets and liquidates them ; and as deposit insurer pays off the failed institution 's deposit liabilities or pays another institution to assume them . Because the failed institution 's assets are almost always worth less than its deposit obligations , a bank failure results in a loss to the DIF . Bond interest payments of the Financing Corporation , the funding vehicle for the `` Resolution Fund '' of the now defunct Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ( FSLIC ) , are funded by DIF premiums . A March 2008 memorandum to the FDIC board of directors shows a 2007 year - end Deposit Insurance Fund balance of about $52.4 billion , which represented a reserve ratio of 1.22 % of its exposure to insured deposits , totaling about $4.29 trillion . The 2008 year - end insured deposits were projected to reach about $4.42 trillion with the reserve growing to $55.2 billion , a ratio of 1.25 % . As of June 2008 , the DIF had a balance of $45.2 billion . However , 9 months later , in March , 2009 , the DIF fell to $13 billion . That was the lowest total since September , 1993 and represented a reserve ratio of 0.27 % of its exposure to insured deposits totaling about $4.83 trillion . In the second quarter of 2009 , the FDIC imposed an emergency fee aimed at raising $5.6 billion to replenish the DIF . However , Saxo Bank Research reported that , after Aug 7 , further bank failures had reduced the DIF balance to $648.1 million . The FDIC announced its intent , on September 29 , 2009 , to assess the banks , in advance , for three years ' of premiums in an effort to avoid DIF insolvency . The FDIC revised its estimated costs of bank failures to about $100 billion over the next four years , an increase of $30 billion from the $70 billion estimate of earlier in 2009 . The FDIC board voted to require insured banks to prepay $45 billion in premiums to replenish the fund . News media reported that the prepayment move would be inadequate to assure the financial stability of the FDIC insurance fund . The FDIC elected to request the prepayment so that the banks could recognize the expense over three years , instead of drawing down banks ' statutory capital abruptly , at the time of the assessment . The fund is mandated by law to keep a balance equivalent to 1.15 percent of insured deposits . As of June 30 , 2008 , the insured banks held approximately $7,025 billion in total deposits , though not all of those are insured . As of September 30 , 2012 , total deposits at FDIC - insured institutions totaled roughly $10.54 trillion , although not all deposits are insured . The DIF 's reserves are not the only cash resources available to the FDIC . In addition to $67.3 billion of cash and U.S. Treasury securities held as of March 2016 , the FDIC has the ability to borrow up to $100 billion from the Treasury . The FDIC can also demand special assessments from banks as it did in the second quarter of 2009 . `` Full faith and credit '' ( edit ) The official FDIC teller sign , posted at every U.S. insured bank and savings association , states that FDIC deposit insurance is `` backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government . '' The FDIC describes this sign as a symbol of confidence for depositors . As part of a 1987 legislative enactment , Congress passed a measure stating `` it is the sense of the Congress that it should reaffirm that deposits up to the statutorily prescribed amount in federally insured depository institutions are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States . '' Insurance requirements ( edit ) To receive this benefit , member banks must follow certain liquidity and reserve requirements . Banks are classified in five groups according to their risk - based capital ratio : Well capitalized : 10 % or higher Adequately capitalized : 8 % or higher Undercapitalized : less than 8 % Significantly undercapitalized : less than 6 % Critically undercapitalized : less than 2 % When a bank becomes undercapitalized , the institution 's primary regulator issues a warning to the bank . When the number drops below 6 % , the primary regulator can change management and force the bank to take other corrective action . When the bank becomes critically undercapitalized the chartering authority closes the institution and appoints the FDIC as receiver of the bank . At Q4 2010 884 banks had very low capital cushions against risk and were on the FDIC 's `` problem list '' . Resolution of insolvent banks ( edit ) A bank 's chartering authority -- either an individual state banking department or the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency -- closes a bank and appoints the FDIC as receiver . In its role as a receiver the FDIC is tasked with protecting the depositors and maximizing the recoveries for the creditors of the failed institution . The FDIC does not close banks . The FDIC as receiver is functionally and legally separate from the FDIC acting in its corporate role as deposit insurer , and the FDIC as receiver has separate rights , duties , and obligations from those of the FDIC as insurer . Courts have long recognized these dual and separate capacities . In 1991 , to comply with legislation , the FDIC amended its failure resolution procedures to decrease the costs to the deposit insurance funds . The procedures require the FDIC to choose the resolution alternative that is least costly to the deposit insurance fund of all possible methods for resolving the failed institution . Bids are submitted to the FDIC where they are reviewed and the least cost determination is made . A receivership is designed to market the assets of a failed institution , liquidate them , and distribute the proceeds to the institution 's creditors . The FDIC as receiver succeeds to the rights , powers , and privileges of the institution and its stockholders , officers , and directors . The FDIC may collect all obligations and money due to the institution , preserve or liquidate its assets and property , and perform any other function of the institution consistent with its appointment . A receiver also has the power to merge a failed institution with another insured depository institution and to transfer its assets and liabilities without the consent or approval of any other agency , court , or party with contractual rights . Furthermore , a receiver may form a new institution , such as a bridge bank , to take over the assets and liabilities of the failed institution , or it may sell or pledge the assets of the failed institution to the FDIC in its corporate capacity . The two most common ways for the FDIC to resolve a closed institution and fulfill its role as a receiver are : Purchase and Assumption Agreement ( P&A ) , in which deposits ( liabilities ) are assumed by an open bank , which also purchases some or all of the failed bank 's loans ( assets ) . The bank 's assets that convey to the FDIC as receiver are sold and auctioned through various methods , including online , and using contractors . Deposit Payoff , as soon as the appropriate chartering authority closes the bank or thrift , the FDIC is appointed receiver . The FDIC as insurer pays all of the failed institution 's depositors with insured funds the full amount of their insured deposits . Depositors with uninsured funds and other general creditors ( such as suppliers and service providers ) of the failed institution do not receive either immediate or full reimbursement ; instead , the FDIC as receiver issues them receivership certificates . A receivership certificate entitles its holder to a portion of the receiver 's collections on the failed institution 's assets . Covered insured depository institutions resolution plans ( edit ) To assist the FDIC in resolving an insolvent bank , the FDIC requires plans including the required submission of a resolution plan by covered institutions requirement under the Dodd Frank Act . In addition to the Bank Holding Company ( `` BHC '' ) resolution plans required under the Dodd Frank Act under Section 165 ( d ) , the FDIC requires a separate Covered Insured Depository Institution ( `` CIDI '' ) resolution plan for US insured depositories with assets of $50 billion or more . Most of the largest , most complex BHCs are subject to both rules , requiring them to file a 165 ( d ) resolution plan for the BHC that includes the BHC 's core businesses and its most significant subsidiaries ( i.e. , `` material entities '' ) , as well as one or more CIDI plans depending on the number of US bank subsidiaries of the BHC that meet the $50 billion asset threshold . On December 17 , the FDIC issued guidance for the 2015 resolution plans of CIDIs of large bank holding companies ( BHCs ) . The guidance provides clarity on the assumptions that are to be made in the CIDI resolution plans and what must be addressed and analyzed in the 2015 CIDI resolution plans including : The assumption that the CIDI must fail . The cause of CIDI failure must be a core business loss or impairment . At least one `` multiple acquirer strategy '' is required in the plan . A deep level of granularity is expected in the plan . Sales strategies must be feasible and supported by considerable acquirer detail . A detailed financial and liquidity analysis is needed . Key legal issues must be considered . Resolution obstacles must be addressed . The CIDI must be insolvent at the start of resolution . Insured products ( edit ) Example of FDIC insurance coverage FDIC deposit insurance covers deposit accounts , which , by the FDIC definition , include : demand deposits ( checking accounts of a type that formerly could not legally pay interest ) , and negotiable order of withdrawal accounts ( NOW accounts , i.e. , savings accounts that have check - writing privileges ) savings accounts and money market deposit accounts ( MMDAs , i.e. , higher - interest savings accounts subject to check - writing restrictions ) time deposits including certificates of deposit ( CDs ) outstanding cashier 's checks , interest checks , and other negotiable instruments drawn on the accounts of the bank accounts denominated in foreign currencies Accounts at different banks are insured separately . All branches of a bank are considered to form a single bank . Also , an Internet bank that is part of a brick and mortar bank is not considered to be a separate bank , even if the name differs . Non-US citizens are also covered by FDIC insurance as long as their deposits are in a domestic office of an FDIC - insured bank . The FDIC publishes a guide entitled `` Your Insured Deposits '' , which sets forth the general characteristics of FDIC deposit insurance , and addresses common questions asked by bank customers about deposit insurance . Items not insured ( edit ) Only the above types of accounts are insured . Some types of uninsured products , even if purchased through a covered financial institution , are : Stocks , bonds , and mutual funds including money funds The Securities Investor Protection Corporation , a separate institution chartered by Congress , provides protection against the loss of many types of such securities in the event of a brokerage failure , but not against losses on the investments . Further , as of September 19 , 2008 , the United States Treasury is offering an optional insurance program for money market funds , which guarantees the value of the assets . Exceptions have occurred , such as the FDIC bailout of bondholders of Continental Illinois . Investments backed by the U.S. government , such as Treasury securities The contents of safe deposit boxes . Even though the word deposit appears in the name , under federal law a safe deposit box is not a deposit account -- it is merely a secured storage space rented by an institution to a customer . Losses due to theft or fraud at the institution . These situations are often covered by special insurance policies that banking institutions buy from private insurance companies . Accounting errors . In these situations , there may be remedies for consumers under state contract law , the Uniform Commercial Code , and some federal regulations , depending on the type of transaction . Insurance and annuity products , such as life , auto and homeowner 's insurance . See also ( edit ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations 2008 -- 2010 bank failures in the United States Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Financial crisis of 2007 - 2010 List of acquired or bankrupt United States banks in the late 2000s financial crisis List of largest U.S. bank failures Too Big to Fail policy Related agencies and programs ( edit ) CAMELS Rating System -- used by the FDIC 's Division of Risk Management Supervision ( RMS ) examiners to rate each bank and the FDIC problem bank list FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework National Credit Union Administration Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Around 491 commercial banks failed in 1893 , and 243 between 1907 - 8 . Jump up ^ The latter plan was to insure all deposits up to $10,000 ( $182,935 ) , 75 percent of all deposits over $10,000 to $50,000 ( $914,677 ) , and 50 percent of anything over $50,000 . Brackets indicate amount taking into account consumer price inflation from 1934 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics At A Glance '' . FDIC . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Walter 2005 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 is now permanent '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Bovenzi 2015 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Diane . `` Deposit Insurance Funding : Assuring Confidence '' ( PDF ) . fdic.gov . Jump up ^ `` Statistics at a Glance as of December 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC : Understanding Deposit Insurance '' . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Board of Directors & Senior Executives '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : White 1981 , p. 538 . Jump up ^ White 1981 , pp. 537 - 538 . Jump up ^ White 1981 , p. 539 Jump up ^ Walter 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Golembe 1960 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Christopher W. Shaw , `` ' The Man in the Street Is for It ' : The Road to the FDIC . '' Journal of Policy History 27 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 36 - 60 , quote p 47 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Golembe 1960 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Changes in FDIC Deposit Insurance Coverage '' . fdic.gov . July 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reform of Deposit Insurance ( including the adjustment to $250,000 and allowing for adjustments every five years ) '' . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Interim rule '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis Jump up ^ FDIC . `` Failed Bank List '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shen , Linda ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . `` WaMu 's Bank Split From Holding Company , Sparing FDIC '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( 2008 - 04 - 07 ) . `` $5 Billion Said to Be Near for WaMu '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ari Levy ( 2009 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Toxic Loans Topping 5 % May Push 150 Banks to Point of No Return '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barr , Colin ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Foreign banks ca n't save everyone '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Press Releases -- PR - 153 - 2009 8 / 27 / 2009 '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Eric Dash ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` As Bank Failures Rise , F.D.I.C. Fund Falls Into Red '' . The New York Times . p . B4 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Dakin Campbell ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Avanta Bank , Six other U.S. Banks Collapse Due to Bad Loans '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ FDIC . `` FDIC Trends , March , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dakin Campbell ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Puerto Rico Banks Seized as Regulators Waive Deposit Limits '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Failed Banks Class of 2010 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ James Wigand , the FDIC 's Complexity Czar , By Yalman Onaran , Bloomberg Businessweek , October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FDIC Announces Organizational Changes to Help Implement Recently Enacted Regulatory Reform by Congress , FDIC press release , August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ FDIC Creates Office of Complex Financial Institutions , by Steve Quinlivan , article at dodd-frank.com , private website , August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sicilia , David B. & Cruikshank , Jeffrey L. ( 2000 ) . The Greenspan Effect , pp. 96 -- 97 . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 134919 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sicilia & Cruikshank , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Assessment Rates for 2008 '' ( PDF ) . 2008 - 08 - 11 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer 's ( CFO ) Report to the Board : DIF Balance Sheet -- Third Quarter 2008 '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ari Levy and Margaret Chadbourn ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of Wyoming Seized ; 53rd U.S. Failure This Year ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Statistics at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . 2008 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ari Levy and Margaret Chadbourn ( 2009 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Lender Failures Reach 64 as Georgia Shuts Security Bank 's Units '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bagger - Sjöbäck , Robin ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` FDIC 's Shrinking Deposit Insurance Fund -- A Testimony of Current Accounting Standards '' . Saxo Bank Research . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC Insurance Plan Is No Long - Term Solution '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deposits of all FDIC - Insured Institutions , National Totals * by Asset Size : Data as of June 30 , 2008 '' . Summary of Deposits . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Institution Directory '' ... fdic.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Balance Sheet - First Quarter 2016 '' . fdic.gov . Jump up ^ `` Banks Tapped to Bolster FDIC Resources : FDIC Board Approves Proposed Rule to Seek Prepayment of Assessments '' . Press Release . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Extends Restoration Plan : Imposes Special Assessment '' . Press Release . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Symbol of Confidences '' . Jump up ^ `` 4000 - Advisory Opinions : Full Faith and Credit of U.S. Government Behind the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.fdic.gov/buying/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` First take : Resolution plan guidance to largest firms '' . ^ Jump up to : `` First take : Ten key points from the FDIC 's resolution plan guidance '' ( PDF ) . PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice , December , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Covered Insured Depository Institution Resolution Plan Submissions '' ( PDF ) . PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice , December , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC Law , Regulations , Related Acts -- Rules and Regulations '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ fdic.gov Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC : Insured or Not Insured ? '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Henriques , Diana B. ( 2008 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Treasury to Guarantee Money Market Funds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bovenzi , John ( 2015 ) . Inside the FDIC : Thirty Years of Bank Failures , Bailouts , and Regulatory Battles . Manhattan : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 99408 - 5 . Walter , John ( 2005 ) . `` Depression - Era Bank Failures : The Great Contagion or the Great Shakeout ? '' . Economic Quarterly . 91 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . White , Eugene , N. ( 1981 ) . `` State - Sponsored Insurance of Bank Deposits in the United States , 1907 - 1929 '' . The Journal of Economic History . 41 ( 3 ) : 537 -- 557 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700044326 . Golembe , Carter , H. ( 1960 ) . `` The Deposit Insurance Legislation of 1933 : An Examination of Its Antecedents and its Purposes '' . Political Science Quarterly . 75 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 2146154 . Further reading ( edit ) 60 Minutes -- Your Bank Has Failed : What Happens Next ? Kaufman , George G. ( 2002 ) . `` Deposit Insurance '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 History including Boards of Directors Banking Act of 1935 Banking Act of 1933 Federal Deposit Insurance for Banks and Credit Unions Congressional Research Service Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( official website ) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the Federal Register FDIC Statistics at a Glance FDIC List of Failed Banks Bank regulation in the United States Federal authorities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Reserve Board of Governors Financial Stability Oversight Council National Credit Union Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Major federal legislation Independent Treasury Act National Bank Act Federal Reserve Act McFadden Act 1933 Banking Act Glass -- Steagall Act Federal Credit Union Act Bank Holding Company Act Interest Rate Control Act of 1966 Truth in Lending Act Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Community Reinvestment Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978 Monetary Control Act Depository Institutions Act Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 FIRREA FDICIA Truth in Savings Act Riegle - Neal IBBEA Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Credit CARD Act Dodd - Frank Federal Reserve Board regulations Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks ( Reg A ) Equal Credit Opportunity ( Reg B) Home Mortgage Disclosure ( Reg C ) Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions ( Reg D ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( Reg E ) Limitations on Interbank Liabilities ( Reg F ) International Banking Operations ( Reg K ) Consumer Leasing ( Reg M ) Loans to Insiders ( Reg O ) Privacy of Consumer Financial Information ( Reg P ) Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits ( Reg Q ) Credit by Brokers and Dealers ( Reg T ) Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock ( Reg U ) Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates ( Reg W ) Borrowers of Securities Credit ( Reg X ) Truth in Lending ( Reg Z ) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices ( Reg AA ) Community Reinvestment ( Reg BB ) Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks ( Reg CC ) Truth in Savings ( Reg DD ) Types of bank charter Credit union Federal savings association Federal savings bank National bank State bank State authorities California Colorado Florida Illinois Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Terms Call report CAEL Rating CAMELS rating system Thrift Financial Report Other topics Banking in the United States Fair debt collection History of central banking in the United States Wildcat banking Category Portal New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation&oldid=842834096 '' Categories : New Deal agencies Government - owned companies of the United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Organizations established in 1933 Independent agencies of the United States government Bank regulation in the United States Financial regulatory authorities of the United States Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Corporations chartered by the United States Congress Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 00 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the federal depository insurance corporation (fdic) has the power to close a bank when	[ "When a bank becomes undercapitalized, the institution's primary regulator issues a warning to the bank. When the number drops below 6%, the primary regulator can change management and force the bank to take other corrective action. When the bank becomes critically undercapitalized the chartering authority closes the institution and appoints the FDIC as receiver of the bank." ]	[ "When the bank becomes critically undercapitalized" ]
-269216100660984947	Bigg Boss Telugu 2	Bigg Boss Telugu 2 - wikipedia Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Bigg Boss Telugu ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) show Housemates Name Entered Exited Kaushal Day 0 Day 112 Geetha Day 0 Day 112 Tanish Day 0 Day 112 Deepti Day 0 Day 112 Samrat Day 0 Day 112 Roll Day 0 Day 105 Amit Day 0 Day 98 Syamala Day 0 Day 53 Day 28 Day 91 Nutan Day 0 Day 53 Day 75 Day 14 Day 68 Day 84 Ganesh Day 0 Day 83 Pooja Day 43 Day 77 Deepthi Day 0 Day 70 Babu Day 0 Day 63 Nandini Day 8 Day 56 Tejaswi Day 0 Day 42 Bhanu Day 0 Day 35 Kireeti Day 0 Day 21 Sanjana Day 0 Day 7 Winner Runner - up 2nd Runner - up Evicted Bigg Boss Telugu 2 is the second season of the Telugu - language version of the reality TV show Bigg Boss broadcast in India . The season premiered on June 10 , 2018 on Star Maa . Nani hosts the show and it is the second longest season for 112 days in Indian versions of Bigg Boss . Unlike the first season , this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates . For this season of Bigg Boss , a lavish house set has been constructed in Backlots of Annapurna Studios 7 Acres , Jubilee Hills , Hyderabad . The season was extended by one week ( 112 days ) instead of the actual 105 days format of the show . Among the five finalists , Kaushal Manda emerged as the winner with highest number of public votes , followed by Geetha Madhuri as runner - up , Tanish Alladi , Deepti Nallamothu and Samrat Reddy as third , fourth and fifth respectively . Contents 1 Housemates 1.1 Original entrants 1.1. 1 Celebrities 1.1. 2 Commoners 1.2 Wild - Card entrants 2 Controversies 3 Guests 4 Nominations table 4.1 Notes 5 Vote Count 6 Weekly summary 7 References 8 External links Housemates Left host Nani , Middle winner Kaushal Manda , right guest Venkatesh Original entrants The participants in the order they entered the house are : Celebrities Geetha Madhuri - Singer Amit Tiwari - Actor Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor Tanish Alladi - Actor Babu Gogineni - Indian humanist , rationalist and human rights activist Bhanu Sree - Actress Roll Rida - Rapper Syamala - Anchor and actress Kireeti Damaraju - Actor Deepthi Sunaina - Social media star and actress Kaushal Manda - Actor and model Tejaswi Madivada - Actress Samrat Reddy - Actor and cricketer Commoners Ganesh - Radio Jockey , Vijayawada . Sanjana Anne - Model , Miss Hyderabad , Miss India Participant , Vijayawada . Nutan Naidu - Social Activist , Visakhapatnam . Wild - Card entrants Nandini Rai - Model , Winner of Miss Andhrapradesh title of 2010 and Actress Pooja Ramachandran - Model and Actress Controversies Host Nani has been targeted for biased hosting . Later , host Nani responded to accusations of bias and replied that he is not biased and he treats every housemate equally . The audience expressed their annoyance with host Nani , Star Maa and producer Endemol Shine India about voting and evictions of the show . Guests Week ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes Week 2 Srinivas Reddy and Vennela Kishore To promote the film Jamba Lakidi Pamba . Week 4 Sai Dharam Tej and Anupama Parameswaran To promote the film Tej I Love You Week 6 Pradeep Machiraju To inform about his new show - Pradeep 's Pelli Choopulu Lakshmi Manchu To promote the film W / O Ram Week 8 Kamal Haasan , Pooja Kumar , Ghibran , and Shamdat Sainudeen To promote the film Vishwaroopam II Week 11 Anasuya Bharadwaj As a guest to Mehendi Task Taapsee Pannu , Aadhi Pinisetty and Ritika Singh To promote the film Neevevaro Host Nani On the occasion of Raksha Bandhan festival . Week 13 Goutham & Chandini To Promote the film Manu Sunil Varma & Allari Naresh To Promote the film Silly Fellows Week 14 All Housemates family members As a part of weeks luxury budget task One Joker and six unknown people To irritate housemates and stolen food from the house , While housemates are in freeze command by Bigg Boss Week 16 Sudheer Babu and Nabha Natesh To promote the film Nannu Dochukunduvate . Vangaveeti Santhosh ( Common Audience ) Winner of amazon wild card entry contest entered the house to meet and present some gifts to all housemates . All Evicted contestants except Nutan Naidu on day 110 As a guests to family party of Bigg Boss 2 . Beauticians on day 111 To give contestants a makeovers for the grand finale . Nominations table Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Final Day 22 Day 28 Day 78 Day 81 Day 99 Day 102 House Captain No Captain Samrat Amit Roll Kaushal Geetha Tanish Geetha Pooja Tanish Roll Deepti No Captain Captain 's Nomination Deepthi ( to evict ) Ganesh Geetha Ganesh Not eligible Refused to save Deepti Not eligible Kaushal Amit Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal ( to save ) Syamala ( to evict ) Kaushal Deepti Amit Samrat ( to evict ) Roll ( to save ) Not eligible Vote to : Evict Save Evict none Save Evict Evict Save Eternally Nominate Save Evict none Kaushal Kireeti Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Ganesh Nandini House Captain Samrat Babu Nandini Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal Tanish Samrat Ganesh Samrat Amit Not eligible Samrat Tanish Geetha Nominated Winner Geetha Tejaswi Ganesh Ganesh Ganesh Tanish Tejaswi Not eligible Babu House Captain Ganesh Babu House Captain Not eligible Geetha Kaushal Tanish Nutan Kaushal Amit Kaushal Deepti Amit Roll Nominated Runner - up Tanish Kaushal Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Geetha Geetha Not eligible Samrat Tanish House Captain Not eligible Not eligible House Captain Pooja Deepti Kaushal Nutan Roll Not eligible Samrat Deepti Amit Nominated Third Place ( Day 112 ) Deepti Deepthi Kaushal Babu Tejaswi Bhanu Babu Nominated Deepthi Deepti Babu Ganesh Not eligible Not eligible Deepti Amit Samrat House Captain Nominated Amit Roll Nominated Fourth Place ( Day 112 ) Samrat Deepthi Ganesh House Captain Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Tejaswi Samrat Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Pooja Kaushal Kaushal Nutan Syamala Not eligible Not eligible Amit Deepti Nominated Immune Fifth Place ( Day 112 ) Roll Sanjana Nutan Nutan Ganesh Kireeti House Captain Not eligible Amit Roll Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh House Captain Nutan Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible Amit Deepti Geetha Nominated Evicted ( Day 105 ) Amit Deepthi Ganesh Kaushal House Captain Kaushal Not eligible Refused to save Bhanu Not eligible Kaushal Babu Not eligible Immune Samrat Syamala Deepti Deepti Tanish Nutan Ganesh Kaushal Not eligible Nominated Deepti Geetha Evicted ( Day 98 ) Syamala Kireeti Tanish Tejaswi Kireeti Ganesh Tejaswi Nominated Evicted ( Day 28 ) Exempt Not Eligible Syamala Amit Pooja Ganesh Nutan Tanish Not eligible Nominated Evicted ( Day 91 ) Nutan Sanjana Kireeti Amit Evicted ( Day 14 ) Exempt Not Eligible Deepti Hospitalized ( Day 68 ) Amit Samrat Kaushal Not eligible Evicted ( Day 84 ) Ganesh Deepthi Kaushal Kaushal Tejaswi Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Roll Deepti Nandini Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh Kaushal Pooja Amit Kaushal Geetha Not eligible Evicted ( Day 83 ) Pooja Not in House Exempt Not eligible House Captain Pooja Ganesh Syamala Evicted ( Day 77 ) Deepthi Amit Geetha Kaushal Ganesh Kireeti Syamala Not eligible Tanish Tanish Amit Roll Not eligible Not eligible Deepthi Evicted ( Day 70 ) Babu Sanjana Nutan Ganesh Deepthi Ganesh Deepti Not eligible Ganesh Roll Amit Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Evicted ( Day 63 ) Nandini Not in House Exempt Kireeti Bhanu Tejaswi Nominated Tried to save Deepti Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible Evicted ( Day 56 ) Tejaswi Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Deepti Kaushal Deepti Geetha Tejaswi Evicted ( Day 42 ) Bhanu Kireeti Tanish Babu Kaushal Kireeti Nandini Not eligible Nandini Evicted ( Day 35 ) Kireeti Deepthi Nutan Geetha Ganesh Geetha Evicted ( Day 21 ) Sanjana Roll Tejaswi Evicted ( Day 7 ) Notes - 1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 7 , 8 , 9 10 , 11 12 13 , 14 15 , 16 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 - 20 , 21 , 22 22 , 23 22 24 25 - Nominated Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Nutan Sanjana Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Kaushal Babu Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Geetha Tejaswi Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Syamala Nandini Deepti Babu Geetha Syamala Nandini Deepti Deepti Ganesh Bhanu Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Kaushal Babu Ganesh Amit Deepthi Nandini Babu Ganesh Nandini Kaushal Deepti Babu Ganesh Geetha Syamala Deepti Tanish Pooja Geetha Roll Deepthi Nutan Syamala Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal Kaushal Nutan Ganesh Samrat Amit Kaushal Syamala Deepti Amit Kaushal Amit Deepti Roll Geetha All Housemates Deepti Geetha Roll Kaushal Tanish Samrat Kaushal Geetha Deepti Tanish Walked none Nutan none Evicted Sanjana Nutan Kireeti Syamala Bhanu Tejaswi No Eviction Nandini Babu Deepthi Pooja Ganesh Syamala Amit None Roll Kaushal Geetha Syamala & Nutan Nutan Tanish Deepti Samrat Notes indicates the House Captain . indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . indicates that the Nominated housemate was saved from eviction by housemates or tasks . indicates that the Evicted housemate re-entered the house by winning a special voting system . ^ Note 1 : Nominations were done in pairs . ^ Note 2 : Deepthi has been nominated directly for eviction prior to the regular nominations process by House Captain Samrat . ^ Note 3 : Nandini entered the house after nominations . Therefore , she was exempted from nominations . ^ Note 4 : Nandini granted immunity from nominations by Bigg Boss . ^ Note 5 : Face - to - face nominations . ^ Note 6 : The three housemates with the fewest votes were in the danger zone . As the winners of Luxury Budget Task of Week 3 , Kaushal & Tejaswi got the Voting Power to save one of the three nominated housemates . The housemate not saved was evicted . ^ Note 7 : All Housemates are nominated but to get saved from nominations housemates have to complete the task given by Bigg Boss . Housemates who succeeded in given tasks will be saved while those who fail will be directly nominated to face the public vote . ^ Note 8 : Bigg Boss gave a task to Deepti to get saved from nominations that she has to convince Nandini to try to convince Kaushal to nominate himself until the end of the season . Kaushal refused to do that to save Deepti . ^ Note 9 : As a part of the task , Ganesh had to nominate himself in order to save Roll . ^ Note 10 : Housemates were told to pair up , then the paired housemates had to mutually decide to save one of them from eviction and nominate the other . ^ Note 11 : Amit was chosen by the housemates as the least talked housemate . As a result , he was directly nominated . But later got a secret task to save himself from eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated there was no eviction . ^ Note 13 : Syamala & Nutan re-entered the house by gaining the most public votes among all evicted contestants . ^ Note 14 : Housemates had to rate themselves from number 1 being the best & number 12 being the worst . ^ Note 15 : The Guest Kamal Hassan gave Amit special immunity for 2 weeks . ^ Note 16 : Bigg Boss played a song , where housemates had to enter the tent house arranged in the garden area . The last person to enters the tent was nominated . ^ Note 17 : Housemates had to pair up and mutually decide whether to save or nominate themselves . If paired housemates were unable to decide , then Captain Tanish and Amit decide which contestant to save . ^ Note 18 : Bigg Boss gave special power to nominate one saved housemate . Captain Tanish nominated Syamala . ^ Note 19 : Bigg Boss informed Nutan Naidu about his exit due to his critical shoulder injury requiring immediate medical attention during Captaincy task . Nutan Naidu entered the house after the treatment on Day 75 . ^ Note 20 : Bigg Boss suspended Deepti from Captaincy for not following house rules on Day 75 . On the request of the host , Nani , Bigg Boss re-appointed Deepti as Captain on Day 77 . ^ Note 21 : Housemates had to nominate 2 housemates and save 1 housemate . ^ Note 22 : By completing all five tasks as a killer in Week 12 luxury budget task Geetha Madhuri won special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season ( Kaushal ) . ^ Note 23 : Bigg Boss asked Kaushal , Geetha , Tanish and Roll to quietly save one of the directly nominated housemates . The housemate who got most save votes was saved from Week 13 nominations . Samrat was saved from nominations with 2 votes . ^ Note 24 : All housemates are nominated by Bigg Boss for not understanding the values of the ticket to finale task and captaincy tasks . ^ Note 25 : Samrat won the Race to Finale task and won immunity from this week 's Eviction . Vote Count Housemates Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Nominations Received to Evict Nominations Received to Save Eviction Faced Kaushal - 0 7 - - 6 - - - Winner 29 10 Geetha Madhuri - 0 - - 0 - - Runner - up 10 7 Tanish 0 0 0 - - - - 0 - Third Place 9 5 Deepti Nallamothu 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - Fourth Place 11 5 11 Samrat 0 - 0 0 - - 0 - - Fifth Place 9 Roll Rida 0 0 - - - 0 - 0 - Evicted 6 Amit Tiwari - 0 0 - - - 5 Evicted 14 Syamala 0 0 0 Evicted - - - Evicted 5 Nutan Naidu Evicted - - 0 0 6 Evicted 12 0 Ganesh 5 10 0 - - Evicted 27 8 Pooja Ramachandran Not in House - - - Evicted Deepthi Sunaina 7 0 0 - - Evicted 9 Babu Gogineni 0 0 0 7 - - Evicted 10 Nandini Not in House - 0 0 - Evicted Tejaswi Madiwada Evicted 10 Bhanu Sree 0 0 0 - Evicted 0 Kireeti Damaraju 0 8 Evicted 12 0 Sanjana Ane Evicted 0 Weekly summary Week ( s ) Day ( s ) context Description Week Day 0 Entrances Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , Babu Gogineni , Bhanu Sree , Roll Rida , Syamala , Kireeti Damaraju , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Tejaswi Madivada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne and Nutan Naidu entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0 . Day 0 to Day 5 House Captain No Captain Day 2 , 3 , 4 Luxury Budget Task Cheppandi Prabhu All 16 contestants are divided into two groups . Sanjana was the head of the first team and members of the other team were given a task to play servants to her team . The ratings of the first team will play a pivotal role in the captaincy task . Housemates won 3200 points but housemates lost 600 points for not using whistle while in the task , - 200 points for sleeping daytime , and - 200 points due to Tejaswi failed her secret task given by Bigg Boss . After all deductions , housemates won 2200 points to buy luxury items . Day 5 Captaincy Task BIGG BOSS MELA → Contenders : - Samrat Reddy , Bhanu Sree , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne . In this task , contenders have used some items from the stall provided in the garden area and have to advertise in a creative manner by using items from the stall . 100 tokens are given to remaining housemates to elect their captain by their performance . → Total tokens won by contenders : Ganesh 175 , Sanjana Anne 130 , Bhanu Sree 380 , and Samrat Reddy won week 2 captaincy with 395 tokens . Day 0 In Jail Sanjana Anne ( For 2 Days ) Nutan Naidu ( For 15 Hours ) Day 1 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Kaushal Nutan Naidu Sanjana Anne Day 7 Exits Sanjana Anne . Week Day 8 Entrances Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . Day 5 to Day 12 House Captain Samrat Reddy , 1st captain of the House . Day 9 , 10 , 11 Luxury Budget Task Evadura Rajyani Gelichedhi In this luxury budget task Nutan became the king , Deepti Nallamothu became the queen and Nandini was announced as the princess . They were assisted by Geetha ( chancellor ) and they chose a team that would work for the princess . The other housemates became villagers and were asked to stay in huts set up in the garden area of the house . Round One Then two contestants entered the activity room to compete in a task to join the King 's Team . → Winners of Mud Pit tasks given by BIGG BOSS joined King 's Team and remaining housemates became villagers who work for the princess . → King 's Team members are Amit , Samrat , Babu Gogineni , Ganesh , Bhanu , and Kireeti . → Princess Team members are Deepthi Sunaina , Tejaswi , Roll Rida , Syamala , Tanish , and Kaushal . Round Two BIGG BOSS placed one diamond in the living area which gives housemates more points to win Round two . → The losing team 's leader will be locked in jail by the winning team 's leader . Raju Gari Malla is a task which hosted by Geetha . In this task , two teams have to get as many flowers from the pool in the garden area to make a garland . Princess Team won the task with 96 flowers . Raja Simhasanam is a task which hosted by Geetha . Nandhini ( Princess ) sits on a chair and two teams have to pull the chair to win . King 's Team won by pulling the chair to their side . BIGG BOSS announced Princess Team as the winner of round two and ordered Nandhini ( Princess ) to lock Nutan Naidu ( King ) , and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) in jail . Round Three Princess Team had to protect the jail key , which was placed in gym area , for eight hours to win the luxury budget task . King 's team had to steal the key and rescue Nutan Naidu ( King ) and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) to win the luxury budget task . Day 11 Result Won - Princess Team Day 12 Captaincy Task Oopiri Unnantha Varaku Contenders are Tanish , Kaushal , and Amit . The task is for the three contestants to hold on to a rope on a T stand arranged in the garden area . While the other housemates do everything and anything they can to get them to release their hold on the rope and get off the podium . From tickling , shaving beards , dumping toothpaste to using lemon -- housemates tried everything . None of them gave up . Housemates decided Amit as the right person and convinced Kaushal & Tanish to leave the rope . Amit Tiwari won week 3 Captaincy Day 11 In Jail Nutan Naidu for 20 hours Deepti Nallamothu for 20 hours Day 8 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nutan Naidu Kaushal Babu Gogineni Day 14 Exits Nutan Naidu Week Day 12 to Day 19 House Captain Amit Tiwari Day 16 , 17 , 18 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS Sugar Cane Factory Bigg Boss house became a sugar cane factory . In this task , there are two teams and one quality - check manager . Yellow team owner is Kaushal , Green team owner is Kireeti Damaraju and the quality - check manager and chancellor of the task is Bhanu Sree . Two teams have to complete the sugar cane juice bottles order given by Bigg Boss by using sugar cane juice machines placed in the garden area and save Bigg Boss money to win . The Quality - check manager should check the quality and accept or reject the bottles . Level One → Order One given by Bigg Boss 25 juice bottles for both teams . Green team won with 25 bottles . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 50 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Three given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Bigg Boss canceled the order because the green team cheated by mixing water with sugar cane juice in bottles . Level Two → Order One given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 75 bottles . Both teams completed . But the yellow team won with 77 bottles . Yellow team are with 73,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Tejaswi ) and 15,000 with owner after giving wages to workers while the green team lost with 53,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Ganesh ) and 0 money with owner after giving wages to workers . And 31,000 Bigg boss money with quality - check manager ( Bhanu Sree ) . Kaushal and Tejaswi awarded with special vote power by Bigg Boss for winning luxury budget task . Day 18 Result Won - Yellow Team Day 19 Captaincy Task BiryaniVindhu Contenders : - Ganesh , Kireeti Damaraju , Roll Rida . In this task , contenders had to eat as much biryani as they could before the buzzer sounded . Roll Rida won week 4 captaincy by eating 13 servings of biryani . Day 19 In Jail Tanish Alladi Babu Gogineni Day 15 Nominations Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Geetha Madhuri Bhanu Sree Tejaswi Madivada Day 21 Exits Kireeti Damaraju . Week Day 19 to Day 26 House Captain Roll Rida Day 23 , 24 Luxury Budget Task BIGGBOSS HOSTEL Bigg Boss house became a hostel . In this hostel , there are two teams . Lovers ' team and hostel - staff team . Wardens and security guards had to prevent lovers ' secret rendezvous , gift exchanges and entering the activity room . If boy met a girl and exchanged their gifts , the hostel staff lost points . Hostel wardens : : Babu Gogineni and Geetha Madhuri Security guards : : Shyamala and Ganesh . Love Pairs : : Samrat and Tejeswi , Amit and Bhanu Sree , Kaushal and Deepti Nallamothu , Roll Rida and Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish and Nandhini Rai . Lovers team won the task . They lost luxury budget points because of sleeping while task going on and taking breaks for lunch , rest . Day 26 Captaincy Task TBA Day 22 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Bigg Boss ordered Roll Rida to lock her in jail because she was talking about nominations with housemates and given punishment as she has to write Sorry Bigg Boss 100 times on the wall by wearing boxing gloves . Day 22 Nominations Babu Gogineni Tejaswi Madivada Geetha Madhuri Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Nandhini Rai Syamala Day 28 Exits Syamala Week 5 Day 26 to Day 33 House Captain Kaushal Day 30 , 31 , 32 Luxury Budget Task Manchi Chedu In this luxury budget task there are two teams Manchivallu Team and Cheddavallu Team . Manchi Team : : Babu Gogineni , Roll Rida , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Nandini Rai , Deepti Nallamothu and Tanish . Chedu Team : : Tejeswi Madiwada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Bhanu Sree , Amit Tiwari and Geetha Madhuri . Manchi team had to clean things in the house and they had to cook for all housemates . Chedu team tried to make the house dirty . Manchi team had to protect three lotus flowers and red apples to not lose points and chedu team had to destroy those flowers and protect black apples to gain points . The apple tree was in garden area it contains red and black apples . While chedu team won the task Bigg Boss gave 2600 amazon.in luxury budget points for good performances by both the teams and 200 points were deducted due to tejaswi destroyed the cleaning mop therefore housemates won 2400 amazon.in luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 32 Result Won - Chedu Team Day 33 Captaincy Task BIGGBOSS inti Samskarthallu Contenders are : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina Two contenders had to prepare their own campaigns on what reforms they are making and propagate to each housemate and they should clarify housemates ' doubts . After propagations , Bigg Boss conducted an election and all housemates had to drop their votes in ballot box arranged in the garden area . Geetha Madhuri won Week 6 captaincy with 11 votes . Day 32 In Jail Bhanu Sree Day 29 Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Bhanu Sree Day 35 Exits Bhanu Sree Week 6 Day 33 to Day 40 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Days 37 , 38 , 39 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS BLOCKBUSTER In this luxury budget task , housemates have to shoot a film . Amit as Director , Deepti nallamothu as Assistant director ( A.D ) , Roll Rida as Director of photography ( DOP ) , Tejaswi madivada as choreographer , makeup man and Stylist . Level one : - Director , Assistant Director and DOP have to prepare a story and its characters . The film should be in the order like Beginning , Romance , Action , and climax . Level Two : - Auditions has to be conducted by Amit ( Director ) , Deepti Nallamothu ( A.D ) , and Roll Rida ( DOP ) in the Activity Room . The remaining housemates had to audition to be selected to be a character for the film . Rejected housemates became helping crew in the film and were not eligible for the next captaincy task . Day 40 Captaincy Task Tomato Juice Contestants : : Amit , Babu Gogineni , Tanish In Jail None Day 36 Nominations Amit ( 11 ) Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Day 42 Exits Tejaswi Week 7 Day 43 Entrances Pooja Ramachandran entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . Day 40 to Day 46 House Captain Tanish Day 46 Captaincy Task Move the Statue Contenders : : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Nallamotu , Amit Tiwar , Samrat Geetha Madhuri won the Task and became House Captain for Week 8. This is second time for Geetha Madhuri to be as House Captain. , Day 47 Luxury Budget Task Nadusthundu Nadusthundu Nadusthuneundu In this luxury budget task , housemates had to divide into three teams . Each team had three members . One should swim to bring body spray bottle in the pool , one should walk from the pool to the standing person , and one should stand at the table . Swimming member have to bring only one fog body spray bottle at a time and had to give it to their walking team member and the walking member will give it to their standing member and he / she will place the bottle on the table . Geetha Madhuri was chancellor for this task . Team one : - Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu and Nandhini . Team Two : - Samrat Reddy , Tanish Alladi , Deepthi Sunaina . Team Three : - Pooja Ramachandran , Amit Tiwari , Roll Rida . Swimmers : - Kaushal , Samrat Reddy , and Pooja Ramachandran . Walkers : - Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , and Amit Tiwari . Team one won this task and they awarded with luxury items available under the cap of the body spray bottle collected by them . In Jail None Day 43 Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nandini Babu Gogineni Exits This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated , there is no eviction . Week 8 Day 53 Entrances Syamala and Nutan Naidu re-entered the Bigg Boss house . Day 46 to Day 54 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Day 51 , 52 Luxury Budget Task Pirates VS Survivors In this task , housemates are divided into two teams . Team One : - Deepthi Sunaina , Deepti Nallamothu , Geetha Madhuri , Pooja Ramachandran , Samrat Reddy and Roll Rida . Team Two : - Amit Tiwari , Ganesh , Babu Gogineni , Tanish , Nandini and Kaushal . Day 1 : Team One were survivors and Team Two were pirates . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Pirates have to attempt to drag survivors out off the plank while Survivors were supposed to hang on a plank and should n't touch the ground after stepping onto a plank . Team one won this luxury budget task by surviving three hours on planks as survivors . Day 54 Captaincy Task Dance with DJ Contenders : : Pooja Ramachandran , Roll Rida , Samrat In this Captaincy Task , housemates are asked to dance for the song , only one housemate to contend for each song , total of five songs . And the DJ with the most housemates dancing to their song is a New Captain . Pooja Ramachandran won the task and became House Captain of Week 9 . Day 52 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Ganesh ( Kaushal used his jail card and rescued Ganesh from jail ) Day 50 Nominations Kaushal Babu Nandini Ganesh Deepti Nallamothu Day 56 Exits Nandini Rai Week 9 Day 54 to Day 61 House Captain Pooja Ramachandran Day 58 , 59 Luxury Budget Task Purushulaki mahilalaki Madhya Anthima Yuddham In this task , housemates are divided into two teams : - Boys Team and Girls Team . Every team controls any 2 places in the house . Teammates have to spend gold coins to use the area of other team . The bedroom and kitchen were controlled by the girls team , while living room and bathroom were controlled by the boys team . To get more gold coins , team mates have to finish some tasks given by bigg boss . The team with the most coins wins the task . Some Intermediate tasks : - Sharira Drudatvamtho Kudukunnadi : In this task , four girls and four boys have to participate . There are two tires in the gym area . One should sit on the tire and the other pull them from the yellow mark ( Starting point ) to the red mark ( End point ) . Boys team won this task and was awarded with one gold coin packet . Samayaspurthitho Kudukunnadi : There are two lines and one center point in the garden area . Both teams have to decide there numbers from 1 to 4 chancellor will say one number they should try to get gold coin packet from the center point . Boys team won 3 gold coin packets . Kabaddi : Kabaddi sport between the boys and girls teams . There are five round the one with most points win the task . Boys team won this task with 4 points . Box opening : There are some locked boxes in the garden area and keys in the pool . Both the teams have to get the keys from the pool and open the boxes . All boxes contain one gold coin . Boys team won . Quiz to Girls : In this task the quiz master is Tanish and the score marker is Ganesh . Three girls from mahilalu team has to answer 20 out of 30 general knowledge ( GK ) questions to win gold coins . Girls lost this task by answering 16 out of 30 questions . Purushulu vantacheyaleru : In this task boys team have to cook some food ordered by bigg boss in 45 minutes to win gold coin packet . Purushulu team won this task . Mahilalu team has 325 coins . Purushulu team won this luxury budget task with 330 gold coins . Day 61 Captaincy Task Raangu Rabba Rabba Contenders : - Tanish and Deepti Nallamothu There are two paint buckets and one white board in garden area . Contenders have to select one color and start painting the white board . Whoever 's paint color is most visible on the board will become the next captain of the house . Tanish won the task and became the House Captain of Week 10 . In Jail None Day 57 Nominations Babu Gogineni Geetha Madhuri Syamala Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Ganesh Day 63 Exits Babu Gogineni Week 10 Day 61 to Day 68 House Captain Tanish Day 65 , 66 Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Call Center Housemates are divided into two teams - Call Center Executives and Customers Team Kaushal : Samrat , Syamala , Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu , Nuthan Naidu , Amit Tiwari Team Tanish : Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish , Pooja Ramachandran , Ganesh Call center executives have to patiently listen to their customers ' complaints and should respond politely and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Customers have to irritate the executives and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Team One members are call center executives and Team Two members are customers on Day 1 . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Kaushal team won the task with 10 points and they were awarded with 2400 Luxury Budget points to buy luxury items . Day 68 Captaincy Task Padagottu Nillabettu Contenders : Kaushal and Roll Rida . There are two types of blocks placed in the garden area . Contenders have to construct a pyramid using the blocks and have protect it until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to throw balls to destroy the pyramids . Roll Rida won this task and became Week 11 captain . In Jail None Day 64 Nominations Pooja Ramachandran Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Nutan Syamala Deepthi Sunaina Day 70 Exits Deepthi Sunaina Week 11 Day 68 to Day 75 House Captain Roll Rida Day 75 Captaincy Task Mee Captaincy Merey Konukondi Contenders : Deepti Nallamothu and Kaushal . Two weighing machines were placed for the contenders ( one each ) in the garden area . Every housemate had to weigh belongings and drop in the basket of the contender they support , giving their reasons for their support . The contender with the maximum weight emerges the winner . Syamala was the chancellor of the task . She had to announce the winner and put the winner 's weighed belongings in the storeroom . Deepti Nallamothu won the task and became a new captain of the house . Day Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Inti Pelli In Jail None Day 71 Nominations Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal Day 77 Exits Pooja Ramachandran Week 12 Day 76 House Captain No Captain Day 75 Day 77 to Day 81 Deepti Nallamothu Day 79 , 80 Luxury Budget Task Murder Mystery This is a luxury budget game . In this game , Bigg Boss asked to pick one box in the confession room by housemates secretly . Randomly it consists of a white pearl , a red pearl and a black pearl . The housemate who got a white pearl will become a public team people , the red pearl person becomes a killer , the black pearl persons become police and a detective man . Killer : Geetha Madhuri has to do some tasks given by Bigg Boss to kill a public member to win the task and to gain immunity for Week 13 . Public Team : Kaushal , Amit Tiwari , Nutan Naidu , Samrat , Syamala , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish . Public team have to protect their lives from the killer to win the task , If any housemate is murdered by the killer he / she should enter the graveyard arranged in the garden area . Police and Detective : Roll Rida is the police and Ganesh is the detective . Both have to find the killer to win the task . Housemates do n't know who is the killer and who are public members and everyone knows who is the police and the detective . Following tasks done by Geetha Madhuri to kill Public team members : - Geetha Madhuri should complete all five tasks to win immunity and a special power . Task 1 : She has to irritate one housemate and anger him . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Kaushal angry and killed him . Task 2 : She has to feed food to one housemate . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Samrat to eat bread by his hands and killed him . Task 3 : She has to write one housemate 's name on the mirror in the bathroom area . Geetha Madhuri successfully wrote Amit 's name and killed him . Task 4 : She has to dance with one housemate . Geetha Madhuri danced with Syamala and killed her . Task 5 : She has to spoil one housemate 's bed by using any food products . Geetha Madhuri successfully spoiled Deepti 's bed and killed her . As per Bigg Boss ' instructions , the police ( Roll Rida ) and Detective ( Ganesh ) had to name , investigate their 3 suspects in a witness box and then announce their final conclusion along with evidence . Roll Rida and Ganesh reported to Bigg Boss that Tanish is the killer and lost the task . All tasks were done secretly by Geetha Madhuri and she won immunity for Week 13 and special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season and they awarded with 2000 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 81 Captaincy Task Aalasipothe Anthame Contenders : Nutan Naidu , Tanish and Roll Rida . In this task there are three cycles placed in the garden area . Contenders have to cycle until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to support one and try to stop the remaining contenders cycling without touching the cycle. Tanish gave up after 8 hours of cycling . After the buzzer sounded , Bigg Boss announced that there are two contenders still cycling therefore there are no winner and no captain for Week 13 . In Jail None Day 78 Nominations Kaushal Samrat Nutan Naidu Amit Tiwari Ganesh Day 83 Exits Ganesh Day 84 Nutan Naidu Week 13 Day 81 to Day 89 House Captain No Captain Day 86 , 87 Luxury Budget Task Tollywood Marathon This is a 24 / 7 luxury budget task.In this task there are 8 solo songs and one boys group song and one girls group song and one house group song . Bigg Boss given some different solo song to each housemate . Bigg Boss plays a song any time , housemates have to remember their song whenever song plays housemate have to dance on the dance floor arranged in living area . If any housemate goes late on to the dance floor or if the housemate dances to the wrong song , they 'll lose luxury budget points . Continually Bigg Boss sends cakes on the occasion of Bigg Boss 's birthday . Housemates have to wish happy birthday to Bigg Boss and they have to eat cake every time he sends throughout the day 87 by continuing Tollywood Marathon task . Day 88 to Day 89 Special Task Ticket to Grand Finale This is a task which grants immunity for a housemate to become a finalist for the season . There is a car in the garden area and this task lasts for exactly 24 hours . Housemates have to enter the car when the start buzzer rings . The first 5 members who sit in the car will be contenders of this task . Housemates should not step out of the car until the buzzer sounds . There should be only 1 housemate in the car at the time of the end buzzer , if there more than 1 housemate in the car , will result in total lose of task no one will get immunity . Contenders : - Geetha Madhuri , Tanish , Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat and Syamala . At the end of the day there were 3 housemates in the car , therefore no one was eligible to get immunity and become a finalist . Bigg Boss announced that there will be no captaincy task and no captain for Week 14 for losing the Ticket to Finale task In Jail None Day 81 Nominations Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Amit Tiwari Samrat Syamala Day 91 Exits Syamala Week 14 Day 89 to Day 95 House Captain No Captain Day 92 Tasks Oppo F9 Pro Fully Charged In this task housemates are divided into two teams . Twilight Blue : Kaushal , Tanish , Roll Rida , and Samrat . Sun Rise Red : Geetha , Deepti , and Amit . There are two mobile phones on stands and two sets of boxes ( Each set consist of 100 boxes ) in the garden area . Both the teams have to find the charger from the boxes in the garden area after the buzzer sounded , and they can stop other teams effort in searching , and they have to charge only for 5 minutes in the gym area . Bigg Boss sounds a start buzzer to take selfies with using the features in the mobile phone , while others can spoil their selfies . Twilight Blue Team won the task with clear selfies and got a phone call from the public . Day 93 , 94 Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Remote Control This is an individual luxury budget task . All housemates have follow the orders passed by BIGG BOSS . List of orders given by Bigg Boss : Freeze - Housemate ( s ) have to freeze immediately . Rewind - Housemate ( s ) have to rewind immediately . Fast Forward - Housemate ( s ) have to do their work in fast motion . Release - Housemate ( s ) are released from all orders temporary . Housemate ( s ) have to dance to the Bigg Boss Telugu 2 theme music in the garden area . Housemates won 800 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 95 Captaincy Task Thudhivaraku Contender : Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat , Amit , Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Tanish . Kaushal was a chancellor for this task . There were 6 glasses placed in the garden area with coloured water in each of it . Each housemate had to pick the glass and must not put the glass down until 5 buzzers . Upon each buzzer , one glass should be emptied . The housemates can either negotiate or use any other method to convince other housemate put the glass down . The housemates can hide any where in the house except washrooms . Bigg Boss announced that no one followed the given rules and making their own rules to play the task . There were no housemate with full or more than half the glass with coloured water , therefore there is no captain for week 15 . Day 95 In Jail Deepti Nallamothu ( Bigg Boss sent Deepti to jail for breaking house property ) Day 92 Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Deepti Nallamothu Day 98 Exits Amit Tiwari Week 15 Day 95 to Day 103 House Captain No Captain Day 100,101 , 102 Tasks Race To Finale This is the task which gives another opportunity to get immunity from eviction and to become a first finalist for the housemates . In this task there are two levels . The winners of level one will be qualified for level two . Level 1 : - Mee Esuka Jaagratha There are three sand containers in the garden area . Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Kaushal have to protect their respective sand container , while Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish , and Samrat have to empty or destroy their sand containers after start buzzer sounded . At the end buzzer the contestant with more amount of sand becomes eligible for the level two . The roles get reversed subsequently to decide the second qualifier for the level two . Roll Rida and Samrat qualified for level two . Level 2 : - Kodi Gudllu Jaagratha There are two egg bowls for one each . Samrat and Roll Rida have to protect their respective egg bowls to win the task . Remaining housemates can try to brake their eggs . Contenders can hide anywhere in house except washrooms . Samrat won the task and gained immunity from week 's eviction and became a first finalist of the season . Day 103 Luxury Budget Task Baanthi Jaagratha There were two tables in the garden area . one table consists of a tray of smiley ball on which luxury items names were written and on the other table had an empty tray . The housemates had to stand in a line adjacent to each other between the tables , pick the smiley balls with their mouth , pass on the ball mouth - to - mouth and drop them into the empty tray . Housemates collected 10 balls and they awarded with 10 luxury items . In Jail None Day 99 Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Kaushal Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Samrat Day 105 Exits Roll Rida Week 16 Day 103 to Day 112 House Captain No Captain Day 107 Tasks Characters Swap Housemates got letters from the post box , which it contains one of the finalist name and they should behave like that housemate until . Bigg Boss will give some situations which occurred in past in the house for respective housemate to act like them . Day 106 Finalists During the final week the public vote for who they wanted to win Bigg Boss 2 . The finalists for the title were as following : Samrat Reddy Kaushal Manda Geetha Madhuri Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Alladi Finale Day 112 Winner Kaushal Manda Runner - Up Geetha Madhuri Third Place Tanish Alladi Fourth Place Deepti Nallamothu Fifth Place Samrat Reddy References Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ' marks TV debut of Nani as host , show goes on air from June 10 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out ; Auditions open for commoners '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Nani targeted for biased hosting '' . IB Times . 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani 's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Anasuya Bharadwaj makes surprise entry in Nani hosted show '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhi Pinisetty , Taapsee Pannu , Ritika Singh promote Neevevaro on Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , actors Sunil and Allari Naresh graced the show to promote their film silly fellows '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 12 , 2018 : Housemates share emotional moments with families '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 13 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 24 , 2018 : Sudheer Babu , and his co-star Nabha Natesh entered into the house '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 25 , 2018 : Tanish flawlessly imitates Geetha '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Day 110 Highlights : Finalists set for a reunion '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale live updates : Finalists Geetha , Kaushal , Deepthi , Tanish , Samrat treated with beauty regimes '' . IB Times . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 30 , 2018 : Deepthi drags Kaushal into the elimination race '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 3 , 2018 : Kamal Haasan gifts Amit a two - week extension card '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 updates : Nutan Naidu sudden exit from the show due to a shoulder dislocation '' . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 contestants upset over Nutan Naidu 's comeback after shoulder injury '' . IB Times . 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 30 , 2018 : Geetha slaps Kaushal with a nomination for the rest of the season '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 launch highlights : Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari and Tejaswi Madivada among others enter Bigg Boss house '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu season 2 written update , June 15 , 2018 : Samrat becomes the first captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 7 : Sanjana Anne Evicted from Bigg Boss house , and Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a Wild Card Contestant '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 22 , 2018 : House witnesses some ugly fights , Amit emerges as the new captain '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 14 : Nutan Naidu Evicted from Nani'sBigg Boss '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 27 , 2018 : Kaushal and Tejaswi win a special voting power '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Roll Rida is the new captain , Babu and Tanish jailed '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Episode 22 : Kireeti Damaraju Evicted from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , 4th elimination live updates : Nandini , Deepti saved , Syamala evicted '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Geetha Madhuri wins a majority in captaincy race '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Bhanu Sree evicted , Nani asks her to pack bag '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 week 6 elimination : Tejaswi Madivada shown doors , Samrat Reddy is safe from eviction '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Wildcard entry of Pooja Ramachandran old fixture in house '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 2 Telugu , episode 47 : Geetha Madhuri Became captain for the second time '' . Hindustan Times . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ex-contestant's wildcard entry : Who should be brought back ? ( Poll ) '' . IB Times . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Pooja Ramachandran drops bigg bomb on Geetha Madhuri '' . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Geetha Madhuri wins ' murder ' task , gains immunity from elimination , but nominates Kaushal again '' . IB Times . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 31 , 2018 : Nutan Naidu misses the opportunity to be a captain '' . Times Of India . 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Ganesh eliminated from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , Kaushal gets saved '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Nani asks Nuthan Naidu to pack his bags , drops bomb on deepthi '' . IB Times . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 7 , 2018 : None wins the ' Ticket to finale ' ; Kaushal irks every housemate '' . Times Of India . 8 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live update : Shyamala evicted from Nani 's show , drops big bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 13 , 2018 : Bigg Boss punishes Deepti '' . Times Of India . 14 September 2018 . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Amit Tiwari drops big bomb on Deepthi after eviction '' . IB Times . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 18 , 2018 : Roll Rida advances into level 2 of ' Race to Finale ' '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Next task in ' Race to Finale ' level 2 announced '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . 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1229402994952755181	The Handmaid's Tale	The Handmaid 's Tale - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with The Handmaiden . The Handmaid 's Tale Cover of the first edition Author Margaret Atwood Cover artist Tad Aronowicz , design ; Gail Geltner , collage ( first edition , hardback ) Country Canada Language English Genre Dystopian novel speculative fiction Publisher McClelland and Stewart Publication date 1985 ( hardcover ) Pages 311 ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 The Handmaid 's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood , originally published in 1985 . It is set in a near - future New England , in a totalitarian , Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government . The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred . Her name derives from the possessive form `` of Fred '' ; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male , or master , whom they serve . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation to misogyny in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women attempt to gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc . ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , night and other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the handmaids ' tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of the life which she now lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a television series , and other media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Offred 2.2 The Commander 2.3 Serena Joy 2.4 Ofglen 2.5 Nick 2.6 Moira 2.7 Luke 2.8 Professor Pieixoto 3 Setting 3.1 Politics 3.2 Religion 3.3 Caste and class 3.4 Gender and occupation 3.5 Legitimate women 3.6 Illegitimate women 3.7 Men 3.8 Babies 3.9 The Ceremony 3.10 Language 4 Genre classification 4.1 Historical context 5 Critical reception 5.1 Feminist reading 5.2 Race 5.3 Awards 6 Academic reception 6.1 Other use in academia 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Audio 7.5 Stage 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead , a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America . Beginning with a staged attack that kills the President and most of Congress , a fundamentalist Christian Reconstructionist movement calling itself the `` Sons of Jacob '' launches a revolution and suspends the United States Constitution under the pretext of restoring order . They quickly remove women 's rights , largely attributed to financial records being stored electronically and labelled by sex . The new regime , the Republic of Gilead , moves quickly to consolidate its power , including overtaking all pre-existing religious groups , including Christianity , and reorganize society along a new militarized , hierarchical model of Old Testament - inspired social and religious fanaticism among its newly created social classes . In this society , human rights are severely limited and women 's rights are strictly curtailed . For example , women are forbidden to read , and anyone caught in homosexual acts would be hanged for `` Gender Treachery '' . The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred . The character is one of a class of women with healthy reproductive systems , in an era of declining birth rates owed to increasing infertility . These women are forcibly assigned to produce children for the ruling class and are known as `` handmaids , '' based on the biblical story of Rachel and her handmaid Bilhah . Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid , in this case to Fred ( referred to as `` The Commander '' ) . Interspersed with her narratives of her present - day experiences are flashback discussions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution , when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband , their failed attempt to escape to Canada , and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government - trained women called `` Aunts '' . Offred describes the structure of Gilead 's society , including the different classes of women and their lives within the new theonomy . The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing -- blue , red , green , striped and white - to signify social class and assigned position , ranked highest to lowest . The Commanders ' wives are dressed in blue , handmaids in red , Marthas ( cooks and maids ) in green . Striped clothing is for all other women ( called `` Econowives '' ) who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere . Young , unmarried girls are dressed in white . The Commander is a high - ranking official in Gilead . Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to `` the ceremony , '' a ritual of sexual intercourse intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present , he begins an illegal relationship with Offred . Secret meetings occur in his study , which the Commander 's Wife is not permitted to enter . The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house . During these meetings , he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games together , such as Scrabble . He also lets her read , another offence , as women are not permitted to read and write . The Commander offers her contraband products , such as old ( 1970s ) fashion magazines and cosmetics . Finally , he gives her lingerie and takes her to a government - run brothel called Jezebel 's . This brothel is meant to add variety to men 's sex lives which , as claimed by the Commander , is necessary . At Jezebel 's , Offred encounters her friend , Moira , who had escaped from the handmaid training center , and learns how she came to be there . Moira explains that defiant women who could not adjust to the new society might be offered work at Jezebel 's rather than be forced to work in the Colonies , cleaning up radioactive waste . The women in the brothels are allowed alcohol and drugs , a freedom Offred notes . Though they are allowed to choose their patrons , they are discouraged from refusing a man 's advances . The Commander 's wife , Serena Joy , is a minor antagonist . Offred remembers her as a Christian media personality who supported women 's domesticity and subordinate role well before Gilead was established . Serena is clearly bored and unhappy -- that she was taken at her word , Offred assumes -- and hates sharing her husband with a handmaid . Ironically , though , Serena also has secret interactions with Offred , arranging for her to sleep with Nick , the Commander 's driver , in an effort to get Offred pregnant . In return , Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo . Offred has not seen her child since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead . After Offred 's initial meeting with Nick , they begin to meet more frequently . Offred discovers she enjoys sex with him , despite her indoctrination and her memories of her husband . She shares potentially dangerous information about her past with him . Through her shopping partner , a woman called Ofglen , Offred learns of the Mayday resistance , an underground network working to overthrow the Republic of Gilead . Shortly after Ofglen 's disappearance ( later revealed as a suicide ) , the Commander 's wife finds evidence of the relationship between Offred and the Commander . Offred contemplates suicide . As the novel concludes , Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant . Shortly afterwards , she is taken away by the secret police , the Eyes of God , known informally as `` the Eyes '' . Before she is put in the large black van , Nick tells her that the men are part of the Mayday resistance and to trust him . Offred does not know if he is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one , and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture . She enters the van with her future uncertain . The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called `` the Gilead Period . '' The epilogue is `` a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies '' written in 2195 and hosted by Professor Maryann Crescent Moon . According to the symposium 's `` keynote speaker '' Professor James Darcy Pieixoto , he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred 's story recorded onto cassette tapes . They transcribed the tapes , calling them collectively `` the handmaid 's tale . '' Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book , the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued , and Pieixoto discusses his team 's search for the characters named in the Tale , and the impossibility of proving the tapes ' authenticity . However , the existence of tapes does imply that Offred escaped and survived for at least a time and thus that the Eyes that collected her were , in fact , part of Mayday . The epilogue also suggests that , following the collapse of the theonomic Republic of Gilead , a more equal society -- though not the United States that had previously existed -- re-emerged , with a restoration of full rights for women and freedom of religion . Characters ( edit ) Offred ( edit ) Offred is the protagonist and narrator . She was labeled a `` wanton woman '' when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced . All divorces were nullified by the new government , meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife , making Offred an adulteress . In trying to escape Gilead , she was separated from her husband and daughter . She is part of the first generation of Gilead 's women , those who remember pre-Gilead times . Proved fertile , she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a handmaid in the home of the Commander Fred and his wife Serena Joy , to bear a child for them ( Serena Joy is believed to be infertile ) . Offred is a slave name that describes her function : she is `` of Fred '' , i.e. she belongs to Fred , her commander , and is considered a concubine . In the novel , Offred says that she is not a concubine , but a tool ; a `` two legged womb '' . The Handmaids ' names say nothing about who the women really are ( Offred Of Fred , Ofglen Of Glen ) ; their only identity is as the Commander 's property . `` Offred '' is also a pun on the word `` offered '' , as in `` offered as a sacrifice , '' as well as a play on the words `` off - red '' , referencing the color that handmaids wear and the character 's frustrations with her assigned position . The women in training to be handmaids whisper names across their beds at night . The names are `` Alma . Janine . Dolores . Moira . June '' , and all are later accounted for except June . In addition , one of the Aunts tells the handmaids - in - training to stop `` mooning and June - ing '' . From this and other references , some readers have inferred that her birth name could be `` June . '' Miner suggests that `` June '' is a pseudonym . As `` Mayday '' is the name of the Gilead resistance , June could be an invention by the protagonist . The Nunavit conference covered in the epilogue takes place in June . When the Hulu TV series chose to state outright that Offred 's real name is June , Atwood wrote that it was not her original intention to imply that Offred 's real name is June `` but it fits , so readers are welcome to it if they wish . '' The Commander ( edit ) The Commander says that he is a sort of scientist and was previously involved in something similar to market research , pre-Gilead . Later , it is hypothesized , but not confirmed , that he might have been one of the architects of the Republic and its laws . Presumably , his first name is `` Fred '' , though that , too , may be a pseudonym . He engages in forbidden intellectual pursuits with Offred , such as playing Scrabble , and introduces her to a secret club that serves as a brothel for high - ranking officers . Offred learns that the Commander carried on a similar relationship with his previous handmaid and that she killed herself when his wife found out . In the epilogue the academics speculate that one of two figures , both instrumental in the establishment of Gilead , may have been Fred , based on his first name . It is strongly suggested that the Commander was a man named Frederick R. Waterford who was killed in a purge shortly after Offred was taken away , charged with harboring an enemy agent . Serena Joy ( edit ) Serena Joy is a former televangelist and the Commander 's wife in the fundamentalist theonomy . The state took away her power and public recognition , and tries to hide her past as a television figure . Offred identifies her master 's wife by recalling seeing her on TV when she was a little girl early on Saturday mornings while waiting for the cartoons to air . Believed to be sterile ( although the suggestion is made that the Commander is sterile , Gileadean laws attribute sterility only to women ) , she is forced to accept that he has use of a handmaid . She resents having to take part in the monthly fertility ritual . She strikes a deal with Offred to arrange for her to have sex with Nick in order to become pregnant . According to Professor Pieixoto in the epilogue , `` Serena Joy '' or `` Pam '' are pseudonyms ; the character 's real name is implied to be Thelma . Ofglen ( edit ) Ofglen is a neighbour of Offred 's and a fellow Handmaid . She is partnered with Offred to do the daily shopping . Handmaids are never alone and are expected to police each other 's behaviour . Ofglen is a member of the Mayday resistance . In contrast to Offred , she is daring . She knocks out a Mayday spy who is to be tortured and killed in order to save him the pain of a violent death . Offred is told that when Ofglen vanishes , it is because she has committed suicide before the government can take her into custody due to her membership in the resistance , possibly to avoid giving away any information . A new handmaid , also called Ofglen , takes Ofglen 's place , and is assigned as Offred 's shopping partner . She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance . She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen . Nick ( edit ) Nick is the Commander 's chauffeur , who lives above the garage . By Serena Joy 's arrangement , he and Offred start a sexual relationship to increase her chance of getting pregnant . If she were unable to bear the Commander a child , she would be declared sterile and shipped to the ecological wastelands of the Colonies . Offred begins to develop feelings for him . Nick is an ambiguous character , and Offred does not know if he is a party loyalist or part of the resistance , though he identifies himself as the former . The epilogue suggests that he really was part of the resistance , and aided Offred in escaping the Commander 's house . Moira ( edit ) Moira has been a close friend of Offred 's since college . A lesbian , she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society . Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred . She escapes by stealing an Aunt 's pass and clothes , but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party - run brothel . She was caught and chose the brothel rather than be sent to the Colonies . Luke ( edit ) Luke was Offred 's husband prior to the formation of Gilead . He had divorced his first wife to marry her . Under Gilead , all divorces were retroactively nullified , resulting in Offred being considered an adulteress and their daughter a bastard . Offred was forced to become a Handmaid and her daughter was given to a loyalist family . Since their attempt to escape to Canada , Offred has heard nothing of Luke . Professor Pieixoto ( edit ) Pieixoto is the `` co-discoverer ( with Professor Knotly Wade ) of Offred 's tapes '' . In his presentation at an academic conference , he talks about `` the ' Problems of Authentication in Reference to The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Setting ( edit ) The novel is set in an indeterminate future , speculated to be around the year 2005 , with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead . Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions . The complex sumptuary laws ( dress codes ) play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex , occupation , and caste . The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Atwood studied at Radcliffe College , located in this area . Politics ( edit ) In Gilead , the bodies of fertile women are politicized and controlled . The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile ( though in Gilead , legally , it is only women who can be the cause of infertility ) . Gilead 's treatment of women is based upon a narrow , fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible , meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband , father , or head of household . They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system . They are not allowed to vote , hold a job , read , possess money , or own anything , among many other restrictions . A particular quote from The Handmaid 's Tale sums this up : `` The Republic of Gilead , said Aunt Lydia , knows no bounds . Gilead is within you '' ( HT 5.2 ) . This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government . Handmaids , being not allowed to wed , are given two - year assignments with a commander , and lose their own name : they are called `` Of ( their Commander 's first name ) '' , such as the novel 's protagonist , known only as Offred . When a handmaid is reassigned , her name changes with her . Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed , although while being reeducated as handmaids , they surreptitiously share their names with each other . In this book , the government appears to be strong though `` no one in Gilead seems to be a true believer in its revolution '' ( Beauchamp ) . The Commanders , portrayed via Commander Fred , do not agree with their own doctrines . The commander takes Offred at one point to a brothel in order to have sex with her in an informal setting apart from the Ceremony . The wives , portrayed via Serena Joy , former television evangelist , disobey the rules set forth by their commander husbands . Serena smokes black market cigarettes and expresses the forbidden idea that men may be infertile , and schemes to get Offred impregnated by her chauffeur . Religion ( edit ) Bruce Miller , the executive producer of The Handmaid 's Tale television serial , declared with regard to Atwood 's book , as well as his series , that Gilead is `` a society that 's based kind of in a perverse misreading of Old Testament laws and codes '' . The author explains that Gilead tries to embody the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th - century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Both Atwood and Miller stated that the people running Gilead are `` not genuinely Christian '' . The group running Gilead , according to Atwood , is `` not really interested in religion ; they 're interested in power . '' In fact , in her prayers to God , Offred , reflecting on Gilead , prays `` I do n't believe for an instant that what 's going on out there is what You meant ... . I suppose I should say I forgive whoever did this , and whatever they 're doing now . I 'll try , but it is n't easy . '' Margaret Atwood , writing on this , says that `` Offred herself has a private version of the Lord 's Prayer and refuses to believe that this regime has been mandated by a just and merciful God . '' Christian churches that do not support the actions of the Sons of Jacob are systematically demolished , and the people living in Gilead are never seen attending church . Christian denominations , including Quakers , Baptists and Roman Catholics , are specifically named as enemies of the Sons of Jacob . Nuns who refuse conversion are considered `` Unwomen '' and banished to the Colonies , owing to their reluctance to marry and refusal ( or inability ) to bear children . Priests unwilling to convert are executed and hanged from the Wall . Atwood pits Quaker Christians against the régime by having them help the oppressed , something she feels they would do in reality : `` The Quakers have gone underground , and are running an escape route to Canada , as -- I suspect -- they would . '' Jews are named an exception and classified Sons of Jacob . Offred observes that Jews refusing to convert are allowed to emigrate to Israel , and most choose to leave . However , in the Epilogue , Professor Pieixoto reveals that many of the emigrating Jews ended up being dumped into the sea while on the ships ostensibly tasked with transporting them to Israel , due to privatization of the `` repatriation program '' and capitalists ' effort to maximize profits . Offred mentions that many Jews who chose to stay were caught secretly practicing Judaism and executed . Caste and class ( edit ) African Americans , the main non-white ethnic group in this society , are called the Children of Ham . A state TV broadcast mentions they have been relocated en masse to `` National Homelands '' in the Midwest , which are suggestive of the Apartheid - era homelands set up by South Africa . Gender and occupation ( edit ) The sexes are strictly divided . Gilead 's society values reproduction by white women most highly . Women are categorised `` hierarchically according to class status and reproductive capacity '' as well as `` metonymically colour - coded according to their function and their labour '' ( Kauffman 232 ) . The Commander expresses the prevailing opinion that women are considered intellectually and emotionally inferior to men . Women are segregated by clothing , as are men . With rare exception , men wear military or paramilitary uniforms . All classes of men and women are defined by the colors they wear ( as in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian Brave New World ) , drawing on colour symbolism and psychology . All lower - status individuals are regulated by this dress code . All `` non-persons '' are banished to the `` Colonies '' . Sterile , unmarried women are considered to be non-persons . Both men and women sent there wear grey dresses . Legitimate women ( edit ) The bonnets that Handmaids wear are modeled on the Old Dutch Cleanser . Wives The top social level permitted to women , achieved by marriage to higher - ranking officers . Wives always wear blue dresses and cloaks , suggesting traditional depictions of the Virgin Mary in historic Christian art . When a Commander dies , his Wife becomes a Widow and must dress in black . Daughters The natural or adopted children of the ruling class . They wear white until marriage , which is now arranged . The narrator 's daughter has been adopted by an infertile Wife and Commander . Handmaids Fertile women whose social function is to bear children for infertile , usually elderly , Wives . Handmaids dress in a red habit that completely conceals their shape , plus red shoes and gloves . In summer , they change into summer dresses and slatted shoes , still fully covering the woman 's body . They wear heavy white bonnets on their heads , which they call `` wings '' to prevent their seeing or being seen except when standing directly in front of another individual . Handmaids are produced by re-educating fertile women who have broken the new laws . Needing fertile Handmaids , Gilead gradually increased the number of gender crimes . The Republic of Gilead justifies the use of the handmaids for procreation by biblical stories : Jacob took his two wives ' handmaids , Bilhah and Zilpah , to bed to bear him children , when the wives could not ( Gen. 30 : 1 -- 3 ) , and Abraham took his wife 's handmaid , Hagar ( Gen. 16 : 1 -- 6 ) . Handmaids are assigned to Commanders and allowed to live in their houses , but sent back to Aunts ' facilities if a Commander is deployed ( and sent back to the Commander 's house upon his return ) . Handmaids who successfully bear children assist in raising them for a short time and are then sent away to a new assignment , never to see the child again . Their success as a Handmaid , however , means they will never be declared an `` Unwoman '' and sent to the Colonies , even if they never have another baby . Aunts They train and monitor the Handmaids . They promote the role of Handmaid as honorable and legitimate and a method by which women who have committed crimes can redeem themselves . They directly control and police women ; serving as an Aunt is the only role for some unmarried , infertile and often older women to have any autonomy . It allows them to avoid going to the Colonies . Aunts dress in brown . They are the only class of women permitted to read . ( `` The Aunts are allowed to read and write . '' Vintage Books , p. 139 . However , on p. 100 of the Vintage Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a disc ; the voice was a man 's . '' In the Anchor Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a tape , so not even an Aunt would be guilty of the sin of reading . The voice was a man 's . ( p. 89 . ) '' ) Many choose this livelihood out of pure respect for and belief in the religious and legal system , others understand that it is the best position offered for their stature . Marthas They are older infertile women who have domestic skills and are compliant , making them suitable as servants . They dress in green smocks . The title of `` Martha '' is based on a story in Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , where Jesus visits Mary , sister of Lazarus and Martha ; Mary listens to Jesus while Martha works at `` all the preparations that had to be made '' . Econowives Women who have married relatively low - ranking men , not part of the elite . They are expected to perform all the female functions : domestic duties , companionship , and child - bearing . Their dress is multicoloured red , blue , and green to reflect these multiple roles , and is made of notably cheaper material . The division of labour among the women generates some resentment . Marthas , Wives and Econowives perceive Handmaids as promiscuous and are taught to scorn them . Offred mourns that the women of the various groups have lost their ability to empathize with each other . They are divided in their oppression . Illegitimate women ( edit ) Unwomen Sterile women , the unmarried , some widows , feminists , lesbians , nuns , and politically dissident women : all women who are incapable of social integration within the Republic 's strict gender divisions . Gilead exiles Unwomen to `` the Colonies , '' areas both of agricultural production and deadly pollution . Joining them are handmaids who fail to bear a child after three two - year assignments . Jezebels Women forced to become prostitutes and entertainers . They are available only to the Commanders and to their guests . Offred portrays Jezebels as attractive and educated ; they may be unsuitable as handmaids due to temperament . They have been sterilized , a surgery that is forbidden to other women . They operate in unofficial but state - sanctioned brothels , unknown to most women . Jezebels , whose title also comes from the Bible ( note Queen Jezebel in the Books of Kings ) , dress in the remnants of sexualized costumes from `` the time before , '' such as cheerleaders ' costumes , school uniforms , and Playboy Bunny costumes . Jezebels can wear make - up , drink alcohol and socialize with men , but are tightly controlled by the Aunts . When they pass their sexual prime and / or their looks fade , they are discarded without any precision as to whether they are killed or sent to the Colonies in the novel . Men ( edit ) Men are classified into four main categories : Commanders of the Faithful The ruling class . Because of their status , they are entitled to establish a patriarchal household with a Wife , a Handmaid if necessary , Marthas ( female servants ) and Guardians . They have a duty to procreate , but many may be infertile , as a possible result of exposure to a biological agent in pre-Gilead times . They wear black to signify superiority . They are allowed cars . Eyes The secret police attempting to discover those violating the rules of Gilead . Angels Soldiers who fight in the wars in order to expand and protect the country 's borders . Angels may be permitted to marry . Guardians ( of the Faith ) Soldiers `` used for routine policing and other menial functions '' . They are unsuitable for other work in the republic being `` stupid or older or disabled or very young , apart from the ones that are Eyes incognito '' ( chapter 4 ) . Young Guardians may be promoted to Angels when they come of age . They wear green uniforms . Men who engage in homosexuality or related acts are declared `` Gender Traitors '' ; they are either hanged or sent to the `` colonies '' to die a slow death . Babies ( edit ) In this society , birth defects have become increasingly common . There are two main categories of human children : Unbabies , also known as `` shredders '' Babies born physically deformed or with some other birth defect . They do not last but Offred does not know what happens to them . Pregnant Handmaids fear giving birth to a damaged child , or unbaby . Gilead forbids abortion and all tests to determine prenatal health of a fetus . Keepers Babies that are born alive with no defects . The ceremony ( edit ) `` The Ceremony '' is a non-marital sexual act sanctioned for reproduction . The ritual requires the Handmaid to lie on her back between the legs of the Wife during the sex act as if they were one person . The Wife has to invite the Handmaid to share her power this way ; many Wives consider this both humiliating and offensive . Offred describes the ceremony : My red skirt is hitched up to my waist , though no higher . Below it the Commander is fucking . What he is fucking is the lower part of my body . I do not say making love , because this is not what he 's doing . Copulating too would be inaccurate , because it would imply two people and only one is involved . Nor does rape cover it : nothing is going on here that I have n't signed up for . Language ( edit ) In the novel 's fictional fundamentalist society , sterile is an `` outlawed '' word . In this society , there is no such thing as a sterile man anymore . In this culture , women are either fruitful or barren , the latter of which are declared to be `` unwomen '' and are sent to the colonies with the rest of the `` unwomen '' to do life - threatening work until their death , which is , on average , three years . Atwood emphasises how changes in context affect behaviours and attitudes by repeating the phrase `` Context is all '' throughout the novel , establishing this precept as a motif . Playing the game of Scrabble with her Commander illustrates the key significance of changes in `` context '' ; once `` the game of old men and women '' , the game became forbidden for women to play and therefore `` desirable '' . Through living in a morally rigid society , Offred has come to perceive the world differently from earlier . Offred expresses amazement at how `` It has taken so little time to change our minds about things '' . Wearing revealing clothes and makeup had been part of her former life , but when she sees Japanese tourists dressed that way , she now feels the women are inappropriately dressed . Offred can read but not translate the phrase `` nolite te bastardes carborundorum '' carved into the closet wall of her small bedroom ; this mock - Latin aphorism signifies `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . The significance of this phrase is intensified by the challenges the book has faced , creating a `` Mise en abyme '' as both the protagonist and the reader decipher subversive texts . Genre classification ( edit ) See also : Social science fiction In interviews and essays Atwood has discussed generic classification of The Handmaid 's Tale as `` science fiction '' or `` speculative fiction '' , observing : I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Hugo - winning science fiction critic David Langford observed in a column : `` The Handmaid 's Tale won the very first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 . She 's been trying to live this down ever since . '' He says : Atwood prefers to say that she writes speculative fiction -- a term coined by SF author Robert A. Heinlein . As she told the Guardian , `` Science fiction has monsters and spaceships ; speculative fiction could really happen . '' She used a subtly different phrasing for New Scientist , `` Oryx and Crake is not science fiction . It is fact within fiction . Science fiction is when you have rockets and chemicals . '' So it was very cruel of New Scientist to describe this interview in the contents list as : `` Margaret Atwood explains why science is crucial to her science fiction . '' ... Play it again , Ms Atwood -- this time for the Book - of - the - Month Club : `` Oryx and Crake is a speculative fiction , not a science fiction proper . It contains no intergalactic space travel , no teleportation , no Martians . '' On BBC1 Breakfast News the distinguished author explained that science fiction , as opposed to what she writes , is characterized by `` talking squids in outer space '' . In distinguishing between these genre labels science fiction and speculative fiction , Atwood acknowledges that others may use the terms interchangeably . But she notes her interest in this type of work to explore themes in ways that `` realistic fiction '' can not do . Historical Context ( edit ) Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid 's Tale is a work of speculative fiction , not science fiction , Atwood 's novel offers a satirical view of various social , political , and religious trends of the 1980s United States . Further , Atwood questions what would happen if these trends , and especially `` casually held attitudes about women '' were taken to their logical end . Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid 's Tale have actually occurred in real life -- in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake , Atwood maintains that `` As with The Handmaid 's Tale , I did n't put in anything that we have n't already done , we 're not already doing , we 're seriously trying to do , coupled with trends that are already in progress ... So all of those things are real , and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil . '' Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction 's basis in reality . Atwood has explained that The Handmaid 's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive , totalitarian , and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years `` ca n't happen here '' -- but in this work , she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out . Atwood 's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard , which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship . Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans -- that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society -- is misleading , and that instead , these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be accepted . Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans , and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster , who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging . Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society , Atwood , in creating the setting , drew from the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Atwood has argued that a coup , such as the one depicted in The Handmaid 's Tale , would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends : ... if you wanted to seize power in the US , abolish liberal democracy and set up a dictatorship , how would you go about it ? What would be your cover story ? It would not resemble any form of communism or socialism : those would be too unpopular ... Nations never build apparently radical forms of government on foundations that are n't there already . Thus China replaced a state bureaucracy with a similar state bureaucracy under a different name , the USSR replaced the dreaded imperial secret police with an even more dreaded secret police , and so forth . The deep foundation of the US -- so went my thinking -- was not the comparatively recent 18th - century Enlightenment structures of the republic , with their talk of equality and their separation of church and state , but the heavy - handed theocracy of 17th - century Puritan New England , with its marked bias against women , which would need only the opportunity of a period of social chaos to reassert itself . Like any theocracy , this one would select a few passages from the Bible to justify its actions , and it would lean heavily towards the Old Testament , not towards the New . Atwood , with respect to those leading Gilead , further stated : I do n't consider these people to be Christians because they do not have at the core of their behavior and ideologies what I , in my feeble Canadian way , would consider to be the core of Christianity ... and that would be not only love your neighbors but love your enemies . That would also be ' I was sick and you visited me not ' and such and such ... And that would include also concern for the environment , because you ca n't love your neighbor or even your enemy , unless you love your neighbor 's oxygen , food , and water . You ca n't love your neighbor or your enemy if you 're presuming policies that are going to cause those people to die. ... Of course faith can be a force for good and often has been . So faith is a force for good particularly when people are feeling beleaguered and in need of hope . So you can have bad iterations and you can also have the iteration in which people have got too much power and then start abusing it . But that is human behavior , so you ca n't lay it down to religion . You can find the same in any power situation , such as politics or ideologies that purport to be atheist . Need I mention the former Soviet Union ? So it is not a question of religion making people behave badly . It is a question of human beings getting power and then wanting more of it . In the same vein , Atwood also declared that `` In the real world today , some religious groups are leading movements for the protection of vulnerable groups , including women . '' Atwood also draws connections between the ways in which Gilead 's leaders maintain their power and other examples of actual totalitarian governments . In her interviews , Atwood offers up Afghanistan as examples of religious theocracies forcing women out of the public sphere and into their homes , as in Gilead . The `` state - sanctioned murder of dissidents '' was inspired by the Philippines , and the last General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Nicolae Ceausescu 's obsession with increasing the birth rate led to the strict policing of pregnant women and the outlawing of birth control and abortion . However , Atwood clearly explains that many of these deplorable acts were not just present in other cultures and countries , `` but within Western society , and within the ' Christian ' tradition itself '' . The Republic of Gilead struggles with infertility , making Offred 's services as a Handmaid vital to producing children and thus reproducing the society . Handmaids themselves are `` untouchable '' , but their ability to signify status is equated to that of slaves or servants throughout history . Atwood connects their concerns with infertility to real - life problems our world faces , such as radiation , chemical pollution , and venereal disease ( HIV / AIDS is specifically mentioned in the `` Historical Notes '' section at the end of the novel , which was a relatively new disease at the time of Atwood 's writing whose long - term impact was likely still unknown ) . Atwood 's strong stance on environmental issues and their negative consequences for our society has presented itself in other works such as her MaddAddam trilogy , and refers back to her growing up with biologists and her own scientific curiosity . Critical reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale was well received by critics , helping to cement Atwood 's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century . Not only was the book deemed well - written and compelling , but Atwood 's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia . Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing , a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid 's Tale . Indeed , many have placed The Handmaid 's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty - Four and Brave New World , with the added feature of confronting patriarchy , a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews . Even today , many reviewers hold that Atwood 's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever , largely because of its basis in historical fact . Yet when her book was first published in 1985 , not all reviewers were convinced of the `` cautionary tale '' Atwood presented . For example , Mary McCarthy 's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid 's Tale lacked the `` surprised recognition '' necessary for readers to see `` our present selves in a distorting mirror , of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue '' . In the aftermath of the television series ' debut in 2017 , there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , this book ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Feminist reading ( edit ) Much of the discussion about The Handmaid 's Tale has centered on its categorization as feminist literature . Atwood does not see the Republic of Gilead as a purely feminist dystopia , as not all men have greater rights than women . Instead , this society presents a typical dictatorship : `` shaped like a pyramid , with the powerful of both sexes at the apex , the men generally outranking the women at the same level ; then descending levels of power and status with men and women in each , all the way down to the bottom , where the unmarried men must serve in the ranks before being awarded an Econowife '' . Additionally , Atwood has argued that while some of the observations that informed the content of The Handmaid 's Tale may be feminist , her novel is not meant to say `` one thing to one person '' or serve as a political message -- instead , The Handmaid 's Tale is `` a study of power , and how it operates and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime '' . Some scholars have offered such a feminist interpretation , however , connecting Atwood 's use of religious fundamentalism in the pages of The Handmaid 's Tale to a condemnation of their presence in current American society . Yet others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale critiques typical notions of feminism , as Atwood 's novel appears to subvert the traditional `` women helping women '' ideals of the movement and turn toward the possibility of `` the matriarchal network ... and a new form of misogyny : women 's hatred of women '' . Race ( edit ) Other critics have characterized The Handmaid 's Tale as `` White Feminism '' noting that Atwood does away with black people in a few lines by relocating the `` Children of Ham '' while borrowing heavily from the African - American experience and applying it to white women . Other critics have noted the parallels with apartheid and that it misrepresents how black people resist in times of crisis . The writer Mikki Kendall said about the book , It requires me to believe that not only are my people gone , but often that they vanished quietly without any real resistance . As if . Like ... Black people did not survive slavery , Jim Crow & the War on Drugs to be taken out by a handful of white boys with guns . Awards ( edit ) 1985 -- Governor General 's Award for English language fiction ( winner ) 1986 -- Booker Prize ( nominated ) 1986 -- Nebula Award ( nominated ) 1987 -- Arthur C. Clarke Award ( winner ) 1987 -- Prometheus Award ( nominated ) Academic reception ( edit ) Atwood 's novels , and especially her works of speculative fiction The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake , are frequently offered as examples for the final , open - ended question on the North American Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition exam each year . As such , her books are often assigned in high - school classrooms to students taking this Advanced Placement course , despite the mature themes the work presents . Atwood herself has expressed surprise that her books are being assigned to high - school audiences , largely due to her own censored education in the 1950s , but she has assured readers that this increased attention from high - school students has not altered the material she has chosen to write about since . Many people have expressed discontent at The Handmaid 's Tale 's presence in the classroom , as it has been frequently challenged or banned over the last 30 years . Some of these challenges have come from parents concerned about the explicit sexuality and other adult themes represented in the book . Others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale depicts a negative view of religion , a view supported by several academics who propose that Atwood 's work satirizes contemporary religious fundamentalists in the United States , offering a feminist critique of the trends this movement to the Right represents . The American Library Association ( ALA ) lists The Handmaid 's Tale as number 37 on the `` 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Atwood participated in discussing The Handmaid 's Tale as the subject of an ALA discussion series titled `` One Book , One Conference '' . Some complaints have included : 1990 : Challenged at Rancho Cotate High School , Rohnert Park , California , as too explicit for students . 1992 : Challenged in schools in Waterloo , Iowa , reportedly because of profanity , lurid passages about sex , and statements defamatory to minorities , God , women , and the disabled . 1993 : Removed because of profanity and sex from the Chicopee , Massachusetts , high - school English class reading list . 1998 : Challenged for use in Richland , Washington , high - school English classes , along with six other titles determined to be `` poor quality literature and ( that ) stress suicide , illicit sex , violence , and hopelessness '' . 1999 : Challenged because of graphic sex , but retained on the advanced placement English list , at George D. Chamberlain High School in Tampa , Florida . 2000 : Downgraded from `` required '' to `` optional '' on the summer reading list for eleventh graders in the Upper Moreland School District near Philadelphia due to `` age - inappropriate '' subject matter . 2001 : Challenged , but retained , in the Dripping Springs , Texas , senior Advanced Placement English course as an optional reading assignment . Some parents were offended by the book 's descriptions of sexual encounters . 2006 : Initially banned by Superintendent Ed Lyman from an advanced placement English curriculum in the Judson independent school district in Texas , after a parent complained . Lyman had overruled the recommendation of a committee of teachers , students , and parents ; the committee appealed the decision to the school board , which overturned his ban . 2012 : Challenged as required reading for a Page High School International Baccalaureate class and as optional reading for Advanced Placement reading courses at Grimsley High School in Greensboro , North Carolina because the book is `` sexually explicit , violently graphic and morally corrupt . '' Some parents thought the book is `` detrimental to Christian values . '' According to Education Reporter Kristin Rushowy of the Toronto Star ( 16 January 2009 ) , in 2008 a parent in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , wrote a letter to his son 's high school principal , asking that the book no longer be assigned as required reading , stating that the novel is `` rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression '' . Rushowy quotes the response of Russell Morton Brown , a retired University of Toronto English professor , who acknowledged that `` The Handmaid 's Tale was n't likely written for 17 - year - olds , but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school , like Shakespeare ... And they are all the better for reading it . They are on the edge of adulthood already , and there 's no point in coddling them , '' he said , adding , `` they are n't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway '' ... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and , more recently , anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed ... But that `` misses the point '' , said Brown . `` It 's really anti-fundamentalism . '' In her earlier account ( 14 January 2009 ) , Rushowy reported that a Toronto District School Board committee was `` reviewing the novel '' . While noting that `` The Handmaid 's Tale is listed as one of the 100 ' most frequently challenged books ' from 1990 to 1999 on the American Library Association 's website '' , Rushowy reports that `` The Canadian Library Association says there is ' no known instance of a challenge to this novel in Canada ' but says the book was called anti-Christian and pornographic by parents after being placed on a reading list for secondary students in Texas in the 1990s . '' In November 2012 two parents in Guilford County , North Carolina protested against inclusion of the book on a required reading list at a local high school . The parents presented the school board with a petition signed by 2,300 people , prompting a review of the book by the school 's media advisory committee . According to local news reports , one of the parents said `` she felt Christian students are bullied in society , in that they 're made to feel uncomfortable about their beliefs by non-believers . She said including books like The Handmaid 's Tale contributes to that discomfort , because of its negative view on religion and its anti-biblical attitudes toward sex . '' Other use in academia ( edit ) In institutions of higher education , professors have found The Handmaid 's Tale to be useful , largely because of its historical and religious basis and Atwood 's captivating delivery . The novel 's teaching points include : introducing politics and the social sciences to students in a more concrete way ; demonstrating the importance of reading to our freedom , both intellectual and political ; and acknowledging the `` most insidious and violent manifestations of power in Western history '' in a compelling manner . The chapter entitled `` Historical Notes '' at the end of the novel also represents a warning to academics who run the risk of misreading and misunderstanding historical texts , pointing to the satirized Professor Pieixoto as an example of a male scholar who has taken over and overpowered Offred 's narrative with his own interpretation . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( film ) The 1990 film The Handmaid 's Tale was based on a screenplay by Harold Pinter and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . It stars Natasha Richardson as Offred , Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy , and Robert Duvall as The Commander ( Fred ) . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Hulu has produced a 10 - episode series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred . The first three episodes were released on April 26 , 2017 , with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis . Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer . The show won eight Emmys in 2017 , including best outstanding drama series , outstanding lead actress in a drama series ( Elisabeth Moss ) , outstanding writing for a drama series ( Bruce Miller ) , outstanding supporting actress in a drama series ( Ann Dowd ) , and outstanding directing for a drama series ( Reed Morano ) . The show has been renewed for a second season , set to premiere on April 25 , 2018 . Radio ( edit ) A dramatic adaptation of the novel for radio was produced for BBC Radio 4 by John Dryden in 2000 . A Canadian dramatic adaptation for radio was written by playwright Michael O'Brien and produced on CBC Radio in 2002 . Audio ( edit ) An audiobook of the unabridged text , read by Claire Danes ( ISBN 9781491519110 ) , won the 2013 Audie Award for fiction . In 2014 , Canadian band Lakes of Canada released their album Transgressions , which is intended to be a concept album inspired by The Handmaid 's Tale . Stage ( edit ) A stage adaptation written and directed by Bruce Shapiro played at Tufts University in 1989 . An operatic adaptation , The Handmaid 's Tale , by Poul Ruders , premiered in Copenhagen on 6 March 2000 , and was performed by the English National Opera , in London , in 2003 . It was the opening production of the 2004 -- 2005 season of the Canadian Opera Company . A stage adaptation of the novel , by Brendon Burns , for the Haymarket Theatre , Basingstoke , England , toured the UK in 2002 . A ballet adaptation choreographed by Lila York and produced by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet premiered on 16 October 2013 . Amanda Green appeared as Offred and Alexander Gamayunov as The Commander . A one - woman stage show , adapted from the novel , by Joseph Stollenwerk premiered in the U.S. in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) Canada portal 1980s portal Novels portal Canadian literature Feminist science fiction Pregnancy in science fiction Persepolis ( comics ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Handmaid 's Tale is the inaugural winner of this award for the best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom during the previous year . Jump up ^ The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given out annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes a quarterly journal , Prometheus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosstick , Ruth ( January 1986 ) . `` Book review : The Handmaids Tale '' . Vol. 14 no . 1 . CM Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Tad Aronowicz 's jaggedly surrealistic cover design is most appropriate . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : About Speculative Fiction '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Aliens have taken the place of angels '' . The Guardian . UK . If you 're writing about the future and you are n't doing forecast journalism , you 'll probably be writing something people will call either science fiction or speculative fiction . I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Some use speculative fiction as an umbrella covering science fiction and all its hyphenated forms -- science fiction fantasy , and so forth -- and others choose the reverse ... I have written two works of science fiction or , if you prefer , speculative fiction : The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake . Here are some of the things these kinds of narratives can do that socially realistic novels can not do . ^ Jump up to : Langford 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Douthat , Ross ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale and Ours ' '' . The New York Times . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( 22 June 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grace , DM ( 1998 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale Historical Notes and Documentary Subversion '' . Science Fiction Studies . Science Fiction Studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 94 . JSTOR 4240726 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : Character List '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Offred 's Real Name In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Is The Only Piece Of Power She Still Holds '' by Dana Getz , Bustle , April 26 , 2017 , `` In Margaret Atwood 's original novel , Offred 's real name is never revealed . Many eagle - eyed readers deduced that it was June based on contextual clues : Of the names the Handmaids trade in hushed tones as they lie awake at night , `` June '' is the only one that 's never heard again once Offred is narrating . '' https://www.bustle.com/p/offreds-real-name-in-the-handmaids-tale-is-the-only-piece-of-power-she-still-holds-53607 Jump up ^ Madonne 1991 Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , An Interview : ' Q : We can figure out that the main character lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts ' Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/09/books/no-headline-423986.html?pagewanted=2 ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' on Hulu : What Should Catholics Think ? '' . Faith & Family Media Blog . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucie - Smith , Alexander ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Should Catholics watch The Handmaid 's Tale ? '' . The Catholic Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 144 , 192 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 178 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood 1998 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 235 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Public Library . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Susanne ( 2004 ) . `` '' People confuse interpersonal relations with legal structures . '' An Interview with Margaret Atwood `` . Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Shirley ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Mervyn ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 1994 ) . Nicholson , Colin , ed . Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees . Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson interviews Margaret Atwood about ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Recently , someone said , `` Religion does n't radicalize people , people radicalize religion . '' So you can use any religion as an excuse for being repressive , and you can use any religion as an excuse for resisting repression ; it works both ways , as it does in the book . So that was one set of inspirations . Jump up ^ Curwood , Steve ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Gayle ( July 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books . JSTOR 4019952 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Jane ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' `` . Social Justice . JSTOR 29766564 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( May 2004 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' `` . PMLA . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 20 December 2014 ) . `` Does The Handmaid 's Tale hold up ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Charlotte ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Book Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hines , Molly ( 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' : Fundamentalist religiosity and the oppression of women `` . Angelo State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer , Naomi ( 2013 ) . `` '' Subversive Feminist Thrusts `` : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' , Louise Marley 's `` The Terrorists of Irustan '' , Marge Piercy 's `` He , She and It '' , and Sheri S. Tepper 's `` Raising the Stones '' `` . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Alanna ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A White Feminist Dystopia '' . theestablishment.co . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mikki ( June 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale 's Greatest Failing Is How It Handles Race '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Mikki Kendall @ Karnythia '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AP English Literature and Composition Exam '' . College Board . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2002 -- 2003 : One Book , One Conference '' . American Library Association . June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Concerns inaugural program featuring Margaret Atwood held in Toronto , 19 -- 25 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Robert P. ( 2017 ) . Banned Books : Defending Our Freedom to Read . American Library Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8389 - 8962 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy 2009 Jump up ^ Rushowy 2009b Jump up ^ Carr , Mitch ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Guilford County moms want reading list criteria changed '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burack , Cynthia ( Winter 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal . 1 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 283 . JSTOR 4315901 . Jump up ^ Laz , Cheryl ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . JSTOR 1318898 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Harriet ( December 1989 ) . `` '' Teaching Them to Read `` : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English . JSTOR 378090 . Jump up ^ Larson , Janet ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion and Literature . Jump up ^ Stein , Karen ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Hulu is adapting Margaret Atwood 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe . `` ' Hulu Carried to Emmys Glory by Eight Wins for ' Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Variety = 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Gummere , Joe . `` 2013 Audie Awards ® Finalists by category '' . joeaudio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artists : Lakes of Canada '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tufts University : Department of Drama and Dance : Performances & Events '' . dramadance.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 5 April 2003 ) . `` Classical music & opera '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Littler , William ( 15 December 2004 ) , Opera Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's tale '' . UKTW ... Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale debuts as ballet in Winnipeg '' . CA : CBC News . 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lyman , David ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' offers extreme view of future '' . Cincinnati.com . Works cited ( edit ) ( 17 June 2005 ) , `` Aliens Have Taken the Place of Angels '' , The Guardian ( 14 Jan 2009 ) , `` Complaint Spurs School Board to Review Novel by Atwood '' , The Toronto Star . Alexander , Lynn ( 22 May 2009 ) , `` The Handmaid 's Tale Working Bibliography '' , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Hyperlinked to online resources for Alexander , Dr Lynn ( Spring 1999 ) , Women Writers : Magic , Mysticism , and Mayhem ( course ) . Includes entry for book chap . by Kauffman . An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale ( n.d. ) . In Nashville Public Library . Armrbuster , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Social Justice 17 ( 3 ) , 146 -- 52 . Atwood , Margaret ( 1985 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 ( 1986 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books. ( 1998 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books ( div. of Random House ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49081 - 8 . Parenthetical page references are to the 1998 ed . Digitized 2 June 2008 by Google Books ( 311 pp . ) ( 2005 ) , La Servante écarlate ( The Handmaid 's Tale ) ( in French ) , Rué , Sylviane transl , Paris : J'ai Lu , ISBN 978 - 2 - 290 - 34710 - 2 . Atwood , M. ( 2004 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' . PMLA , 119 ( 3 ) , 513 -- 517 . Atwood , M. ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Bergmann , H.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching Them to Read : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English , 51 ( 8 ) , 847 -- 854 . Burack , C. ( 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal 1 ( 2 ) , 274 -- 83 . Callaway , A.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Curwood , Steve . ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . n.p. Evans , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees '' . In C. Nicholson ( Ed . ) , Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity ( pp. 177 -- 188 ) . London , United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan UK . Greene , Gayle. ( 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books 3 ( 10 ) , 14 -- 15 . Gruss , S. ( 2004 ) . `` People confuse personal relations with legal structures '' . An Interview with Margaret Atwood . In Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Hines , M.E. ( 2006 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale : Fundamentalist Religiosity and the Oppression of Women . N.p. : Angelo State University . Kauffman , Linda ( 1989 ) , `` 6 . Special Delivery : Twenty - First Century Epistolarity in The Handmaid 's Tale '' , in Goldsmith , Elizabeth , Writing the Female Voice : Essays on Epistolary Literature , Boston : Northeastern University Press , pp. 221 -- 44 . Cited in Alexander . Langford , David ( Aug 2003 ) , `` Bits and Pieces '' , SFX ( UK : Ansible ) ( 107 ) . Larson , J.L. ( 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion & Literature 21 ( 1 ) , 27 -- 61 . Laz , C. ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) , 54 -- 63 . Lewis , Lapham H. ( September 2004 ) . `` Tentacles of rage : The Republican propaganda mill , a brief history '' . Harper 's Magazine . Mercer , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Subversive Feminist Thrusts '' : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , Louise Marley 's The Terrorists of Irustan , Marge Piercy 's He , She and I. Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin . Miner , Madonne ( 1991 ) , `` ' Trust Me ' : Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Twentieth Century Literature 37 : 148 -- 68 , doi : 10.2307 / 441844 . Morris , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Margaret Atwood , The Art of Fiction No. 121 '' . The Paris Review . Neuman , S.C. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly , 75 ( 3 ) , 857 -- 868 . Oates , J.C. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Perry , D. ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Rothstein , Mervyn. ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Rushowy , Kristin ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Atwood Novel Too Brutal , Sexist For School : Parent '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Stein , K.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Canadian Literature , 148 , 57 -- 72 . The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , American Library Association , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Adami , Valentina ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Through Literature : Margaret Atwood 's Cautionary Tales . Trier : WVT . Atwood , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Handmaid 's Tale . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . Cooper , Pamela ( 1997 ) . `` ' A Body Story with a Vengeance ' : Anatomy and Struggle in The Bell Jar and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Women 's Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1997. 9979152 . Dopp , Jamie ( 1994 ) . `` Subject - Position as Victim - Position in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Studies in Canadian Literature. 19 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . Gardner , Laurel J ( 1994 ) . `` Pornography as a Matter of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Notes on Contemporary Literature. 24 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 7 . Garretts - Petts , WF ( 1988 ) . `` Reading , Writing and the Postmodern Condition : Interpreting Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Open Letter . Seventh . I . Geddes , Dan ( January 2001 ) . `` Negative Utopia as Polemic : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Satirist . Hammer , Stephanie Barbé ( 1990 ) . `` The World as It Will Be ? Female Satire and the Technology of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Modern Language Studies . XX ( 2 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194826 . Malak , Amin ( 1987 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition '' . Canadian Literature. 112 : 9 -- 16 . McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` No Headline : The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin ) '' . The New York Times ( review ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Mohr , Dunja M. ( 2005 ) , Worlds Apart : Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias , Jefferson , NC : McFarland 2005 Long chapter on The Handmaid 's Tale as utopia and dystopia . Myrsiades , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` Law , Medicine , and the Sex Slave in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . In Myrsiades , Kostas ; Myrsiades , Linda . Un-Disciplining Literature : Literature , Law , and Culture . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 219 -- 45 . Stanners , Barbara ; Stanners , Michael ; Atwood , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale . Top Notes Literature Guides . Seven Hills , NSW , Australia : Five Senses Education . External links ( edit ) Atwood , Margaret ( April 2003 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale ( Audio file format ) . World Book Club . BBC World Service ... The Handmaid 's Tale ballet at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet The Handmaid 's Tale Epub ( 27 , February 2018 ) ( hide ) Works by Margaret Atwood Novels The Edible Woman ( 1969 ) Surfacing ( 1972 ) Lady Oracle ( 1976 ) Life Before Man ( 1979 ) Bodily Harm ( 1981 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1988 ) The Robber Bride ( 1993 ) Alias Grace ( 1996 ) The Blind Assassin ( 2000 ) Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Year of the Flood ( 2009 ) MaddAddam ( 2013 ) The Heart Goes Last ( 2015 ) Hag - Seed ( 2016 ) Short fiction collections Dancing Girls ( 1977 ) Murder in the Dark ( 1983 ) Bluebeard 's Egg ( 1983 ) Wilderness Tips ( 1991 ) Good Bones ( 1992 ) Good Bones and Simple Murders ( 1994 ) The Labrador Fiasco ( 1996 ) The Tent ( 2006 ) Moral Disorder ( 2006 ) Stone Mattress ( 2014 ) Short stories `` Rape Fantasies '' ( 1977 ) `` The Resplendent Quetzal '' ( 1977 ) `` Happy Endings '' ( 1983 ) `` Unearthing Suite '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeforall '' ( 1986 ) Poetry collections Double Persephone ( 1961 ) The Circle Game ( 1964 ) Expeditions ( 1965 ) Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein ( 1966 ) The Animals in That Country ( 1968 ) The Journals of Susanna Moodie ( 1970 ) Procedures for Underground ( 1970 ) Power Politics ( 1971 ) Two - Headed Poems ( 1978 ) True Stories ( 1981 ) Interlunar ( 1984 ) Morning in the Burned House ( 1995 ) The Door ( 2007 ) Non-fiction Survival : A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature ( 1972 ) Negotiating with the Dead : A Writer on Writing ( 2002 ) Writing with Intent : Essays , Reviews , Personal Prose -- 1983 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Payback : Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth ( 2008 ) Winners of the Governor General 's Award for English - language fiction 1930s Bertram Brooker , Think of the Earth ( 1936 ) Laura Salverson , The Dark Weaver ( 1937 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Swiss Sonata ( 1938 ) Franklin D. McDowell , The Champlain Road ( 1939 ) 1940s Ringuet , Thirty Acres ( 1940 ) Alan Sullivan , Three Came to Ville Marie ( 1941 ) G. Herbert Sallans , Little Man ( 1942 ) Thomas Head Raddall , The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek ( 1943 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Earth and High Heaven ( 1944 ) Hugh MacLennan , Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) Winifred Bambrick , Continental Revue ( 1946 ) Gabrielle Roy , The Tin Flute ( 1947 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Precipice ( 1948 ) Philip Child , Mr. Ames Against Time ( 1949 ) 1950s Germaine Guèvremont , The Outlander ( 1950 ) Morley Callaghan , The Loved and the Lost ( 1951 ) David Walker , The Pillar ( 1952 ) David Walker , Digby ( 1953 ) Igor Gouzenko , The Fall of a Titan ( 1954 ) Lionel Shapiro , The Sixth of June ( 1955 ) Adele Wiseman , The Sacrifice ( 1956 ) Gabrielle Roy , Street of Riches ( 1957 ) Colin McDougall , Execution ( 1958 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Watch That Ends the Night ( 1959 ) 1960s Brian Moore , The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1960 ) Malcolm Lowry , Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place ( 1961 ) Kildare Dobbs , Running to Paradise ( 1962 ) Hugh Garner , Hugh Garner 's Best Stories ( 1963 ) Douglas LePan , The Deserter ( 1964 ) ( no award ) ( 1965 ) Margaret Laurence , A Jest of God ( 1966 ) ( no award ) ( 1967 ) Alice Munro , Dance of the Happy Shades ( 1968 ) Robert Kroetsch , The Studhorse Man ( 1969 ) 1970s Dave Godfrey , The New Ancestors ( 1970 ) Mordecai Richler , St. Urbain 's Horseman ( 1971 ) Robertson Davies , The Manticore ( 1972 ) Rudy Wiebe , The Temptations of Big Bear ( 1973 ) Margaret Laurence , The Diviners ( 1974 ) Brian Moore , The Great Victorian Collection ( 1975 ) Marian Engel , Bear ( 1976 ) Timothy Findley , The Wars ( 1977 ) Alice Munro , Who Do You Think You Are ? ( 1978 ) Jack Hodgins , The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne ( 1979 ) 1980s George Bowering , Burning Water ( 1980 ) Mavis Gallant , Home Truths : Selected Canadian Stories ( 1981 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Man Descending ( 1982 ) Leon Rooke , Shakespeare 's Dog ( 1983 ) Josef Skvorecky , The Engineer of Human Souls ( 1984 ) Margaret Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Alice Munro , The Progress of Love ( 1986 ) M.T. Kelly , A Dream Like Mine ( 1987 ) David Adams Richards , Nights Below Station Street ( 1988 ) Paul Quarrington , Whale Music ( 1989 ) 1990s Nino Ricci , Lives of the Saints ( 1990 ) Rohinton Mistry , Such a Long Journey ( 1991 ) Michael Ondaatje , The English Patient ( 1992 ) Carol Shields , The Stone Diaries ( 1993 ) Rudy Wiebe , A Discovery of Strangers ( 1994 ) Greg Hollingshead , The Roaring Girl ( 1995 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , The Englishman 's Boy ( 1996 ) Jane Urquhart , The Underpainter ( 1997 ) Diane Schoemperlen , Forms of Devotion ( 1998 ) Matt Cohen , Elizabeth and After ( 1999 ) 2000s Michael Ondaatje , Anil 's Ghost ( 2000 ) Richard B. Wright , Clara Callan ( 2001 ) Gloria Sawai , A Song for Nettie Johnson ( 2002 ) Douglas Glover , Elle ( 2003 ) Miriam Toews , A Complicated Kindness ( 2004 ) David Gilmour , A Perfect Night to Go to China ( 2005 ) Peter Behrens , The Law of Dreams ( 2006 ) Michael Ondaatje , Divisadero ( 2007 ) Nino Ricci , The Origin of Species ( 2008 ) Kate Pullinger , The Mistress of Nothing ( 2009 ) 2010s Dianne Warren , Cool Water ( 2010 ) Patrick deWitt , The Sisters Brothers ( 2011 ) Linda Spalding , The Purchase ( 2012 ) Eleanor Catton , The Luminaries ( 2013 ) Thomas King , The Back of the Turtle ( 2014 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Daddy Lenin and Other Stories ( 2015 ) Madeleine Thien , Do Not Say We Have Nothing ( 2016 ) Joel Thomas Hynes , We 'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night ( 2017 ) Awards Preceded by - Arthur C. Clarke Award Succeeded by The Sea and Summer GND : 4460070 - 7 BNF : cb12398637r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&oldid=835482724 '' Categories : 1985 science fiction novels 1985 Canadian novels Boston in fiction Canadian novels adapted into films Canadian speculative fiction novels Debut speculative fiction novels Dystopian novels Feminist science fiction novels Fictional states of the United States Governor General 's Award - winning novels McClelland & Stewart books Metafictional novels Novels about totalitarianism Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Margaret Atwood Novels set in Boston Novels set in the future Philosophical novels Post-apocalyptic novels Feminist fiction Religion in science fiction Sterilization in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 23 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the handmaid's tale book by margaret atwood	[]	[]
4434431592549873131	Still Open All Hours	Still Open All Hours - wikipedia Still Open All Hours Jump to : navigation , search Still Open All Hours Opening titles Genre Comedy Created by Roy Clarke Written by Roy Clarke Directed by Dewi Humphreys Starring David Jason James Baxter Lynda Baron Stephanie Cole Maggie Ollerenshaw Brigit Forsyth Johnny Vegas Kulvinder Ghir Nina Wadia Sally Lindsay Tim Healy Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 27 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Gareth Edwards Location ( s ) MediaCityUK ( 2013 ) Teddington Studios ( 2014 ) Pinewood Studios ( 2015 -- ) Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Distributor BBC Worldwide 2entertain ABC ( Australia , home video ) Release Original network BBC One Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 26 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 26 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Open All Hours Related shows Seven of One External links Still Open All Hours at BBC Comedy Still Open All Hours is a British sitcom , starring David Jason , a sequel to the series Open All Hours , written by original writer Roy Clarke . The series has run for 27 episodes in four series so far , with a fifth planned for late 2018 . Open All Hours ran for 26 episodes in four series from 1973 to 1985 . The BBC announced on 7 October 2013 , that the show would air for a 40th Anniversary Special in December 2013 . The 40th Anniversary special aired on 26 December at 7 : 45pm on BBC One . Ronnie Barker , who played the main character of Arkwright , in Open All Hours , died in 2005 : the special featured David Jason 's Granville , Arkwright 's assistant and nephew in the original series , having inherited the grocery store from Arkwright . Other returning cast members included Lynda Baron , Stephanie Cole , and Maggie Ollerenshaw Contents ( hide ) 1 Series development and production 2 Filming locations 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Guest cast 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast and reception 6 DVD releases 7 References 8 External links Series development and production ( edit ) Still Open All Hours was broadcast on 26 December 2013 , with Jason reprising his role of Granville from Open All Hours . The new one - off episode written by Clarke showed Granville now running the shop with his son Leroy ( played by James Baxter ) , after inheriting it from Arkwright . Clarke wrote the script in two weeks , and production began in October 2013 . The exterior scenes were filmed at the original location at Lister Avenue in Doncaster from 18 to 20 November 2013 . The interior scenes were recorded on 3 December 2013 at MediaCityUK in Salford in front of a studio audience . A 30 - minute documentary accompanying the show 's return , entitled Open All Hours : A Celebration , aired on 27 December 2013 , the day after the new episode was broadcast , on BBC One . On 30 January 2014 , the BBC commissioned Still Open All Hours for six new episodes beginning on 26 December 2014 . The controller of BBC comedy commissioning , Shane Allen , said : `` The resounding success of the Christmas revival showed the huge and enduring audience affection for this much - loved classic . Roy has done a terrific job of updating the characters whilst keeping what was warm - hearted and enjoyable about the world of the original series . '' Production for series one started in August 2014 , exterior filming started on 15 September and location recording was completed on 26 September 2014 . Interior scenes were recorded in front of a studio audience from 10 October until 21 November 2014 at Teddington Studios . The show later returned for a second series , beginning on 26 December 2015 . with production starting in September 2015 . Exterior scenes were filmed on location from 14 - 24 September 2015 . Interior scenes were recorded in front of a studio audience at Pinewood Studios from 9 October until 20 November 2015 . In January 2016 , David Jason revealed that a third series would be produced in 2016 . The series began airing on 26 December 2016 . Production started in September 2016 with on location for exterior scenes being shot in Balby Doncaster from 12 September 2016 . Lynda Baron could not reprise her role as Nurse Gladys Emmanuel as the filming dates clashed with Baron 's current contract with EastEnders . David Jason announced that a fourth series would be filmed in 2017 . Filming began in September 2017 with David Jason seen on location in Doncaster with co-star Tim Healy . The series began airing on 28 December 2017. . Interior scenes were recorded at Pinewood Studios in front of a live - studio - audience on 7 , 14 , and 21 October and on the 4 , 11 , 18 , and 24 November 2016 . In early 2017 a fourth series was commissioned production started in August 2017 . On location exterior scenes for the fourth series commenced on 11 September 2017 in Doncaster. . In January 2018 , it was revealed the show will return for a fifth series late 2018 . Filming locations ( edit ) Lister Avenue in Balby is used for the filming of Still Open All Hours ; Beautique on the right doubles as Arkwright 's The exterior shots reused the original shop from the series , on Lister Avenue in Balby , a suburb of Doncaster . The shop had to be extensively redressed ( for both programmes ) to resemble a traditional corner shop , as it has been a hair salon since 1962 . This process took two days , before filming on location for three consecutive days . For the 2013 special , the studio shots were recorded at Dock10 studios at MediaCityUK , Salford Quays . For the first series , Teddington Studios were used and the second , third , and fourth series were all recorded at Pinewood Studios . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Open All Hours characters Main ( edit ) Episode count is as of 21 January 2018 ( Series 4 , Episode 4 ) Character Played by Series Episode count Pilot Main Characters Granville David Jason 24 Leroy James Baxter 24 Delphine Featherstone Cole , Stephanie Stephanie Cole 24 Mavis Ollerenshaw , Maggie Maggie Ollerenshaw 24 Eric Agnew Vegas , Johnny Johnny Vegas 23 Madge Forsyth , Brigit Brigit Forsyth 24 Gastric Healy , Tim Tim Healy 23 Cyril Ghir , Kulvinder Kulvinder Ghir 23 Kath Agnew Lindsay , Sally Sally Lindsay 18 Mrs Hussein Wadia , Nina Nina Wadia 19 Wilburn Newbold Whitehead , Geoffrey Geoffrey Whitehead 14 Nurse Gladys Emmanuel Baron , Lynda Lynda Baron 13 Recurring Characters Salesman Mark Williams Nikki Emily Fleeshman 6 Cindy Misha Timmins 6 Mrs Hemstock Catherine Breeze Mr Marshall Barry Chuckle Ashley Nadine Rose Mulkerrin Dog Man Duggie Brown Mr Lomax Keiron Self Mr Bentinck Alan David Mrs Willis Val Tagger Beth Katie Redford Guest cast ( edit ) Still Open All Hours has used several actors from various past hit sitcoms as customers and one - off characters . Kathryn Hunt Stephen Evans Matthew Mellalieu Peter Foster Sally Womersley Janet Prince Bill Rodgers Daniel Ryan Tom Davis Alex Lowe Vicki Pepperdine Roger Bingham Peter Levy Paula Wilcox Anne Rutter Duggie Brown Jaye Jacobs Ainsley Howard Gareth Hale Des Yankson Spencer Jones Jo Martin Val Tagger Kate O'Sullivan Jemma Churchill Geoffrey McGivern David Cann Janine Duvitski Joe Wilkinson Judith Jacob Sian Reeves Selena Griffiths Luke Gell Llewella Gideon Janet Marsh Alexander Kirk Alexa Lee Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List_of_Still_Open_All_Hours_episodes Twenty - seven episodes of Still Open All Hours , all written by Roy Clarke , have been produced for the BBC . The show began airing on 26 December 2013 with an anniversary special of original series , Open All Hours . All episodes have a running time of 30 minutes . Between Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours , there has been a total of 53 episodes and eight series broadcast between 1973 and 2018 . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) The special was broadcast on BBC One on 26 December 2013 and received 9.43 m ( 39.9 % of the audience ) viewers according to overnight figures and was the most watched programme on that day . Final viewing figures showed that it was watched by 12.23 m and was the most watched programme for that week . It received generally poor reviews from critics . Will Dean of The Independent called it a `` w-w - worthy ( sic ) effort '' but criticised the attempt to revive the show without the late Ronnie Barker . Ben Lawrence of The Telegraph said it `` felt like a relic of another era '' criticising the jokes and Jason 's performance . Jacob Mason , writing on the Radio Times website , described the show as `` warmly nostalgic '' , whilst others noted it as `` a fitting tribute to Ronnie Barker '' . On 21 November 2014 , the BBC confirmed that Still Open All Hours would return for a full series in 2014 . This began airing on 26 December 2014 and finished on 25 January 2015 . Series 2 began on the 26th December 2015 with a run of 6 episodes and finished on 26 January 2016 , Followed by Season 3 which began airing on 26 December 2016 with 7 episodes . DVD releases ( edit ) Although filmed and broadcast in High - definition , no Blu - ray releases have been announced to date . Series One and the 2013 Christmas Special was released on DVD on 2 February 2015 by 2 entertain . Series 2 was released on 1 February 2016 . Series 3 was released on 13 February 2017 . DVD Title No. of Discs Special features No. of Episodes Release Dates Region 2 Region 4 Series 1 2013 Christmas Special 7 2 February 2015 24 June 2015 Series 2 2015 Christmas Special 6 1 February 2016 TBA Series 3 2016 Christmas Special 7 13 February 2017 TBA Series 4 2017 Christmas Special 7 19 February 2018 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goodacre , Kate ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` Sir David Jason to star in ' Open All Hours ' Christmas special '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Look who 's the b-b - boss now : Granville pulls on Arkwright 's famous brown coat as David Jason returns in Open All Hours after 30 years '' . Daily Mail . 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Jason back for Open All Hours Christmas show '' . BBC News . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Open All Hours : A Celebration '' . BBC . 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Open All Hours special could lead to new series '' . Doncaster Free Press . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : New version of Open All Hours will be filmed in Doncaster '' . Doncaster Free Press . 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours commissioned for full series '' . BBC News . 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Glanfield , Tim ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Still Open All Hours series confirmed '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` BBC commissions full series of Still Open All Hours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Open All Hours filming starts in Doncaster '' . Doncaster Free Press . 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Open All Hours filming set to end in Doncaster '' . Sheffield Star . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours Series 1 '' . The Pinewood Studios Group . 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Chuckle Brothers : To me , to you ... to Swansea ! '' . South Wales Evening Post . 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours series 2 confirmed '' . British Comedy Guide . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Jason , 75 , steps out as comedy character Granville as he films new series of BBC 's Still Open All Hours in Doncaster '' . The Daily Mail . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Healy gets into a spot of bother while dressed as Santa as he joins Sir David Jason on the set of the Still Open All Hours Christmas special '' . The Daily Mail . 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Burke Darren ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` Still Open All Hours to be filmed at world famous Pinewood Studios '' . Doncaster Free Press . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Jason confirms Still Open All Hours will return and reveals his Hollywood dream '' . The Mirror. 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff , Radio Times ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` David Jason to return for new series of Still Open All Hours '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Crockery , Claire ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Still Open All Hours third series WITHOUT Nurse Emmanuel '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Only Fools And Horses reboot ? Sir David Jason says he would play Del Boy one last time '' . The Mirror. 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Jason is unrecognisable as he sports bushy beard for new sitcom series '' . Jump up ^ `` TV legend David Jason : Mrs Brown 's Boys is too rude for family audiences '' . The Mirror. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , BBC Shows and tours ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Still Open All Hours shows and tours '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PICTURES : Still Open All Hours filming gets underway in Doncaster - but not at Arkwright 's shop '' . Doncaster Free Press . 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV legend David Jason : Mrs Brown 's Boys is too rude for family audiences '' . The Mirror. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , David ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` The real life shops behind Open All Hours : How a hairdressers and a c-c - convenience store helped inspire the BBC sitcom that is about to be resurrected for Christmas special '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( 27 December 2013 ) . `` Still Open All Hours tops Boxing Day ratings with 9.4 m '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30s '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dean , Will ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` Still Open All Hours review : It was a w-w - worthy effort -- but there 's only one Arkwright '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` Still Open All Hours , BBC One , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Marc ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` TV viewers hail the one - off return of classic sitcom Open All Hours as ' warmly nostalgic ' and ' a fitting tribute to Ronnie Barker ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jojo Martin praised the show saying `` I loved Open All Hours and I love Still Open All Hours even more , Still Open is the one of the best comedy series on our screens '' . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours Series One + 2013 Christmas Special ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk. 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours : Series Three + 2016 Christmas Special ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Still Open All Hours at BBC Programmes Still Open All Hours on IMDb Still Open All Hours at British Comedy Guide . Image of Arkwright 's shop in April 2007 Open All Hours Open All Hours episodes Still Open All Hours ( episodes ) Characters Arkwright Granville Related Seven of One The Funny Side of Christmas Roy Clarke Situation comedies The Misfit ( 1970 -- 71 ) Last of the Summer Wine ( 1973 -- 2010 ) Oh No , It 's Selwyn Froggitt ! ( pilot , 1974 ) Open All Hours ( 1973 , 1976 -- 85 ) The Growing Pains of PC Penrose ( 1975 ) Rosie ( 1977 -- 81 ) Potter ( 1979 -- 83 ) The Magnificent Evans ( 1984 ) The Clairvoyant ( 1984 - 1986 ) First of the Summer Wine ( 1988 -- 89 ) Keeping Up Appearances ( 1990 -- 95 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1994 -- 95 ) Still Open All Hours ( 2013 -- ) Young Hyacinth ( 2016 ) Other The Bass Player and the Blonde ( 1977 ) Hawks ( 1988 ) The Sharp End ( 1991 ) A Foreign Field ( 1993 ) The Wanderer ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_Open_All_Hours&oldid=834054164 '' Categories : 2010s British sitcoms 2010s British comedy television series 2013 British television programme debuts BBC high definition programmes BBC television sitcoms English - language television programs Sequel television series Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television series set in shops Television shows set in South Yorkshire Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from December 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do they film still open all hours	[ "Still Open All Hours was broadcast on 26 December 2013, with Jason reprising his role of Granville from Open All Hours. The new one-off episode written by Clarke showed Granville now running the shop with his son Leroy (played by James Baxter),[2] after inheriting it from Arkwright.[3] Clarke wrote the script in two weeks, and production began in October 2013. The exterior scenes were filmed at the original location at Lister Avenue in Doncaster from 18 to 20 November 2013. The interior scenes were recorded on 3 December 2013 at MediaCityUK in Salford in front of a studio audience. A 30-minute documentary accompanying the show's return, entitled Open All Hours: A Celebration, aired on 27 December 2013, the day after the new episode was broadcast, on BBC One.[4][5][6]", "Still Open All Hours was broadcast on 26 December 2013, with Jason reprising his role of Granville from Open All Hours. The new one-off episode written by Clarke showed Granville now running the shop with his son Leroy (played by James Baxter),[2] after inheriting it from Arkwright.[3] Clarke wrote the script in two weeks, and production began in October 2013. The exterior scenes were filmed at the original location at Lister Avenue in Doncaster from 18 to 20 November 2013. The interior scenes were recorded on 3 December 2013 at MediaCityUK in Salford in front of a studio audience. A 30-minute documentary accompanying the show's return, entitled Open All Hours: A Celebration, aired on 27 December 2013, the day after the new episode was broadcast, on BBC One.[4][5][6]" ]	[ "MediaCityUK in Salford", "Lister Avenue in Doncaster" ]
1581074855341660034	The One with the Prom Video	The One with the prom video - wikipedia The One with the prom video `` The One with the Prom Video '' Friends episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 14 Directed by James Burrows Written by Alexa Junge Production code 457310 Original air date February 1 , 1996 Guest appearance ( s ) Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Patrick Kerr as The Restaurant Manager Episode chronology ← Previous `` The One After the Superbowl '' Next → `` The One Where Ross and Rachel ... You Know '' Friends ( season 2 ) List of Friends episodes `` The One with the Prom Video '' is the fourteenth episode of the second season , and the 38th episode overall , of the American television situation comedy Friends , which first aired on NBC on February 1 , 1996 . The episode focuses on the main characters watching Monica ( Courteney Cox ) and Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) getting ready for their high school prom in the titular video . A subplot sees Joey , now earning more income , ( Matt LeBlanc ) buying roommate Chandler ( Matthew Perry ) an unusual gift . The episode was directed by James Burrows , written by Alexa Junge and guest - stars Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles as Jack and Judy Geller , Michael Ray Bower as Monica 's date and Patrick Kerr as the restaurant manager . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Joey , now earning money , gives Chandler a gaudy gold bracelet as thanks for paying for head shots and food . Chandler mocks it when it costs him a date , upsetting Joey when he overhears . Chandler promises to never take it off again but immediately realizes he ca n't find it . He buys a replacement , but the original is found shortly afterwards . He gives one to Joey , repairing their friendship . Ross ( David Schwimmer ) continues to seek forgiveness from Rachel after insulting her in a previous episode , but she tells him that they as a couple will never happen . Monica 's parents bring boxes of her possessions to her apartment , and she finds a video of her and Rachel getting ready for their senior prom . The friends decide to watch the video , although Ross objects to everyone seeing the tape . On the video , Rachel 's date , Chip Matthews , has not arrived , and Monica refuses to go to the prom without her . Mrs. Geller convinces Ross to wear his father 's tuxedo and take Rachel to the prom himself . Ross reluctantly agrees , but by the time he is dressed and ready to go , Chip has arrived and the girls leave . The video ends with Ross looking disappointed and dejected . Rachel , touched by Ross 's gesture , gets up and passionately kisses Ross , forgiving him for what happened between them . Monica later watches the video alone which features her and her father , Jack , dancing . The video then shows Monica and Ross 's parents in bed , which disgusts her . Production ( edit ) Aniston , Cox and Schwimmer wore additional costumes and make - up for the prom video scenes . The producers had kept Ross and Rachel from being together throughout the first season , eventually bringing them together in the second - season episode `` The One Where Ross Finds Out '' , only to split them up in the following episode . Writer Alexa Junge incorporated many of her own experiences into the script , in particular Phoebe 's line about Ross and Rachel being `` lobsters '' , something Junge 's husband once said . Aniston wore a false nose for the scenes in the video while Cox wore a `` fat suit '' . While a previous episode had already established Monica as being overweight as a child , this was the first on - screen appearance of `` Fat Monica '' ( the fat suit made frequent return appearances ) . Rachel 's large nose was added because Junge believed that the characters `` were so good - looking , you wanted to feel they had some realness in their past '' . At first , Schwimmer did not want to wear the afro wig and mustache because he thought he would look like Gabe Kaplan in Welcome Back , Kotter ( a similarity referenced in the episode ) . He relented because it enabled him to `` tap into a part of himself that was very vulnerable and shy '' and incorporate it into his performance . An early script draft featured a scene in the prom video in which an episode of All My Children is on in the background . The scene was intended to feature the character `` Bryce '' , played by Gunther ( as revealed in `` The One Where Eddie Wo n't Go '' ) . Reception ( edit ) In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 100 on their list of the `` 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . Entertainment Weekly rates the episode `` A '' , welcoming the return of Burrows as director and calling the prom video `` witty character development disguised as a standard flashback . '' The authors of Friends like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends write that it is `` a watershed in the history of the show '' and `` It 's the sign of a good show that they can switch so effortlessly from comedy to pathos to romance in one short scene . '' Robert Bianco wrote in USA Today in 2004 , `` If any one outing can take credit for moving Friends from good to great , it 's Prom Video '' and describes the resolution as an `` ingenious , unexpected twist . '' The episode is popular among fans of the series . It appeared on one of the first region 1 `` best of '' DVD releases and is one of the two episodes to feature an audio commentary on the region 1 DVD release of the complete second season . In a poll conducted shortly before the series finale , `` The One with the Prom Video '' was voted the best episode of Friends , with 1.6 million people polling on the Internet . The episode is the favorite of Schwimmer , who liked the comedic and emotional origins of the Ross / Rachel relationship , as well as the exchange between Monica and Chandler as she defends her weight on the video . In 2014 , Gawker published a list of every episode of Friends ranked from # 236 through # 1 . `` The One With The Prom Video '' was ranked as the # 1 best episode on the list . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sangster , Jim ; David Bailey ( 2000 ) . Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Virgin Publishing Ltd . pp. 103 -- 106 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0439 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Garner , Joe ( 2004 ) . Made You Laugh ! : The Funniest Moments in Radio , Television , Stand - up , and Movie Comedy . Kansas City , Missouri : Andrews McMeel Publishing . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 4695 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , Marta ; Crane , David ( writers ) ; Burrows , James ( director ) ( 1994 - 11 - 10 ) . `` The One Where Nana Dies Twice '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 8 . NBC . Jump up ^ Malins , Gregory S. ( writer ) ; Bright , Kevin S. ( director ) ( 1998 - 11 - 19 ) . `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' . Friends . Season 5 . Episode 8 . NBC . Jump up ^ Malins , Gregory S. ; Chase , Adam ; Kauffman , Marta ; Crane , David ( writers ) ; Lembeck , Michael ( director ) ( 2000 - 02 - 17 ) . `` The One that Could Have Been '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 15 / 16 . NBC . Jump up ^ Kauffman , Marta ; Crane , David ( writers ) ; Bright , Kevin S. ( director ) ( 2004 - 02 - 05 ) . `` The One Where the Stripper Cries '' . Friends . Season 10 . Episode 11 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( 2004 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Friends Forever : David Schwimmer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) . `` And Now A Word From The Supporting Players ' Club ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 - July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Review : Season 2 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( 2004 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Like lobsters that fall in love , ' Prom Video ' got its claws in us '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Home Video Brings the Emmy - Winning TV Show FRIENDS To DVD and VHS for the First Time on December 19 '' ( Press release ) . Time Warner . 2000 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( 2004 - 04 - 07 ) . `` What to watch Thursday '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ . Gawker. 2014 - 09 - 03 https://web.archive.org/web/20140903202143/http://rankings.gawker.com/every-episode-of-friends-ranked-1629809447 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' on IMDb `` The One with the Prom Video '' at TV.com Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy '' ( 3.01 ) `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_with_the_Prom_Video&oldid=846998697 '' Categories : 1996 American television episodes Friends ( season 2 ) episodes Television episodes about proms Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs TV.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 06 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does rachel forgive ross for the list	[]	[]
-3398325434558835206	History of the United States	History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2018 ) Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Internet Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However this grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . Women obtained the right to vote in 1920 , with Native Americans obtaining citizenship and the right to vote in 1924 . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , followed by wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Contents 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 President George Washington 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal 7.7 World War II 7.8 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.8. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.8. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.8. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.8. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.9 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Textbooks 12 Further reading 12.1 Primary sources 13 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events . These events , such as , the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . A human head effigy pot from the Nodena Site . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely the U.S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th - century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between 1st century to 10th century . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750 , before the French and Indian War An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in Dec. 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator , who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of the colonies by adopting the resolution from Richard Henry Lee , that stated : That these United Colonies are , and of right out to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved ; that measures should be immediately taken for procuring the assistance of foreign powers , and a Confederation be formed to bind the colonies more closely together . . On July 4 , 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence and this date is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . On September 9 , 1776 , Congress officially changed the nation 's name to the United States of America . Until this point , the nation was known as the `` United Colonies of America '' The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . President George Washington ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790 and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Great Depression , Causes of the Great Depression , and New Deal Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . Great Depression and New Deal ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in the United States and New Deal During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The result was a series of permanent reform programs including Relief for the unemployed , assistance for the elderly , jobs for young men , social security , unemployment insurance , public housing , bankruptcy insurance , farm subsidies , and regulation of financial securities . State governments added new programs as well , and introduced the sales tax to pay for them . Ideologically the revolution established modern liberalism in the United States and kept the Democrats in power in Washington almost continuously for Three decades thanks to the New Deal Coalition of ethnic Whites , Blacks , blue - collar workers , labor unions , and white Southerners . It provided relief to the long - term unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps . Large scale spending projects designed to provide private sector construction jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . The Second New Deal was a turn to the left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Roosevelt seriously weakened his second term by a failed effort to pack the Supreme Court , which had been a center of conservative resistance to his programs . Most of the relief programs were dropped after 1938 in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . The economy basically recovered by 1936 , but had a sharp , short recession in 1937 - 38 ; long - term unemployment , however , remained a problem until it was solved by wartime spending . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . Bronze statue of Eisenhower at Capitol rotunda . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese - Americans . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine in May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 12 , 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the United States and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of United States foreign policy History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2006 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips ( 1957 ) . Method and Theory in American Archaeology . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89888 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deloria , V. , Jr. , ( 1997 ) Red Earth White Lies : Native Americans and The Myth of Scientific Fact . Jump up ^ Hillerman , Anthony G. ( 1973 ) . `` The Hunt for the Lost American '' , in The Great Taos Bank Robbery and Other Indian Country Affairs , University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0306 - 4 . Jump up ^ D.E. Dummond , `` Toward a Pre-History of the Na - Dene , with a General Comment on Population Movements among Nomadic Hunters '' , American Anthropological Association , 1969 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leer , Jeff , Doug Hitch , & John Ritter. 2001 . Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary : The Dialects Spoken by Tlingit Elders of Carcross and Teslin , Yukon , and Atlin , British Columbia , Whitehorse , Yukon Territory : Yukon Native Language Centre . ISBN 1 - 55242 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joe W. Saunders * , Rolfe D. Mandel , Roger T. Saucier , E. Thurman Allen , C.T. Hallmark , Jay K. Johnson , Edwin H. Jackson , Charles M. Allen , Gary L. Stringer , Douglas S. Frink , James K. Feathers , Stephen Williams , Kristen J. Gremillion , Malcolm F. Vidrine , and Reca Jones , `` A Mound Complex in Louisiana at 5400 -- 5000 Years Before the Present '' , Science , September 19 , 1997 : Vol. 277 no . 5333 , pp. 1796 -- 1799 , accessed October 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ ^ Fagan , Brian M. 2005 . Ancient North America : The Archaeology of a Continent . Fourth Edition . New York . Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 418 . Jump up ^ `` Hopewell '' . Ohio History Central . Jump up ^ Douglas T. Price , and Gary M. Feinman ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past , 5th edition . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 274 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340520 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Chenault , Mark , Rick Ahlstrom , and Tom Motsinger , ( 1993 ) In the Shadow of South Mountain : The Pre-Classic Hohokam of ' La Ciudad de los Hornos ' , Part I and II . Jump up ^ `` Ancestral Pueblo culture . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Meghan E. ( 2007 ) . Patterns of Faunal Utilization at Kincaid Mounds , Massac County , Illinois ( Thesis ) . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . p. 40 . Jump up ^ John E. Schwegman ( 2009 ) . `` Kincaid : A Prehistoric Cultural and Religious Center '' . Springhouse Magazine . Jump up ^ muller . `` Connections '' . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Richard F. , and Robert V. Sharp , eds. ( 2004 ) . Hero , Hawk , and Open Hand . The Art Institute of Chicago and Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10601 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Artifacts - Ramey pottery '' . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas E ( 2007 ) . 33 questions about American history you 're not supposed to ask . Crown Forum . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 34668 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wright , R ( 2005 ) . Stolen Continents : 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas . Mariner Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 49240 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : Cultural Fictions and Government Policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 745 - 1 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , LF . `` Osage '' . Oklahoma Encyclopedia of History and Culture . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Joseph Patrick Byrne ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues . ABC - CLIO . pp. 415 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Eric Hinderaker and Rebecca Horn , `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Greenberger , Juan Ponce de León : the exploration of Florida and the search for the Fountain of Youth ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . How the Canyon Became Grand . New York City : Penguin Books . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88110 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : A. Grove Day , Coronado 's Quest : The Discovery of the Southwestern States ( 1940 ) online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , New Spain 's Far Northern Frontier : Essays on Spain in the American West , 1540 -- 1821 ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) online Jump up ^ Brebner , John Bartlet . New England 's Outpost : Acadia before the Conquest of Canada . Archon Books Hamden , Conn. 1927 Jump up ^ Dean Jobb , The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 91 # 4 pp 695 -- 724 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven . `` Death in Early America '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henretta , James A. ( 2007 ) . `` History of Colonial America '' . Encarta Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review ( 1896 ) 2 # 1 pp. 12 -- 33 in JSTOR ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tougias , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` King Philip 's War in New England '' . HistoryPlace.com . Jump up ^ Oatis , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . A Colonial Complex : South Carolina 's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War , 1680 -- 1730 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Max Savelle ( 2005 ) ( 1948 ) . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 185 -- 90 . ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-renames-the-nation-united-states-of-america Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . aoc.gov . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hopkins , A.G. American Empire : A Global History ( 2018 ) excerpt Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of American Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHistory of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Encyclopedia of American Studies , sophisticated short articles on a wide range of topics . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did we become the united states of america	[ "Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. 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-2888399276781721021	Hard to Kill	Hard to Kill - wikipedia Hard to Kill For the album by Gucci Mane , see Hard to Kill ( album ) . For the eSports / pro gaming team , see H2k - Gaming . Hard to Kill Theatrical release poster Directed by Bruce Malmuth Produced by Gary Adelson Joel Simon Bill Todman , Jr . Written by Steven McKay Starring Steven Seagal Kelly Le Brock Bill Sadler Frederick Coffin Music by David Michael Frank Cinematography Matthew F. Leonetti Edited by John F. Link Production company Lee Rich Productions Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date February 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 09 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $47.4 million Hard to Kill is a 1990 American action thriller film directed by Bruce Malmuth , and starring Steven Seagal , Kelly Le Brock , William Sadler , and Frederick Coffin . Seagal plays Mason Storm , a detective who falls into a coma after being shot during a fire - fight that killed his wife . Reawakening seven years later , Storm embarks on a journey to avenge the death of his wife , and expose the corruption of Senator Vernon Trent . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Original ending 2 Cast 2.1 Principal cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1983 , Mason Storm , a Los Angeles police detective , investigates a mob meeting that takes place by a pier . He records a shadowy figure who assures the mob they can rely on his political support . Storm is spotted , but escapes . Unaware that he is monitored by corrupt cops , Mason informs his partner and then his friend Lt. O'Malley that he has evidence of corruption . While he goes shopping , a store is robbed , and one of the robbers shoots the clerk . Mason stops them and goes home , intent on celebrating with his wife , Felicia . Mason hides the videotape in his house . When he goes upstairs , a hit squad composed of corrupt policemen , including Jack Axel and Max Quentero , break in and proceed to murder Mason 's wife and shoot him . Mason 's young son , Sonny , hides until the danger passes . The corrupt policemen frame Mason , making it look like a murder - suicide . At the same time , assassins kill Storm 's partner . At the hospital , Mason is first pronounced dead , but is then discovered to be alive , although unconscious . To prevent the assassins from finishing the job , Lieutenant O'Malley tells the medics to keep Mason 's status a secret . Seven years later , Mason wakes from his coma . Andy , one of his nurses , makes a phone call , which is intercepted by corrupt police officers . They send Axel to finish the job and kill the nurses to whom Mason might have talked . Mason realizes that he is still in danger , but his muscles have atrophied to where he can barely use his arms . He staggers to an elevator , and when Andy sees her colleagues killed , she helps Mason escape . Needing time to recuperate , Andy brings Mason to a friend 's house , where Mason uses his knowledge of acupuncture , moxibustion and other meditation techniques to recover his strength . While training , Mason hears a commercial for Senator Vernon Trent and recognizes the voice from the pier . Mason contacts O'Malley , who supplies him with weapons and tells him that his son is still alive -- O'Malley adopted Mason 's son and sent him to a private school so that he would be out of danger . After O'Malley leaves , Senator Trent 's men find the house and attempt to kill Andy and Mason , but Mason gets them both out . Posing as a real estate agent , Mason recovers the hidden videotape from his old house . He meets O'Malley in a train station , where O'Malley brings Mason 's now - teenage son . They do not see each other , because as Mason arrives , O'Malley is already dead , having been shot by Max after giving the tape to Andy for safe - keeping while having provided a distraction for Sonny to get away . When Mason arrives , he sees his son running away from Quentero and Nolan , another corrupt cop working for Trent . Mason catches up with the men , subdues Nolan by breaking his leg and throwing him in a trash bin and fights with Quentero . Mason beats up Quentero and recognizes him as one of the men who took part in the assault on Mason 's home and the murder of his wife . Mason then proceeds to snap Quentero 's neck , killing him and saving his son . Mason decides to go after Senator Trent at his home . At the Senator 's mansion , Mason sneaks in and manages to eliminate the Senator 's men one by one . Mason fights with Axel in the billiard room and avenges Felicia by jamming a piece of pool stick into Axel 's neck , killing him . Next , Mason leaves a death taunt to Capt . Hulland , another corrupt cop who betrayed Storm to Trent , and stalks Hulland through the house before cornering the corrupt captain near the fireplace . Mason then strangles Hulland with his necktie , killing him . Mason finally confronts Senator Trent and holds him at gunpoint when the police storm the mansion . However , they reveal that they had already seen the film and knew that Mason was set up , and they arrest Trent instead . Mason is then reunited with Andy and his son and walks off as the image from the videotape is played on the news , showing Trent coming out of the shadows briefly , wondering who is taping him . Original ending ( edit ) Originally , the movie ended with Mason actually killing Trent , and some time later Mason , Andy and Sonny attending a funeral for O'Malley . The theatrical trailer shows parts of the original ending . Cast ( edit ) Principal cast ( edit ) Steven Seagal as Mason Storm Zachary Rosencrantz as Sonny Storm Kelly Le Brock as Andy Stewart William Sadler as Senator Vernon Trent Frederick Coffin as Lt. Kevin O'Malley Supporting cast ( edit ) Andrew Bloch as Capt. Dan Hulland Branscombe Richmond as Max Quentero Charles Boswell as Jack Axel James DiStefano as Nolan Dean Norris as Det . Sgt . Goodhart Bonnie Burroughs as Felicia Storm Lou Beatty , Jr. as Carl Becker Nick DeMauro as Mr. Calabrese Nick Corello as James Valero Justin De Rosa as Mikey Stanley Brock as Counterman Larry Cedar as Bystander Evan James as Danny Tomas Trujillo as Shotgun Punk Geoffrey Ian Bara as Sonny Storm ( age 5 ) Robert LaSardo as a Punk Ernie Lively as LAPD Captain Reception ( edit ) It holds a 33 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews ; the average rating is 3.7 / 10 . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly rated it a letter grade of D − and called Seagal as generic an actor as the film . In describing the film as `` a lively one for its genre '' , Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote , `` Mr. Seagal is effective for both his novelty value and his ability to be both literally and figuratively disarming . '' Box office ( edit ) Hard to Kill debuted at number 1 at the box office and grossed $47.4 million in the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hard to Kill ( 1990 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Hard to Kill '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1990 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1990 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Review / Film ; Out of a Coma , Still Dapper and Disarming '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( 1990 - 02 - 13 ) . `` WEEKEND BOX OFFICE ` Kill ' Opens Big ; ` Cannons , ' ` Stanley ' Fade '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hard to Kill '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Hard to Kill on IMDb Hard to Kill at AllMovie Hard to Kill at the TCM Movie Database Hard To Kill at the American Film Institute Catalog Hard to Kill at Box Office Mojo Hard to Kill at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Bruce Malmuth Fore Play ( 1975 ) Nighthawks ( 1981 ) The Man Who Was n't There ( 1983 ) Where Are the Children ? ( 1986 ) Hard to Kill ( 1990 ) Pentathlon ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_to_Kill&oldid=847320001 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films 1990s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American martial arts films Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Films about revenge Films set in 1983 Films set in 1990 Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in California Vigilante films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who played the son in hard to kill	[]	[]
1550926598710592793	Russian Revolution	Russian Revolution - wikipedia Russian Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the revolutions of 1917 . For the revolution of 1905 , see 1905 Russian Revolution . Russian Revolution Bolshevik forces marching on the Red Square Date February Revolution : 8 -- 16 March 1917 ( O.S. 23 February -- 3 March ) October Revolution : 7 -- 8 November 1917 ( O.S. 25 -- 26 October ) Location Russian Empire Participants Russian society , bolsheviks , mensheviks , SRs , etc . Outcome Abdication of Nicholas II Collapse of the Imperial Government Collapse of the Provisional Government Creation of the Russian SFSR Beginning of the Russian Civil War Russian Revolution February Revolution April Crisis July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Russian Civil War Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union . The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 ( March in the Gregorian calendar ; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time ) . Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies ( called ' soviets ' ) which contended for authority . In the second revolution that October , the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets . The February Revolution ( March 1917 ) was a revolution focused around Petrograd ( now Saint Petersburg ) , the capital of Russia at that time . In the chaos , members of the Imperial parliament ( the Duma ) assumed control of the country , forming the Russian Provisional Government which was heavily dominated by the interests of large capitalists and the noble aristocracy . The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution , resulting in Nicholas 's abdication . The soviets , which were dominated by soldiers and the urban industrial working class , initially permitted the Provisional Government to rule , but insisted on a prerogative to influence the government and control various militias . The February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during the First World War ( 1914 -- 18 ) , which left much of the Russian Army in a state of mutiny . A period of dual power ensued , during which the Provisional Government held state power while the national network of soviets , led by socialists , had the allegiance of the lower classes and , increasingly , the left - leaning urban middle class . During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies , protests and many strikes . Many socialist political organizations were engaged in daily struggle and vied for influence within the Duma and the soviets , central among which were the Bolsheviks ( `` Ones of the Majority '' ) led by Vladimir Lenin who campaigned for an immediate end to the war , land to the peasants , and bread to the workers . When the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany , the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions were able to exploit virtually universal disdain towards the war effort as justification to advance the revolution further . The Bolsheviks turned workers ' militias under their control into the Red Guards ( later the Red Army ) over which they exerted substantial control . In the October Revolution ( November in the Gregorian calendar ) , the Bolsheviks led an armed insurrection by workers and soldiers in Petrograd that successfully overthrew the Provisional Government , transferring all its authority to the soviets with the capital being relocated to Moscow shortly thereafter . The Bolsheviks had secured a strong base of support within the soviets and , as the now supreme governing party , established a federal government dedicated to reorganizing the former empire into the world 's first socialist republic , practicing soviet democracy on a national and international scale . The promise to end Russia 's participation in the First World War was honored promptly with the Bolshevik leaders signing the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany in March 1918 . To further secure the new state , the Cheka was established which functioned as a revolutionary security service that sought to weed out and punish those considered to be `` enemies of the people '' in campaigns consciously modeled on similar events during the French Revolution . Soon after , civil war erupted among the `` Reds '' ( Bolsheviks ) , the `` Whites '' ( counter-revolutionaries ) , the independence movements and the non-Bolshevik socialists . It continued for several years , during which the Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists and thereafter reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party . In this way , the Revolution paved the way for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) in 1922 . While many notable historical events occurred in Moscow and Petrograd , there was also a visible movement in cities throughout the state , among national minorities throughout the empire and in the rural areas , where peasants took over and redistributed land . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Economic and social changes 1.2 Political issues 1.3 World War I 2 February Revolution 3 Between February and throughout October : `` Dual Power '' ( dvoevlastie ) 4 October Revolution 5 Russian Civil War 6 Execution of the imperial family 7 The revolution and the world 8 Historiography 9 Chronology 9.1 Chronology of events leading to the revolution 9.2 Chronology of the 1917 revolutions 10 Cultural portrayal 10.1 Film 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Notes 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Participants ' accounts 14.3 Primary documents 15 External links Background Main article : Russian history , 1892 -- 1917 Soldiers blocking Narva Gate on Bloody Sunday The Russian Revolution of 1905 was said to be a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of 1917 . The events of Bloody Sunday triggered nationwide protests and soldier mutinies . A council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos . While the 1905 Revolution was ultimately crushed , and the leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested , this laid the groundwork for the later Petrograd Soviet and other revolutionary movements during the leadup to 1917 . The 1905 Revolution also led to the creation of a Duma ( parliament ) , that would later form the Provisional Government following February 1917 . The outbreak of World War I prompted general outcry directed at Tsar Nicholas II and the Romanov family . While the nation was initially caught up in a wave of nationalism , increasing numbers of defeats and poor conditions soon made the opposite true . The Tsar attempted to remedy the situation by taking personal control of the army in 1915 . This proved disastrous , as the Tsar was now held personally responsible for Russia 's continuing defeats and losses . In addition , the Tsarina Alexandra , left to rule in while the Tsar was commanding at the front , was German born , leading to suspicion of collusion , only exacerbated by rumors relating to her relationship with the controversial mystic Rasputin . Rasputin 's influence led to disastrous ministerial appointments and corruption , resulting in a worsening of conditions within Russia . This led to general dissatisfaction with the Romanov family , and was a major factor contributing to the retaliation of the Russian Communists against the royal family . After the entry of the Ottoman Empire on the side of the Central Powers in October 1914 , Russia was deprived of a major trade route through the Dardanelles , which further contributed to the economic crisis , in which Russia became incapable of providing munitions to their army in the years leading to 1917 . However , the problems were primarily administrative , and not industrial , as Germany was producing great amounts of munitions whilst constantly fighting on two major battlefronts . The conditions during the war resulted in devastating loss of morale within the Russian army , as well as the general population . This was particularly apparent in the cities , owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture . Food scarcity had become a considerable problem in Russia , but the cause of this did not lie in any failure of the harvests , which had not been significantly altered during wartime . The indirect reason was that the government , in order to finance the war , had been printing millions of ruble notes , and by 1917 inflation had made prices increase up to four times what they had been in 1914 . Farmers were consequently faced with a higher cost of living , but little increase in income . As a result , they tended to hoard their grain and to revert to subsistence farming . Thus the cities were constantly short of food . At the same time , rising prices led to demands for higher wages in the factories , and in January and February 1916 revolutionary propaganda , in part aided by German funds , led to widespread strikes . This resulted in a growing criticism of the government , including an increased participation of workers in revolutionary parties . Liberal parties too had an increased platform to voice their complaints , as the initial fervor of the war had resulted in the Tsarist government creating a variety of political organizations . In July 1915 , a Central War Industries Committee was established under the chairmanship of a prominent Octobrist , Alexander Guchkov ( 1862 - 1936 ) , including ten workers ' representatives . The Petrograd Mensheviks agreed to join despite the objections of their leaders abroad . All this activity gave renewed encouragement to political ambitions , and , in September 1915 , a combination of Octobrists and Kadets in the Duma demanded the forming of a responsible government . The Tsar rejected these proposals . All these factors had given rise to a sharp loss of confidence in the regime , even within the ruling class , growing throughout the war . Early in 1916 , Guchkov discussed with senior army officers and members of the Central War Industries Committee about a possible coup to force the abdication of the Tsar . In December , a small group of nobles assassinated Rasputin , and in January 1917 the Tsar 's uncle , Grand Duke Nicholas , was asked indirectly by Prince Lvov whether he would be prepared to take over the throne from his nephew , Tsar Nicholas II . None of these incidents were in themselves the immediate cause of the February Revolution , but they do help to explain why the monarchy survived only a few days after it had broken out . Russian soldiers marching in Petrograd in February 1917 Meanwhile , Socialist Revolutionary leaders in exile , many of them living in Switzerland , had been the glum spectators of the collapse of international socialist solidarity . French and German Social Democrats had voted in favour of their respective governments ' war efforts . Georgi Plekhanov in Paris had adopted a violently anti-German stand , while Parvus supported the German war effort as the best means of ensuring a revolution in Russia . The Mensheviks largely maintained that Russia had the right to defend herself against Germany , although Martov ( a prominent Menshevik ) , now on the left of his group , demanded an end to the war and a settlement on the basis of national self - determination , with no annexations or indemnities . It was these views of Martov that predominated in a manifesto drawn up by Leon Trotsky ( at the time a Menshevik ) at a conference in Zimmerwald , attended by 35 Socialist leaders in September 1915 . Inevitably Vladimir Lenin , supported by Zinoviev and Radek , strongly contested them . Their attitudes became known as the Zimmerwald Left . Lenin rejected both the defence of Russia and the cry for peace . Since the autumn of 1914 , he had insisted that `` from the standpoint of the working class and of the labouring masses from the lesser evil would be the defeat of the Tsarist Monarchy '' ; the war must be turned into a civil war of the proletarian soldiers against their own governments , and if a proletarian victory should emerge from this in Russia , then their duty would be to wage a revolutionary war for the liberation of the masses throughout Europe . Economic and social changes An elementary theory of property , believed by many peasants , was that land should belong to those who work on it . At the same time , peasant life and culture was changing constantly . Change was facilitated by the physical movement of growing numbers of peasant villagers who migrated to and from industrial and urban environments , but also by the introduction of city culture into the village through material goods , the press , and word of mouth . Workers also had good reasons for discontent : overcrowded housing with often deplorable sanitary conditions , long hours at work ( on the eve of the war a 10 - hour workday six days a week was the average and many were working 11 -- 12 hours a day by 1916 ) , constant risk of injury and death from poor safety and sanitary conditions , harsh discipline ( not only rules and fines , but foremen 's fists ) , and inadequate wages ( made worse after 1914 by steep wartime increases in the cost of living ) . At the same time , urban industrial life was full of benefits , though these could be just as dangerous , from the point of view of social and political stability , as the hardships . There were many encouragements to expect more from life . Acquiring new skills gave many workers a sense of self - respect and confidence , heightening expectations and desires . Living in cities , workers encountered material goods such as they had never seen in villages . Most important , living in cities , they were exposed to new ideas about the social and political order . The social causes of the Russian Revolution mainly came from centuries of oppression of the lower classes by the Tsarist regime , and Nicholas 's failures in World War I. While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861 , they still resented paying redemption payments to the state , and demanded communal tender of the land they worked . The problem was further compounded by the failure of Sergei Witte 's land reforms of the early 20th century . Increasing peasant disturbances and sometimes actual revolts occurred , with the goal of securing ownership of the land they worked . Russia consisted mainly of poor farming peasants , with 1.5 % of the population owning 25 % of the land . The rapid industrialization of Russia also resulted in urban overcrowding and poor conditions for urban industrial workers ( as mentioned above ) . Between 1890 and 1910 , the population of the capital , Saint Petersburg , swelled from 1,033,600 to 1,905,600 , with Moscow experiencing similar growth . This created a new ' proletariat ' which , due to being crowded together in the cities , was much more likely to protest and go on strike than the peasantry had been in previous times . In one 1904 survey , it was found that an average of sixteen people shared each apartment in Saint Petersburg , with six people per room . There was also no running water , and piles of human waste were a threat to the health of the workers . The poor conditions only aggravated the situation , with the number of strikes and incidents of public disorder rapidly increasing in the years shortly before World War I. Because of late industrialization , Russia 's workers were highly concentrated . By 1914 , 40 % of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000 + workers ( 32 % in 1901 ) . 42 % worked in 100 -- 1,000 worker enterprises , 18 % in 1 -- 100 worker businesses ( in the US , 1914 , the figures were 18 , 47 and 35 respectively ) . Years Average annual strikes 1862 -- 69 6 1870 -- 84 20 1885 -- 94 33 1895 -- 1905 176 World War I added to the chaos . Conscription swept up the unwilling across Russia . The vast demand for factory production of war supplies and workers caused many more labor riots and strikes . Conscription stripped skilled workers from the cities , who had to be replaced with unskilled peasants , and then , when famine began to hit due to the poor railway system , workers abandoned the cities in droves seeking food . Finally , the soldiers themselves , who suffered from a lack of equipment and protection from the elements , began to turn against the Tsar . This was mainly because , as the war progressed , many of the officers who were loyal to the Tsar were killed , and were replaced by discontented conscripts from the major cities , who had little loyalty to the Tsar . The Petrograd Soviet Assembly meeting in 1917 Political issues Many sections of the country had reason to be dissatisfied with the existing autocracy . Nicholas II was a deeply conservative ruler and maintained a strict authoritarian system . Individuals and society in general were expected to show self - restraint , devotion to community , deference to the social hierarchy and a sense of duty to the country . Religious faith helped bind all of these tenets together as a source of comfort and reassurance in the face of difficult conditions and as a means of political authority exercised through the clergy . Perhaps more than any other modern monarch , Nicholas II attached his fate and the future of his dynasty to the notion of the ruler as a saintly and infallible father to his people . This idealized vision of the Romanov monarchy blinded him to the actual state of his country . With a firm belief that his power to rule was granted by Divine Right , Nicholas assumed that the Russian people were devoted to him with unquestioning loyalty . This ironclad belief rendered Nicholas unwilling to allow the progressive reforms that might have alleviated the suffering of the Russian people . Even after the 1905 revolution spurred the Tsar to decree limited civil rights and democratic representation , he worked to limit even these liberties in order to preserve the ultimate authority of the crown . Despite constant oppression , the desire of the people for democratic participation in government decisions was strong . Since the Age of Enlightenment , Russian intellectuals had promoted Enlightenment ideals such as the dignity of the individual and the rectitude of democratic representation . These ideals were championed most vociferously by Russia 's liberals , although populists , Marxists , and anarchists also claimed to support democratic reforms . A growing opposition movement had begun to challenge the Romanov monarchy openly well before the turmoil of World War I . Dissatisfaction with Russian autocracy culminated in the huge national upheaval that followed the Bloody Sunday massacre of January 1905 , in which hundreds of unarmed protesters were shot by the Tsar 's troops . Workers responded to the massacre with a crippling general strike , forcing Nicholas to put forth the October Manifesto , which established a democratically elected parliament ( the State Duma ) . The Tsar undermined this promise of reform but a year later with Article 87 of the 1906 Fundamental State Laws , and subsequently dismissed the first two Dumas when they proved uncooperative . Unfulfilled hopes of democracy fueled revolutionary ideas and violent outbursts targeted at the monarchy . One of the Tsar 's principal rationales for risking war in 1914 was his desire to restore the prestige that Russia had lost amid the debacles of the Russo - Japanese war . Nicholas also sought to foster a greater sense of national unity with a war against a common and ancient enemy . The Russian Empire was an agglomeration of diverse ethnicities that had shown significant signs of disunity in the years before the First World War . Nicholas believed in part that the shared peril and tribulation of a foreign war would mitigate the social unrest over the persistent issues of poverty , inequality , and inhuman working conditions . Instead of restoring Russia 's political and military standing , World War I led to the horrifying slaughter of Russian troops and military defeats that undermined both the monarchy and society in general to the point of collapse . World war I The outbreak of war in August 1914 initially served to quiet the prevalent social and political protests , focusing hostilities against a common external enemy , but this patriotic unity did not last long . As the war dragged on inconclusively , war - weariness gradually took its toll . More important , though , was a deeper fragility : although many ordinary Russians joined anti-German demonstrations in the first few weeks of the war , the most widespread reaction appears to have been skepticism and fatalism . Hostility toward the Kaiser and the desire to defend their land and their lives did not necessarily translate into enthusiasm for the Tsar or the government . Russia 's first major battle of the war was a disaster : in the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg , over 30,000 Russian troops were killed or wounded and 90,000 captured , while Germany suffered just 12,000 casualties . However , Austro - Hungarian forces allied to Germany were driven back deep into the Galicia region by the end of the year . In the autumn of 1915 , Nicholas had taken direct command of the army , personally overseeing Russia 's main theatre of war and leaving his ambitious but incapable wife Alexandra in charge of the government . Reports of corruption and incompetence in the Imperial government began to emerge , and the growing influence of Grigori Rasputin in the Imperial family was widely resented . In the eyes of Michael Lynch , a revisionist historian ( member of the School of Historical Studies at the University of Leicester ) who focuses on the role of the people , Rasputin was a `` fatal disease '' to the Tsarist regime . In 1915 , things took a critical turn for the worse when Germany shifted its focus of attack to the Eastern front . The superior German army -- better led , better trained and better supplied -- was terrifyingly effective against the ill - equipped Russian forces , driving the Russians out of Galicia , as well as Russian Poland , during the Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive campaign . By the end of October 1916 , Russia had lost between 1,600,000 and 1,800,000 soldiers , with an additional 2,000,000 prisoners of war and 1,000,000 missing , all making up a total of nearly 5,000,000 men . These staggering losses played a definite role in the mutinies and revolts that began to occur . In 1916 , reports of fraternizing with the enemy started to circulate . Soldiers went hungry , and lacked shoes , munitions , and even weapons . Rampant discontent lowered morale , which was further undermined by a series of military defeats . Russian troops awaiting German attack in trenches Casualty rates were the most vivid sign of this disaster . Already , by the end of 1914 , only five months into the war , around 390,000 Russian men had lost their lives and nearly 1,000,000 were injured . Far sooner than expected , barely trained recruits had to be called up for active duty , a process repeated throughout the war as staggering losses continued to mount . The officer class also saw remarkable changes , especially within the lower echelons , which were quickly filled with soldiers rising up through the ranks . These men , usually of peasant or working - class backgrounds , were to play a large role in the politicization of the troops in 1917 . The huge losses on the battlefields were not limited to men . The army quickly ran short of rifles and ammunition ( as well as uniforms and food ) , and , by mid-1915 , men were being sent to the front bearing no arms . It was hoped that they could equip themselves with the arms that they recovered from fallen soldiers , of both sides , on the battlefields . The soldiers did not feel that they were being treated as valuable soldiers , or even as human beings , but rather as raw materials to be squandered for the purposes of the rich and powerful . By the spring of 1915 , the army was in steady retreat , which was not always orderly ; desertion , plunder and chaotic flight were not uncommon . By 1916 , however , the situation had improved in many respects . Russian troops stopped retreating , and there were even some modest successes in the offensives that were staged that year , albeit at great loss of life . Also , the problem of shortages was largely solved by a major effort to increase domestic production . Nevertheless , by the end of 1916 , morale among soldiers was even worse than it had been during the great retreat of 1915 . The fortunes of war may have improved , but the fact of the war , still draining away strength and lives from the country and its many individuals and families , remained an oppressive inevitability . The crisis in morale ( as was argued by Allan Wildman , a leading historian of the Russian army in war and revolution ) `` was rooted fundamentally in the feeling of utter despair that the slaughter would ever end and that anything resembling victory could be achieved . '' The war devastated not only soldiers . By the end of 1915 , there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand . The main problems were food shortages and rising prices . Inflation dragged incomes down at an alarmingly rapid rate , and shortages made it difficult to buy even what one could afford . These shortages were a problem especially in the capital , St. Petersburg , where distance from supplies and poor transportation networks made matters particularly bad . Shops closed early or entirely for lack of bread , sugar , meat and other provisions , and lines lengthened massively for what remained . It became increasingly difficult both to afford and actually buy food . Not surprisingly , strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915 , and so did crime ; but , for the most part , people suffered and endured , scouring the city for food . Working class women in St. Petersburg reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines , begging , turning to prostitution or crime , tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth , grumbling about the rich , and wondering when and how this would all come to an end . Government officials responsible for public order worried about how long people 's patience would last . A report by the St. Petersburg branch of the security police , the Okhrana , in October 1916 , warned bluntly of `` the possibility in the near future of riots by the lower classes of the empire enraged by the burdens of daily existence . '' Nicholas was blamed for all of these crises , and what little support he had left began to crumble . As discontent grew , the State Duma issued a warning to Nicholas in November 1916 . It stated that , inevitably , a terrible disaster would grip the country unless a constitutional form of government was put in place . Nicholas ignored these warnings and Russia 's Tsarist regime collapsed a few months later during the February Revolution of 1917 . One year later , the Tsar and his entire family were executed . February Revolution Main article : February Revolution Revolutionaries protesting in February 1917 Meeting Germans in No Man 's Land Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements At the beginning of February , Petrograd workers began several strikes and demonstrations . On 7 March ( O.S. 22 February ) , workers at Putilov , Petrograd 's largest industrial plant , announced a strike . The next day , a series of meetings and rallies were held for International Women 's Day , which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings . Demonstrations were organised to demand bread , and these were supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes . The women workers marched to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike . By 10 March ( O.S. 25 February ) , virtually every industrial enterprise in Petrograd had been shut down , together with many commercial and service enterprises . Students , white - collar workers and teachers joined the workers in the streets and at public meetings . To quell the riots , the Tsar looked to the army . At least 180,000 troops were available in the capital , but most were either untrained or injured . Historian Ian Beckett suggests around 12,000 could be regarded as reliable , but even these proved reluctant to move in on the crowd , since it included so many women . It was for this reason that when , on 11 March ( O.S. 26 February ) , the Tsar ordered the army to suppress the rioting by force , troops began to mutiny . Although few actively joined the rioting , many officers were either shot or went into hiding ; the ability of the garrison to hold back the protests was all but nullified , symbols of the Tsarist regime were rapidly torn down around the city , and governmental authority in the capital collapsed -- not helped by the fact that Nicholas had prorogued the Duma that morning , leaving it with no legal authority to act . The response of the Duma , urged on by the liberal bloc , was to establish a Temporary Committee to restore law and order ; meanwhile , the socialist parties establish the Petrograd Soviet to represent workers and soldiers . The remaining loyal units switched allegiance the next day . The Tsar directed the royal train back towards Petrograd , which was stopped 14 March ( O.S. 1 March ) , by a group of revolutionaries at Malaya Vishera . When the Tsar finally arrived at in Pskov , the Army Chief Nikolai Ruzsky , and the Duma deputees Guchkov and Vasily Shulgin suggested in unison that he abdicate the throne . He did so on 15 March ( O.S. 2 March ) , on behalf of himself , and then , having taken advice , on behalf of his son , the Tsarevich . Nicholas nominated his brother , the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich , to succeed him . But the Grand Duke realised that he would have little support as ruler , so he declined the crown on 16 March ( O.S. 3 March ) , stating that he would take it only if that was the consensus of democratic action . Six days later , Nicholas , no longer Tsar and addressed with contempt by the sentries as `` Nicholas Romanov '' , was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo . He was placed under house arrest with his family by the Provisional Government . The immediate effect of the February Revolution was a widespread atmosphere of elation and excitement in Petrograd . On 16 March ( O.S. 3 March ) , a provisional government was announced . The center - left was well represented , and the government was initially chaired by a liberal aristocrat , Prince Georgy Yevgenievich Lvov , a member of the Constitutional Democratic party ( KD ) . The socialists had formed their rival body , the Petrograd Soviet ( or workers ' council ) four days earlier . The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government competed for power over Russia . Between February and throughout October : `` dual power '' ( dvoevlastie ) The effective power of the Provisional Government was challenged by the authority of an institution that claimed to represent the will of workers and soldiers and could , in fact , mobilize and control these groups during the early months of the revolution -- the Petrograd Soviet ( Council ) of Workers ' Deputies . The model for the soviet were workers ' councils that had been established in scores of Russian cities during the 1905 Revolution . In February 1917 , striking workers elected deputies to represent them and socialist activists began organizing a citywide council to unite these deputies with representatives of the socialist parties . On 27 February , socialist Duma deputies , mainly Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries , took the lead in organizing a citywide council . The Petrograd Soviet met in the Tauride Palace , the same building where the new government was taking shape . The leaders of the Petrograd Soviet believed that they represented particular classes of the population , not the whole nation . They also believed Russia was not ready for socialism . So they saw their role as limited to pressuring hesitant `` bourgeoisie '' to rule and to introduce extensive democratic reforms in Russia ( the replacement of the monarchy by a republic , guaranteed civil rights , a democratic police and army , abolition of religious and ethnic discrimination , preparation of elections to a constituent assembly , and so on ) . They met in the same building as the emerging Provisional Government not to compete with the Duma Committee for state power but to best exert pressure on the new government , to act , in other words , as a popular democratic lobby . The relationship between these two major powers was complex from the beginning and would shape the politics of 1917 . The representatives of the Provisional Government agreed to `` take into account the opinions of the Soviet of Workers ' Deputies '' , though they were also determined to prevent `` interference in the actions of the government '' , which would create `` an unacceptable situation of dual power . '' In fact , this was precisely what was being created , though this `` dual power '' ( dvoevlastie ) was the result less of the actions or attitudes of the leaders of these two institutions than of actions outside their control , especially the ongoing social movement taking place on the streets of Russia 's cities , in factories and shops , in barracks and in the trenches , and in the villages . The 2nd Moscow Women Death Battalion protecting the Winter Palace as the last guards of the stronghold . A series of political crises -- see the chronology below -- in the relationship between population and government and between the Provisional Government and the soviets ( which developed into a nationwide movement with a national leadership , The All - Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets ( VTsIK ) ) undermined the authority of the Provisional Government but also of the moderate socialist leaders of the Soviet . Although the Soviet leadership initially refused to participate in the `` bourgeois '' Provisional Government , Alexander Kerensky , a young and popular lawyer and a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party ( SRP ) , agreed to join the new cabinet , and became an increasingly central figure in the government , eventually taking leadership of the Provisional Government . As minister of war and later Prime Minister , Kerensky promoted freedom of speech , released thousands of political prisoners , did his very best to continue the war effort and even organised another offensive ( which , however , was no more successful than its predecessors ) . Nevertheless , Kerensky still faced several great challenges , highlighted by the soldiers , urban workers and peasants , who claimed that they had gained nothing by the revolution : Other political groups were trying to undermine him . Heavy military losses were being suffered on the front . The soldiers were dissatisfied and demoralised and had started to defect . ( On arrival back in Russia , these soldiers were either imprisoned or sent straight back into the front . ) There was enormous discontent with Russia 's involvement in the war , and many were calling for an end to it . There were great shortages of food and supplies , which was difficult to remedy because of the wartime economic conditions . The political group that proved most troublesome for Kerensky , and would eventually overthrow him , was the Bolshevik Party , led by Vladimir Lenin . Lenin had been living in exile in neutral Switzerland and , due to democratization of politics after the February Revolution , which legalized formerly banned political parties , he perceived the opportunity for his Marxist revolution . Although return to Russia had become a possibility , the war made it logistically difficult . Eventually , German officials arranged for Lenin to pass through their territory , hoping that his activities would weaken Russia or even -- if the Bolsheviks came to power -- led to Russia 's withdrawal from the war . Lenin and his associates , however , had to agree to travel to Russia in a sealed train : Germany would not take the chance that he would foment revolution in Germany . After passing through the front , he arrived in Petrograd in April 1917 . On the way to Russia , Lenin prepared the April Theses , which outlined central Bolshevik policies . These included that the soviets take power ( as seen in the slogan `` all power to the soviets '' ) and denouncing the liberals and social revolutionaries in the Provisional Government , forbidding co-operation with it . Many Bolsheviks , however , had supported the Provisional Government , including Lev Kamenev . Street demonstration on Nevsky Prospekt in Petrograd just after troops of the Provisional Government opened fire in the July Days With Lenin 's arrival , the popularity of the Bolsheviks increased steadily . Over the course of the spring , public dissatisfaction with the Provisional Government and the war , in particular among workers , soldiers and peasants , pushed these groups to radical parties . Despite growing support for the Bolsheviks , buoyed by maxims that called most famously for `` all power to the Soviets , '' the party held very little real power in the moderate - dominated Petrograd Soviet . In fact , historians such as Sheila Fitzpatrick have asserted that Lenin 's exhortations for the Soviet Council to take power were intended to arouse indignation both with the Provisional Government , whose policies were viewed as conservative , and the Soviet itself , which was viewed as subservient to the conservative government . By some historians ' accounts , Lenin and his followers were unprepared for how their groundswell of support , especially among influential worker and soldier groups , would translate into real power in the summer of 1917 . Soviets attacking the tsarist police in the early days of the March Revolution . On 18 June , the Provisional Government launched an attack against Germany that failed miserably . Soon after , the government ordered soldiers to go to the front , reneging on a promise . The soldiers refused to follow the new orders . The arrival of radical Kronstadt sailors -- who had tried and executed many officers , including one admiral -- further fueled the growing revolutionary atmosphere . The sailors and soldiers , along with Petrograd workers , took to the streets in violent protest , calling for `` all power to the Soviets . '' The revolt , however , was disowned by Lenin and the Bolshevik leaders and dissipated within a few days . In the aftermath , Lenin fled to Finland under threat of arrest while Trotsky , among other prominent Bolsheviks , was arrested . The July Days confirmed the popularity of the anti-war , radical Bolsheviks , but their unpreparedness at the moment of revolt was an embarrassing gaffe that lost them support among their main constituent groups : soldiers and workers . The Bolshevik failure in the July Days proved temporary . The Bolsheviks had undergone a spectacular growth in membership . Whereas , in February 1917 , the Bolsheviks were limited to only 24,000 members , by September 1917 there were 200,000 members of the Bolshevik faction . Previously , the Bolsheviks had been in the minority in the two leading cities of Russia -- St. Petersburg and Moscow behind the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries , by September the Bolsheviks were in the majority in both cities . Furthermore , the Bolshevik - controlled Moscow Regional Bureau of the Party also controlled the Party organizations of the thirteen ( 13 ) provinces around Moscow . These thirteen provinces held 37 % of Russia 's population and 20 % of the membership of the Bolshevik faction . In August , poor or misleading communication led General Lavr Kornilov , the recently appointed Supreme Commander of Russian military forces , to believe that the Petrograd government had already been captured by radicals , or was in serious danger thereof . In response , he ordered troops to Petrograd to pacify the city . To secure his position , Kerensky had to ask for Bolshevik assistance . He also sought help from the Petrograd Soviet , which called upon armed Red Guards to `` defend the revolution '' . The Kornilov Affair failed largely due to the efforts of the Bolsheviks , whose influence over railroad and telegraph workers proved vital in stopping the movement of troops . With his coup failing , Kornilov surrendered and was relieved of his position . The Bolsheviks ' role in stopping the attempted coup further strengthened their position . In early September , the Petrograd Soviet freed all jailed Bolsheviks and Trotsky became chairman of the Petrograd Soviet . Growing numbers of socialists and lower - class Russians viewed the government less and less as a force in support of their needs and interests . The Bolsheviks benefited as the only major organized opposition party that had refused to compromise with the Provisional Government , and they benefited from growing frustration and even disgust with other parties , such as the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries , who stubbornly refused to break with the idea of national unity across all classes . In Finland , Lenin had worked on his book State and Revolution and continued to lead his party , writing newspaper articles and policy decrees . By October , he returned to Petrograd ( St. Petersburg ) , aware that the increasingly radical city presented him no legal danger and a second opportunity for revolution . Recognising the strength of the Bolsheviks , Lenin began pressing for the immediate overthrow of the Kerensky government by the Bolsheviks . Lenin was of the opinion that taking power should occur in both St. Petersburg and Moscow simultaneously , parenthetically stating that it made no difference which city rose up first , but expressing his opinion that Moscow may well rise up first . The Bolshevik Central Committee drafted a resolution , calling for the dissolution of the Provisional Government in favor of the Petrograd Soviet . The resolution was passed 10 -- 2 ( Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev prominently dissenting ) and the October Revolution began . October Revolution Main article : October Revolution The October Revolution was led by Vladimir Lenin and was based upon Lenin 's writing on the ideas of Karl Marx , a political ideology often known as Marxism -- Leninism . It marked the beginning of the spread of communism in the 20th century . It was far less sporadic than the revolution of February and came about as the result of deliberate planning and coordinated activity to that end . Though Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Party , it has been argued that since Lenin was not present during the actual takeover of the Winter Palace , it was really Trotsky 's organization and direction that led the revolution , merely spurred by the motivation Lenin instigated within his party . Critics on the Right have long argued that the financial and logistical assistance of German intelligence via their key agent , Alexander Parvus was a key component as well , though historians are divided , since there is little evidence supporting that claim . On 7 November 1917 , Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in a revolt against the ineffective Provisional Government ( Russia was still using the Julian calendar at the time , so period references show a 25 October date ) . The October revolution ended the phase of the revolution instigated in February , replacing Russia 's short - lived provisional parliamentary government with government by soviets , local councils elected by bodies of workers and peasants . Liberal and monarchist forces , loosely organized into the White Army , immediately went to war against the Bolsheviks ' Red Army , in a series of battles that would become known as the Russian Civil War . Soviet membership was initially freely elected , but many members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party , anarchists , and other leftists created opposition to the Bolsheviks through the soviets themselves . When it became clear that the Bolsheviks had little support outside of the industrialized areas of Saint Petersburg and Moscow , they simply barred non-Bolsheviks from membership in the soviets . Not surprisingly , this caused mass domestic tension with many individuals who called for another series of political reform , revolting , and calling for `` a third Russian revolution , '' a movement that received a significant amount of support . The most notable instances of this anti-Bolshevik mentality were expressed in the Tambov rebellion , 1919 -- 1921 , and the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921 . These movements , which made a wide range of demands and lacked effective coordination , were eventually defeated along with the White Army during the Civil War . Russian Civil war American , British , and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army Main articles : Russian Civil War and Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War , which broke out in 1918 shortly after the October Revolution , brought death and suffering to millions of people regardless of their political orientation . The war was fought mainly between the Red Army ( `` Reds '' ) , consisting of the uprising majority led by the Bolshevik minority , and the `` Whites '' -- army officers and cossacks , the `` bourgeoisie '' , and political groups ranging from the far Right to the Socialist Revolutionaries who opposed the drastic restructuring championed by the Bolsheviks following the collapse of the Provisional Government to the soviets ( under clear Bolshevik dominance ) . The Whites had backing from nations such as Great Britain , France , USA and Japan , while the Reds possessed internal support which proved to be much more effective . Though the Allied nations , using external interference , provided substantial military aid to the loosely knit anti-Bolshevik forces , they were ultimately defeated . The Bolsheviks firstly assumed power in Petrograd , expanding their rule outwards . They eventually reached the Easterly Siberian Russian coast in Vladivostok , 4 years after the war began , an occupation that is believed to have ended all significant military campaigns in the nation . Less than one year later the last area controlled by the White Army , the Ayano - Maysky District , directly to the north of the Krai containing Vladivostok , was given up when General Anatoly Pepelyayev capitulated in 1923 . Several revolts were initiated against the Bolsheviks and their army near the end of the war , notably the Kronstadt Rebellion . This was a naval mutiny engineered by Soviet Baltic sailors , former Red Army soldiers , and the people of Kronstadt . This armed uprising was fought against the antagonizing Bolshevik economic policies that farmers were subjected to , including seizures of grain crops by the Communists . This all amounted to large - scale discontent . When delegates representing the Kronstadt sailors arrived at Petrograd for negotiations , they raised 15 demands primarily pertaining to the Russian right to freedom . The Government firmly denounced the rebellions and labelled the requests as a reminder of the Social Revolutionaries , a political party that was popular among Soviets before Lenin , but refused to cooperate with the Bolshevik Army . The Government then responded with an armed suppression of these revolts and suffered 10 thousand casualties before entering the city of Kronstadt . This ended the rebellions fairly quickly , causing many of the rebels to flee to political exile . During the Civil War , Nestor Makhno led a Ukrainian anarchist movement , the Black Army allied to the Bolsheviks thrice , one of the powers ending the alliance each time . However , a Bolshevik force under Mikhail Frunze destroyed the Makhnovist movement , when the Makhnovists refused to merge into the Red Army . In addition , the so - called `` Green Army '' ( peasants defending their property against the opposing forces ) played a secondary role in the war , mainly in the Ukraine . Execution of the Imperial family Main article : Shooting of the Romanov family The Bolsheviks executed the tsar and his family on 16 July 1918 . In early March , the Provisional Government placed Nicholas and his family under house arrest in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo , 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) south of Petrograd . In August 1917 the Kerensky government evacuated the Romanovs to Tobolsk in the Urals , to protect them from the rising tide of revolution . After the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917 , the conditions of their imprisonment grew stricter and talk of putting Nicholas on trial increased . As the counter revolutionary White movement gathered force , leading to full - scale civil war by the summer , the Romanovs were moved during April and May 1918 to Yekaterinburg , a militant Bolshevik stronghold . During the early morning of 16 July , Nicholas , Alexandra , their children , their physician , and several servants were taken into the basement and shot . According to Edvard Radzinsky and Dmitrii Volkogonov , the order came directly from Lenin and Sverdlov in Moscow . That the order came from the top has long been believed , although there is a lack of hard evidence . The execution may have been carried out on the initiative of local Bolshevik officials , or it may have been an option pre-approved in Moscow should White troops approach Yekaterinburg . Radzinsky noted that Lenin 's bodyguard personally delivered the telegram ordering the execution and that he was ordered to destroy the evidence . The Revolution and the World Main article : Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 Leon Trotsky said that the goal of socialism in Russia would not be realized without the success of the world revolution . Indeed , a revolutionary wave caused by the Russian Revolution lasted until 1923 . Despite initial hopes for success in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 , in the short - lived Hungarian Soviet Republic and others like it , no other Marxist movement at the time succeeded in keeping power in its hands . This issue is subject to conflicting views on the communist history by various Marxist groups and parties . Joseph Stalin later rejected this idea , stating that socialism was possible in one country . The confusion regarding Stalin 's position on the issue stems from the fact that he , after Lenin 's death in 1924 , successfully used Lenin 's argument -- the argument that socialism 's success needs the workers of other countries in order to happen -- to defeat his competitors within the party by accusing them of betraying Lenin and , therefore , the ideals of the October Revolution . Historiography Main article : October Revolution § Historiography Few events in historical research have been as conditioned by political influences as the October Revolution . The historiography of the Revolution generally divides into three camps : the Soviet - Marxist view , the Western - Totalitarian view , and the Revisionist view . Since the fall of Communism in Russia in 1991 , the Western - Totalitarian view has again become dominant and the Soviet - Marxist view has practically vanished . Lenin 's biographer Robert Service , says he , `` laid the foundations of dictatorship and lawlessness . Lenin had consolidated the principle of state penetration of the whole society , its economy and its culture . Lenin had practised terror and advocated revolutionary amoralism . '' Chronology Chronology of events leading to the Revolution Dates are correct for the Julian calendar , which was used in Russia until 1918 . It was twelve days behind the Gregorian calendar during the 19th century and thirteen days behind it during the 20th century . Date ( s ) Event ( s ) 1874 -- 81 Growing anti-government terrorist movement and government reaction . 1881 Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries ; succeeded by Alexander III . 1883 First Russian Marxist group formed . 1894 Start of reign of Nicholas II . 1898 First Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ) . 1900 Foundation of Socialist Revolutionary Party ( SR ) . 1903 Second Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party . Beginning of split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks . 1904 -- 5 Russo - Japanese War ; Russia loses war . 1905 Revolution of 1905 . 1905 January Bloody Sunday in Saint Petersburg . 1905 June Battleship Potemkin uprising at Odessa on the Black Sea ( see movie The Battleship Potemkin ) . 1905 October General strike , Saint Petersburg Soviet formed ; October Manifesto : Imperial agreement on elections to the State Duma . 1906 First State Duma . Prime Minister : Petr Stolypin . Agrarian reforms begin . 1907 Third State Duma , until 1912 . 1911 Stolypin assassinated . 1912 Fourth State Duma , until 1917 . Bolshevik / Menshevik split final . 1914 Germany declares war on Russia . 1914 30 July The All Russian Zemstvo Union for the Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers is created with Lvov as president . 1914 August -- November Russia suffers heavy defeats and a large shortage of supplies , including food and munitions , but holds onto Austrian Galicia . 1914 3 August Germany declares war on Russia , causing a brief sense of patriotic union amongst the Russian nation and a downturn in striking . 1914 18 August St. Petersburg is renamed Petrograd as ' Germanic ' names are changed to sound more Russian , and hence more patriotic . 1914 5 November Bolshevik members of the Duma are arrested ; they are later tried and exiled to Siberia . 1915 Serious defeats , Nicholas II declares himself Commander in Chief . 1915 19 February Great Britain and France promise Russia Istanbul and other Turkish lands . 1915 5 June Strikers shot at in Kostromá ; casualties . 1915 9 July The Great Retreat begins , as Russian forces pull back out of Galicia and Russian Poland into Russia proper . 1915 9 August The Duma 's bourgeois parties form the ' Progressive bloc ' to push for better government and reform ; includes the Kadets , Octobrist groups and Nationalists . 1915 10 August Strikers shot at in Ivánovo - Voznesénsk ; casualties . 1915 17 -- 19 August Strikers in Petrograd protest at the deaths in Ivánovo - Voznesénsk . 1915 23 August Reacting to war failures and a hostile Duma , the Tsar takes over as Commander - in - Chief of the armed forces , prorogues the Duma and moves to military headquarters at Mogilev . Central government begins to seize up . 1916 Food and fuel shortages and high prices . Progressive Bloc formed . 1916 January -- December Despite successes in the Brusilov offensive , the Russian war effort is still characterised by shortages , poor command , death and desertion . Away from the front , the conflict causes starvation , inflation and a torrent of refugees . Both soldiers and civilians blame the incompetence of the Tsar and his government . 1916 6 February Duma reconvened . 1916 29 February After a month of strikes at the Putílov Factory , the government conscripts the workers and takes charge of production . Protest strikes follow . 1916 20 June Duma prorogued . 1916 October Troops from 181st Regiment help striking Russkii Renault workers fight against the Police . 1916 1 November Miliukov gives his ' Is this stupidity or treason ? ' speech in reconvened Duma . 1916 29 December Rasputin is killed by Prince Yusupov . 1916 30 December The Tsar is warned that his army will not support him against a revolution . 1917 Strikes , mutinies , street demonstrations lead to the fall of autocracy . Chronology of the 1917 revolutions Gregorian Date Julian Date Event January Strikes and unrest in Petrograd . February February Revolution . 8 March 23 February International Women 's Day : strikes and demonstrations in Petrograd , growing over the next few days . 11 March 26 February 50 demonstrators killed in Znamenskaya Square Tsar Nicholas II prorogues the State Duma and orders commander of Petrograd military district to suppress disorders with force . 12 March 27 February * Troops refuse to fire on demonstrators , deserters . Prisons , courts , and police bumbs attacked and looted by angry crowds . Okhrana buildings set on fire . Garrison joins revolutionaries . Petrograd Soviet formed . Formation of Provisional Committee of the Duma by liberals from Constitutional Democratic Party ( Kadets ) . 14 March 1 March Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet . 15 March 2 March Nicholas II abdicates . Provisional Government formed under Prime Minister Prince Lvov . 16 April 3 April Return of Vladimir Lenin to Russia . He publishes his April Theses . 3 -- 4 May 20 -- 21 April `` April Days '' : mass demonstrations by workers , soldiers , and others in the streets of Petrograd and Moscow triggered by the publication of the Foreign Minister Pavel Miliukov 's note to the allies , which was interpreted as affirming commitment to the war policies of the old government . First Provisional Government falls . 18 May 5 May First Coalition Government forms when socialists , representatives of the Soviet leadership , agree to enter the cabinet of the Provisional Government . Alexander Kerensky , the only socialist already in the government , made minister of war and navy . 16 June 3 June First All - Russian Congress of Workers ' and Soldiers ' Deputies opens in Petrograd . Closed on 24 June . Elects Central Executive Committee of Soviets ( VTsIK ) , headed by Mensheviks and SRs . 23 June 10 June Planned Bolshevik demonstration in Petrograd banned by the Soviet . 29 June 16 June Kerensky orders offensive against Austro - Hungarian forces . Initial success only . 1 July 18 June Official Soviet demonstration in Petrograd for unity is unexpectedly dominated by Bolshevik slogans : `` Down with the Ten Capitalist Ministers '' , `` All Power to the Soviets '' . 15 July 2 July Russian offensive ends . Trotsky joins Bolsheviks . 16 -- 17 July 3 -- 4 July The `` July Days '' ; mass armed demonstrations in Petrograd , encouraged by the Bolsheviks , demanding `` All Power to the Soviets '' . 19 July 6 July German and Austro - Hungarian counter-attack . Russians retreat in panic , sacking the town of Tarnopol . Arrest of Bolshevik leaders ordered . 20 July 7 July Lvov resigns and asks Kerensky to become Prime Minister and form a new government . Established 25 July . 4 August 22 July Trotsky and Lunacharskii arrested . 8 September 26 August Second coalition government ends . 8 -- 12 September 26 -- 30 August `` Kornilov mutiny '' . Begins when the commander - in - chief of the Russian army , General Lavr Kornilov , demands ( or is believed by Kerensky to demand ) that the government give him all civil and military authority and moves troops against Petrograd . 13 September 31 August Majority of deputies of the Petrograd Soviet approve a Bolshevik resolution for an all - socialist government excluding the bourgeoisie . 14 September 1 September Russia declared a republic . 17 September 4 September Trotsky and others freed . 18 September 5 September Bolshevik resolution on the government wins majority vote in Moscow Soviet . 2 October 19 September Moscow Soviet elects executive committee and new presidium , with Bolshevik majorities , and the Bolshevik Viktor Nogin as chairman . 8 October 25 September Third coalition government formed . Bolshevik majority in Petrograd Soviet elects Bolshevik Presidium and Trotsky as chairman . 23 October 10 October Bolshevik Central Committee meeting approves armed uprising . 24 October 11 October Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region , until 13 October . 2 November 20 October First meeting of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet . 7 November 25 October October Revolution is launched as MRC directs armed workers and soldiers to capture key buildings in Petrograd . Winter Palace attacked at 9 : 40pm and captured at 2am . Kerensky flees Petrograd . Opening of the 2nd All - Russian Congress of Soviets . 8 November 26 October Second Congress of Soviets : Mensheviks and right SR delegates walk out in protest against the previous day 's events . Congress approves transfer of state authority into its own hands and local power into the hands of local soviets of workers ' , soldiers ' , and peasants ' deputies , abolishes capital punishment , issues Decree on Peace and Decree on Land , and approves the formation of an all - Bolshevik government , the Council of People 's Commissars ( Sovnarkom ) , with Lenin as chairman . Cultural portrayal George Orwell 's classic novella Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath . It describes the dictator Stalin as a big Berkshire boar named , `` Napoleon . '' Trotsky is represented by a pig called Snowball who is a brilliant talker and makes magnificent speeches . However , Napoleon overthrows Snowball as Stalin overthrew Trotsky and Napoleon takes over the farm the animals live on . Napoleon becomes a tyrant and uses force and propaganda to oppress the animals . Film The Russian Revolution has been portrayed in or served as backdrop for many films . Among them , in order of release date : The White Guard , Mikhail Bulgakov , 1926 . Partially autobiographical novel , portraying the life of one family torn apart by uncertainty of the Civil War times . Also , Dni Turbinykh ( IMDB profile ) , 1976 -- film based on the novel . Konets Sankt - Peterburga AKA The End of Saint Petersburg ( IMDB profile ) . 1927 . Directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Mikhail Doller , USSR . October : Ten Days That Shook the World ( IMDB profile ) . 1927 . Directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov . Soviet Union . Black and White . Silent . Arsenal ( IMDB profile ) . 1929 . Set in the Ukraine . Written and directed by Aleksandr Dovzhenko . Scarlet Dawn , a 1932 Pre-Code American romantic drama starring Douglas Fairbanks , Jr. and Nancy Carroll caught up in the fallout of the Russian Revolution . Knight Without Armour. 1937 . A British historical drama starring Marlene Dietrich and Robert Donat , with Dietrich as an imperiled aristocrat on the eve of the Russian Revolution . Lenin v 1918 godu AKA Lenin in 1918 ( IMDB profile ) . 1939 . Directed by Mikhail Romm , E. Aron , and I. Simkov . Historical - revolutionary film about Lenin 's activities in the first years of Soviet power . Doctor Zhivago. 1965 . A drama - romance - war film directed by David Lean , filmed in Europe with a largely European cast , loosely based on the famous novel of the same name by Boris Pasternak . Reds ( IMDB profile ) . 1981 . Directed by Warren Beatty , it is based on the book Ten Days that Shook the World . Anastasia ( IMDB profile ) . 1997 . An American animated feature , directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman . See also Socialism portal Communism portal Russia portal Soviet Union portal April Crisis Arthur Ransome Jacob Schiff John Reed ( journalist ) White Terror ( Russia ) Iranian Revolution Footnotes Jump up ^ Scholarly literature on peasants is now extensive . Major recent works that examine themes discussed above ( and can serve as a guide to older scholarship ) Christine Worobec , Peasant Russia : Family and Community in the Post Emancipation Period ( Princeton , 1955 ) ; Frank and Steinberg , eds. , Cultures in Flux ( Princeton , 1994 ) ; Barbara Alpern Engel , Between the Fields and the City : Women , Work , and Family in Russia , 1861 -- 1914 ( Cambridge , 1994 ) ; Jeffrey Burds , Peasant Dreams and Market Politics ( Pittsburgh , 1998 ) ; Stephen Frank , Crime , Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia , 1856 -- 1914 ( Berkeley , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Among the many scholarly works on Russian workers , see especially Reginald Zelnik ( pl ) , Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia : The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg , 1855 -- 1870 ( Stanford , 1971 ) ; Victoria Bonnell , Roots of Rebellion : Workers ' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow , 1900 -- 1914 ( Berkeley , 1983 ) . ^ Jump up to : See , especially , Dominic Lieven , Nicholas II : Emperor of all the Russias ( London , 1993 ) ; Andrew Verner , The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy : Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution ( Princeton , 1990 ) ; Mark Steinberg and Vladimir Khrustalev , The Fall of the Romanovs : Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution ( New Haven , 1995 ) ; Richard Wortman , Scenarios of Power , vol. 2 ( Princeton , 2000 ) ; Orlando Figes , A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution 1891 -- 1924 , Part One . Notes Jump up ^ Orlando Figes , A Peoples Tragedy , p370 Jump up ^ Wood , 1979 . p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Perfect ; Ryan ; Sweeny ( 2016 ) . Reinventing Russia . Collingwood : History Teachers Association of Victoria . ISBN 9781875585052 . Jump up ^ Wood , 1979 . p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Wood , 1979 . p. 25 Jump up ^ Wood , 1979 . p. 26 Jump up ^ Joel Carmichael , A short history of the Russian Revolution , pp 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Abraham Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History , page 6 Jump up ^ Allan Wildman , The End of the Russian Imperial Army , vol. 1 ( Princeton , 1980 ) : 76 -- 80 Jump up ^ Hubertus Jahn , Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I ( Ithaca , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Figes , A People 's Tragedy , 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Wildman : The End of the Russian Imperial Army ( I ) , p. 85 -- 89 , 99 -- 105 , 106 ( quotation ) . Jump up ^ `` Doklad petrogradskogo okhrannogo otdeleniia osobomu otdelu departamenta politsii '' ( `` Report of the Petrograd Okhrana to the Special Department of the Department of the Police '' ) , October 1916 , Krasnyi arkhiv 17 ( 1926 ) , 4 -- 35 ( quotation 4 ) . Jump up ^ Service , 2005 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ When women set Russia ablaze , Fifth International 11 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , 2007 . p. 523 . Jump up ^ Wade , 2005 . pp. 40 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Browder and Kerensky , 1961 . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Tames , 1972 . Jump up ^ Malone , 2004 . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Service , 2005 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ N.N. Sukhanov , The Russian Revolution : A Personal Record , ed. and trans . Joel Carmichael ( Oxford , 1955 ; originally published in Russian in 1922 ) , 101 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Zhurnal ( No. 1 ) Soveta Ministrov Vremennogo Pravitel'stva , '' 2 March 1917 , GARF ( State Archive of the Russian Federation ) , f . 601 , op . 1 , d . 2103 , l . 1 Jump up ^ Smele , Jonathan ( 2017 ) . The `` Russian '' Civil Wars , 1916 - 1926 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lenin , Vladimir ( 27 September 1964 ) ( 1917 ) . Apresyan , Stephen , ed . One of the Fundamental Questions of the Revolution ( in Russian ) . 25 . Jim Riordan ( 4th ed . ) . Moscow : Progress Publishers . pp. 370 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cohen , Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution : A Political Biography 1888 -- 1938 ( Oxford University Press : London , 1980 ) p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Cohen , Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution : A Political Biography 1888 -- 1938 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ V.I. Lenin , `` State and Revolution '' contained in the Collected Works of Lenin : Volume 25 ( Progress Publishers : Moscow , 1974 ) pp. 3395 -- 487 . Jump up ^ V.I. Lenin , `` The Bolsheviks Must Assume Power '' contained in the Collected Works of Lenin : Volume 26 ( Progress Publishers : Moscow , 1972 ) p. 21 . Jump up ^ Isaac Deutscher The Prophet Armed ^ Jump up to : Riasanovsky , Nichlas V. ; Steinberg , Mark D. ( 2005 ) . A History of Russia ( 7th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195153944 . Jump up ^ article `` Civil War and military intervention in Russia 1918 -- 20 '' , Big Soviet Encyclopedia , third edition ( 30 volumes ) , 1969 -- 78 Jump up ^ `` The Kronstadt Mutiny notes on Orlando Figes , A People 's Tragedy ( 1996 ) '' Jump up ^ Petrograd on the Eve of Kronstadt rising 1921 Archived 15 July 2012 at Archive.is . Flag.blackened.net ( 10 March 1921 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Orlando Figes , A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution 1891 -- 1924 ( New York : Viking Press 1997 ) , 767 . Jump up ^ Kronstadtin kapina 1921 ja sen perilliset Suomessa ( Kronstadt Rebellion 1921 and Its Descendants in Finland ) by Erkki Wessmann . Jump up ^ Robert K. Massie ( 2012 ) . The Romanovs : The Final Chapter . Random House . pp. 3 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Dmitrii Volkogonov , Lenin : A New Biography ( New York : Free Press , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Edvard Radzinsky , The Last Tsar : The Life And Death Of Nicholas II ( New York : Knopf , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Acton , Critical Companion , 5 - 7 . Jump up ^ Edward Acton , ed . Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution , 1914 -- 1921 ( Indiana University Press , 1997 ) , pp 3 - 17 . Jump up ^ Robert Service , `` Lenin '' in Edward Acton ; et al. ( 1997 ) . Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution , 1914 - 1921 . Indiana University Press . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Menchhofer ( 1990 ) . Animal Farm . Lorenz Educational Press . pp. 1 -- 8 . Further reading Acton , Edward , Vladimir Cherniaev , and William G. Rosenberg , eds . A Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution , 1914 -- 1921 ( Bloomington , 1997 ) . Ascher , Abraham . The Russian Revolution : A Beginner 's Guide ( Oneworld Publications , 2014 ) Beckett , Ian F.W. ( 2007 ) . The Great war ( 2 ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 1252 - 4 . Brenton , Tony . Was Revolution Inevitable ? : Turning Points of the Russian Revolution ( Oxford UP , 2017 ) . Cambridge History of Russia , vol. 2 -- 3 , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81529 - 0 ( vol. 2 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 81144 - 9 ( vol. 3 ) . Chamberlin , William Henry . The Russian Revolution , Volume I : 1917 - 1918 : From the Overthrow of the Tsar to the Assumption of Power by the Bolsheviks ; The Russian Revolution , Volume II : 1918 - 1921 : From the Civil War to the Consolidation of Power ( 1935 ) , famous classic Figes , Orlando ( 1996 ) . A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution : 1891 - 1924 . Pimlico . Daly , Jonathan , and Leonid Trofimov , eds . `` Russia in War and Revolution , 1914 - 1922 : A Documentary History . '' ( Indianapolis and Cambridge , MA : Hackett Publishing Company , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87220 - 987 - 9 . Fitzpatrick , Sheila . The Russian Revolution . 199 pages . Oxford University Press ; ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280204 - 6 . Lincoln , W. Bruce . Passage Through Armageddon : The Russians in War and Revolution , 1914 -- 1918 . ( New York , 1986 ) . Malone , Richard ( 2004 ) . Analysing the Russian Revolution . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54141 - 7 . Marples , David R. Lenin 's Revolution : Russia , 1917 - 1921 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Mawdsley , Evan . Russian Civil War ( 2007 ) . 400p . Piper , Jessica . Events That Changed the Course of History : The Story of the Russian Revolution 100 Years Later ( Atlantic Publishing Company , 2017 ) , popular history . Rappaport , Helen . Caught in the Revolution : Petrograd , Russia , 1917 -- A World on the Edge ( Macmillan , 2017 ) . Pipes , Richard . The Russian Revolution ( New York , 1990 ) Pipes , Richard ( 1997 ) . Three `` whys '' of the Russian Revolution . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77646 - 8 . Service , Robert . Lenin : A Biography ( 2000 ) ; one vol edition of his three volume scholarly biography Robert Service ( 2005 ) . A history of modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01801 - 3 . Service , Robert ( 1993 ) . The Russian Revolution , 1900 - 1927 . Basingstoke : MacMillan . ISBN 0333560361 . Shukman , Harold , ed . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution ( 1998 ) articles by over 40 specialists Smele , Jonathan . The ' Russian ' Civil Wars , 1916 - 1926 : Ten Years That Shook the World ( Oxford UP , 2016 ) . Stoff , Laurie S. They Fought for the Motherland : Russia 's Women Soldiers in World War I & the Revolution ( 2006 ) 294pp Swain , Geoffrey . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution ( Routledge , 2014 ) Tames , Richard ( 1972 ) . Last of the Tsars . London : Pan Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 02902 - 5 . Wade , Rex A. ( 2005 ) . The Russian Revolution , 1917 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84155 - 9 . Wade , R. ( 2000 ) . The Russian Revolution , 1917 . Cambridge : University Press . Walston , Oliver ( 2005 ) . Russian revolution . 76 : Farmers Weekly . White , James D. Lenin : The Practice & Theory of Revolution ( 2001 ) 262pp Wood , Alan ( 1993 ) . The origins of the Russian Revolution , 1861 - 1917 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0415102324 . Historiography Gatrell , Peter . `` Tsarist Russia at War : The View from Above , 1914 -- February 1917 '' Journal of Modern History 87 # 4 ( 2015 ) 668 - 700 online Haynes , Mike and Wolfreys , Jim ( eds ) . History and Revolution : Refuting Revisionism . Verso Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1844671502 Smith , S.A. `` The historiography of the Russian revolution 100 years on . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 16.4 ( 2015 ) : 733 - 749 . Smith , Steve . `` Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism . '' Europe ‐ Asia Studies 46.4 ( 1994 ) : 563 - 578 . Wade , Rex A . `` The Revolution at One Hundred : Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917 . '' Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 9.1 ( 2016 ) : 9 - 38 . Warth , Robert D. `` On the Historiography of the Russian Revolution . '' Slavic Review 26.2 ( 1967 ) : 247 - 264 . Participants ' accounts Reed , John . Ten Days that Shook the World . 1919 , 1st Edition , published by BONI & Liveright , Inc. for International Publishers . Transcribed and marked by David Walters for John Reed Internet Archive . Penguin Books ; 1st edition . 1 June 1980 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 018293 - 4 . Retrieved 14 May 2005 . Serge , Victor . Year One of the Russian Revolution . L'An l de la revolution russe , 1930 . Year One of the Russian Revolution , Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . Translation , editor 's Introduction , and notes © 1972 by Peter Sedgwick . Reprinted on Victor Serge Internet Archive by permission . ISBN 0 - 86316 - 150 - 2 . Retrieved 14 May 2005 . Steinberg , Mark , Voices of Revolution , 1917 . Yale University Press , 2001 Trotsky , Leon . The History of the Russian Revolution . Translated by Max Eastman , 1932 . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 8083994 . ISBN 0 - 913460 - 83 - 4 . Transcribed for the World Wide Web by John Gowland ( Australia ) , Alphanos Pangas ( Greece ) and David Walters ( United States ) . Pathfinder Press edition . 1 June 1980 . ISBN 0 - 87348 - 829 - 6 . Retrieved 14 May 2005 . Primary Documents. Ascher , Abraham , ed . The Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution ( Ithaca , 1976 ) . Browder , Robert Paul and Alexander F. Kerensky , eds. , The Russian Provisional Government , 1917 : Documents. 3 volumes ( Stanford , 1961 ) . Bunyan , James and H.H. Fisher , eds . The Bolshevik Revolution , 1917 -- 1918 : Documents and Materials ( Stanford , 1961 ; first ed. 1934 ) . Daly , Jonathan , and Leonid Trofimov , eds . `` Russia in War and Revolution , 1914 - 1922 : A Documentary History . '' ( Indianapolis and Cambridge , MA : Hackett Publishing Company , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87220 - 987 - 9 . Miller , Martin A. , ed . Russian Revolution : The Essential Readings ( 2001 ) 304pp Steinberg , Mark D. Voices of Revolution , 1917 . In the series `` Annals of Communism , '' Yale University Press , 2001 . 404pp On - line publication of these texts in the Russian original : Golosa revoliutsii , 1917 g . ( Yale University Press , 2002 ) Zeman , Z.A.B. ed . Germany and the Revolution in Russia , 1915 - 1918 : Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry ( 1958 ) in Questia External links Library resources about Russian Revolution Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Read , Christopher : Revolutions ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Brudek , Paweł : Revolutions ( East Central Europe ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sumpf , Alexandre : Russian Civil War , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Mawdsley , Evan : International Responses to the Russian Civil War ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Melancon , Michael S. : Social Conflict and Control , Protest and Repression ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sanborn , Joshua A. : Russian Empire , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Gaida , Fedor Aleksandrovich : Governments , Parliaments and Parties ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Albert , Gleb : Labour Movements , Trade Unions and Strikes ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Gatrell , Peter : Organization of War Economies ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Marks , Steven G. : War Finance ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Orlando Figes 's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history , May 2014 Avrahm Yarmolinsky , Road to Revolution : A Century of Russian Radicalism , 1956 . Soviet history archive at www.marxists.org Précis of Russian Revolution A summary of the key events and factors of the 1917 Russian Revolution . Kevin Murphy 's Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize lecture Can we Write the History of the Russian Revolution , which examines historical accounts of 1917 in the light of newly accessible archive material . Thanks to Trotsky , the ' insurrection ' was bloodless Violence and Revolution in 1917 . Mike Haynes for Jacobin. 17 July 2017 . Russian Revolution / Russian Civil War Events Revolution February Revolution July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Junker mutiny Civil War Russian Civil War Ukrainian War of Independence Ukrainian -- Soviet War Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Polish -- Ukrainian War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Polish -- Soviet War Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian Wars of Independence Red Army invasion of Georgia Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Siberian Intervention Groups Provisional Committee of the State Duma Russian Provisional Government White movement Pro-independence movements Petrograd Soviet Council of the People 's Commissars Military Revolutionary Committee Russian Constituent Assembly elections Black Guards Red Guards Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia Tsentralna Rada Ukrainian People 's Republic Parties Kadets Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks Mensheviks Socialist Revolutionary Party Left SRs Union of October 17 Figures Monarchists Nicholas II of Russia Provisional Government Georgy Lvov Pavel Milyukov Alexander Guchkov White movement Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel Alexander Kolchak Anton Denikin Pyotr Krasnov Nikolai Yudenich Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Lev Kamenev Grigory Zinoviev Leon Trotsky Mikhail Frunze Joseph Stalin Semyon Budyonny Right SRs Alexander Kerensky Stepan Petrichenko Boris Savinkov International Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian -- Romanian War Workers ' Councils in Poland Polish -- Ukrainian War Polish -- Soviet War Slovak Soviet Republic Finnish Civil War Finnish Socialist Workers ' Republic Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Revolts Russian Revolution Finnish Civil War Greater Poland Uprising German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Aster Revolution Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Revolutions and interventions in Hungary Iraqi revolt against the British Biennio Rosso Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Ruhr uprising March Action September Uprising Hamburg Uprising Protests French Army Mutinies Red Week 1919 Southampton mutiny Battle of George Square Seattle General Strike May Fourth Movement 1923 Kraków riot Territories Soviet Republic of Naissaar Donetsk -- Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic Bavarian Soviet Republic Slovak Soviet Republic Albona Republic Reactions First Red Scare Russian Civil War Related World communism World Revolution Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the leader of the bolsheviks when they overthrew the russian monarchy	[ "On 7 November 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in a revolt against the ineffective Provisional Government (Russia was still using the Julian calendar at the time, so period references show a 25 October date). The October revolution ended the phase of the revolution instigated in February, replacing Russia's short-lived provisional parliamentary government with government by soviets, local councils elected by bodies of workers and peasants. Liberal and monarchist forces, loosely organized into the White Army, immediately went to war against the Bolsheviks' Red Army, in a series of battles that would become known as the Russian Civil War." ]	[ "Vladimir Lenin" ]
8528218624797092582	99 Problems	99 Problems - wikipedia 99 Problems Jump to : navigation , search For the Supernatural episode , see 99 Problems ( Supernatural ) . For the single by Ice - T , see Home Invasion ( album ) . `` 99 Problems '' Single by Jay - Z from the album The Black Album Released April 27 , 2004 Format 12 '' single Recorded July 2003 Studio The Mansion Laurel Canyon , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Akademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research Los Angeles , California Genre Rap rock Length 3 : 54 Label Roc - A-Fella Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Jay - Z Norman Landsberg Felix Pappalardi Billy Squier John Ventura Leslie Weinstein Tracy Marrow Bernard Freeman Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin Jay - Z singles chronology `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' ( 2004 ) `` 99 Problems '' ( 2004 ) `` Big Chips '' ( 2004 ) `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' ( 2004 ) `` 99 Problems '' ( 2004 ) `` Big Chips '' ( 2004 ) Audio sample file help `` 99 Problems '' is the third single released by American rapper Jay - Z in 2004 from The Black Album . The chorus hook `` I got 99 problems , but a bitch ai n't one '' is taken from the Ice - T single `` 99 Problems '' from the album Home Invasion ( 1993 ) . The hook was coined during a conversation between Ice - T & Brother Marquis of Miami - based 2 Live Crew . Marquis later used the phrase in the 1996 2 Live Crew song `` Table Dance '' . In the song , Jay - Z tells a story about dealing with rap critics , racial profiling from a police officer who wants to search his car , and an aggressor . The song reached number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Analysis 3 Reception 4 Covers and performances 5 Music video 6 Track listings 6.1 99 Problems / My 1st Song 6.2 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 1 6.3 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 2 6.4 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Vinyl 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) The track was produced by Rick Rubin , his first hip hop production in many years . Rubin provided Jay - Z with a guitar riff and stripped - down beat that were once his trademarks . In creating the track Rubin used some classic 1980s sample staples such as `` The Big Beat '' by Billy Squier , `` Long Red '' by Mountain , and `` Get Me Back On Time '' by Wilson Pickett . The title and chorus are derived from Ice - T 's `` 99 Problems '' from his 1993 album Home Invasion . The song featured Brother Marquis of 2 Live Crew . The original song was more profane and describes a wide range of sexual conquests . Ice - T would re-record his version of the song with the Rubin / Jay - Z guitar riff for Body Count 's 2014 album Manslaughter in order to `` reclaim '' the hook from being mis - attributed to Jay - Z . Portions of Ice - T 's original lyrics were similarly quoted in a song by fellow rapper Trick Daddy on a track also titled `` 99 Problems '' from his 2001 album Thugs Are Us . Jay - Z begins his third verse directly quoting lines from Bun B 's opening verse off the track `` Touched '' from the UGK album Ridin ' Dirty . Analysis ( edit ) The song has been one of the most discussed songs of the decade . The second verse , describing Jay - Z 's traffic stop , has received much more attention than the rest of the song . The second verse was based on an actual experience of Jay - Z in the 1990s in New Jersey . Jay - Z wrote that in 1994 he was pulled over by police while carrying cocaine in a secret compartment in his sunroof . Jay - Z refused to let the police search the car and the police called for the drug sniffing dogs . However , the dogs never showed up and the police had to let Jay - Z go . Moments after he drove away , he wrote that he saw a police car with the dogs drive by . Jay - Z 's contention that he was pulled over for being black was later confirmed to have been common practice by the New Jersey police . In 2011 Southwestern Law School Professor Caleb Mason wrote an article with a line - by - line analysis of the second verse of the song from a legal perspective referencing the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution , citing it as a useful tool for teaching law students search and seizure law involving search warrants , Terry stops , racial profiling , the exclusionary rule , and the motor vehicle exception . The article notes the song lyrics are legally incorrect in indicating that a driver can refuse an order to exit the car and that police would need a warrant to search a locked glove compartment or trunk . In 2012 , Professor Emir Crowne of the University of Windsor 's , Faculty of Law wrote the Canadian Response to Professor Mason 's article . In it , he concludes that Jay - Z 's lyrics may be legally correct under Canadian Law . While the song 's meaning is widely debated , the chorus `` If you 're having girl problems , I feel bad for you son / I 've got 99 problems but a bitch ai n't one '' was defined in Jay - Z 's book , Decoded , as referring to something different in each verse . In verse two , it refers to a police dog . President Obama quipped , in his humorous monologue at the White House Correspondents ' Dinner on April 27 , 2013 : `` Some things are beyond my control . For example , this whole controversy about Jay - Z going to Cuba - it 's unbelievable . I 've got 99 problems and now Jay - Z is one . '' Reception ( edit ) The song garnered widespread acclaim . The song came in at # 2 on Rolling Stone 's top 100 songs of the ' 00s . On the updated list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , the song was added and came in at # 172 . The song was listed at # 14 on Pitchfork Media 's top 500 songs of the 2000s ( decade ) and in October 2011 , NME placed it at number 24 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Jack White has hailed the song , describing it as `` the story of America ... in a nutshell , ( it 's ) the story of all the struggles in America , black or white , ( and of ) class systems '' . The song won Best Rap Solo Performance at the 47th Grammy Awards . Covers and performances ( edit ) In 2008 , the song was memorably covered by Barry Chuckle of British children 's comedy duo The Chuckle Brothers as part of BBC Radio 1 's Scott Mills show . Mills described the cover as `` superior , in essence , to the original '' . On January 21 , 2009 , Jay - Z performed the song as part of his set at the Staff Ball , the last official event of Barack Obama 's inauguration . The ball was exclusively for 4,000 staffers who had worked on Obama 's campaign . Jay - Z tweaked the lyrics to suit the historic atmosphere , and the crowd sang along : `` I got 99 problems but a Bush ai n't one '' , replacing `` bitch '' with the name of the former President . At a rally for President Barack Obama in November 2012 Jay - Z changed the lyrics of the song to `` If you having world problems I feel bad for you son / I got 99 problems but Mitt ai n't one . '' Eminem referenced the lyrics in his song `` So Much Better '' track , part of The Marshall Mathers LP 2 album , with `` I got 99 problems and a bitch ai n't one / She 's all 99 of ' em ; I need a machine gun '' . Danger Mouse famously remixed this song with samples from `` Helter Skelter '' by The Beatles as part of his oft - bootlegged album The Grey Album . The track was also remixed with Linkin Park for the EP Collision Course , being mixed with the Linkin Park songs `` Points of Authority '' and `` One Step Closer '' . The thrash metal group Body Count combined the lyrics of Ice - T 's `` 99 Problems '' with the guitar riff from Jay - Z 's `` 99 Problems '' for the song `` 99 Problems BC '' on the album Manslaughter . Big Sean referenced the lyrics in Drake 's `` All Me '' with the line `` I got 99 problems , getting rich ai n't one '' . Iggy Azalea referenced the lyrics in Ariana Grande 's `` Problem '' with the line `` I got 99 problems but you wo n't be one '' . In 2009 , fellow rapper and collaborator Kid Cudi , referenced the song in the opening verse of his song `` Soundtrack 2 My Life '' with the line `` I got 99 problems and they all bitches '' . The singer Hugo recorded a bluegrass cover of the song in 2011 . There have been several remixes of the track including versions by The Prodigy and Linkin Park . In particular , Jay - Z had been quoted as saying that The Prodigy remix is one of his favorites by keeping the main guitar riff but more heavier and darker which in turn was the inspiration for The Prodigy track ' Spitfire ' written by Liam Howlett and released in 2005 . Music video ( edit ) The music video premiered in April 2004 and was directed by Mark Romanek . It received praises from critics such as Armond White , and was nominated for four MVPA awards in 2005 , of which it won three . It also won the MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rap Video , Best Director , Best Editing and Best Cinematography , as well as gaining nominations for Video of the Year and Best Male Video . It was criticized , however , by the Humane Society of the United States for scenes in the video that glorified dog fighting . The video accompanied The Black Album which , at the time , was to be Jay - Z 's final release . Jay - Z has stated that he wanted the video to be as auto - biographical as the rest of the album . The goal for the video was to create a portrait of where Jay - Z grew up . In a conversation with the video 's director , Jay - Z stated that he wanted the video to `` make a pissy wall look like art '' . The job of directing this video was originally intended for Quentin Tarantino , however Rick Rubin suggested that Jay - Z offer the job to Mark Romanek . Due to the research and influence of Romanek and the videos cinematographer , Joaquin Baca Asay , the video borrows visual characteristics from many New York street photographers and black and white photographs ( Martin Dixon and Eugene Richards to name a few ) . The video is shot entirely on black - and - white film . It consists mainly of scenes filmed in close proximity to Jay - Z 's childhood home , The Marcy Houses in Bedford Stuyvesant . These include : Jay - Z and Rubin in a Lexus GS300 being stopped by the police ( lyrical reenactment ) . Jay - Z in the Marcy Houses housing project where he grew up . Break dancers and a group doing a rhythm choreography . Jay - Z performing in Transit Wheelers Motorcycle / Van Club House . Jay - Z on the Brooklyn Bridge . A woman putting on makeup . Inmates of a prison in the Bronx known as Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center . Rick Rubin walking with Vincent Gallo . A funeral director making preparations . A rabbi praying . A dogfight with many spectators , and the owners of the dogs taunting them in preparation for the fight . Members of Alpha Phi Alpha performing a complex Stepping routine . Jay - Z 's lawyer , facilitating bail then reacting to news of his death . African - American motorcycle clubs in front of Transit Wheelers MC Club House in Brooklyn , NY , performing street stunts . Jay - Z being shot with multiple bullets by unseen assailants . This final scene was very controversial as music video networks normally remove any scenes with violent content . On MTV , every airing of the video featured an introduction by John Norris explaining why the network felt it was proper to air the video unedited . The introduction also featured Jay - Z explaining why he felt the scene was important to the video . Jay - Z also made a special introduction for BET . Jay - Z explained that the depiction of a shooting is analogous to the `` death '' of Jay - Z , and the `` rebirth '' of Shawn Carter . Track listings ( edit ) 99 Problems / My 1st Song ( edit ) A-Side 99 Problems ( Clean ) 99 Problems ( Main ) 99 Problems ( Instrumental ) B - Side My 1st Song ( Clean ) My 1st Song ( Main ) My 1st Song ( Instrumental ) 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 1 ( edit ) 99 Problems Dirt Off Your Shoulder 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 2 ( edit ) 99 Problems Dirt Off Your Shoulder 99 Problems ( Video ) Dirt Off Your Shoulder ( Video ) 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Vinyl ( edit ) A-Side 99 Problems 99 Problems ( Clean ) B - Side Dirt Off Your Shoulder Dirt Off Your Shoulder ( Clean ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 67 Ireland ( IRMA ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 26 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 37 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 164 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone On July 6 , 2008 , more than four years after the song 's initial release , `` 99 Problems '' entered at # 35 ( after reaching # 12 on initial release ) in the United Kingdom . This was attributed to Jay - Z 's appearance at Glastonbury and the O2 Wireless Festival , two popular British summer music festivals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiss , Dan ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Ten Rap - Rock Songs That Are Actually Awesome '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice - T Talks New Body Count Album , Jay - Z 's Remake of `` 99 Problems '' & Much More `` . Radio.com , YouTube . July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ice - T on the Return of Body Count , D&D Tongue - Twisters , and Wimpy Tweeters Vulture.com.ca June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ Farmer Jr. , John J. ; Zoubek , Paul H. `` FINAL REPORT OF THE STATE POLICE REVIEW TEAM '' ( PDF ) . www.state.nj.us . The State of New Jersey . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Caleb ( 2012 ) . `` Jay - Z 's 99 Problems , Verse 2 : A Close Reading with Fourth Amendment Guidance for Cops and Perps '' ( PDF ) . Saint Louis University Law Journal . Saint Louis University School of Law . 56 ( 2 ) : 567 -- 85 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania v. Mimms , 434 U.S. 106 , 111 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ California v. Acevedo , 500 U.S. 565 , 580 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Jay - Z ( 2011 ) . Decoded . New York : Random House . pp. 56 , 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 8115 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Obama 's ' 99 Problems ' Joke At WHCD Jabs Jay - Z '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hermes , Will ; Hoard , Christian ; Rosen , Jody ; Sheffield , Rob ( December 24 , 2009 ) , `` 100 Best Songs of the Decade '' . Rolling Stone . ( 1094 / 1095 ) : 59 - 62 Jump up ^ 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years , NME.com Jump up ^ Interview in Zane Lowe : Masterpieces 2010 : Jay - Z - The Black Album , broadcast on BBC Radio 1 , 7pm November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z - 99 Problems But a Bush Ai n't One @ Obama Staff Ball '' . YouTube . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Austin , Christina ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Jay - Z Raps ' 99 Problems ( But Mitt Ai n't One ) ' At Ohio Rally '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem -- So Much Better Lyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Problem Lyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - ( Part 14 ) Armond White on Jay - Z `` 99 Problems '' - Mark Romanek `` . Tw.youtube.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Editor : Robert Duffy , Spot Welders Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z , Rick Rubin recording `` 99 Problems '' `` . YouTube . November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Director Mark Romanek , Jay - Z 's `` 99 Problems '' Music Video `` . MVWire . September 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rotter , Jeffrey ( May 9 , 2004 ) . `` Music Video ; Jay - Z Wants to Kill Himself '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Romanek.com on `` 99 Problems '' `` . Markromanek.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jay - Z Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 20 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2004 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Jay - Z -- 99 Problems '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter 99 Problems in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jay - Z -- 99 Problems '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Entry on mvdbase.com Page on Mark Romanek 's official site . Includes screenshot gallery , treatment , credits and production stills . Music video for `` 99 Problems '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Jay - Z songs Reasonable Doubt `` Dead Presidents '' `` Ai n't No Nigga '' `` Ca n't Knock the Hustle '' `` Feelin ' It '' In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 `` ( Always Be My ) Sunshine '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` The City Is Mine '' Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life `` Can I Get A ... '' `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' `` Money , Cash , Hoes '' `` Nigga What , Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter `` Jigga My Nigga '' `` Girl 's Best Friend '' `` Do It Again ( Put Ya Hands Up ) '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Big Pimpin ' '' The Dynasty : Roc La Familia `` I Just Wanna Love U ( Give It 2 Me ) '' `` Change the Game '' `` Guilty Until Proven Innocent '' The Blueprint `` Izzo ( H.O.V.A. ) '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls '' `` Jigga That Nigga '' `` Song Cry '' The Best of Both Worlds `` Honey '' The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Hovi Baby '' `` Excuse Me Miss '' The Black Album `` Change Clothes '' `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' `` 99 Problems '' Unfinished Business `` Big Chips '' Collision Course `` Numb / Encore '' Kingdom Come `` Show Me What You Got '' `` Lost One '' American Gangster `` Blue Magic '' `` Roc Boys ( And the Winner Is ) ... '' `` I Know '' The Blueprint 3 `` D.O.A. ( Death of Auto - Tune ) '' `` Run This Town '' `` Empire State of Mind '' `` On to the Next One '' `` Young Forever '' Watch the Throne `` H A M '' `` Otis '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` No Church in the Wild '' Magna Carta Holy Grail `` Picasso Baby '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Tom Ford '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' 4 : 44 `` The Story of O.J. '' Featured singles `` Show & Prove '' `` I 'll Be '' `` Be Alone No More '' ( Remix ) `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Best of Me Part II '' `` Is That Your Chick ( The Lost Verses ) '' `` Do My ... '' `` Fiesta '' ( Remix ) `` Beware of the Boys ( Mundian To Bach Ke ) '' `` Back in the Day '' `` Crazy in Love '' `` Frontin ' '' `` Go Crazy '' `` Get Throwed '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` Umbrella '' `` Roc - A-Fella Billionaires '' `` Hot Tottie '' `` XXXO '' ( Remix ) `` Monster '' `` I Do '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Bitch , Do n't Kill My Vibe '' ( Remix ) `` Drunk in Love '' `` The Devil Is a Lie '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Seen It All '' `` Pop Style '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Shining '' `` Top Off '' Promotional singles `` Shake It Off '' ( Remix ) `` Upgrade U '' `` Rehab '' ( Remix ) `` Mr. Carter '' `` Put On '' ( Remix ) `` Bye Bye '' ( Remix ) `` Brooklyn Go Hard '' Other singles `` In My Lifetime '' `` Who You Wit '' `` It 's Alright '' `` Anything '' `` Hey Papi '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Jockin ' Jay - Z ( Dopeboy Fresh ) '' `` Glory '' `` Clique '' `` All the Way Up '' ( Remix ) `` Lost+ '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Power '' ( Remix ) `` So Appalled '' `` Biking '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99_Problems&oldid=830925669 '' Categories : 2004 songs 2004 singles Jay - Z songs Songs written by Jay - Z Songs written by Felix Pappalardi Songs written by Billy Squier Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin Rap rock songs Roc - A-Fella Records singles Songs against racism and xenophobia Songs based on actual events Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance Black - and - white music videos Music videos directed by Mark Romanek Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 18 : 44 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the song 99 problems come out	[ "\n\n\"99 Problems\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Jay-Z\n\n\nfrom the album The Black Album\n\n\nReleased\nApril 27, 2004\n\n\nFormat\n12\" single\n\n\nRecorded\nJuly 2003\n\n\nStudio\nThe Mansion\nLaurel Canyon, Los Angeles, California, U.S.\nAkademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nGenre\nRap rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n3:54\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nRoc-A-Fella\nDef Jam\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nJay-Z\nNorman Landsberg\nFelix Pappalardi\nBilly Squier\nJohn Ventura\nLeslie Weinstein\nTracy Marrow\nBernard Freeman\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRick Rubin\n\n\nJay-Z singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Dirt off Your Shoulder\"\n(2004)\n\"99 Problems\"\n(2004)\n\"Big Chips\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Dirt off Your Shoulder\"\n(2004)\n\"99 Problems\"\n(2004)\n\"Big Chips\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "April 27, 2004" ]
-7301195291123155724	Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai	Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Wikipedia Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Genre Indian soap opera Created by Director 's Kut Productions Written by Saba Mumtaz Bhavna Vyas Ghazala Nargis Munisha Rajpal Zama Habib Bandana Tiwari Directed by Romesh Kalra Rishi Mandial Ram Pandey Creative director ( s ) Vivek Bahl Starring Shivangi Joshi Mohsin Khan Opening theme Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 2,615 as of 29 March 2018 Production Executive producer ( s ) Vivek Jain Producer ( s ) Rajan Shahi Location ( s ) Mumbai Udaipur Goa Rishikesh Bangkok Cape Town Hong Kong Zürich Bikaner Greece Cinematography Arjuni Rao Editor ( s ) Sameer Gandhi Running time 22 minutes Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 12 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) -- present External links Official website Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ( lit . What Is This Relationship Called ? ) is a Hindi language television drama . It premiered on January 12 , 2009 on Star Plus . It is India 's longest - running TV serial . The show focuses on the daily life of an Udaipur - based Rajasthani family . It is produced by Rajan Shahi 's Director 's Kut Productions , and is the longest - running Indian television series based on episode count . The show 's lead characters are Naira ( Shivangi Joshi ) and Kartik ( Mohsin Khan ) . The series initially focused on Naira 's parents Akshara ( Hina Khan ) and Naitik ( Karan Mehra ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 4 years later 1.2 10 years later 1.3 7 years later 1.4 Several months later 2 Parallel story arcs 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.3 Former Cast 3.4 Guest stars 4 Crossover 5 Reception and impact 6 Popularity in Pakistan 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot This section may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai was initially the story of a young couple , Akshara and Naitik Singhania , who lived in a Marwari joint family in Udaipur . The story showcases their journey as a married couple going through adjustment issues , as parents of young children , and how they learn to love each other as their extended families mature . Now the story focuses on Naira and Kartik Goenka facing the same journey as Naira 's parents , with a youthful twist . 4 years later After an accident , Naitik falls into a coma . Naksh ( Akshara and Naitik 's son ) is now 5 and does n't know about his father . One day , Naitik comes back and although at first Naksh does n't welcome his father , he later accepts him into his life . Soon the family travels and Gayatri ( Naitik 's mother ) dies . Now Rajsekhar ( Naitik 's dad ) is asked to marry someone , and he marries Devyani , who comes with her two children from a divorced marriage . Later , Bhabimaa 's husband dies , and Bhabimaa ( Naitik 's aunt ) blames it on Akshara and kicks her out of the house , after Akshara 's daughter Naira is born . Akshara , Naitik , Naksh , and Naira leave the house . 10 years later Naksh is now a mature adult and Naira is a diva teenager . Akshara and Naitik , along with Naksh and Naira , live in Cape Town . Naksh returns to Udaipur . He tries to clear up the misunderstanding with Bhabimaa . After many days , Akshara is forgiven and is allowed to return . The story then focuses on Naksh . He falls in love with Tara , and preparations for their wedding are made . Just minutes before the ceremony , she breaks up with him . 7 years later The show focuses on teenage Naira , who flees from her house and now lives in Rishikesh , harboring animosity toward her mother . After finding Naira , the story takes a new twist : a love triangle that forms between Kartik ( Naitik 's employee ) , Naira and Gayu ( Naitik 's niece ) . Naira and Kartik have feelings for each other but do n't know that it 's love . Meanwhile , Gayu loves Kartik , unaware that Kartik does n't love her back . When Kartik proposes to Naira , she initially rejects him , but by the time she realizes that Gayu also loves him , she thinks of sacrificing her happiness in favor of Gayu . When Mishti ( Naira 's cousin ) reveals that Kartik loves only Naira , Kartik and Naira confess their love for each other ; Gayatri understands . Kartik does n't want to talk about his family because he hates them . Meanwhile , on Akshara 's birthday , everyone goes for a veneration , but Akshara dies in a car accident . The Singhanias blame Kartik for Akshara 's death as Kartik was found drunk and injured at the accident site . Kartik 's family shows up and supports Kartik . Later , Naira finds that Kartik is not the culprit . She proves Kartik 's innocence by finding the real culprit . Kartik does n't like his father and stepmother as he thinks they were responsible for his mother 's death . Seeing Kartik 's feelings towards the Singhanias , his family approves of their relationship in spite of not being much in favor of it . Several months later The two families ( Goenka and Singhania ) start making preparations for their wedding . Just before the wedding , Kartik discovers the real culprit who ran Akshara over and yearns to tell Naira , but his uncle convinces him that he will tell her . He reneges and tells Naira only that Kartik is missing his mother . Finally , the wedding takes place . A few days later , Naira meets the man whose brother is in jail for killing her mother and learns that Akshara 's accident was caused by Mansi ( Kartik 's cousin ) . The news reaches the Singhanias and they are heartbroken . The Goenkas come to apologize . Naira is initially very hurt and angry with Kartik , but she understands that it 's not his fault . She takes Akshara 's accident case back and forgives Mansi . On Kartik 's birthday , he comes to know that Aditya ( Kartik 's brother in law ) tortures Keerti ( Kartik 's sister ) and , along with Naira , decides to expose him . Eventually , Aditya 's truth comes out and Keerti and Aditya get divorced . Suhasini Goenka ( Kartik 's grandmother ) wants to find a suitable match for Keerti and later forces Naira to get Naksh and Keerti married . Naksh accepts the proposal for the sake of Naira . Another parallel story about Manish and Saumya Goenka ( Kartik 's mother ) is revealed . Saumya was a mental patient and committed suicide a long time ago . Manish ( Kartik 's father ) kept the fact hidden keeping his promise to Saumya . Later , Kartik learns the truth and his misunderstandings regarding Manish get cleared up . Naksh and Keerti marry . Parallel story arcs Parallel with Akshara and Naitik 's stories , the stories of their respective siblings also form significant story arcs in the series . Past plots have been built around the lives of Naitik 's sisters Nandini and Rashmi . The series has also focused on Naitik 's step - siblings . The series also paralleled the story of Akshara - Naitik with that of Varsha - Shaurya . Varsha is Akshara 's best friend , and Shaurya is Akshara 's older brother . After several leaps , Naira and Kartik became the leads of the show . Parallel with Kartik and Naira 's story , the series also focusses on the story of their siblings - Naksh , Gayu , Keerti and Shubham . Cast This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Per WP : TVCAST , cast lists need to be reorganised chronologically , with newer members of the cast being added to the bottom of each list . Ex : Someone introduced in 2009 belongs above someone introduced in 2017 . Note also that `` Former cast '' is not a valid subsection of cast , as cast members do not cease being important just by leaving a TV series . Please help improve this section if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast Shivangi Joshi as Naira Kartik Goenka / Naira Naitik Singhania Kartik 's wife , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2016 -- ) Mohsin Khan as Kartik Manish Goenka , Naira 's Husband ( 2016 -- ) Mohena Singh as Kirti Naksh Singhania / Kirti Manish Goenka , Naksh 's wife and Karthik 's sister ( 2016 -- ) Kanchi Singh as Gayatri Nikhil Deora , Naira 's cousin , Rashmi - Nikhil 's daughter , Sameer 's step - daughter ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Rishi Dev as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Kirti 's husband , Akshara and Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother ( 2017 -- ) Recurring cast Sanjeev Seth as Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's father , Naira 's maternal grandfather ( nanu ) ( 2009 -- ) Lata Sabharwal as Rajshri Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's mother , Naira 's maternal grandmother ( nani ) ( 2009 -- ) Sandeep Mehta as Raj Shekhar Singhania , Naitik 's father , Akshara 's father in law , Naira 's paternal grandfather ( dadaji ) ( 2009 -- ) Medha Sambutkar as Kaveri Mahendra Pratap Singhania , Naitik 's bhabhi maa , Nandini 's mother , Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( badi dadi ) ( 2009 -- ) Kirti Sually as Baisa , Naitik 's dadi Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( bua dadi ) ( 2010 -- ) Kshitee Jog as Devyani Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj Shekhar 's 2nd wife , Naira 's paternal grandmother ( choti dadi ) ( 2013 -- ) Aarna Sharma as Mishti Naman Singhania , Naira 's cousin , Naman - Karishma 's daughter ( 2015 -- ) Ali Hassan as Akhilesh Goenka , Kartik 's paternal uncle ( chachu ) ( 2016 -- ) Shilpa Raizada as Surekha Goenka , Akhilesh 's wife , Kartik 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2016 -- ) Vishal Singh as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( 2016 -- ) Parul Chauhan as Suvarna Manish Goenka , Kirti 's & Kartik step - mother ( 2016 -- ) Sachin Tyagi as Manish Goenka , Kartik 's and Kirti father ( 2016 -- ) Gaurav Wadhwa as Subham Manish Goenka ( Aryan ) , Suvarna and Manish 's son ( 2017 -- ) Swati Chitnis as Suhasini Goenka , Kartik 's paternal grandmother ( dadi ) ( 2017 -- ) Former Cast Hina Khan as Akshara Naitik Singhania / Akshara Maheshwari , Vishambhar - Rajshri 's daughter , Naitik 's wife , Naksh - Naira 's mother ( former main female lead , dead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Karan Mehra as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Gaytri - Raj 's son , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( Former Main Male Lead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Vishal ) Shivansh Kotia as Young Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2012 -- 15 ) Ashnoor Kaur as Young Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Rohan Mehra as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Akshara - Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother , Naintara 's ex fiancé ( 2nd Main Male Lead ) ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Rishi ) Sonali Verma as Gayatri Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj 's 1st wife , Naitik - Rashmi 's mother , Akshara 's mother in law , Naksh - Naira 's grandmother ( 2009 -- 13 ) ( dead ) Sanjai Gandhi / Abhijeet Lahri as Mahendra Pratap Singhania ( Dadaji ) , Kaveri 's husband , Nandini 's father , Naitik 's uncle ( 2009 -- 15 ) ( dead ) Manu Malik as Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's uncle , Sunaina 's husband , Anshuman 's father ( 2009 -- 16 ) Neelima Taddepalli as Sunaina Omkarnath Maheshwari , Naira 's maternal grand aunt ( choti nani ) Akshara 's aunt , Omkar 's wife , Anshuman 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Aman Sharma / Dheeraj Gumbar as Anshuman Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's cousin brother , Jasmeet 's husband ( 2009 -- 16 ) Vineeta Malik as Bhairavi Maheshwari , Vishambharnath - Omkarnath 's mother , Akshara 's grandmother , Naira 's maternal great grand mother ( badi nani ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Nidhi Uttam as Nandini Mohit Agarwal , Kaveri - Mahendra Pratap 's daughter , Mohit 's wife , Yash - Anmol 's mother , Naira 's paternal aunt ( bua ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Ayush Agarwal / Shamik Abbas as Mohit Agarwal , Naitik 's best friend , Nandini 's husband , Naira 's uncle ( phupaji ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Urmila Sharma / Sunita Rao as Rukmini Agarwal , Mohit 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Neha Saroopa as Rashmi Sameer Desai / Rashmi Nikhil Deora ( née Singhania ) , Gaytri - Raj 's daughter , Naitik 's sister , Nikhil - Sameer 's wife , Gayu 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( dead ) Pooja Joshi as Varsha Shaurya Maheshwari , Akshara 's friend , Shaurya 's wife , Ananya - Kuhu 's mother , Naira 's maternal aunt ( mami ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Ather Habib / Yash Gera as Shaurya Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's brother , Varsha 's husband , Ananya - Kuhu 's father , Naira 's maternal uncle ( mamaji ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Anand Mani as Bhajinder Singh , Maheshwari 's servant ( 2009 -- 12 ) Sunita Rajwar as Dhaniya Bhajinder Singh , Bajinder 's wife ( 2009 -- 12 ) Rakesh Deewana as Maharaj , Singhania 's ex chef ( 2009 -- 14 ) Roshan Khan as Gopi Dadi , Bhairvi 's friend ( 2009 -- 14 ) Ali Merchant as Rituraj , Naitik 's cousin brother ( 2009 ; 2011 -- 12 ) Amit Dolawat as Alok Awasthi , Muskaan 's husband ( 2009 ; 2014 -- 15 ) Preeti Sharma as Bindiya , Rituraj 's wife ( 2009 ) Divya Bhatnagar as Gulaboo , Singhania 's maid ( 2009 -- 15 ) Amardeep Jha as Shankari , Akshara 's match - maker ( 2009 -- 16 ) Charu Asopa as Sneha : Naitik 's worker , Kuhu 's mother ( 2010 ) Bani as Baby Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( replaced ) Ashish Kapoor as Nikhil Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's ex-husband ( 2011 -- 12 ) Unknown as Rama Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's mother in law , Nikhil 's mother ( 2011 -- 16 ) Reem Sheikh as young Prerna Singhania ( chikki ) , Singhania 's adopted child ( 2012 ) Alpesh Gehlot as Samar , Akshara 's admirer ( 2012 ) Akanksha Kapil as Antara , Loves Naitik ( 2012 ) Navika Kotia as Prerna Singhania , Grown up Chikki ( 2013 ) Anurag Nigam as Ankit ( 2013 ) Zarina Roshan Khan as Muskaan Alok Awasthi , Naman 's sister ( 2014 -- 15 ) Shirin Sewani as Jasmeet Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman 's wife ( 2014 -- 16 ) Anshul Pandey as Naman Raj Singhania , Suresh - Devyani 's son , Raj 's step son , Muskaan 's brother , Karishma 's husband , Mishti 's father ( 2014 -- 16 ) Priyanka Udhwani as Karishma Naman Singhania , Naman 's wife , Naira 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2014 -- 18 ) Mazher Sayed as Sameer Desai , Rashmi 's second husband ( 2015 ) Mishka Jain as Baby Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 ) ( replaced ) Sanchit Sharma as Yash Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's adopted son , Rose 's husband ( 2015 -- 16 ) Akshaya Naik as Ananya Ranveer Sharma , Naira 's cousin , Varsha - Shaurya 's daughter , Ranveer 's wife ( 2015 -- 16 ) Umang Jain as Tara Singh Shekhawat , Naksh 's ex fiancé ( 2015 -- 16 ) Alok Nath as Chandrabhan Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's grandfather ( 2015 -- 16 ) Amal Sehrawat as Sangram Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Shivam Agarwal as Aditya Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Vaishali Takkar as Sanjana , Naksh 's friend ( 2015 -- 16 ) Khushmeet Gill as Nannu Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman - Jasmeet 's son ( 2015 -- 16 ) Yamini Makwana as Kuhu Shaurya Maheshwari , Naira 's cousin , Shaurya - Sneha 's daughter ( 2016 -- 17 ) Arjun Kohli as Ranveer Sharma , Ananya 's husband ( 2016 ) Sippora Zoutewelle as Rose Yash Agarwal , Yash 's wife ( 2016 ) Karan Pahwa as Anmol Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's son ( 2016 ) Harbandana Kaur as Young Kuhu ( 2016 ) Sheetal Tiwari as Sukanya , Naira 's friend ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Veena Jagtap as Nisha Singh Sekhawat ( 2016 ) Suzanne Bernert as Martha , Rose 's mother ( 2016 ) Fahad Ali as Vivaan , Gayu 's school friend ( 2016 ) Nupur Joshi as Soumya Manish Goenka , Kartik and Kirti 's mother , Manish 's 1st wife ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Tia Gandwani as Priyanka , Kartik 's maternal aunt ( masi ) ( 2017 ) Romit Sharma as Aditya Bansal , Karthik 's former brother - in - law , Kirti 's ex-husband ( 2017 ) Nikhil Sharma as Raghav , Naira 's former friend ( 2017 ) Shravan Mehta as Kiran , Naira 's dance partner and friend ( 2017 ) Bhuvan Chopra as Ratan Neha Sehgal as Payal Sonal Shrivastava as Juhi Guest stars Shweta Tiwari ( 2009 ) Sara Khan ( 2009 ) Kinshuk Mahajan ( 2009 ) Anupriya Kapoor ( 2010 ) Neha Sargam ( 2010 ) Pooja Gor ( 2010 ) Sanaya Irani ( 2011 ) Soumya Seth ( 2011 ) Anas Rashid ( 2012 ) Neelu Vaghela ( 2012 ) Aamir Khan ( 2012 ) Deepika Singh ( 2012 , 2016 ) Preeti & Pinky ( 2014 ) Hiba Nawab ( 2015 ) Kamalika Guha Thakurta ( 2016 ) Badshah ( 2017 ) Shah Rukh Khan & Anushka Sharma ( 2017 ) Akshay Kumar & Bhumi Pednekar ( 2017 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2017 ) Adaa Khan ( 2018 ) ) Crossover Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai has had several crossover episodes with various shows . In 2009 , the show had a connection with Sapna Babul Ka ... Bidaai . In 2012 , the show had a crossover episode with Diya Aur Baati Hum . In 2016 , Diya Aur Baati Hum 's lead actress Deepika Singh made an entry . Reception and impact The show is one of the most often - awarded shows of Indian Television , and is India 's longest running television series by episode count . Hina Khan participated in the ' Power of 49 ' campaign , in which soap opera actors used their influence to urge women to vote . Shoma Munshi said the show has `` simplicity and highly emotional content '' and was noted for placing female characters in the historical tradition of a large joint family . Popularity in Pakistan The show is also broadcast by Urdu 1 and Star Plus sister channel STAR Utsav . The show generally maintains the top spot among Indian TV serials that aired in Pakistan . The show was beaten three to four times by Kumkum Bhagya that aired on Geo Kahani but recovered its leading position . The show also recorded one of the highest TRP in Pakistan . Awards Main article : List of accolades received by Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai References Jump up ^ `` Shivangi Joshi will play the grown - up Naira '' . Times of India . May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' leap : ' Dream Girl ' actor Mohsin Khan to romance grown - up Naira ? '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Parul Chauhan & Sandeep Rajora to enter Star Plus show ! '' . India.com. 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tyagi in ' Yeh Rishta ... ' '' . The Times of India . 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hina Khan aka Akshara will be missed . A look at her Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai journey , see pics '' . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There wo n't be a surprise comeback , says Karan Mehra as he finally quits ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Desk ( New Delhi ) ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Rohan Mehra aka Naksh to Quit ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' for Salman Khan 's Bigg Boss 10 ? '' . IndiaTVnews.com . Independent News Service . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yash Gera replaces Ather in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` BALH fame Anshul Pandey bags YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Anshul Pandey talks about YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is a big leap for me , says Suzanne Bernert '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 's Akshara aka Hina Khan is very professional : Suzanne Bernett '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Naira to get kidnapped by Aditya in the show - Bollywoodlife '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raghav to take a step ahead with his evil plan in Yeh Rishta '' . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YEH RISHTA KYA KEHLATA HAI : Meet ' NEW MAN ' in Naira 's life '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Kaartik and Naaira Marriage Sangeet Badshah Performance - Jansatta '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOOD NEWS ! Naagin actress Adaa Khan to ENTER STAR Plus ' ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' '' . 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai '' . Weebly.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 12 Longest Running Shows Of Indian Television ! '' . Bollywood Papa . Be Code Websoft India Pvt Ltd. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ SUBHA J. RAO . `` The power of a vote '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television . google.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 46 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 35 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 1 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . External links Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Steaming on Hotstar Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai on IMDb ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend India 's Next Superstars TED Talks India Nayi Soch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Rishta_Kya_Kehlata_Hai&oldid=833087367 '' Categories : Star Plus television series Indian television series 2009 Indian television series debuts Television shows set in Rajasthan Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2017 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 05 . About Wikipedia	where is shooting of yeh rishta kya kehlata hai	[ "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n" ]	[ "Mumbai", "Udaipur", "Goa", "Rishikesh", "Bangkok", "Cape Town", "Hong Kong", "Zürich", "Bikaner", "Greece" ]
-6857198017682886023	Theodore Roosevelt	Theodore Roosevelt - wikipedia Theodore Roosevelt Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Theodore Roosevelt , see Theodore Roosevelt ( disambiguation ) . Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt around 1904 26th President of the United States In office September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Vice President None ( 1901 -- 1905 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) Preceded by William McKinley Succeeded by William Howard Taft 25th Vice President of the United States In office March 4 , 1901 -- September 14 , 1901 President William McKinley Preceded by Garret Hobart Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks 33rd Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1899 -- December 31 , 1900 Lieutenant Timothy L. Woodruff Preceded by Frank S. Black Succeeded by Benjamin Barker Odell Jr . Assistant Secretary of the Navy In office April 19 , 1897 -- May 10 , 1898 President William McKinley Preceded by William McAdoo Succeeded by Charles Herbert Allen President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners In office 1895 -- 1897 Preceded by James J. Martin Succeeded by Frank Moss New York State Assembly Minority Leader In office January 1 , 1883 -- December 31 , 1883 Preceded by Thomas G. Alvord Succeeded by Frank Rice Member of the New York State Assembly from the Manhattan 21st district In office January 1 , 1882 -- December 31 , 1884 Preceded by William J. Trimble Succeeded by Henry A. Barnum Personal details Theodore Roosevelt Jr . ( 1858 - 10 - 27 ) October 27 , 1858 New York City , New York , U.S. January 6 , 1919 ( 1919 - 01 - 06 ) ( aged 60 ) Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Cause of death Pulmonary embolism Resting place Youngs Memorial Cemetery , Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Political party Republican ( 1880 -- 1911 ; 1916 -- 1919 ) Other political affiliations Progressive `` Bull Moose '' ( 1912 -- 1916 ) Spouse ( s ) Alice Lee ( m . 1880 ; d . 1884 ) Edith Carow ( m . 1886 ) Relations See Roosevelt family Children Alice , Theodore III , Kermit , Ethel , Archibald , and Quentin Parents Theodore Roosevelt Sr . Martha Stewart Bulloch Education Harvard University ( A.B. ) Columbia Law School ( J.D. ) Profession Author Conservationist Explorer Historian Naturalist Politician Soldier Awards Nobel Peace Prize ( 1906 ) Signature Military career Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Army New York Army National Guard Years of service 1882 -- 1886 , 1898 Rank Colonel Commands held 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Battles / wars Spanish -- American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Awards Medal of Honor ( Posthumously ; 2001 ) This article is part of a series about Theodore Roosevelt Political positions Electoral history Early life Family The Naval War of 1812 Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill Governor of New York Governorship `` The Strenuous Life '' Vice President of the United States 1900 McKinley - Roosevelt campaign `` Speak softly and carry a big stick '' President of the United States Presidency First term McKinley assassination 1st inauguration Square Deal West Wing Coal strike Booker T. Washington dinner Venezuela crisis Roosevelt Corollary Second term 1904 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Conservation Antiquities Act Forest Service Pure Food and Drug Act FDA Swift & Co. v. United States Meat Inspection Act Treaty of Portsmouth Nobel Prize FBI Panama Canal Great White Fleet 1912 election Republican Convention Progressive Party Convention New Nationalism Assassination attempt Post Presidency African Expedition River of Doubt Expedition `` Citizenship in a Republic '' WWI volunteers Legacy Memorials Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( / ˈroʊzəvɛlt / ROH - zə - velt ; October 27 , 1858 -- January 6 , 1919 ) was an American statesman , author , explorer , soldier , and naturalist , who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 . As a leader of the Republican Party during this time , he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore , alongside those of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln . Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he successfully overcame his physical health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world - famous achievements into a `` cowboy '' persona defined by robust masculinity . Home - schooled , he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book , The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 ) , established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . Following the near - simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother , he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish -- American War . Returning a war hero , he was elected Governor of New York in 1898 . After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart , the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley - Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace , prosperity , and conservatism . After taking office as Vice President in March 1901 , he became president at age 42 following McKinley 's assassination that September , and remains the youngest person to become president . As a leader of the Progressive movement , he championed his `` Square Deal '' domestic policies , promising the average citizen fairness , breaking of trusts , regulation of railroads , and pure food and drugs . Making conservation a top priority , he established many new national parks , forests , and monuments intended to preserve the nation 's natural resources . In foreign policy , he focused on Central America , where he began construction of the Panama Canal . He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States ' naval power around the globe . His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo - Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize . He avoided the controversial tariff and money issues . Elected in 1904 to a full term , Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies , but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress . Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend , William Howard Taft , and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him . In polls of historians and political scientists , Roosevelt is generally ranked as one of the five best presidents . Frustrated with Taft 's conservatism , Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination . He failed , walked out , and founded a third party , the Progressive , so - called `` Bull Moose '' Party , which called for wide - ranging progressive reforms . The split allowed the Democrats to win the White House . Following his election defeat , Roosevelt led a two - year expedition to the Amazon basin , where he nearly died of tropical disease . During World War I , he criticized President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany , and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected . Though he had considered running for president again in 1920 , Roosevelt 's health continued to deteriorate , and he died in 1919 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Education 3 Naval history and strategy 4 First marriage and widowerhood 5 Early political career 5.1 State Assemblyman 5.2 Presidential election of 1884 6 Cowboy in Dakota 7 Second marriage 8 Reentering public life 8.1 Civil Service Commission 8.2 New York City Police Commissioner 9 Emergence as a national figure 9.1 Assistant Secretary of the Navy 9.2 War in Cuba 9.3 Governor of New York 9.4 Vice President 10 Presidency ( 1901 -- 1909 ) 10.1 Domestic policies 10.1. 1 Trust busting and regulation 10.1. 2 Coal strike 10.1. 3 Prosecuted misconduct 10.1. 4 Railroads 10.1. 5 Pure food and drugs 10.1. 6 Conservation 10.2 Foreign policy 10.2. 1 Latin America and Panama Canal 10.3 Media 10.4 Election of 1904 10.5 Second - term troubles 11 Post-presidency 11.1 Election of 1908 11.2 Africa and Europe ( 1909 -- 1910 ) 11.3 Republican Party schism 11.4 Election of 1912 11.4. 1 Republican primaries and convention 11.4. 2 The Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party 11.4. 3 Assassination attempt 11.4. 4 Election results 11.5 1913 -- 1914 South American Expedition 12 Final years 13 Death 14 Writer 15 Character and beliefs 16 Political positions 17 Legacy 17.1 Persona and masculinity 18 Memorials and cultural depictions 19 Media 20 See also 21 Notes 22 References 23 Bibliography 23.1 Full biographies 23.2 Personality and activities 23.3 Domestic policies 23.4 Politics 23.5 Foreign and military policies 23.6 Historiography 23.7 Primary sources 24 External links 24.1 Official 24.2 Organizations 24.3 Libraries and collections 24.4 Media 24.5 Other Early life and family Theodore Roosevelt at age 11 Roosevelt 's coat of arms , featuring a rose bush in reference to the name : `` Roosevelt '' , which is Dutch for `` rose field '' Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27 , 1858 , at East 20th Street in New York City . He was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart `` Mittie '' Bulloch and businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr. He had an older sister , Anna ( nicknamed `` Bamie '' ) , a younger brother , Elliott , and a younger sister , Corinne . Elliott was later the father of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt , the wife of Theodore 's distant cousin , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . His paternal grandfather was of Dutch descent ; his other ancestry included primarily Scottish and Scots - Irish , English and smaller amounts of German , Welsh , and French . Theodore Sr. was the fifth son of businessman Cornelius Van Schaack `` C.V.S. '' Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill . Theodore 's fourth cousin , James Roosevelt I , who was also a businessman , was the father of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Mittie was the younger daughter of Major James Stephens Bulloch and Martha P. `` Patsy '' Stewart . Through the Van Schaacks , Roosevelt was a descendant of the Schuyler family . Roosevelt 's youth was largely shaped by his poor health and debilitating asthma . He repeatedly experienced sudden nighttime asthma attacks that caused the experience of being smothered to death , which terrified both Theodore and his parents . Doctors had no cure . Nevertheless , he was energetic and mischievously inquisitive . His lifelong interest in zoology began at age seven when he saw a dead seal at a local market ; after obtaining the seal 's head , Roosevelt and two cousins formed what they called the `` Roosevelt Museum of Natural History '' . Having learned the rudiments of taxidermy , he filled his makeshift museum with animals that he killed or caught ; he then studied the animals and prepared them for display . At age nine , he recorded his observation of insects in a paper entitled `` The Natural History of Insects '' . Roosevelt 's father significantly influenced him . His father was a prominent leader in New York 's cultural affairs ; he helped to found the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and had been especially active in mobilizing support for the Union during the Civil War , even though his in - laws included Confederate leaders . Roosevelt said , `` My father , Theodore Roosevelt , was the best man I ever knew . He combined strength and courage with gentleness , tenderness , and great unselfishness . He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty , idleness , cowardice , or untruthfulness . '' Family trips abroad , including tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870 , and Egypt in 1872 , shaped his cosmopolitan perspective . Hiking with his family in the Alps in 1869 , Roosevelt found that he could keep pace with his father . He had discovered the significant benefits of physical exertion to minimize his asthma and bolster his spirits . Roosevelt began a heavy regime of exercise . After being manhandled by two older boys on a camping trip , he found a boxing coach to teach him to fight and strengthen his weakened body . Roosevelt was minimally religious . He grew up in the Dutch Reformed Church , and gradually switched to attending his wife 's Episcopalian church . Biographer Edmund Morris states : When consoling bereaved people , he would awkwardly invoke ' unseen and unknown powers . ' Aside from a few clichés of Protestant rhetoric , the gospel he preached had always been political and pragmatic . He was inspired less by the Passion of Christ than by the Golden Rule -- that appeal to reason amounting , in his mind , to a worldly rather than heavenly law . Education Roosevelt 's taxidermy kit Roosevelt was mostly home schooled by tutors and his parents . Biographer H.W. Brands argued that `` The most obvious drawback to his home schooling was uneven coverage of the various areas of human knowledge '' . He was solid in geography and bright in history , biology , French , and German ; however , he struggled in mathematics and the classical languages . When he entered Harvard College on September 27 , 1876 ; his father advised : `` Take care of your morals first , your health next , and finally your studies . '' His father 's sudden death on February 9 , 1878 , devastated Roosevelt , but he eventually recovered and doubled his activities . He did well in science , philosophy , and rhetoric courses but continued to struggle in Latin and Greek . He studied biology intently and was already an accomplished naturalist and a published ornithologist ; he read prodigiously with an almost photographic memory . While at Harvard , Roosevelt participated in rowing and boxing ; he was once runner - up in a Harvard boxing tournament . Roosevelt was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi literary society , the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity , and the prestigious Porcellian Club ; he was also an editor of The Harvard Advocate . In 1880 , Roosevelt graduated Phi Beta Kappa ( 22nd of 177 ) from Harvard with an A.B. magna cum laude . Biographer Henry Pringle states : Roosevelt , attempting to analyze his college career and weigh the benefits he had received , felt that he had obtained little from Harvard . He had been depressed by the formalistic treatment of many subjects , by the rigidity , the attention to minutiae that were important in themselves , but which somehow were never linked up with the whole . After his father 's death , Roosevelt had inherited $125,000 , enough to live comfortably for the rest of his life . Roosevelt gave up his earlier plan of studying natural science and instead decided to attend Columbia Law School , moving back into his family 's home in New York City . Roosevelt was an able law student , but he often found law to be irrational ; he spent much of his time writing a book on the War of 1812 . Determined to enter politics , Roosevelt began attending meetings at Morton Hall , the 59th Street headquarters of New York 's 21st District Republican Association . Though Roosevelt 's father had been a prominent member of the Republican Party , the younger Roosevelt made an unorthodox career choice for someone of his class , as most of Roosevelt 's peers refrained from becoming too closely involved in politics . Nonetheless , Roosevelt found allies in the local Republican Party , and he defeated an incumbent Republican state assemblyman closely tied to the political machine of Senator Roscoe Conkling . After his election victory , Roosevelt decided to drop out of law school , later saying , `` I intended to be one of the governing class . '' Naval History and strategy While at Harvard , Roosevelt began a systematic study of the role played by the young United States Navy in the War of 1812 . Assisted by two uncles , he scrutinized original source materials and official U.S. Navy records . Roosevelt 's carefully researched book , published in 1882 , remains one of the most important scholarly studies of the war , complete with drawings of individual and combined ship maneuvers , charts depicting the differences in iron throw weights of cannon shot between rival forces , and analyses of the differences between British and American leadership down to the ship - to - ship level . Published in 1882 , The Naval War of 1812 was praised for its scholarship and style , and it showed Roosevelt to be a scholar of history . It remains a standard study of the war . With the publication of The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660 -- 1783 in 1890 , Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was immediately hailed as the world 's outstanding naval theorist by the leaders of Europe . Roosevelt paid very close attention to Mahan 's emphasis that only a nation with the world 's most powerful fleet could dominate the world 's oceans , exert its diplomacy to the fullest , and defend its own borders . He incorporated Mahan 's ideas into his views on naval strategy for the remainder of his career . First marriage and widowerhood On his 22nd birthday in 1880 , Roosevelt married socialite Alice Hathaway Lee . Their daughter , Alice Lee Roosevelt , was born on February 12 , 1884 . Two days after giving birth , Roosevelt 's wife died due to an undiagnosed case of kidney failure ( called Bright 's disease at the time ) , which had been masked by the pregnancy . In his diary , Roosevelt wrote a large ' X ' on the page and then , `` The light has gone out of my life . '' His mother , Mittie , had died of typhoid fever eleven hours earlier at 3 : 00 a.m. , in the same house . Distraught , Roosevelt left baby Alice in the care of his sister Bamie in New York City while he grieved . He assumed custody of his daughter when she was three . After the death of his wife and mother , Roosevelt focused on his work , specifically by re-energizing a legislative investigation into corruption of the New York City government , which arose from a concurrent bill proposing that power be centralized in the mayor 's office . For the rest of his life , he rarely spoke about his wife Alice and did not write about her in his autobiography . While working with Joseph Bucklin Bishop on a biography that included a collection of his letters , Roosevelt did not mention his marriage to Alice nor his second marriage to Edith Kermit Carow . Early political career Roosevelt as NY State Assemblyman , 1883 State assemblyman Roosevelt was a member of the New York State Assembly ( New York Co. , 21st D . ) in 1882 , 1883 and 1884 . He immediately began making his mark , specifically in corporate corruption issues . He blocked a corrupt effort by financier Jay Gould to lower his taxes . Roosevelt exposed suspected collusion in the matter by Judge Theodore Westbrook , and argued for and received approval for an investigation to proceed , aiming for the impeachment of the judge . The investigation committee rejected impeachment , but Roosevelt had exposed the potential corruption in Albany , and thus assumed a high and positive political profile in multiple New York publications . Roosevelt 's anti-corruption efforts helped him win re-election in 1882 by a margin greater than two - to - one , an achievement made even more impressive by the fact that Democratic gubernatorial candidate Grover Cleveland won Roosevelt 's district . With Conkling 's Stalwart faction of the Republican Party in disarray following the assassination of President James Garfield , Roosevelt won election as the Republican party leader in the state assembly . He allied with Governor Cleveland to win passage of a civil service reform bill . Roosevelt won re-election a second time , and sought the office of Speaker of the New York State Assembly , but was defeated by Titus Sheard in a 41 to 29 vote of the GOP caucus . In his final term , Roosevelt served as Chairman of the Committee on Affairs of Cities ; he wrote more bills than any other legislator . Presidential election of 1884 With numerous presidential hopefuls to choose from , Roosevelt supported Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont , a colorless reformer . The state GOP preferred the incumbent president , New York City 's Chester Arthur , who was known for passing the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . Arthur , at the time , was suffering from Bright 's disease , unknown to the public , and out of duty he did not contest his own nomination . Roosevelt fought hard and succeeded in influencing the Manhattan delegates at the state convention in Utica . He then took control of the state convention , bargaining through the night and outmaneuvering the supporters of Arthur and James G. Blaine ; he gained a national reputation as a key person in New York State . Roosevelt attended the 1884 GOP National Convention in Chicago and gave a speech convincing delegates to nominate African American John R. Lynch , an Edmunds supporter , to be temporary chair . Roosevelt fought alongside the Mugwump reformers ; however , Blaine , having gained support from Arthur 's and Edmunds ' delegates , won the nomination by 541 votes on the fourth ballot . In a crucial moment of his budding political career , Roosevelt resisted the demand of the Mugwumps that he bolt from Blaine . He bragged about his one small success : `` We achieved a victory in getting up a combination to beat the Blaine nominee for temporary chairman ... To do this needed a mixture of skill , boldness and energy ... to get the different factions to come in ... to defeat the common foe . '' He was also impressed by an invitation to speak before an audience of ten thousand , the largest crowd he had addressed up to that date . Having gotten a taste of national politics , Roosevelt felt less aspiration for advocacy on the state level ; he then retired to his new `` Chimney Butte Ranch '' on the Little Missouri River . Roosevelt refused to join other Mugwumps in supporting Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York and the Democratic nominee in the general election . He debated the pros and cons of staying loyal with his political friend , Henry Cabot Lodge . After Blaine won the nomination , Roosevelt had carelessly said that he would give `` hearty support to any decent Democrat '' . He distanced himself from the promise , saying that it had not been meant `` for publication '' . When a reporter asked if he would support Blaine , Roosevelt replied , `` That question I decline to answer . It is a subject I do not care to talk about . '' In the end , he realized that he had to support Blaine to maintain his role in the GOP , and he did so in a press release on July 19 . Having lost the support of many reformers , Roosevelt decided to retire from politics and move to North Dakota . Cowboy in Dakota Theodore Roosevelt as Badlands hunter in 1885 . New York studio photo . Roosevelt moved West following the 1884 presidential election , and he built a second ranch named Elkhorn , which was thirty - five miles ( 56 km ) north of the boomtown of Medora , North Dakota . Roosevelt learned to ride western style , rope and hunt on the banks of the Little Missouri . Though he earned the respect of the authentic cowboys , they were not overly impressed . However , he identified with the herdsman of history , a man he said possesses , `` few of the emasculated , milk - and - water moralities admired by the pseudo-philanthropists ; but he does possess , to a very high degree , the stern , manly qualities that are invaluable to a nation '' . He reoriented , and began writing about frontier life for national magazines ; he also published three books -- Hunting Trips of a Ranchman , Ranch Life and the Hunting - Trail , and The Wilderness Hunter . Roosevelt brought his desire to address the common interests of citizens to the west . He successfully led efforts to organize ranchers to address the problems of overgrazing and other shared concerns ; his work resulted in the formation of the Little Missouri Stockmen 's Association . He was also compelled to coordinate conservation efforts and was able to form the Boone and Crockett Club , whose primary goal was the conservation of large game animals and their habitats . After the uniquely severe US winter of 1886 -- 87 wiped out his herd of cattle and those of his competitors , and with it over half of his $80,000 investment , Roosevelt returned to the East . Though his finances suffered from the experience , Roosevelt 's time in the West helped remove the stigma of an ineffectual intellectual that could have hampered his political career . Second marriage On December 2 , 1886 , Roosevelt married his childhood and family friend , Edith Kermit Carow . Roosevelt was deeply troubled that his second marriage had taken place so soon after the death of his first wife , and he faced resistance from his sisters . Nonetheless , the couple married at St George 's , Hanover Square in London , England . The couple had five children : Theodore `` Ted '' III in 1887 , Kermit in 1889 , Ethel in 1891 , Archibald in 1894 , and Quentin in 1897 . The couple also raised Roosevelt 's daughter from his first marriage , Alice , who often clashed with her stepmother . Reentering public life Upon Roosevelt 's return to New York in 1886 , Republican leaders quickly approached him about running for mayor of New York City . Roosevelt accepted the nomination despite having little hope of winning the race against United Labor Party candidate Henry George and Democratic candidate Abram Hewitt . Roosevelt campaigned hard for the position , but Hewitt won with 41 % ( 90,552 votes ) , taking the votes of many Republicans who feared George 's radical policies . George was held to 31 % ( 68,110 votes ) , and Roosevelt took third place with 27 % ( 60,435 votes ) . Fearing that his political career might never recover , Roosevelt turned his attention to writing The Winning of the West , a historical work tracking the westward movement of Americans ; the book was a great success for Roosevelt , earning favorable reviews and selling numerous copies . Civil Service Commission After Benjamin Harrison unexpectedly defeated Blaine for the presidential nomination at the 1888 Republican National Convention , Roosevelt gave stump speeches in the Midwest in support of Harrison . On the insistence of Henry Cabot Lodge , President Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the United States Civil Service Commission , where he served until 1895 . While many of his predecessors had approached the office as a sinecure , Roosevelt vigorously fought the spoilsmen and demanded enforcement of civil service laws . The New York Sun then described Roosevelt as `` irrepressible , belligerent , and enthusiastic '' . Roosevelt frequently clashed with Postmaster General John Wanamaker , who handed out numerous patronage positions to Harrison supporters , and Roosevelt 's attempt to force out several postal workers damaged Harrison politically . Despite Roosevelt 's support for Harrison 's reelection bid in the presidential election of 1892 , the eventual winner , Grover Cleveland , reappointed him to the same post . Roosevelt 's close friend and biographer , Joseph Bucklin Bishop , described his assault on the spoils system : The very citadel of spoils politics , the hitherto impregnable fortress that had existed unshaken since it was erected on the foundation laid by Andrew Jackson , was tottering to its fall under the assaults of this audacious and irrepressible young man ... Whatever may have been the feelings of the ( fellow Republican party ) President ( Harrison ) -- and there is little doubt that he had no idea when he appointed Roosevelt that he would prove to be so veritable a bull in a china shop -- he refused to remove him and stood by him firmly till the end of his term . New York City Police Commissioner In 1894 , a group of reform Republicans approached Roosevelt about running for Mayor of New York again ; he declined , mostly due to his wife 's resistance to being removed from the Washington social set . Soon after he declined , he realized that he had missed an opportunity to reinvigorate a dormant political career . He retreated to the Dakotas for a time ; his wife Edith regretted her role in the decision and vowed that there would be no repeat of it . NYC Police Commissioner Roosevelt walks the beat with journalist Jacob Riis in 1894 -- Illustration from Riis ' autobiography . William Lafayette Strong , a reform - minded Republican , won the 1894 mayoral election and offered Roosevelt a position on the board of the New York City Police Commissioners . Roosevelt became president of the board of commissioners and radically reformed the police force . Roosevelt implemented regular inspections of firearms and annual physical exams , appointed recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications rather than political affiliation , established Meritorious Service Medals , and closed corrupt police hostelries . During his tenure , a Municipal Lodging House was established by the Board of Charities , and Roosevelt required officers to register with the Board ; he also had telephones installed in station houses . In 1894 , Roosevelt met Jacob Riis , the muckraking Evening Sun newspaper journalist who was opening the eyes of New Yorkers to the terrible conditions of the city 's millions of poor immigrants with such books as How the Other Half Lives . Riis described how his book affected Roosevelt : When Roosevelt read ( my ) book , he came ... No one ever helped as he did . For two years we were brothers in ( New York City 's crime - ridden ) Mulberry Street . When he left I had seen its golden age ... There is very little ease where Theodore Roosevelt leads , as we all of us found out . The lawbreaker found it out who predicted scornfully that he would `` knuckle down to politics the way they all did '' , and lived to respect him , though he swore at him , as the one of them all who was stronger than pull ... that was what made the age golden , that for the first time a moral purpose came into the street . In the light of it everything was transformed . Roosevelt made a habit of walking officers ' beats late at night and early in the morning to make sure that they were on duty . He made a concerted effort to uniformly enforce New York 's Sunday closing law ; in this , he ran up against boss Tom Platt as well as Tammany Hall -- he was notified that the Police Commission was being legislated out of existence . Roosevelt chose to defer rather than split with his party . As Governor of New York State , he would later sign an act replacing the Police Commission with a single Police Commissioner . Emergence as a National figure Assistant Secretary of the Navy In the 1896 presidential election , Roosevelt backed Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed for the Republican nomination , but William McKinley won the nomination and defeated William Jennings Bryan in the general election . Roosevelt opposed Bryan 's free silver platform , viewing many of Bryan 's followers as dangerous fanatics , and Roosevelt gave campaign speeches for McKinley . Urged by Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge , President McKinley appointed Roosevelt as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 . Secretary of the Navy John D. Long was more concerned about formalities than functions , was in poor health , and left many major decisions to Roosevelt . Influenced by Alfred Thayer Mahan , Roosevelt called for a build - up in the country 's naval strength , particularly the construction of battleships . Roosevelt also began pressing his national security views regarding the Pacific and the Caribbean on McKinley , and was particularly adamant that Spain be ejected from Cuba . He explained his priorities to one of the Navy 's planners in late 1897 : I would regard war with Spain from two viewpoints : first , the advisability on the grounds both of humanity and self - interest of interfering on behalf of the Cubans , and of taking one more step toward the complete freeing of America from European dominion ; second , the benefit done our people by giving them something to think of which is not material gain , and especially the benefit done our military forces by trying both the Navy and Army in actual practice . On February 15 , 1898 , the Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana , Cuba , killing hundreds of crew members . While Roosevelt and many other Americans blamed Spain for the explosion , McKinley sought a diplomatic solution . Without approval from Long or McKinley , Roosevelt sent out orders to several naval vessels , directing them to prepare for war . George Dewey , who had received an appointment to lead the Asiatic Squadron with the backing of Roosevelt , later credited his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay to Roosevelt 's orders . After finally giving up hope of a peaceful solution , McKinley asked Congress to declare war upon Spain , beginning the Spanish -- American War . Col. Theodore Roosevelt War in Cuba Main article : Rough Riders With the beginning of the Spanish -- American War in late April 1898 , Roosevelt resigned from his post as Assistant Secretary of the Navy . Along with Army Colonel Leonard Wood , he formed the First US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment . His wife and many of his friends begged Roosevelt to remain in his post in Washignton , but Roosevelt was determined to see battle . When the newspapers reported the formation of the new regiment , Roosevelt and Wood were flooded with applications from all over the country . Referred to by the press as the `` Rough Riders '' , the regiment was one of many temporary units active only for the duration of the war . The regiment trained for several weeks in San Antonio , Texas , and in his autobiography Roosevelt wrote that his prior experience with the New York National Guard had been invaluable , in that it enabled him to immediately begin teaching his men basic soldiering skills . The Rough Riders used some standard issue gear and some of their own design , purchased with gift money . Diversity characterized the regiment , which included Ivy Leaguers , professional and amateur athletes , upscale gentlemen , cowboys , frontiersmen , Native Americans , hunters , miners , prospectors , former soldiers , tradesmen , and sheriffs . The Rough Riders were part of the cavalry division commanded by former Confederate general Joseph Wheeler , which itself was one of three divisions in the V Corps under Lieutenant General William Rufus Shafter . Roosevelt and his men landed in Daiquiri , Cuba , on June 23 , 1898 , and marched to Siboney . Wheeler sent parts of the 1st and 10th Regular Cavalry on the lower road northwest and sent the `` Rough Riders '' on the parallel road running along a ridge up from the beach . To throw off his infantry rival , Wheeler left one regiment of his Cavalry Division , the 9th , at Siboney so that he could claim that his move north was only a limited reconnaissance if things went wrong . Roosevelt was promoted to colonel and took command of the regiment when Wood was put in command of the brigade . The Rough Riders had a short , minor skirmish known as the Battle of Las Guasimas ; they fought their way through Spanish resistance and , together with the Regulars , forced the Spaniards to abandon their positions . Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders after capturing Kettle Hill along with members of the 3rd Volunteers and the regular Army black 10th Cavalry Under his leadership , the Rough Riders became famous for the charge up Kettle Hill on July 1 , 1898 , while supporting the regulars . Roosevelt had the only horse , and rode back and forth between rifle pits at the forefront of the advance up Kettle Hill , an advance that he urged despite the absence of any orders from superiors . He was forced to walk up the last part of Kettle Hill , because his horse had been entangled in barbed wire . The victories came at a cost of 200 killed and 1,000 wounded . Roosevelt commented on his role in the battles : `` On the day of the big fight I had to ask my men to do a deed that European military writers consider utterly impossible of performance , that is , to attack over open ground an unshaken infantry armed with the best modern repeating rifles behind a formidable system of entrenchments . The only way to get them to do it in the way it had to be done was to lead them myself . '' In August , Roosevelt and other officers demanded that the soldiers be returned home . Roosevelt always recalled the Battle of Kettle Hill ( part of the San Juan Heights ) as `` the great day of my life '' and `` my crowded hour '' . In 2001 , Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions ; he had been nominated during the war , but Army officials , annoyed at his grabbing the headlines , blocked it . After returning to civilian life , Roosevelt preferred to be known as `` Colonel Roosevelt '' or `` The Colonel '' , though `` Teddy '' remained much more popular with the public , even though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker . Men working closely with Roosevelt customarily called him `` Colonel '' or `` Theodore '' . Governor of New York After leaving Cuba in August 1898 , the Rough Riders were transported to a camp at Montauk Point , Long Island , where Roosevelt and his men were briefly quarantined due to the War Department 's fear of spreading yellow fever . Shortly after Roosevelt 's return to the United States , Republican Congressman Lemuel E. Quigg , a lieutenant of party boss Tom Platt , asked Roosevelt to run in the 1898 gubernatorial election . Platt disliked Roosevelt personally , feared that he would oppose Platt 's interests in office , and was reluctant to propel Roosevelt to the forefront of national politics . But Platt also needed a strong candidate due to the unpopularity of the incumbent Republican governor , Frank S. Black , and Roosevelt agreed to become the nominee and to try not to `` make war '' with the Republican establishment once in office . Roosevelt defeated Black in the Republican caucus by a vote of 753 to 218 , and faced Democrat Augustus Van Wyck , a well - respected judge , in the general election . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously on his war record , winning the election by a margin of just one percent . As governor , Roosevelt learned much about ongoing economic issues and political techniques that later proved valuable in his presidency . He was exposed to the problems of trusts , monopolies , labor relations , and conservation . Chessman argues that Roosevelt 's program `` rested firmly upon the concept of the square deal by a neutral state '' . The rules for the Square Deal were `` honesty in public affairs , an equitable sharing of privilege and responsibility , and subordination of party and local concerns to the interests of the state at large '' . By holding twice - daily press conferences -- which was an innovation -- Roosevelt remained connected with his middle - class political base . Roosevelt successfully pushed the Ford Franchise - Tax bill , which taxed public franchises granted by the state and controlled by corporations , declaring that `` a corporation which derives its powers from the State , should pay to the State a just percentage of its earnings as a return for the privileges it enjoys '' . He rejected `` boss '' Thomas C. Platt 's worries that this approached Bryanite Socialism , explaining that without it , New York voters might get angry and adopt public ownership of streetcar lines and other franchises . The New York state government affected many interests , and the power to make appointments to policy - making positions was a key role for the governor . Platt insisted that he be consulted on major appointments ; Roosevelt appeared to comply , but then made his own decisions . Historians marvel that Roosevelt managed to appoint so many first - rate men with Platt 's approval . He even enlisted Platt 's help in securing reform , such as in the spring of 1899 , when Platt pressured state senators to vote for a civil service bill that the secretary of the Civil Service Reform Association called `` superior to any civil service statute heretofore secured in America '' . Chessman argues that as governor , Roosevelt developed the principles that shaped his presidency , especially insistence upon the public responsibility of large corporations , publicity as a first remedy for trusts , regulation of railroad rates , mediation of the conflict of capital and labor , conservation of natural resources and protection of the less fortunate members of society . Roosevelt sought to position himself against the excesses of large corporations on the one hand and radical movements on the other . As the chief executive of the most populous state in the union , Roosevelt was widely considered a potential future presidential candidate , and supporters such as William Allen White encouraged him to run for president . Roosevelt had no interest in challenging McKinley for the Republican nomination in 1900 , and was denied his preferred post of Secretary of War . As his term progressed , Roosevelt pondered a 1904 presidential run , but was uncertain about whether he should seek re-election as governor in 1900 . Vice President Main article : United States presidential election , 1900 In November 1899 , Vice President Garret Hobart died of heart failure , leaving an open spot on the 1900 Republican national ticket . Though Henry Cabot Lodge and others urged him to run for vice president in 1900 , Roosevelt was reluctant to take the powerless position and issued a public statement saying that he would not accept the nomination . Additionally , Roosevelt was informed by President McKinley and campaign manager Mark Hanna that he was not being considered for the role of vice president due to his actions prior to the Spanish -- American War . Eager to be rid of Roosevelt , Platt nonetheless began a newspaper campaign in favor of Roosevelt 's nomination for the vice presidency . Roosevelt attended the 1900 Republican National Convention as a state delegate and struck a bargain with Platt : Roosevelt would accept the nomination if the convention offered it to him , but would otherwise serve another term as governor . Platt asked Pennsylvania party boss Matthew Quay to lead the campaign for Roosevelt 's nomination , and Quay outmaneuvered Hanna at the convention to put Roosevelt on the ticket . Roosevelt won the nomination unanimously . Roosevelt proved highly energetic and an equal match for Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan 's famous barnstorming style of campaigning . In a whirlwind campaign that displayed his energy to the public , Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states . He denounced the radicalism of Bryan , contrasting it with the heroism of the soldiers and sailors who fought and won the war against Spain . Bryan had strongly supported the war itself , but he denounced the annexation of the Philippines as imperialism , which would spoil America 's innocence . Roosevelt countered that it was best for the Filipinos to have stability and the Americans to have a proud place in the world . With the nation basking in peace and prosperity , the voters gave McKinley an even larger victory than that which he had achieved in 1896 . After the campaign , Roosevelt took office as vice president in March 1901 . The office of Vice President was a powerless sinecure and did not suit Roosevelt 's aggressive temperament . Roosevelt 's six months as Vice President were uneventful , and Roosevelt presided over the Senate for a mere four days before it adjourned . On September 2 , 1901 , Roosevelt first publicized an aphorism that thrilled his supporters at the Minnesota State Fair : `` Speak softly and carry a big stick , and you will go far . '' Presidency ( 1901 -- 1909 ) File : ROOSEVELT , Theodore - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Roosevelt as President Main article : Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt On September 6 , President McKinley was attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo , New York when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz . Roosevelt was vacationing in Vermont , and traveled to Buffalo to visit McKinley in the hospital . It appeared that McKinley would recover , so Roosevelt resumed his vacation in the Adirondacks . When McKinley 's condition worsened , Roosevelt began the trip to Buffalo . McKinley died on September 14 , and Roosevelt was informed while he was in North Creek ; he continued on to Buffalo and was sworn in at the Ansley Wilcox House . As there was no formally designated order of succession for the post in the event that a president resigned , became incapacitated , or died ( the Twenty - fifth Amendment would not be drafted and ratified until the 1960s ) , Roosevelt served his first term without a vice president . McKinley 's supporters were nervous about the new president , and Hanna was particularly bitter that the man he had opposed so vigorously at the convention had succeeded McKinley . Roosevelt assured party leaders that he intended to adhere to McKinley 's policies , and he retained McKinley 's Cabinet . Nonetheless , Roosevelt sought to position himself as the party 's undisputed leader , seeking to bolster the role of the president and position himself for the 1904 election . Shortly after taking office , Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at the White House . To his dismay , this sparked a bitter , and at times vicious , reaction across the heavily segregated South . Roosevelt reacted with astonishment and protest , saying that he looked forward to many future dinners with Washington . Upon further reflection , Roosevelt wanted to ensure that this had no effect on political support in the South , and further dinner invitations to Washington were avoided ; their next meeting was scheduled as typical business at 10 : 00am instead . Domestic policies Official White House portrait by John Singer Sargent Trust busting and regulation For his aggressive use of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act , compared to his predecessors , Roosevelt became mythologized as the `` trust - buster '' ; but in reality he was more of a trust regulator . Roosevelt viewed big business as a necessary part of the American economy , and sought only to prosecute the `` bad trusts '' that restrained trade and charged unfair prices . He brought 44 antitrust suits , breaking up the Northern Securities Company , the largest railroad monopoly ; and regulating Standard Oil , the largest oil and refinery company . Presidents Benjamin Harrison , Grover Cleveland , and William McKinley combined prosecuted only 18 anti-trust violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act . Bolstered by his party 's success in the 1902 elections , Roosevelt proposed the creation of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor , which would include the Bureau of Corporations . While Congress was receptive to Department of Commerce and Labor , it was more skeptical of the anti-trust powers that Roosevelt sought to endow within the Bureau of Corporations . Roosevelt successfully appealed to the public to pressure Congress , and Congress overwhelmingly voted to pass Roosevelt 's version of the bill . In a moment of frustration , House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon commented on Roosevelt 's desire for executive branch control in domestic policy - making : `` That fellow at the other end of the avenue wants everything from the birth of Christ to the death of the devil . '' Biographer Brands states , `` Even his friends occasionally wondered whether there was n't any custom or practice too minor for him to try to regulate , update or otherwise improve . '' In fact , Roosevelt 's willingness to exercise his power included attempted rule changes in the game of football ; at the Naval Academy , he sought to force retention of martial arts classes and to revise disciplinary rules . He even ordered changes made in the minting of a coin whose design he disliked , and ordered the Government Printing Office to adopt simplified spellings for a core list of 300 words , according to reformers on the Simplified Spelling Board . He was forced to rescind the latter after substantial ridicule from the press and a resolution of protest from the House of Representatives . Coal strike Main article : Coal strike of 1902 In May 1902 , anthracite coal miners went on strike , threatening a national energy shortage . After threatening the coal operators with intervention by federal troops , Roosevelt won their agreement to an arbitration of the dispute by a commission , which succeeded in stopping the strike . The accord with J.P. Morgan resulted in the miners getting more pay for fewer hours , but with no union recognition . Roosevelt said , `` My action on labor should always be considered in connection with my action as regards capital , and both are reducible to my favorite formula -- a square deal for every man . '' Roosevelt was the first president to help settle a labor dispute . Prosecuted misconduct During Roosevelt 's second year in office it was discovered there was corruption in the Indian Service , the Land Office , and the Post Office Department . Roosevelt , who had a high sense of morality and national purpose , investigated and prosecuted corrupt Indian agents who had cheated the Creeks and various tribes out of land parcels . Land fraud and speculation were found involving Oregon federal timberlands . In November 1902 , Roosevelt and Secretary Ethan A. Hitchcock forced Binger Hermann , the General Land Office Commissioner , to resign office . On November 6 , 1903 Francis J. Heney was appointed special prosecutor , and obtained 146 indictments involving an Oregon Land Office bribery ring . U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell was indicted for bribery to expedite illegal land patents , found guilty in July 1905 , and sentenced to six months in prison . More corruption was found in the Postal Department , that brought on the indictments of 44 government employees on charges of bribery and fraud . Historians generally agree that Roosevelt moved `` quickly and decisively '' to prosecute misconduct in his administration . Railroads Main article : Hepburn Act Merchants complained that some railroad rates were too high . In the 1906 Hepburn Act , Roosevelt sought to give the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate rates , but the Senate , led by conservative Nelson Aldrich fought back . Roosevelt worked with the Democratic Senator Benjamin Tillman to pass the bill . Roosevelt and Aldrich ultimately reached a compromise that gave the ICC the power to replace existing rates with `` just - and - reasonable '' maximum rates , but allowed railroads to appeal to the federal courts on what was `` reasonable . '' In addition to rate - setting , the Hepburn Act also granted the ICC regulatory power over pipeline fees , storage contracts , and several other aspects of railroad operations . Pure food and drugs Roosevelt responded to public anger over the abuses in the food packing industry by pushing Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act . Though conservatives initially opposed the bill , Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle , published in 1906 , helped galvanize support for reform . The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels and preservatives that contained harmful chemicals . The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food and drugs that were impure or falsely labeled from being made , sold , and shipped . Roosevelt also served as honorary president of the American School Hygiene Association from 1907 to 1908 , and in 1909 he convened the first White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children . Conservation Main article : Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt § Conservation Of all Roosevelt 's achievements , he was proudest of his work in conservation of natural resources , and extending federal protection to land and wildlife . Roosevelt worked closely with Interior Secretary James Rudolph Garfield and Chief of the United States Forest Service Gifford Pinchot to enact a series of conservation programs that often met with resistance from Western members of Congress such as Charles William Fulton . Nonetheless , Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service , signed into law the creation of five National Parks , and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act , under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments . He also established the first 51 bird reserves , four game preserves , and 150 National Forests , including Shoshone National Forest , the nation 's first . The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres ( 930,000 km ) . Roosevelt extensively used executive orders on a number of occasions to protect forest and wildlife lands during his tenure as President . By the end of his second term in office , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 150 million acres of reserved forestry land . Roosevelt was unapologetic about his extensive use of executive orders to protect the environment , despite the perception in Congress that he was encroaching on too many lands . Eventually , Senator Charles Fulton ( R - OH ) attached an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill that effectively prevented the president from reserving any further land . Before signing that bill into law , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish an additional 21 forest reserves , waiting until the last minute to sign the bill into law . In total , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 121 forest reserves in 31 states . Prior to Roosevelt , only one president had issued over 200 executive orders , Grover Cleveland ( 253 ) . The first 25 presidents issued a total of 1,262 executive orders . Roosevelt issued 1,081 . Foreign policy This political cartoon depicts Theodore Roosevelt 's opposition to European influence in the Dominican Republic . In the late 1890s , Roosevelt had been an ardent imperialist , and he vigorously defended the permanent acquisition of the Philippines in the 1900 election campaign . After the rebellion ended in 1901 , he largely lost interest in the Philippines and Asian expansion in general , despite the contradictory opinion of his Secretary of War , William Howard Taft . As president , he primarily focused the nation 's overseas ambitions on the Caribbean , especially locations that had a bearing on the defense of his pet project , the Panama Canal . Roosevelt also increased the size of the navy , and by the end of his second term the United States had more battleships than any other country besides Britain . Following the Spanish -- American War , Roosevelt believed that the United States had emerged as a world power , and he sought ways to assert America 's newly - eminent position abroad . In 1905 , Roosevelt offered to mediate a treaty to end the Russo - Japanese War . The parties agreed to meet in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and they resolved the final conflict over the division of Sakhalin -- Russia took the northern half , and Japan the south ; Japan also dropped its demand for an indemnity . Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his successful efforts in bringing about the Treaty of Portsmouth . George E. Mowry concludes that Roosevelt handled the arbitration well , doing an `` excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient , where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America '' . Roosevelt also played a major role in mediating the First Moroccan Crisis by calling the Algeciras Conference , which averted war between France and Germany . Roosevelt 's presidency saw the strengthening of ties with Great Britain . The Great Rapprochement had begun with British support of the United States during the Spanish -- American War , and it continued as Britain withdrew its fleet from the Caribbean in favor of focusing on the rising German naval threat . In 1901 , Britain and the United States signed the Hay -- Pauncefote Treaty , abrogating the Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty , which had prevented the United States from constructing a canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean . The long - standing Alaska boundary dispute was settled on terms favorable to the United States , as Great Britain was unwilling to alienate the United States over what it considered to be a secondary issue . As Roosevelt later put it , the resolution of the Alaskan boundary dispute `` settled the last serious trouble between the British Empire and ourselves . '' The Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 resolved unpleasant racial tensions with Japan . Tokyo was angered over the segregation of Japanese children in San Francisco schools . The tensions were ended , but Japan also agreed not to allow unskilled workers to emigrate to the U.S. Latin America and Panama Canal In December 1902 , the Germans , British , and Italians sought to impose a naval blockade against Venezuela in order to force the repayment of delinquent loans . Roosevelt was particularly concerned with the motives of Germany 's Kaiser Wilhelm . He succeeded in getting the aggressors to agree to arbitration by a tribunal at The Hague , and averted the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 -- 1903 . The latitude granted to the Europeans by the arbiters was in part responsible for the `` Roosevelt Corollary '' to the Monroe Doctrine , which the President issued in 1904 : `` Chronic wrongdoing or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society , may in America , as elsewhere , ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation , and in the Western Hemisphere , the adherence of the United States to the Monroe doctrine may force the United States , however reluctantly , in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence , to the exercise of an international police power . '' The U.S. 's intentions to influence the area ( especially the Panama Canal construction and control ) led to the separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903 The pursuit of an isthmus canal in Central America during this period focused on two possible routes -- Nicaragua and Panama , which was then a rebellious district within Colombia . Roosevelt convinced Congress to approve the Panamanian alternative , and a treaty was approved , only to be rejected by the Colombian government . When the Panamanians learned of this , a rebellion followed , was supported by Roosevelt , and succeeded . A treaty with the new Panama government for construction of the canal was then reached in 1903 . Roosevelt received criticism for paying the bankrupt Panama Canal Company and the New Panama Canal Company $40,000,000 for the rights and equipment to build the canal . Critics charged that an American investor syndicate allegedly divided the large payment among themselves . There was also controversy over whether a French company engineer influenced Roosevelt in choosing the Panama route for the canal over the Nicaragua route . Roosevelt denied charges of corruption concerning the canal in a January 8 , 1906 message to Congress . In January 1909 , Roosevelt , in an unprecedented move , brought criminal libel charges against the New York World and the Indianapolis News known as the `` Roosevelt - Panama Libel Cases '' . Both cases were dismissed by U.S. District Courts , and on January 3 , 1911 , the U.S. Supreme Court , upon federal appeal , upheld the lower courts ' rulings . Historians are sharply critical of Roosevelt 's criminal prosecutions of the World and the News , but are divided on whether actual corruption in acquiring and building the Panama Canal took place . In 1906 , following a disputed election , an insurrection ensued in Cuba ; Roosevelt sent Taft , the Secretary of War , to monitor the situation ; he was convinced that he had the authority to unilaterally authorize Taft to deploy Marines if necessary , without congressional approval . Examining the work of numerous scholars , Ricard ( 2014 ) reports that : The most striking evolution in the twenty - first century historiography of Theodore Roosevelt is the switch from a partial arraignment of the imperialist to a quasi-unanimous celebration of the master diplomatist ... ( Regarding British relations these studies ) have underlined cogently Roosevelt 's exceptional statesmanship in the construction of the nascent twentieth - century `` special relationship '' ... The twenty - sixth president 's reputation as a brilliant diplomatist and realpolitician has undeniably reached new heights in the twenty - first century ... yet , his Philippine policy still prompts criticism . Media Building on McKinley 's effective use of the press , Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day , providing interviews and photo opportunities . After noticing the reporters huddled outside the White House in the rain one day , he gave them their own room inside , effectively inventing the presidential press briefing . The grateful press , with unprecedented access to the White House , rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage . Roosevelt normally enjoyed very close relationships with the press , which he used to keep in daily contact with his middle - class base . While out of office , he made a living as a writer and magazine editor . He loved talking with intellectuals , authors , and writers . He drew the line , however , at expose - oriented scandal - mongering journalists who , during his term , set magazine subscriptions soaring by their attacks on corrupt politicians , mayors , and corporations . Roosevelt himself was not usually a target , but his speech in 1906 coined the term `` muckraker '' for unscrupulous journalists making wild charges . `` The liar '' , he said , `` is no whit better than the thief , and if his mendacity takes the form of slander he may be worse than most thieves . '' The press did briefly target Roosevelt in one instance . After 1904 , he was periodically criticized for the manner in which he facilitated the construction of the Panama Canal . According to biographer Brands , Roosevelt , near the end of his term , demanded that the Justice Department bring charges of criminal libel against Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World . The publication had accused him of `` deliberate misstatements of fact '' in defense of family members who were criticized as a result of the Panama affair . Though an indictment was obtained , the case was ultimately dismissed in federal court -- it was not a federal offense , but one enforceable in the state courts . The Justice Department had predicted that result , and had also advised Roosevelt accordingly . Election of 1904 1904 election results Main article : United States presidential election , 1904 The control and management of the Republican Party lay in the hands of Ohio Senator and Republican Party chairman Mark Hanna until McKinley 's death . Roosevelt and Hanna frequently cooperated during Roosevelt 's first term , but Hanna left open the possibility of a challenge to Roosevelt for the 1904 Republican nomination . Roosevelt and Ohio 's other Senator , Joseph B. Foraker , forced Hanna 's hand by calling for Ohio 's state Republican convention to endorse Roosevelt for the 1904 nomination . Unwilling to break with the president , Hanna was forced to publicly endorse Roosevelt . Hanna and Pennsylvania Senator Matthew Quay both died in early 1904 , and with the waning of Thomas Platt 's power , Roosevelt faced little effective opposition for the 1904 nomination . In deference to Hanna 's conservative loyalists , Roosevelt at first offered the party chairmanship to Cornelius Bliss , but he declined . Roosevelt turned to his own man , George B. Cortelyou of New York , the first Secretary of Commerce and Labor . To buttress his hold on the party 's nomination , Roosevelt made it clear that anyone opposing Cortelyou would be considered to be opposing the President . The President secured his own nomination , but his preferred vice-presidential running mate , Robert R. Hitt , was not nominated . Senator Charles Warren Fairbanks of Indiana , a favorite of conservatives , gained the nomination . While Roosevelt followed the tradition of incumbents in not actively campaigning on the stump , he sought to control the campaign 's message through specific instructions to Cortelyou . He also attempted to manage the press 's release of White House statements by forming the Ananias Club . Any journalist who repeated a statement made by the president without approval was penalized by restriction of further access . Alton Brooks Parker The Democratic Party 's nominee in 1904 was Alton Brooks Parker . Democratic newspapers charged that Republicans were extorting large campaign contributions from corporations , putting ultimate responsibility on Roosevelt , himself . Roosevelt denied corruption while at the same time he ordered Cortelyou to return $100,000 of a campaign contribution from Standard Oil . Parker said that Roosevelt was accepting corporate donations to keep damaging information from the Bureau of Corporations from going public . Roosevelt strongly denied Parker 's charge and responded that he would `` go into the Presidency unhampered by any pledge , promise , or understanding of any kind , sort , or description ... '' . Allegations from Parker and the Democrats , however , had little impact on the election , as Roosevelt promised to give every American a `` square deal '' . Roosevelt won 56 % of the popular vote , and Parker received 38 % ; Roosevelt also won the Electoral College vote , 336 to 140 . Before his inauguration ceremony , Roosevelt declared that he would not serve another term . Democrats afterwards would continue to charge Roosevelt and the Republicans of being influenced by corporate donations during Roosevelt 's second term . Second - term troubles Roosevelt family at Oyster Bay , circa 1903 As his second term progressed , Roosevelt moved to the left of his Republican Party base and called for a series of reforms , most of which failed to pass Congress . Roosevelt 's influence waned as he approached the end of his second term , as his promise to forego a third term made him a lame duck and his concentration of power provoked a backlash from many Congressmen . He sought a national incorporation law ( at a time when all corporations had state charters ) , called for a federal income tax ( despite the Supreme Court 's ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . ) , and an inheritance tax . In the area of labor legislation , Roosevelt called for limits on the use of court injunctions against labor unions during strikes ; injunctions were a powerful weapon that mostly helped business . He wanted an employee liability law for industrial injuries ( pre-empting state laws ) and an eight - hour work day for federal employees . In other areas he also sought a postal savings system ( to provide competition for local banks ) , and he asked for campaign reform laws . The election of 1904 continued to be a source of contention between Republicans and Democrats . A Congressional investigation in 1905 revealed that corporate executives donated tens of thousands of dollars in 1904 to the Republican National Committee . In 1908 , a month before the general presidential election , Governor Charles N. Haskell of Oklahoma , former Democratic Treasurer , said that Senators beholden to Standard Oil lobbied Roosevelt , in the summer of 1904 , to authorize the leasing of Indian oil lands by Standard Oil subsidiaries . He said Roosevelt overruled his Secretary of Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock and granted a pipeline franchise to run through the Osage lands to the Prairie Oil and Gas Company . The New York Sun made a similar accusation and said that Standard Oil , a refinery who financially benefited from the pipeline , had contributed $150,000 to the Republicans in 1904 after Roosevelt 's alleged reversal allowing the pipeline franchise . Roosevelt branded Haskell 's allegation as `` a lie , pure and simple '' and obtained a denial from Shaw that Roosevelt had neither coerced Shaw nor overruled him . Post-presidency Roosevelt shortly after leaving office , October 1910 Election of 1908 Main article : United States presidential election , 1908 Roosevelt enjoyed being president and was still relatively youthful , but felt that a limited number of terms provided a check against dictatorship . Roosevelt ultimately decided to stick to his 1904 pledge not to run for a third term . He personally favored Secretary of State Elihu Root as his successor , but Root 's ill health made him an unsuitable candidate . New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes loomed as potentially strong candidate and shared Roosevelt 's progressivism , but Roosevelt disliked him and considered him to be too independent . Instead , Roosevelt settled on his Secretary of War , William Howard Taft , who had ably served under Presidents Harrison , McKinley , and Roosevelt in various positions . Roosevelt and Taft had been friends since 1890 , and Taft had consistently supported President Roosevelt 's policies . Roosevelt was determined to install the successor of his choice , and wrote the following to Taft : `` Dear Will : Do you want any action about those federal officials ? I will break their necks with the utmost cheerfulness if you say the word ! '' Just weeks later he branded as `` false and malicious '' ; the charge was that he was using the offices at his disposal to favor Taft . At the 1908 Republican convention , many chanted for `` four years more '' of a Roosevelt presidency , but Taft won the nomination after Henry Cabot Lodge made it clear that Roosevelt was not interested in a third term . In the 1908 election , Taft easily defeated the Democratic nominee , three - time candidate William Jennings Bryan . Taft promoted a progressivism that stressed the rule of law ; he preferred that judges rather than administrators or politicians make the basic decisions about fairness . Taft usually proved to be a less adroit politician than Roosevelt and lacked the energy and personal magnetism , along with the publicity devices , the dedicated supporters , and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable . When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk creating severe tensions inside the Republican Party by pitting producers ( manufacturers and farmers ) against merchants and consumers , he stopped talking about the issue . Taft ignored the risks and tackled the tariff boldly , encouraging reformers to fight for lower rates , and then cutting deals with conservative leaders that kept overall rates high . The resulting Payne - Aldrich tariff of 1909 , signed into law early in President Taft 's tenure , was too high for most reformers , and Taft 's handling of the tariff alienated all sides . While the crisis was building inside the Party , Roosevelt was touring Africa and Europe , to allow Taft to be his own man . Africa and Europe ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Roosevelt standing next to the elephant he shot on safari In March 1909 , shortly after the end of his presidency , Roosevelt left New York for the Smithsonian - Roosevelt African Expedition , a safari in east and central Africa . Roosevelt 's party landed in Mombasa , British East Africa ( now Kenya ) and traveled to the Belgian Congo ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) before following the Nile to Khartoum in modern Sudan . Financed by Andrew Carnegie and by his own writings , Roosevelt 's party hunted for specimens for the Smithsonian Institution and for the American Museum of Natural History in New York . The group , led by the legendary hunter - tracker RJ Cunninghame , included scientists from the Smithsonian , and was joined from time to time by Frederick Selous , the famous big game hunter and explorer . Participants on the expedition included Kermit Roosevelt , Edgar Alexander Mearns , Edmund Heller , and John Alden Loring . Roosevelt and his companions killed or trapped approximately 11,400 animals , from insects and moles to hippopotamuses and elephants . The 1,000 large animals included 512 big game animals , including six rare White rhinos . Tons of salted animals and their skins were shipped to Washington ; it took years to mount them all , and the Smithsonian shared many duplicate specimens with other museums . Regarding the large number of animals taken , Roosevelt said , `` I can be condemned only if the existence of the National Museum , the American Museum of Natural History , and all similar zoological institutions are to be condemned '' . He wrote a detailed account of the safari in the book African Game Trails , recounting the excitement of the chase , the people he met , and the flora and fauna he collected in the name of science . After his safari , Roosevelt traveled North to embark on a tour of Europe . Stopping first in Egypt , he commented favorably on British rule of the region , giving his opinion that Egypt was not yet ready for independence , paralleling his views about the Philippines . He refused a meeting with the Pope due to a dispute over a group of Methodists active in Rome , but met with Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria - Hungary , Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany , King George V of Great Britain , and other European leaders . In Oslo , Norway , Roosevelt delivered a speech calling for limitations on naval armaments , a strengthening of the Permanent Court of Arbitration , and the creation of a `` League of Peace '' among the world powers . He also delivered the Romanes Lecture at Oxford , in which he denounced those who sought parallels between the evolution of animal life and the development of society . Though Roosevelt attempted to avoid domestic politics during his time abroad , he met with Gifford Pinchot , who related his own disappointment with the Taft Administration . Pinchot had been forced to resign as head of the forest service after clashing with Taft 's Interior Secretary , Richard Ballinger , who had prioritized development over conservation . Roosevelt returned to the United States in June 1910 . Republican party schism Punch depicts GOP Schism between Taft and TR Roosevelt had attempted to refashion Taft into a younger version of himself , but as soon as Taft began to display his individuality , the former president expressed his disenchantment . He was offended on election night when Taft indicated that his success had been possible not just through the efforts of Roosevelt , but also his brother Charley . Roosevelt was further alienated when Taft , intent on becoming his own man , did not consult him about cabinet appointments . Roosevelt and other progressives were also dissatisfied over Taft 's conservation policies and his handling of the tariff , which had indirectly concentrated more power in the hands of conservative party leaders in Congress . Returning from Europe , Roosevelt urged progressives to take control of the Republican Party at the state and local level , and to avoid splitting the party in a way that would hand the presidency to the Democrats in 1912 . Additionally , Roosevelt expressed optimism about the Taft Administration after meeting with the president in the White House in June 1910 . In August 1910 , Roosevelt gave notable speech at Osawatomie , Kansas , which was the most radical of his career and initiated his public break with the Taft administration and the conservative Republicans . Advocating a program of `` New Nationalism '' , Roosevelt emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests , a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination , and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions . Returning to New York , Roosevelt began a battle to take control of the state Republican party from William Barnes , Jr. , Tom Platt 's successor as the state party boss . Taft had pledged his support to Roosevelt in this endeavor , and Roosevelt was outraged when Taft 's support failed to materialize at the 1910 state convention . Roosevelt nonetheless campaigned for the Republicans in the 1910 elections , which saw the Democrats gain control of the House for the first time since the 1890s . Among the newly elected Democrats was New York state senator Franklin Delano Roosevelt , who argued that he represented his cousin 's policies better than his Republican opponent . The Republican progressives interpreted the 1910 defeats as compelling argument for the complete reorganization of the party in 1911 . Senator Robert M. La Follette Sr. of Wisconsin joined with Pinchot , William White , and California Governor Hiram Johnson to create the National Progressive Republican League ; their objectives were to defeat the power of political bossism at the state level and to replace Taft at the national level . Despite skepticism of La Follette 's new league , Roosevelt expressed general support for progressive principles . Between January and April 1911 , Roosevelt wrote a series of articles for The Outlook , defending what he called `` the great movement of our day , the progressive nationalist movement against special privilege , and in favor of an honest and efficient political and industrial democracy '' . With Roosevelt apparently uninterested in running in 1912 , La Follette declared his own candidacy in June 1911 . Roosevelt continually criticized Taft after the 1910 elections , and the break between the two men became final after the Justice Department filed an anti-trust lawsuit against US Steel in September 1911 ; Roosevelt was humiliated by this suit because he had personally approved of an acquisition that the Justice Department was now challenging . However , Roosevelt was still unwilling to run against Taft in 1912 ; he instead hoped to run in 1916 against whichever Democrat beat Taft in 1912 . Election of 1912 Main articles : U.S. presidential election , 1912 and Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) Roosevelt campaigning for president , 1912 Republican primaries and convention In November 1911 , a group of Ohio Republicans endorsed Roosevelt for the party 's nomination for president ; the endorsers included James R. Garfield and Dan Hanna . This was notable , as the endorsement was made by leaders of President Taft 's home state . Roosevelt conspicuously declined to make a statement requested by Garfield -- that he flatly refuse a nomination . Soon thereafter , Roosevelt said , `` I am really sorry for Taft ... I am sure he means well , but he means well feebly , and he does not know how ! He is utterly unfit for leadership and this is a time when we need leadership . '' In January 1912 , Roosevelt declared `` if the people make a draft on me I shall not decline to serve '' . Later that year , Roosevelt spoke before the Constitutional Convention in Ohio , openly identifying as a progressive and endorsing progressive reforms -- even endorsing popular review of state judicial decisions . In reaction to Roosevelt 's proposals for popular overrule of court decisions , Taft said , `` Such extremists are not progressives -- they are political emotionalists or neurotics '' . Roosevelt began to envision himself as the savior of the Republican Party from defeat in the upcoming presidential election . In February 1912 , Roosevelt announced in Boston , `` I will accept the nomination for president if it is tendered to me . I hope that so far as possible the people may be given the chance through direct primaries to express who shall be the nominee . Elihu Root and Henry Cabot Lodge thought that division of the party would lead to its defeat in the next election , while Taft believed that he would be defeated either in the Republican primary or in the general election . The 1912 primaries represented the first extensive use of the presidential primary , a reform achievement of the progressive movement . The Republican primaries in the South , where party regulars dominated , went for Taft , as did results in New York , Indiana , Michigan , Kentucky and Massachusetts . Meanwhile , Roosevelt won in Illinois , Minnesota , Nebraska , South Dakota , California , Maryland and Pennsylvania ; Roosevelt also won Taft 's home state of Ohio . These primary elections , while demonstrating Roosevelt 's continuing popularity with the electorate , were not pivotal . The final credentials of the state delegates at the national convention were determined by the national committee , which was controlled by the party leaders , headed by the incumbent president . Prior to the 1912 Republican National Convention in Chicago , Roosevelt expressed doubt about his prospects for victory , noting that Taft had more delegates and control of the credentials committee . His only hope was to convince party leaders that the nomination of Taft would hand the election to the Democrats , but party leaders were determined not to cede their leadership to Roosevelt . The credentials committee awarded almost all contested delegates to Taft , and Taft won the nomination on the first ballot . Black delegates from the South played a key role : they voted heavily for Taft and put him over the top . La Follette also helped Taft 's candidacy ; he hoped that a deadlocked convention would result in his own nomination , and refused to release his delegates to support Roosevelt . The Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) party See also : New Nationalism ( Theodore Roosevelt ) and Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) `` The right of the people to rule '' Excerpts from a speech given by Theodore Roosevelt at Carnegie Hall , March 12 , 1912 . Recorded August 1912 by Thomas Edison . Duration 4 : 07 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Once his defeat at the Republican convention appeared probable , Roosevelt announced that he would `` accept the progressive nomination on a progressive platform and I shall fight to the end , win or lose '' . At the same time , Roosevelt prophetically said , `` My feeling is that the Democrats will probably win if they nominate a progressive '' . Bolting from the Republican Party , Roosevelt and key allies such as Pinchot and Albert Beveridge created the Progressive Party , structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level . It was popularly known as the `` Bull Moose Party '' , after Roosevelt told reporters , `` I 'm as fit as a bull moose '' . At the 1912 Progressive National Convention , Roosevelt cried out , `` We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord . '' California Governor Hiram Johnson was nominated as Roosevelt 's running mate . Roosevelt 's platform echoed his 1907 -- 8 proposals , calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from the selfish interests : To destroy this invisible Government , to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day . This country belongs to the people . Its resources , its business , its laws , its institutions , should be utilized , maintained , or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest . This assertion is explicit ... Mr. Wilson must know that every monopoly in the United States opposes the Progressive party ... I challenge him ... to name the monopoly that did support the Progressive party , whether ... the Sugar Trust , the US Steel Trust , the Harvester Trust , the Standard Oil Trust , the Tobacco Trust , or any other ... Ours was the only program to which they objected , and they supported either Mr. Wilson or Mr. Taft Though many Progressive party supporters in the North were supporters of civil rights for blacks , Roosevelt did not give strong support to civil rights and ran a `` lily - white '' campaign in the South . Rival all - white and all - black delegations from four southern states arrived at the Progressive national convention , and Roosevelt decided to seat the all - white delegations . Nevertheless , he won little support outside mountain Republican strongholds . Out of nearly 1100 counties in the South , Roosevelt won two counties in Alabama , one in Arkansas , seven in North Carolina , three in Georgia , 17 in Tennessee two in Texas , one in Virginia , and none in Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , or South Carolina . Assassination attempt The bullet - damaged speech and eyeglass case on display at the Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace On October 14 , 1912 , while campaigning in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Roosevelt was shot by a saloonkeeper named John Flammang Schrank . The bullet lodged in his chest after penetrating his steel eyeglass case and passing through a thick ( 50 pages ) single - folded copy of the speech titled `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' , which he was carrying in his jacket . Roosevelt , as an experienced hunter and anatomist , correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood , the bullet had not reached his lung , and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately . Instead , he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt . He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention . His opening comments to the gathered crowd were , `` Ladies and gentlemen , I do n't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot , but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose . '' Afterwards , probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt 's chest muscle , but did not penetrate the pleura . Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it , and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life . Election results After the Democrats nominated Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey , Roosevelt did not expect to win the general election , as Wilson had compiled a record attractive to many progressive Democrats who might have otherwise considered voting for Roosevelt . Roosevelt still campaigned vigorously , and the election developed into a two - person contest between Wilson and Roosevelt despite Taft 's presence in the race . Roosevelt respected Wilson , but the two differed on various issues ; Wilson opposed any federal intervention regarding women 's suffrage or child labor ( he viewed these as state issues ) , and attacked Roosevelt 's tolerance of large businesses . Roosevelt won 4.1 million votes ( 27 % ) , compared to Taft 's 3.5 million ( 23 % ) . Wilson gained 6.3 million votes ( 42 % of the total ) and a massive landslide in the Electoral College , with 435 electoral votes ; Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes , while Taft won 8 . Pennsylvania was the only eastern state won by Roosevelt ; in the Midwest , he carried Michigan , Minnesota , and South Dakota ; in the West , California , and Washington . Wilson 's victory represented the first Democratic presidential election victory since Cleveland 's 1892 campaign , and it was the party 's best performance in the Electoral College since 1852 . Roosevelt , meanwhile , garnered a higher share of the popular vote than any other third party presidential candidate in history . 1913 -- 1914 South American expedition Main article : Roosevelt -- Rondon Scientific Expedition A friend of Roosevelt 's , Father John Augustine Zahm , persuaded Roosevelt to participate in an expedition to South America . To finance the expedition , Roosevelt received support from the American Museum of Natural History in return for promising to bring back many new animal specimens . Roosevelt 's popular book , Through the Brazilian Wilderness describes his expedition into the Brazilian jungle in 1913 as a member of the Roosevelt - Rondon Scientific Expedition , co-named after its leader , Brazilian explorer Cândido Rondon . From left to right ( seated ) : Fr . John Augustine Zahm , Cândido Rondon , Kermit Roosevelt , Cherrie , Miller , four Brazilians , Roosevelt , Fiala . Only Roosevelt , Kermit , Cherrie , Rondon , and the Brazilians traveled down the River of Doubt . Once in South America , a new , far more ambitious goal was added : to find the headwaters of the Rio da Duvida , and trace it north to the Madeira and thence to the Amazon River . It was later renamed Roosevelt River in honor of the former President . Roosevelt 's crew consisted of his son Kermit , naturalist Colonel Rondon , George K. Cherrie , sent by the American Museum of Natural History , Brazilian Lieutenant João Lira , team physician Dr. José Antonio Cajazeira , and 16 skilled paddlers and porters . The initial expedition started somewhat tenuously on December 9 , 1913 , at the height of the rainy season . The trip down the River of Doubt started on February 27 , 1914 . During the trip down the river , Roosevelt suffered a minor leg wound after he jumped into the river to try to prevent two canoes from smashing against the rocks . The flesh wound he received , however , soon gave him tropical fever that resembled the malaria he had contracted while in Cuba fifteen years before . Because the bullet lodged in his chest from the assassination attempt in 1912 was never removed , his health worsened from the infection . This weakened Roosevelt so greatly that six weeks into the adventure , he had to be attended to day and night by the expedition 's physician and his son Kermit . By then , he could not walk because of the infection in his injured leg and an infirmity in the other , which was due to a traffic accident a decade earlier . Roosevelt was riddled with chest pains , fighting a fever that soared to 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) and at times made him delirious . Regarding his condition as a threat to the survival of the others , Roosevelt insisted he be left behind to allow the poorly provisioned expedition to proceed as rapidly as it could . Only an appeal by his son persuaded him to continue . Despite Roosevelt 's continued decline and loss of over 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) , Commander Rondon reduced the pace of the expedition to allow for his commission 's mapmaking and other geographical tasks , which required regular stops to fix the expedition 's position by sun - based survey . Upon Roosevelt 's return to New York , friends and family were startled by his physical appearance and fatigue . Roosevelt wrote , perhaps prophetically , to a friend that the trip had cut his life short by ten years . For the rest of his few remaining years , he would be plagued by flare - ups of malaria and leg inflammations so severe as to require surgery . Before Roosevelt had even completed his sea voyage home , critics raised doubts over his claims of exploring and navigating a completely uncharted river over 625 miles ( 1,006 km ) long . When he had recovered sufficiently , he addressed a standing - room - only convention organized in Washington , D.C. , by the National Geographic Society and satisfactorily defended his claims . Final years Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt in Allentown , Pennsylvania , 1914 See also : Roosevelt 's World War I volunteers Roosevelt returned to the United States in May 1914 . Though he was outraged by the Wilson Administration 's conclusion of a treaty that expressed `` sincere regret '' for the way in which the United States had acquired the Panama Canal Zone , he was impressed by many of the reforms passed under Wilson . Roosevelt made several campaign appearances for the Progressives , but the 1914 elections were a disaster for the fledgling third party . Roosevelt began to envision another campaign for president , this time with himself at the head of the Republican Party , but conservative party leaders remained opposed to Roosevelt . In hopes of engineering a joint nomination , the Progressives scheduled the 1916 Progressive National Convention at the same time as the 1916 Republican National Convention . When the Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes , Roosevelt declined the Progressive nomination and urged his Progressive followers to support the Republican candidate . Though Roosevelt had long disliked Hughes , he disliked Wilson even more , and he campaigned energetically for the Republican nominee . However , Wilson won the 1916 election by a narrow margin . The Progressives disappeared as a party following the 1916 election , and Roosevelt and many of his followers permanently re-joined the Republican Party . When World War I began in 1914 , Roosevelt strongly supported the Allies and demanded a harsher policy against Germany , especially regarding submarine warfare . Roosevelt angrily denounced the foreign policy of President Wilson , calling it a failure regarding the atrocities in Belgium and the violations of American rights . In 1916 , while campaigning for Hughes , Roosevelt repeatedly denounced Irish - Americans and German - Americans whom he described as unpatriotic , saying they put the interests of Ireland and Germany ahead of America 's by supporting neutrality . He insisted that one had to be 100 % American , not a `` hyphenated American '' who juggled multiple loyalties . In March 1917 , Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise a maximum of four divisions similar to the Rough Riders , and Major Frederick Russell Burnham was put in charge of both the general organization and recruitment . However , President Wilson announced to the press that he would not send Roosevelt and his volunteers to France , but instead would send an American Expeditionary Force under the command of General John J. Pershing . Roosevelt never forgave Wilson , and quickly published The Foes of Our Own Household , an indictment of the sitting president . Roosevelt 's youngest son , Quentin , a pilot with the American forces in France , was shot down behind German lines on July 14 , 1918 , at the age of 20 . It is said that Quentin 's death distressed Roosevelt so much that he never recovered from his loss . Roosevelt 's attacks on Wilson helped the Republicans win control of Congress in the off - year elections of 1918 . He declined a request from New York Republican to run for another gubernatorial term , but attacked Wilson 's Fourteen Points , calling instead for the unconditional surrender of Germany . He was cautiously optimistic about the proposed League of Nations , but had reservations about its impact on United States sovereignty . Roosevelt was popular enough to contest the 1920 Republican nomination , but his health was broken by 1918 due to the lingering effects of malaria . His family and supporters threw their support behind Roosevelt 's old military companion , General Leonard Wood , but Taft supporter Warren G. Harding defeated Wood on the tenth ballot of the 1920 Republican National Convention . Death Roosevelt 's grave , Oyster Bay , New York On the night of January 5 , 1919 , Roosevelt suffered breathing problems . After receiving treatment from his physician , Dr. George W. Faller , he felt better and went to bed . Roosevelt 's last words were `` Please put out that light , James '' to his family servant James Amos . Between 4 : 00 and 4 : 15 the next morning , Roosevelt died in his sleep at Sagamore Hill after a blood clot had detached from a vein and traveled to his lungs . He was sixty years old . Upon receiving word of his death , his son Archibald telegraphed his siblings : `` The old lion is dead . '' Woodrow Wilson 's vice president , Thomas R. Marshall , said that `` Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping , for if he had been awake , there would have been a fight . '' Following a private farewell service in the North Room at Sagamore Hill , a simple funeral was held at Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay . Vice President Thomas R. Marshall , Charles Evans Hughes , Warren Harding , Henry Cabot Lodge , and William Howard Taft were among the mourners . The snow - covered procession route to Youngs Memorial Cemetery was lined with spectators and a squad of mounted policemen who had ridden from New York City . Roosevelt was buried on a hillside overlooking Oyster Bay . Writer Main article : Theodore Roosevelt bibliography Address to the Boys Progressive League A speech by Roosevelt as a former President Problems playing this file ? See media help . Part of the Works of Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt was a prolific author , writing with passion on subjects ranging from foreign policy to the importance of the national park system . Roosevelt was also an avid reader of poetry . Poet Robert Frost said that Roosevelt `` was our kind . He quoted poetry to me . He knew poetry . '' As an editor of Outlook magazine , Roosevelt had weekly access to a large , educated national audience . In all , Roosevelt wrote about 18 books ( each in several editions ) , including his autobiography , The Rough Riders , History of the Naval War of 1812 , and others on subjects such as ranching , explorations , and wildlife . His most ambitious book was the four volume narrative The Winning of the West , focused on the American frontier in the 18th and early 19th centuries . Roosevelt said that the American character -- indeed a new `` American race '' ( ethnic group ) had emerged from the heroic wilderness hunters and Indian fighters , acting on the frontier with little government help . Roosevelt also published an account of his 1909 -- 10 African expedition entitled African Game Trails . In 1907 , Roosevelt became embroiled in a widely publicized literary debate known as the nature fakers controversy . A few years earlier , naturalist John Burroughs had published an article entitled `` Real and Sham Natural History '' in the Atlantic Monthly , attacking popular writers of the day such as Ernest Thompson Seton , Charles G.D. Roberts , and William J. Long for their fantastical representations of wildlife . Roosevelt agreed with Burroughs ' criticisms , and published several essays of his own denouncing the booming genre of `` naturalistic '' animal stories as `` yellow journalism of the woods '' . It was the President himself who popularized the negative term `` nature faker '' to describe writers who depicted their animal characters with excessive anthropomorphism . Character and beliefs Sagamore Hill , Roosevelt 's estate Roosevelt intensely disliked being called `` Teddy '' , and was quick to point out this fact to those who referred to him as such , though it would become widely used by newspapers during his political career . He attended church regularly . In 1907 , concerning the motto `` In God We Trust '' on money , he wrote , `` It seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins , just as it would be to cheapen it by use on postage stamps , or in advertisements . '' He was also a member of the Freemasons and Sons of the American Revolution . Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in pursuing what he called , in an 1899 speech , `` The Strenuous Life '' . To this end , he exercised regularly and took up boxing , tennis , hiking , rowing , polo , and horseback riding . As governor of New York , he boxed with sparring partners several times each week , a practice he regularly continued as President until being hit so hard in the face he became blind in his left eye ( a fact not made public until many years later ) . Thereafter , he practiced judo , attaining a third degree brown belt ; he also continued his habit of skinny - dipping in the Potomac River during the winter . Roosevelt was an enthusiastic singlestick player and , according to Harper 's Weekly , showed up at a White House reception with his arm bandaged after a bout with General Leonard Wood in 1905 . Roosevelt was an avid reader , reading tens of thousands of books , at a rate of several per day in multiple languages . Along with Thomas Jefferson , Roosevelt was the most well - read of all American presidents . Political positions Main article : Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt On taking office , Roosevelt reassured many conservatives , stating , `` the mechanism of modern business is so delicate that extreme care must be taken not to interfere with it in a spirit of rashness or ignorance . '' The following year , Roosevelt asserted the president 's independence from business interests by opposing the merger which created the Northern Securities Company , and many were surprised that any president , much less an unelected one , would challenge powerful banker J.P. Morgan . In his last two years as president , Roosevelt became increasingly distrustful of big business , despite its close ties to the Republican Party . Roosevelt sought to replace the 19th - century laissez - faire economic environment with a new economic model which included a larger regulatory role for the federal government . He believed that 19th - century entrepreneurs had risked their fortunes on innovations and new businesses , and that these capitalists had been rightly rewarded . By contrast , he believed that 20th - century capitalists risked little but nonetheless reaped huge and , given the lack of risk , unjust , economic rewards . Without a redistribution of wealth away from the upper class , Roosevelt feared that the country would turn to radicals or fall to revolution . His Square Deal domestic program had three main goals : conservation of natural resources , control of corporations , and consumer protection . The Square Deal evolved into his program of `` New Nationalism '' , which emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests and a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination , and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions . Legacy Roosevelt in Pennsylvania on October 26 , 1914 Historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation 's political system by permanently placing the presidency at center stage and making character as important as the issues . His notable accomplishments include trust busting and conservationism . He is a hero to liberals for his proposals in 1907 -- 12 that presaged the modern welfare state of the New Deal Era , and put the environment on the national agenda . Conservatives admire his `` big stick '' diplomacy and commitment to military values . Dalton says , `` Today he is heralded as the architect of the modern presidency , as a world leader who boldly reshaped the office to meet the needs of the new century and redefined America 's place in the world . '' However , liberals have criticized him for his interventionist and imperialist approach to nations he considered `` uncivilized '' . Conservatives reject his vision of the welfare state and emphasis on the superiority of government over private action . Historians typically rank Roosevelt among the top five presidents . Persona and masculinity 1910 cartoon shows Roosevelt 's multiple roles from 1899 to 1910 Dalton says Roosevelt is remembered as , `` one of the most picturesque personalities who has ever enlivened the landscape '' . His friend , historian Henry Adams , proclaimed : Roosevelt , more than any other man ... showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter -- the quality that medieval theology assigned to God -- he was pure act . Recent biographers have stressed Roosevelt 's personality . Cooper compared him with Woodrow Wilson , and discovered that both of them played the roles of warrior and priest . Dalton stressed Roosevelt 's strenuous life . Sarah Watts examined the desires of the `` Rough Rider in the White House '' . Brands calls Roosevelt `` the last romantic '' , arguing that his romantic concept of life emerged from his belief that `` physical bravery was the highest virtue and war the ultimate test of bravery '' . Roosevelt as the exemplar of American masculinity has become a major theme . As president , he repeatedly warned men that they were becoming too office - bound , too complacent , too comfortable with physical ease and moral laxity , and were failing in their duties to propagate the race and exhibit masculine vigor . French historian Serge Ricard says , `` the ebullient apostle of the Strenuous Life offers ideal material for a detailed psycho - historical analysis of aggressive manhood in the changing socio - cultural environment of his era ; McKinley , Taft , or Wilson would perhaps inadequately serve that purpose '' . He promoted competitive sports and the Boy Scouts of America , founded in 1910 , as the way forward . Brands shows that heroic displays of bravery were essential to Roosevelt 's image and mission : What makes the hero a hero is the romantic notion that he stands above the tawdry give and take of everyday politics , occupying an ethereal realm where partisanship gives way to patriotism , and division to unity , and where the nation regains its lost innocence , and the people their shared sense of purpose . Memorials and cultural depictions Main articles : Memorials to Theodore Roosevelt and Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt 's face on Mount Rushmore Roosevelt was included with Presidents George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln at the Mount Rushmore Memorial , designed in 1927 with the approval of Republican President Calvin Coolidge . For his gallantry at San Juan Hill , Roosevelt 's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor . In the late 1990s , Roosevelt 's supporters again recommended the award . On January 16 , 2001 , President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill , Cuba , during the Spanish -- American War . The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt : the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( SSBN - 600 ) , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982 , and the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( CVN - 71 ) , an aircraft carrier that has been on active duty in the Atlantic Fleet since 1986 . On November 18 , 1956 , the United States Postal Service released a 6 ¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Roosevelt . A 32 ¢ stamp was issued on February 3 , 1998 , as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series . In 2008 , Columbia Law School awarded a law degree to Roosevelt , posthumously making him a member of the class of 1882 . Roosevelt 's `` Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick '' ideology is still quoted by politicians and columnists in different countries -- not only in English , but also in translations to various other languages . Another lasting , popular legacy of Roosevelt is the stuffed toy bears -- teddy bears -- named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902 . Roosevelt has been portrayed in films and television series such as Brighty of the Grand Canyon , The Wind and the Lion , Rough Riders , My Friend Flicka , and Law of the Plainsman . Robin Williams portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax mannequin that comes to life in Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In 2017 , it was announced that Leonardo DiCaprio will portray Roosevelt in a biopic to be directed by Martin Scorsese . Media Theodore Roosevelt was one of the first presidents whose voice was recorded for posterity . Several of his recorded speeches survive . A 4.6 - minute voice recording , which preserves Roosevelt 's lower timbre ranges particularly well for its time , is among those available from the Michigan State University libraries ( this is the 1912 recording of The Right of the People to Rule , recorded by Edison at Carnegie Hall ) . The audio clip sponsored by the Authentic History Center includes his defense of the Progressive Party in 1912 , wherein he proclaims it the `` party of the people '' -- in contrast with the other major parties . Play media Parade for the school children of San Francisco , down Van Ness Avenue Play media Collection of film clips of Roosevelt Roosevelt goes for a ride in Arch Hoxsey 's plane in October 1910 See also Biography portal Military of the United States portal United States Army portal North America portal Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt List of United States political appointments across party lines Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library US Presidents on US postage stamps List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience List of famous big game hunters Notes Jump up ^ His last name is , according to Roosevelt himself , `` pronounced as if it was spelled ' Rosavelt . ' That is in three syllables . The first syllable as if it was ' Rose . ' '' References Jump up ^ Hart , Albert B. ; Ferleger , Herbert R ( 1989 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia '' ( CD - ROM ) . Theodore Roosevelt Association . pp. 534 -- 35 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K ; Blessing , Tim H ( 2004 ) . Greatness in White House . Pennsylvania State U.P. pp. 8 -- 9 , 15 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Joseph ( October 1 , 2010 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States , American Heraldry Society , archived from the original on December 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Schriftgiesser , Karl ( 1942 ) . The Amazing Roosevelt Family , 1613 -- 1942 . Wildred Funk , Inc . Jump up ^ James Patrick Byrne ; Philip Coleman ; Jason Francis King . Ireland and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . p. 848 . Jump up ^ Vought , Hans P. ( 2004 ) . The Bully Pulpit and the Melting Pot : American Presidents and the Immigrant , 1897 -- 1933 . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 8870 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , ch 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Genealogy of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts . Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trfamily.html Accessed March 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ McCullough 1981 , pp. 93 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ TR 's Legacy -- The Environment , PBS , retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , pp. 63 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , `` The gender of reform politics : Theodore Roosevelt and the culture of masculinity . '' Journal of American History 81.4 ( 1995 ) : 1509 -- 1533 . online Jump up ^ Edmund Morris ( 2010 ) . Colonel Roosevelt . Random House . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Sanabria , Santa ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Mounted in New Jersey '' . The Hudson Reporter . Jump up ^ Brands ( 1998 ) . T.R. : The Last Romantic . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn ( 2013 ) . Heir to the Empire City : New York and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Clark , Suzanne ( 2000 ) . `` Cold Warriors : Manliness on Trial in the Rhetoric of the West '' . SIU Press . Jump up ^ Henry F. Pringle ( 1931 ) . Theodore Roosevelt . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 110 -- 12 , 123 -- 33 . quote p. 126 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Michael J. ( April 2002 ) . `` The Lasting Influence of Theodore Roosevelt 's Naval War of 1812 '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Naval History . 1 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Karsten , `` The Nature of ' Influence ' : Roosevelt , Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power . '' American Quarterly 23 # 4 ( 1971 ) : 585 -- 600 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard W. Turk , The Ambiguous Relationship : Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1987 ) online Jump up ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge , `` The Global Strategist : The Navy as the Nation 's Big Stick '' , in Serge Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 257 -- 73 Jump up ^ Stephen G. Rabe , Theodore Roosevelt , the Panama Canal , and the Roosevelt Corollary : Sphere of Influence Diplomacy `` , in Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 274 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` TR Center -- ImageViewer '' . Jump up ^ `` TR Center -- ImageViewer '' . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Nathan ( 1992 ) . Theodore Roosevelt , A Life . William Morrow & Co . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn , `` Theodore Roosevelt 's Early Political Career : The Making of an Independent Republican and Urban Progressive '' in Ricard , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp : 27 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 134 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 140 -- 142 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Sheard to be Speaker '' , The New York Times , January 1 , 1884 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 153 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn , `` ' A Most Revolting State of Affairs ' : Theodore Roosevelt 's Aldermanic Bill and the New York Assembly City Investigating Committee of 1884 '' , American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 1 pp : 71 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 413 -- 24 Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 445 -- 50 Jump up ^ Pringle 1956 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 445 Jump up ^ Putnam , 467 Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 161 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail . Century . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Morrisey , Will ( 2009 ) . The Dilemma of Progressivism : How Roosevelt , Taft , and Wilson Reshaped the American Regime of Self - Government . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6618 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher '' . nps.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . The blow proved disastrous for Roosevelt , who lost over half of his $80,000 investment , the equivalent of approximately $1.7 million today . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , pp. 4 , 6 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Rice , Sir Cecil Spring ( 1929 ) , Gwynn , S , ed. , The Letters and Friendships , London : Constable & Co , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 193 -- 194 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , pp. 183 -- 185 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Arthur G. ( 2011 ) . The Everything Theodore Roosevelt Book : The Extraordinary Life of an American Icon . Adams Media . pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 197 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 203 . 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Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 310 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2001 , pp. 157 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , p. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 325 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 261 , 268 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ `` The World of 1989 : The Spanish - American War ; Rough Riders '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 272 - 274 . Jump up ^ Samuels 1997 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2014 ) . Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography . Auckland , New Zealand : The Floating Press . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77653 - 337 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1898 ) , `` III '' , The Rough Riders , Bartleby , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Samuels 1997 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Matuz , Roger ( 2004 ) . The Handy Presidents Answer Book . Canton , MI : Visible Ink Press . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 308 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 310 -- 311 . 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Jump up ^ Chessman , G Wallace ( 1952 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt 's Campaign Against the Vice-Presidency '' , Historian , 14 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 90 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1952. tb00132. x . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 346 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Alison ( 2009 ) . Theodore Roosevelt . Infobase Publishing . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 354 -- 356 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 422 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Edmund Morris , Theodore Rex p58 ^ Jump up to : Ruddy 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ( 2009 ) . American Entrepreneur : The Fascinating Stories of the People Who Defined Business in the United States . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 378 -- 379 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 379 -- 381 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 552 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 553 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Harbaugh , William Henry ( 1963 ) , Power and Responsibility : Theodore Roosevelt , pp. 165 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 450 -- 83 . 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Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Executing the Constitution : Putting the President Back Into the Constitution . State University of New York Press . 2006 . p. 53 . ISBN 9780791481905 . ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Graham ( 2013 ) . Take up Your Pen . University of Pennsylvania . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4511 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Graham ( 2013 ) . Take up Your Pen . University of Pennsylvania . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4511 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Executive Orders '' . UCSB . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 615 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 384 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 382 -- 383 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 530 -- 39 . Jump up ^ George E. Mowry , `` The First Roosevelt '' , The American Mercury , ( November 1946 ) quote at p 580 online Jump up ^ Eugene P. 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Jump up ^ `` President Roosevelt 's African Trip '' . Science . 28 ( 729 ) : 876 -- 77 . December 18 , 1908 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 28.729. 876 . JSTOR 1635075 . PMID 17743798 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt African Expedition Collects for SI '' . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George A. Cevasco & Richard P. Harmond ( 2009 ) . Modern American Environmentalists : A Biographical Encyclopedia . JHU Press . p. 444 . Jump up ^ O'Toole 2005 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1910 ) . African Game Trails . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 505 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 505 -- 509 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , pp. 511 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 506 -- 507 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 503 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 665 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 512 -- 513 . ^ Jump up to : Brands 1997 , p. 675 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 515 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 517 . 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Headed by Major Burnham . John Hays Hammond and Others of Prominence Reported to be Supporting Plan '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . March 13 , 1917 . p. 11 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will Not Send Roosevelt ; Wilson Not to Avail Himself of Volunteer Authority at Present '' . New York Times . May 19 , 1917 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 781 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Cramer , CH ( 1961 ) , Newton D. Baker , pp. 110 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton ( 2002 ) p. 507 Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 562 -- 564 . Jump up ^ Pietrusza , David . 1920 : The Year of the Six Presidents ( 2007 ) , pp. 55 -- 71 ( on Roosevelt 's prospective candidacy ) , 167 -- 75 ( on Wood and his support by Roosevelt 's family ) . Jump up ^ Manners , William ( 1969 ) , TR and Will : A Friendship that Split the Republican Party , New York : Harcourt , Brace & World . ^ Jump up to : Morris 2010 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Morris 2010 , pp. 554 , 556 -- 557 . Jump up ^ Morris 2010 , pp. 554 , 557 . Jump up ^ `` '' Light gone out '' -- TR at the Library of Congress -- Jefferson 's Legacy : The Library of Congress Review `` . IgoUgo . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2006 ) . An Autobiography . Echo Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4068 - 0155 - 2 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1904 ) . The Rough Riders . New York : The Review of Reviews Company . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1900 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ Richard Slotkin , `` Nostalgia and progress : Theodore Roosevelt 's myth of the frontier '' . American Quarterly ( 1981 ) 33 # 5 pp : 608 -- 637 . online Jump up ^ Carson , Gerald ( February 1971 ) , `` Roosevelt and the ' nature fakers ' '' , American Heritage Magazine , 22 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the SAR '' , About , SAR . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , Chapter XVII , pp. 22 -- 24 . 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Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent Voice Library ( audio clips ) , Michigan State University , retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MSU '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . Youngman , Elmer H , ed . Progressive Principles . New York : Progressive National Service . p. 215 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Bibliography Full Biographies Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) , TR : The Last Romantic ( full biography ) , New York : Basic Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06958 - 3 , OCLC 36954615 . Chessman , G Wallace ( 1965 ) , Governor Theodore Roosevelt : The Albany Apprenticeship , 1898 -- 1900 Cooper , John Milton ( 1983 ) , The Warrior and the Priest : Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt ( dual scholarly biography ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 94751 - 1 . Dalton , Kathleen ( 2002 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Strenuous Life ( full scholarly biography ) , ISBN 0 - 679 - 76733 - 9 . Gould , Lewis L ( 2012 ) , Theodore Roosevelt , 105 pp , very short biography by leading scholar . Harbaugh , William Henry ( 1963 ) , The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt ( full scholarly biography ) . Miller , Nathan ( 1992 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Life , William Morrow & Co . Morris , Edmund ( 1979 ) , The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt , 1 . To 1901 ; Pulitzer prize for Volume 1 . Morris , Edmund ( 2001 ) , Theodore Rex , 2 . To 1909 Morris , Edmund ( 2010 ) , Colonel Roosevelt , 3 . Pringle , Henry F ( 1956 ) ( 1932 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( full scholarly biography ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Putnam , Carleton ( 1958 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( biography ) , I : The Formative Years , only volume published , to age 28 . Samuels , Peggy ( 1997 ) , Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan : The Making of a President , Texas A&M UP . Thayer , William Roscoe ( 1919 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : an intimate biography , Houghton Mifflin . Personality and activities Bishop , Joseph Bucklin ( 2007 ) , Theodore Roosevelt 's Letters to His Children , Wildside Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 434 - 48394 - 2 . DiSilvestro , Roger ( 2011 ) , Theodore Roosevelt in the Badlands : A Young Politician 's Quest in the American West , Walker & Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1721 - 4 , archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Fehn , Bruce ( 2005 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and American Masculinity '' , Magazine of History , 19 ( 2 ) : 52 -- 59 , doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 19.2. 52 , ISSN 0882 - 228X Provides a lesson plan on TR as the historical figure who most exemplifies the quality of masculinity . Gluck , Sherwin ( 1999 ) , TR 's Summer White House , Oyster Bay . Chronicles the events of TR 's presidency during the summers of his two terms . Greenberg , David ( 2011 ) , `` Beyond the Bully Pulpit '' , Wilson Quarterly , 35 ( 3 ) : 22 -- 29 . The president 's use of publicity , rhetoric and force of personality . Millard , Candice ( 2005 ) , River of Doubt : Theodore Roosevelt 's Darkest Journey ; his deadly 1913 -- 14 trip to the Amazon . McCullough , David ( 1981 ) , Mornings on Horseback : The Story of an Extraordinary Family , a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt , Simon & Schuster , best seller ; to 1886 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) ( 1981 ) , Mornings on Horseback , The Story of an Extraordinary Family , a Vanished Way of Life , and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt ( popular biography ) , to 1884 . O'Toole , Patricia ( 2005 ) , When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 . 494 pp . Renehan , Edward J ( 1998 ) , The Lion 's Pride : Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War , Oxford University Press , examines TR and his family during the World War I period . Testi , Arnaldo ( 1995 ) , `` The Gender of Reform Politics : Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity '' , Journal of American History , 81 ( 4 ) : 1509 -- 33 , doi : 10.2307 / 2081647 . Thompson , J Lee ( 2010 ) , Theodore Roosevelt Abroad : Nature , Empire , and the Journey of an American President , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10277 - 4 , 240 pp. TR in Africa & Europe , 1909 -- 10 Watts , Sarah ( 2003 ) , Rough Rider in the White House : Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire . 289 pp . Yarbrough , Jean M ( 2012 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the American Political Tradition , University Press of Kansas , 337 pp ; TR 's political thought and its significance for republican self - government . Domestic policies Brinkley , Douglas ( 2009 ) . The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America . New York : HarperCollins . online review ; another online review Cutright , P.R. ( 1985 ) Theodore Roosevelt : The making of a Modern Conservationist ( U of Illinois Press . ) Dorsey , Leroy G ( 1997 ) , `` The Frontier Myth and Teddy Roosevelt 's Fight for Conservation '' , in Gerster , Patrick ; Cords , Nicholas , Myth America : A Historical Anthology , II , St. James , NY : Brandywine Press , ISBN 1 - 881089 - 97 - 5 . Gould , Lewis L ( 2011 ) , The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt ( 2nd ed . ) , standard history of his domestic and foreign policy as president . Bakari , Mohamed El - Kamel . `` Mapping the ' Anthropocentric - ecocentric'Dualism in the History of American Presidency : The Good , the Bad , and the Ambivalent . '' Journal of Studies in Social Sciences 14 , no . 2 ( 2016 ) . Keller , Morton , ed. ( 1967 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Profile ( excerpts from TR and from historians ) . Murphey , William ( March 2013 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Bureau of Corporation : Executive - Corporate Cooperation and the Advancement of the Regulatory State '' , American Nineteenth Century History , 14 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 111 , doi : 10.1080 / 14664658.2013. 774983 . Redekop , Benjamin . ( 2015 ) . `` Embodying the Story : The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt '' . Leadership ( 2015 ) DOI : 10.1177 / 1742715014546875 online Swanson , Ryan A ( 2011 ) , `` ' I Never Was a Champion at Anything ' : Theodore Roosevelt 's Complex and Contradictory Record as America 's ' Sports President ' '' , Journal of Sport History , 38 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 46 . Zacks , Richard ( 2012 ) , Island of Vice : Theodore Roosevelt 's Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin - Loving New York . Politics Blum , John Morton ( 1954 ) , The Republican Roosevelt , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , OCLC 310975 . How TR did politics . Chace , James ( 2004 ) , 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft , and Debs : The Election That Changed the Country , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0394 - 4 , 323 pp . Chambers , John W. ( 1974 ) , Woodward , C. Vann , ed. , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct , New York , New York : Delacorte Press , pp. 207 -- 237 , ISBN 0 - 440 - 05923 - 2 Gould , Lewis L ( 2008 ) , Four Hats in the Ring : The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics ( by a leading scholar ) . Haverkamp , Michael ( 2001 ) , `` Rossevelt and Taft : How the Republican Vote Split in Ohio in 1912 '' , Ohio History , 110 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 35 , archived from the original on March 5 , 2008 . Kohn , Edward P ( Spring 2006 ) , `` A Necessary Defeat : Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Mayoral Election of 1886 '' , New York History , 87 : 205 -- 27 . -- -- -- ( 2006 ) , `` Crossing the Rubicon : Theodore Roosevelt , Henry Cabot Lodge , and the 1884 Republican National Convention '' , Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , 5 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 45 , doi : 10.1017 / s1537781400002851 . Leuchtenberg , William E. ( 2015 ) , The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton , Oxford University Press Milkis , Sidney M ( 2009 ) , Theodore Roosevelt , the Progressive Party , and the Transformation of American Democracy , Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . 361 pp . Mowry , George E ( 1939 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Election of 1910 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 25 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 34 , doi : 10.2307 / 1892499 , JSTOR 1892499 . -- -- -- ( 1946 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement . Focus on 1912 -- -- -- ( 1954 ) , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( general survey of era ) . Powell , Jim ( 2006 ) , Bully Boy : The Truth About Theodore Roosevelt 's Legacy , Crown Forum , ISBN 0 - 307 - 23722 - 2 . Attacks TR policies from conservative / libertarian perspective . Ruddy , Daniel ( 2016 ) , Theodore the Great : Conservative Crusader , Washington D.C. : Regnery History , ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 441 - 5 Foreign and military policies Beale , Howard K ( 1956 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power ( standard history of his foreign policy ) . Hendrix , Henry J ( 2009 ) , Theodore Roosevelt 's Naval Diplomacy : The US Navy & the Birth of the American Century . Holmes , James R ( 2006 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and World Order : Police Power in International Relations . 328 pp . Jones , Gregg ( 2012 ) , Honor in the Dust : Theodore Roosevelt , War in the Philippines , and the Rise and Fall of America 's Imperial Dream Marks III , Frederick W ( 1979 ) , Velvet on Iron : The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt . McCullough , David ( 1977 ) , The Path between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 . Oyos , Matthew ( 2011 ) , `` Courage , Careers , and Comrades : Theodore Roosevelt and the United States Army Officer Corps '' , Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era , 10 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 58 , doi : 10.1017 / s1537781410000022 . On TR 's controversial reforms . Ricard , Serge ( 2006 ) , `` The Roosevelt Corollary '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 36 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 26 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2006. 00283. x . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt : Imperialist or Global Strategist in the New Expansionist Age ? '' , Diplomacy and Statecraft , 19 ( 4 ) : 639 -- 57 , doi : 10.1080 / 09592290802564379 . Rofe , J Simon ( 2008 ) , `` ' Under the Influence of Mahan ' : Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest '' , Diplomacy and Statecraft , 19 ( 4 ) : 732 -- 45 , doi : 10.1080 / 09592290802564536 . -- -- -- ; Thompson , John M ( 2011 ) , `` Internationalists in Isolationist times -- Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and a Rooseveltian Maxim '' , Journal of Transatlantic Studies , 9 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 62 , doi : 10.1080 / 14794012.2011. 550773 . Tilchin , William N ( 1997 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire : A Study in Presidential Statecraft Tilchin , William N ; Neu , Charles E , eds. ( 2006 ) , Artists of Power : Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , and Their Enduring Impact on US Foreign Policy , Praeger . 196 pp . Historiography Dalton , Kathleen . `` Changing interpretations of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive era . '' in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger , eds A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2017 ) : 296 -- 307 . Grantham , Dewey W. , Jr . `` Theodore Roosevelt in American Historical Writing , 1945 -- 1960 . '' Mid-America 43 # 1 ( January 1961 ) : 3 -- 35 . Ricard , Serge . `` The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies '' H - Diplo Essay No. 116 24 October 2014 online Ricard , Serge , ed. ( 2011 ) , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt , excerpt and text search , 28 new essays by scholars ; focus on historiography . online Tilchin , William , `` The Rising Star of Theodore Roosevelt 's Diplomacy : Major Studies from Beale to the Present . '' Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 15 # 3 ( Summer 1989 ) : 2 -- 24 . Primary sources Kohn , Edward P. , ed . A Most Glorious Ride : The Diaries of Theodore Roosevelt , 1877 -- 1886 ( State University of New York Press , 2015 ) , 284 pp . Bishop , ed. , Joseph Bucklin ( 1920 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and His Time Shown in His Own Letters vol. 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; vol 2 Roosevelt , Theodore ; Roosevelt , Kermit ( 1926 ) , East of the Sun and West of the Moon , New York : Scribner Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1889 ) , The Winning of the West , I , New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons -- -- -- ( 1913 ) , Autobiography , New York : Macmillan . -- -- -- ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household , New York : George H. Doran , LCCN 17025965 -- -- -- ( 1926 ) , The Works ( National ed . ) , 20 vol. ; 18,000 pages containing most of TR 's speeches , books and essays , but not his letters ; a CD - ROM edition is available ; some of TR 's books are available online through Project Bartleby -- -- -- ( 1941 ) , Hart , Albert Bushnell ; Ferleger , Herbert Ronald , eds. , Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia , Roosevelt 's opinions on many issues ; online version at Theodore Roosevelt . -- -- -- ( 1951 -- 1954 ) , Morison , Elting E ; Blum , John Morton ; Chandler , Alfred D jr , eds. , The Letters ( annotated ed . ) , 8 vols . Very large . -- -- -- ( 1967 ) , Harbaugh , William , ed. , The Writings ( one - volume selection of speeches and essays ) . -- -- -- ( 1968 ) , Roosevelt , Archibald , ed. , Theodore Roosevelt on Race , Riots , Reds , Crime , Probe -- -- -- ( 1999 ) ( 1913 ) , An Autobiography , Bartleby . -- -- -- ( 1999 ) ( 1882 ) , The Naval War of 1812 Or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans , New York : The Modern Library , ISBN 0 - 375 - 75419 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) , Brands , HW , ed. , The Selected Letters -- -- -- ( 2004 ) , Auchincloss , Louis , ed. , Theodore Roosevelt , The Rough Riders and an Autobiography , Library of America , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931082 - 65 - 5 . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) , Auchincloss , Louis , ed. , Letters and Speeches , Library of America , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931082 - 66 - 2 . -- -- -- . `` Books and speeches '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . -- -- -- , Original Handwritten and Typed Letters , Notes , and Documents , Shapell Manuscript Foundation . External links Find more aboutTheodore Rooseveltat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Official White House biography Organizations Boone and Crockett Club Theodore Roosevelt Association Libraries and collections Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University Theodore Roosevelt Collection , at the Houghton Library , Harvard University Julian L. Street Papers on Theodore Roosevelt , at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University Doris A. and Lawrence H. Budner Collection on Theodore Roosevelt at the DeGolyer Library , Southern Methodist University Theodore Roosevelt 's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism Theodore Roosevelt American Museum of Natural History Works by Theodore Roosevelt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Theodore Roosevelt at Internet Archive Works by Theodore Roosevelt at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Media `` Theodore Roosevelt collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . `` Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , September 3 , 1999 `` Writings of Theodore Roosevelt '' from C - SPAN 's American Writers : A Journey Through History Other United States Congress . `` Theodore Roosevelt ( id : R000429 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt : A Resource Guide -- Library of Congress Theodore Roosevelt , Nobel Peace Prize ( 1906 ) Theodore Roosevelt at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Henderson , Daniel . Great - heart ; The Life Story of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1919 ) at Project Gutenberg Theodore Roosevelt on IMDb Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category Offices and distinctions New York Assembly Preceded by William J. Trimble New York State Assembly New York County , 21st District 1882 -- 1884 Succeeded by Henry A. Barnum Political offices Preceded by Thomas G. Alvord Minority Leader in the New York State Assembly 1883 Succeeded by Frank Rice Preceded by William McAdoo Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1897 -- 1898 Succeeded by Charles Herbert Allen Preceded by Frank S. Black Governor of New York 1899 -- 1900 Succeeded by Benjamin Barker Odell Jr . Preceded by Garret Hobart Vice President of the United States 1901 Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks Preceded by William McKinley President of the United States 1901 -- 1909 Succeeded by William Howard Taft Party political offices Preceded by Garret Hobart Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1900 Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks Preceded by William McKinley Republican nominee for President of the United States 1904 Succeeded by William Howard Taft New political party Progressive nominee for President of the United States 1912 Party disbanded Awards and achievements Preceded by Bertha von Suttner Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1906 Succeeded by Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Louis Renault Honorary titles Preceded by Grover Cleveland Oldest living President of the United States 1908 -- 1909 Succeeded by William Howard Taft Articles related to Theodore Roosevelt Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. 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Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. 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Woodbury Dickerson Paulding Badger Upshur Henshaw Gilmer Mason Bancroft Mason Preston Graham Kennedy Dobbin Toucey Welles Borie Robeson R Thompson Goff Hunt Chandler Whitney Tracy Herbert Long Moody Morton Bonaparte Metcalf Newberry Meyer Daniels Denby Wilbur Adams Swanson Edison Knox Forrestal Dept. of Defense Sullivan Matthews Kimball Anderson Thomas T. Gates Franke Connally Korth Nitze Ignatius Chafee Warner Middendorf Claytor Hidalgo Lehman Webb Ball Garrett O'Keefe Dalton Danzig England Winter Mabus Spencer Under Secretaries Forrestal Bard A. Gates Sullivan Kenney Kimball Whitehair Thomas T. Gates Franke Bantz Fay BeLieu Baldwin Baird Warner Sanders Middendorf Potter Macdonald Woolsey Murray Goodrich Garrett Howard Danzig Hultin Pirie Livingstone Aviles Work Davidson Modly Assistant Secretaries Pre -- 1954 Fox Faxon Soley McAdoo T. Roosevelt Sr . Allen Hackett Darling Newberry Satterlee Winthrop F. Roosevelt G. Woodbury T. Roosevelt Jr . Robinson Jahncke H. 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Gage ( 1901 -- 02 ) Leslie M. Shaw ( 1902 -- 07 ) George B. Cortelyou ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of War Elihu Root ( 1901 -- 04 ) William H. Taft ( 1904 -- 08 ) Luke E. Wright ( 1908 -- 09 ) Attorney General Philander C. Knox ( 1901 -- 04 ) William H. Moody ( 1904 -- 06 ) Charles J. Bonaparte ( 1906 -- 09 ) Postmaster General Charles Emory Smith ( 1901 -- 02 ) Henry C. Payne ( 1902 -- 04 ) Robert J. Wynne ( 1904 -- 05 ) George B. Cortelyou ( 1905 -- 07 ) George von L. Meyer ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of the Navy John D. Long ( 1901 -- 02 ) William H. Moody ( 1902 -- 04 ) Paul Morton ( 1904 -- 05 ) Charles J. Bonaparte ( 1905 -- 06 ) Victor H. Metcalf ( 1906 -- 08 ) Truman H. Newberry ( 1908 -- 09 ) Secretary of the Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock ( 1901 -- 07 ) James R. Garfield ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson ( 1901 -- 09 ) Secretary of Commerce and Labor George B. Cortelyou ( 1903 -- 04 ) Victor H. Metcalf ( 1904 -- 06 ) Oscar S. Straus ( 1906 -- 09 ) Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Hall of Fame for Great Americans John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. 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Morse Stephens ( 1915 ) George Lincoln Burr ( 1916 ) Worthington C. Ford ( 1917 ) William Roscoe Thayer ( 1918 - 19 ) Edward Channing ( 1920 ) Jean Jules Jusserand ( 1921 ) Charles Homer Haskins ( 1922 ) Edward Potts Cheyney ( 1923 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1924 ) Charles McLean Andrews ( 1924 - 25 ) 1926 -- 1950 Dana Carleton Munro ( 1926 ) Henry Osborn Taylor ( 1927 ) James Henry Breasted ( 1928 ) James Harvey Robinson ( 1929 ) Evarts Boutell Greene ( 1930 ) Carl L. Becker ( 1931 ) Herbert Eugene Bolton ( 1932 ) Charles A. Beard ( 1933 ) William Dodd ( 1934 ) Michael Rostovtzeff ( 1935 ) Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1936 ) Guy Stanton Ford ( 1937 ) Laurence M. Larson ( 1938 ) William Scott Ferguson ( 1939 ) Max Farrand ( 1940 ) James Westfall Thompson ( 1941 ) Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. ( 1942 ) Nellie Neilson ( 1943 ) William Linn Westermann ( 1944 ) Carlton J.H. Hayes ( 1945 ) Sidney Bradshaw Fay ( 1946 ) Thomas J. 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Stovall ( 2017 ) Mary Beth Norton ( 2018 ) Rough Riders Officers Leonard Wood Theodore Roosevelt Alexander Oswald Brodie James H. McClintock Buckey O'Neill Seth Bullock John Campbell Greenway John Avery McIlhenny Allyn K. Capron Jr . Allyn K. Capron Sr . George Curry Woodbury Kane Thomas H. Rynning Enlisted men George G. McMurtry Chris Madsen Hamilton Fish Thomas Grindell Henry Barrett Billy McGinty Juan Alamia Frank Frantz Craig Wadsworth Henry Nash Ben Daniels Frank Knox Robert Wrenn Engagements Spanish -- American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Siege of Santiago Memorials Rough Riders Memorial Buckey O'Neill Cabin Bucky O'Neill Monument Bronco Buster Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage Film The Rough Riders ( 1927 film ) Teddy , the Rough Rider ( 1940 film ) Rough Riders ( 1997 mini-series ) See also Buckhorn Saloon Arizona Rangers Three Guardsmen Canyon Diablo Train Robbery Tiburón Island Tragedy Roosevelt 's World War I volunteers The Lost Battalion Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc . Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and round the garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams Eleanor Roosevelt Chairwoman , Presidential Commission on the Status of Women ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 34th First Lady of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) United Nations United States delegate , United Nations General Assembly ( 1946 -- 1952 ) United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( 1947 -- 1953 , Chairperson 1946 -- 1951 ) Universal Declaration of Human Rights Human Rights Day First Lady of the United States `` My Day '' daily newspaper column , 1935 -- 1962 Co-Chair , Office of Civilian Defense Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert Tuskegee Airmen flight Arthurdale and Eleanor , West Virginia American Youth Congress National Youth Administration Black Cabinet 1940 Democratic National Convention speech Women in Defense Freedom House Other events First Lady of New York Presidential Commission on the Status of Women National Organization for Women Encampment for Citizenship Life and homes Val - Kill National Historic Site Val - Kill Industries Campobello home Franklin D. Roosevelt 's paralytic illness Hyde Park home and gravesite Legacy Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Roosevelt Study Center Eleanor Roosevelt Monument Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial Eleanor Roosevelt College Marian Anderson : the Lincoln Memorial Concert ( 1939 film ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 play , 1960 film ) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story ( 1965 film ) Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 film ) Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 film ) The Roosevelts ( 2014 documentary ) Related United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights International Bill of Human Rights International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Morgenthau Plan Roosevelt family Franklin D. Roosevelt ( husband presidency ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( father ) Anna Hall Roosevelt ( mother ) Hall Roosevelt ( brother ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( grandfather ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( grandmother ) Theodore Roosevelt ( uncle presidency ) Bamie Roosevelt ( aunt ) Fala ( family dog ) ( 1896 ← ) United States presidential election , 1900 ( → 1904 ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee William Jennings Bryan VP nominee Adlai Stevenson I Candidates George Dewey Republican Party Convention Nominee William McKinley VP nominee Theodore Roosevelt Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee John G. Woolley VP nominee Henry B. Metcalf Social Democratic Party Nominee Eugene V. Debs VP nominee Job Harriman Populist Party Nominee Wharton Barker VP nominee Ignatius L. Donnelly Socialist Labor Party Nominee Joseph Francis Malloney VP nominee Valentine Remmel Other 1900 elections : House Senate ( 1900 ← ) United States presidential election , 1904 ( → 1908 ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Alton B. Parker VP nominee Henry G. Davis Candidates William Randolph Hearst Republican Party Convention Nominee Theodore Roosevelt VP nominee Charles W. Fairbanks Candidates Mark Hanna Third party and independent candidates Socialist Party Nominee Eugene V. Debs VP nominee Ben Hanford Prohibition Party Nominee Silas C. Swallow VP nominee George W. Carroll Populist Party Nominee Thomas E. Watson VP nominee Thomas Tibbles Socialist Labor Party Nominee Charles Hunter Corregan VP nominee William Wesley Cox Other 1904 elections : House Senate ( 1908 ← ) United States presidential election , 1912 ( → 1916 ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Woodrow Wilson VP nominee Thomas R. Marshall Candidates Champ Clark Judson Harmon Oscar Underwood Thomas R. Marshall Eugene Foss Republican Party Convention Nominee William Howard Taft VP nominee Nicholas Murray Butler Candidates Theodore Roosevelt Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Progressive Party Convention Nominee Theodore Roosevelt VP nominee Hiram Johnson Socialist Party Nominee Eugene V. Debs VP nominee Emil Seidel Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee Eugene W. Chafin VP nominee Aaron S. Watkins Socialist Labor Party Nominee Arthur E. Reimer VP nominee August Gillhaus Other 1912 elections : House Senate VIAF : 44346731 LCCN : n79027239 ISNI : 0000 0001 2130 3885 GND : 118749633 SELIBR : 346541 SUDOC : 027419665 BNF : cb122070908 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90147444 ULAN : 500329597 MusicBrainz : 78d3ca64 - 9e25 - 4c12 - 803f - b6455d8c74e5 NLA : 35461165 NDL : 00535439 NKC : jn20000701526 US Congress : R000429 BNE : XX1036126 KulturNav : 2207bc11 - fcf5 - 4afe - a4ff - 9ad41154ab66 IATH : w67h1h16 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&oldid=815928592 '' Categories : 1858 births 1919 deaths 19th - century American politicians 19th - century American writers 19th - century American historians 20th - century American politicians 20th - century American writers American autobiographers American conservationists American essayists American explorers American hunters American fishers American male judoka American male writers American military personnel of the Spanish -- American War American naval historians American Nobel laureates American political writers American shooting survivors Assassination attempt survivors Bohemian Club members Bulloch family Burials in New York ( state ) Century Association members Columbia Law School alumni Commissioners of the New York City Police Department Cowboys Explorers of Amazonia Freemen of the City of London Governors of New York ( state ) Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees Harvard University alumni History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the New York State Assembly Military personnel from New York City National Rifle Association people New York ( state ) Progressives ( 1912 ) New York ( state ) Republicans Nobel Peace Prize laureates People associated with the American Museum of Natural History People associated with the Boy Scouts of America People from Oyster Bay , New York Phi Beta Kappa members Politicians from New York City Presidents of the American Historical Association Presidents of the United States Progressive Era in the United States Ranchers from North Dakota Republican Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Republican Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Republican Party Presidents of the United States Republican Party state governors of the United States Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States Roosevelt family Rough Riders Schuyler family Sons of the American Revolution Spanish -- American War recipients of the Medal of Honor Theodore Roosevelt United States Army Medal of Honor recipients United States Army officers United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy United States politicians who were awarded the Medal of Honor United States presidential candidates , 1904 United States presidential candidates , 1912 United States presidential candidates , 1916 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1900 Vice Presidents of the United States Writers from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with DMOZ links AC with 17 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who served as president of the united states from 1901 to 1909	[ "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (/ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt;[a] October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, and naturalist, who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln." ]	[ "Theodore Roosevelt Jr." ]
-8043715127399539334	The Wizard (Black Sabbath song)	The Wizard ( Black Sabbath song ) - wikipedia The Wizard ( Black Sabbath song ) `` The Wizard '' Cover artwork for the single , as used in the Netherlands Single by Black Sabbath from the album Black Sabbath A-side `` Paranoid '' Released 13 February 1970 ( 1970 - 02 - 13 ) Genre Heavy metal , blues rock Length 4 : 24 ( album version ) 4 : 46 ( studio outtake ) Label Vertigo ( UK ) Warner Bros. ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Geezer Butler Tony Iommi Ozzy Osbourne Bill Ward Producer ( s ) Rodger Bain Black Sabbath singles chronology `` Evil Woman '' ( 1970 ) `` The Wizard '' ( 1970 ) `` Paranoid '' ( 1970 ) Audio sample file help `` The Wizard '' is a song by the British heavy metal band Black Sabbath , taken from their 1970 album Black Sabbath . It is the second track on the record . The song was composed by all four members of the group and was produced by Rodger Bain . `` The Wizard '' was the B - side to the title track of the band 's second album Paranoid . Contents 1 Information 2 Personnel 3 Covers 4 References 5 External links Information ( edit ) `` The Wizard '' is about a wizard who uses his magic to encourage people he encounters . In a 2005 interview with Metal Sludge , Black Sabbath bassist and lyricist Geezer Butler said the song 's lyrics were influenced by the wizard Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings . It was also believed to be about the band 's drug dealer at the time . Personnel ( edit ) Ozzy Osbourne -- vocals , harmonica Tony Iommi -- guitar , slide guitar Geezer Butler -- bass Bill Ward -- drums Covers ( edit ) The song was covered by Bullring Brummies for the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black ... The song was covered by Zakk Wylde 's band Pride and Glory on the second disc of the reissue of Pride and Glory . Wylde had also been a member of Ozzy Osbourne 's solo band at the time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` See Revealing , Lost Black Sabbath Items From UK Auction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath ( album ) review '' . Metal Sludge . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath ( album ) review '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Parisien , Roch , Nativity in BlackReview , Allmusic , retrieved 15 July 2011 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Black Sabbath ( album ) Songs Side one `` Black Sabbath '' `` The Wizard '' `` Behind the Wall of Sleep '' `` N.I.B. '' Side two `` Evil Woman '' `` Sleeping Village '' `` Warning '' U.S. edition `` Wicked World '' `` A Bit of Finger / Sleeping Village / Warning '' Black Sabbath Tony Iommi Geezer Butler Bill Ward Ozzy Osbourne Dave Walker Ronnie James Dio Craig Gruber Geoff Nicholls Vinny Appice Ian Gillan Bev Bevan Eric Singer Dave Spitz Glenn Hughes Ray Gillen Bob Daisley Tony Martin Terry Chimes Jo Burt Cozy Powell Neil Murray Bobby Rondinelli Mike Bordin Tommy Clufetos Studio albums Black Sabbath Paranoid Master of Reality Vol. 4 Sabbath Bloody Sabbath Sabotage Technical Ecstasy Never Say Die ! Heaven and Hell Mob Rules Born Again Seventh Star The Eternal Idol Headless Cross Tyr Dehumanizer Cross Purposes Forbidden 13 The End Live albums Live at Last Live Evil Cross Purposes Live Reunion Past Lives Live at Hammersmith Odeon Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End : Live in Birmingham Compilations We Sold Our Soul for Rock ' n ' Roll The Collection The Sabbath Stones Symptom of the Universe : The Original Black Sabbath 1970 -- 1978 Black Box : The Complete Original Black Sabbath ( 1970 -- 1978 ) Greatest Hits 1970 -- 1978 The Dio Years The Rules of Hell Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) Iron Man : The Best of Black Sabbath Unofficial albums The Sabbath Collection The Ozzy Osbourne Years Under Wheels of Confusion The Best of Black Sabbath Club Sonderauflage Singles `` Evil Woman '' `` The Wizard '' `` Paranoid '' `` After Forever '' / `` Fairies Wear Boots '' `` Children of the Grave '' `` Iron Man '' `` Tomorrow 's Dream '' `` Sabbath Bloody Sabbath '' `` Am I Going Insane ( Radio ) '' `` Never Say Die ! '' `` Hard Road '' / `` Symptom of the Universe '' `` Neon Knights '' `` Die Young '' `` The Mob Rules '' `` Trashed '' `` TV Crimes '' `` Psycho Man '' `` The Devil Cried '' `` God Is Dead ? '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Loner '' Other songs `` Black Sabbath '' `` N.I.B. '' `` War Pigs '' `` Planet Caravan '' `` Hand of Doom '' `` Sweet Leaf '' `` Into the Void '' `` Changes '' `` Supernaut '' `` Children of the Sea '' `` Heaven and Hell '' Videos Never Say Die Black and Blue The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 1 The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 2 Cross Purposes Live The Last Supper Inside Black Sabbath - 1970 -- 1992 Black Sabbath 's Paranoid Rock Review Hangin ' with Heaven and Hell Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End of the End Tours Sabotage Tour Technical Ecstasy Tour Never Say Die ! Tour Heaven & Hell Tour Mob Rules Tour Born Again Tour 1983 Ozzfest Tours ( 1997 1999 2005 ) Black Sabbath Reunion Tour The End Tour Related Articles Discography Members List of cover versions of Black Sabbath songs People Don Arden Martin Birch Laurence Cottle Tommy Clufetos David Donato Jeff Fenholt Rob Halford Adam Wakeman Rick Wakeman Brad Wilk Bands Heaven & Hell tour The Devil You Know Mythology Velvett Fogg GZR Deep Purple Rainbow Dio White Tiger Tributes In These Black Days Nativity in Black Book Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_(Black_Sabbath_song)&oldid=865927965 '' Categories : Black Sabbath songs Songs written by Tony Iommi Songs written by Geezer Butler Songs written by Bill Ward ( musician ) Songs written by Ozzy Osbourne 1970 songs Vertigo Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Songs about drugs British blues rock songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Português Русский Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 02 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who played harmonica on the wizard black sabbath	[ "Ozzy Osbourne – vocals, harmonica\nTony Iommi – guitar, slide guitar[3]\nGeezer Butler – bass\nBill Ward – drums" ]	[ "Ozzy Osbourne" ]
-3156253795849069030	List of My Life as a Teenage Robot episodes	List of My Life as a Teenage robot episodes - wikipedia List of My Life as a Teenage robot episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is an episode list for the Nickelodeon animated television series My Life as a Teenage Robot . The show officially began on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 1 , 2003 and , after the second season , new episodes ended on that channel in 2005 . Eventually , the show got picked up for a third season that aired on Nicktoons Network in the United States from 2008 to 2009 . The series ended on May 2 , 2009 , with all 40 episodes aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2004 -- 05 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season DVD release date ( Region 1 ) First aired Last aired Network 13 August 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) Nickelodeon December 12 , 2011 14 December 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 08 ) September 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 09 ) December 12 , 2011 13 October 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) Nicktoons December 12 , 2011 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot season 1 episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Storyboard by Original air date 1a `` It Came From Next Door '' Rob Renzetti Alex Kirwan & Rob Renzetti August 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) Jenny makes her first contact with the outside world , meeting Brad and Tuck Carbuckle for the first time . While Brad immediately accepts Jenny as a new friend , Tuck does not quite see her as anything other than a `` evil robot cyborg '' . 1b `` Pest Control '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Chris Mitchell August 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) Having vowed revenge on her for all the injustices placed upon them , Dr. Wakeman 's mutant lab rats , led by the evil genius Vladimir , plan to destroy her by taking control of Jenny 's body . 2a `` Raggedy Android '' Rob Renzetti Alex Kirwan & Rob Renzetti August 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) Jenny wants to go to the town fair , but Dr. Wakeman fears that Jenny will spook the townspeople with her presence . When Jenny gets a hold of a prototype `` exo - skin '' for her to wear , she sees her chance to mingle with the fairgoers ; unfortunately , its mangled appearance only scares them . Meanwhile , Tuck attempts to conquer his fear of Ferris wheels . 2b `` Class Action '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse August 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) On her first day of high school , Jenny seeks to make some new friends , and she thinks she can find some in the arrogant Brit and Tiff Crust . Unfortunately , the Crust cousins do not share the same feelings and plan to humiliate her . 5 3a `` Attack of The 51⁄2 Ft . Geek '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Ashley Lenz August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) When Jenny saves local school geek Sheldon from a gang of bullies , he quickly becomes smitten with her and does not want to leave her alone . 6 3b `` Doom With A View '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) A simple snowball battle between Jenny , Brad , and Tuck is interrupted by a strange robot ambassador who wants to make Jenny the newest member of the Cluster , a legion of robots headquartered on the planet Cluster Prime that plans to enslave humans for manual labor . When she refuses , the ambassador commences war against her . 7 4a `` Ear No Evil '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley August 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 22 ) Jenny wants to get ear piercings , but her mother refuses to give her ears . Sheldon offers to step in and help , but the ears he builds end up being disproportionately large on Jenny 's head . 8 4b `` Unlicensed Flying Object '' Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse August 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 22 ) Brad is disappointed by his lack of a driver 's license , and Jenny 's attempts to help him . Soon , he takes up joyriding in abandoned UFOs as a new hobby . 9 5a `` Party Machine '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Carlos Ramos September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) Jenny and Brad 's secret party is a hit , but between keeping the party - goers under control , keeping the house in one piece , and keeping a group of tiny multiplying aliens from invading Earth , Jenny has her hands full . 10 5b `` Speak No Evil '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Chris Mitchell & Rob Renzetti September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) While on a mission in Japan , Jenny winds up losing one of her language system discs for English speech . Unable to switch off from speaking in full Japanese , she encounters problems in speaking to people . She uses this to her advantage , however , to make peace with a Japanese creature that grows with and is hurt by water . 11 6a `` See No Evil '' Rob Renzetti Chuck Klein September 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 12 ) Dr. Wakeman is proud of her newest enhancement for Jenny : multi-functional eyes that can see anything in any view . Jenny likes them until she sees how they look on her . She refuses to use them and fumbles around town without any sight until she finally realizes she needs them to fight an invisible villain . 12 6b `` The Great Unwashed '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson September 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 12 ) Jenny has been invited to her handsome classmate Don Prima 's latest party , and she has gotten a tune - up and a new paint job just for the occasion . However , Brit and Tiff are ready to do anything to sabotage Jenny 's chances to impress at the party . 13 7a `` The Return of Raggedy Android '' Rob Renzetti Chris Mitchell & Rob Renzetti September 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 19 ) The owner of Mezmer 's , a popular hangout spot for teens all over town , enforces a strict `` No Robots '' policy . Desperate to get in , Jenny dons the new and improved exo - skin to pass off as a perfectly normal attractive human girl . However , the exo - skin turns out to have a mind of its own and refuses to let Jenny take it off or fight a group of alien space bikers . 14 7b `` The Boy Who Cried Robot '' Bob Jaques & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley September 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 19 ) Tuck keeps interrupting Jenny 's daily activity for every possible favor . When a big problem arises , however , Tuck 's call for help winds up going ignored . 15 8a `` Sibling Tsunami '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley October 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 13 ) When Jenny finds and reactivates her `` sisters '' -- early XJ prototypes 1 through 8 -- she is beyond happy . Each sister has her own personality , however , and they do not all have the same level of friendliness that Jenny has . 16 8b `` I Was A Preschool Dropout '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse October 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 13 ) Having been found to have only been activated for five years , the school system declares that Jenny has to be moved into a grade level that correspondes her `` age '' . Jenny finds herself being forced to adapt to kindergarten . 17 9a `` Hostile Makeover '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley October 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 24 ) When Jenny starts to develop face - bolts , voice changes , and excess wires growing out of her body , Brad chalks it up to puberty . However , it soon becomes apparent that the `` puberty '' is actually the doing of Queen Vexus of the Cluster , who has infected Jenny with a virus to warp her into a loyal , Cluster - controlled monster . 18 9b `` Grid Iron Glory '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Trevor Wall October 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 24 ) Jenny becomes the star football player of the high school football team . At a championship game , she soon finds herself facing the former Tremorton High quarterback whom she replaced . 19 10a `` Dressed To Kill '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse November 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 07 ) Thanks to a screw - up from one of his Cluster troops , Commander Smytus loses a cache of super-powered Pip Crystals to the Crust Cousins . The cousins decide to flaunt both their style and newfound powers in front of Jenny , and she must use her keen fashion sense to save herself in time . 20 10b `` Shell Game '' John Fountain & Rob Renzetti John Fountain November 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 07 ) Looking to prove to Jenny that boy robots are jerks compared to him , Sheldon creates a mechanical suit and dubs himself the `` Silver Shell '' . The plan backfires , however , when Jenny starts falling for Silver Shell . 21 11a `` Daydream Believer '' John Fountain & Rob Renzetti Stephen Sandoval & Chris Mitchell January 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) As a robot , Jenny wants to experience what it is like to dream . When Dr. Wakeman installs a dream chip , Jenny 's joy causes her to abuse its function and she finds herself stuck in dream mode and sleepwalking , causing mayhem in the process . 22 11b `` This Time With Feeling '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti Carlos Ramos January 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) Jenny 's desire to know the feeling of physical contact leads her to steal a set of artificial nerves from Dr. Wakeman . The nerves , however , have only two settings : tickle and pain . Jenny must manage these while fighting Himcules , a villain whose strength increases when he sees others in pain and diminishes at the sound of laughter . 23 12a `` Saved By The Shell '' Ron Hogart & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse January 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) Sheldon sets Jenny up for a date with Silver Shell , in hopes that he can reveal himself to her . However , she already has a date with Don Prima , much to Sheldon 's chagrin . An evil mutant fly that can eat metal attacks people in the restaurant while the date takes place , while Silver Shell tries to sabotage the date by ruining Don 's beautiful shoes . 24 12b `` Tradeshow Showdown '' Ron Hogart & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson January 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) Jenny is stuck going to a robot convention with Dr. Wakeman . Snubbed by all the other robots and insulted by Dr. Wakeman 's rival , Dr. Phineas Mogg , Jenny finds herself going to a robot called Vee for comfort . However , `` Vee '' is actually Vexus in disguise , seeking to recruit new Cluster members . 25 13a `` The Wonderful World of Wizzly '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Chris Dent February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) Jenny gets a chance to visit the theme park Wizzly World with Brad and Tuck , and she can not help but think that the robots in the park feel miserable . When Jenny breaks them out of the park , however , chaos ensues . 26 13b `` Call Hating '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Ed Baker February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) When Jenny hangs up on Dr. Wakeman one too many times , the doctor desperately reprograms Jenny 's communicator to make Jenny unable to turn it off . Season 2 ( 2004 -- 05 ) ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot season 2 episodes No . In Series No . In Season Title Directed By Storyboard By Original Air date 27 `` A Robot For All Seasons '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain & Brandon Kruse December 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 08 ) Jenny is unwittingly programmed for evil against her will by a spoiled child named Todd Sweeney , who uses her to ruin the holidays for all of Tremorton . When she returns to normal , she discovers that the entire town has turned against her , and nobody believes her pleas of innocence , except for the one person that worships her like a goddess - Sheldon . Todd , however , still intends to use her to ruin the year 's biggest holiday -- Christmas . 28 2a `` Future Shock '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse January 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) When Tuck takes a look into Dr. Wakeman 's `` Future Scope '' and sees a vision which leads him to believe that Jenny will kill Brad , he takes all costs to stop Brad from leaving for a drive - in movie showing . 29 2b `` Humiliation 101 '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson January 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) Dr. Wakeman is coming to Tremorton High to speak at a special science assembly about Jenny . Fearing humiliation , Jenny tries to prevent her mother from talking at the assembly . 30 3a `` Last Action Zero '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain January 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) Brad gets a chance to join the Skyway Patrol in hopes that he can help Jenny in her duties . However , he soon finds himself stuck with nothing but paperwork and paper cuts at his new job . 31 3b `` Mind Over Matter '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) After being lectured about planned obsolescence by Brad , and later finding herself unable to defeat the energy vampire Gigawatt , Jenny fears being rendered an obsolete robot . Determined to beat Gigawatt , she soon tries to `` upgrade '' herself to make up for her weaknesses against Gigawatt . 32 4a `` Love ' Em Or Leash ' Em '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Gabe Swarr January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) Jenny 's new boyfriend , a male robot named Kenny built by Dr. Wakeman 's rival Dr. Mogg ( who copies many of Dr. Wakeman 's inventions while adding distinctive twists ) , seems to be the perfect match for her at first ; however , Kenny soon starts to display oddly dog - like characteristics . Meanwhile , the new couple attracts Sheldon 's jealousy . 33 4b `` Teen Team Time '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Kelly Armstrong January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) The Teen Team has come to Earth , and they are quite impressed with Jenny 's abilities . Jenny seems more than excited to join , but finds herself ignoring her other friends in favor of a group of heroes that are mostly prejudiced against `` normal people '' . 34 5a `` Pajama Party Prankapalooza '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez January 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) Jenny has managed to get herself invited to Brit and Tiff 's slumber party , and , as usual , Jenny 's naiveness leads her to cause mischief all over town to impress the Crusts . Dr. Wakeman must stop Jenny before Skyway Patrol can catch up to her daughter . 35 5b `` Sister Sledgehammer '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Mike Kunkel January 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) Commander Smytus has actually succeeded in assimilating Jenny into the Cluster , and has turned her into a massive metal monster . Having been awakened due to Jenny being in crisis , the rest of the XJ line have come to save their captive sister . 36 6a `` Dancing With My Shell '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain April 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 02 ) Jenny takes the Silver Shell to the Sadie Hawkins school dance , and Sheldon hopes that he can impress Jenny enough to reveal his identity to her . Everything starts going wrong , however , when Letta and the Space Bikers crash the dance . 37 6b `` Around The World In Eighty Pieces '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson April 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 02 ) Crackerjack Cluster inventor Krackus has managed to scatter Jenny 's parts all over the world , and Brad , Tuck , and Sheldon must put their friend back together before Krackus can call Vexus on his success . 38 7a `` Armagedroid '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Tom King March 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 25 ) Armagedroid -- once a powerful global protector programmed to disarm and destroy all weapons before he went rogue -- returns to Tremorton , and Jenny finds herself unable to stop such a huge robot . 39 7b `` Killgore '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Dave Thomas June 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) Killgore , a small wind - up robot , hopes to kidnap Jenny in hopes of impressing the Cluster , but no one can resist his unintentionally cutesy appearance . 40 8a `` A Pain In My Sidekick '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson July 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 16 ) Tuck admires the Silver Shell , so he manages to convince Sheldon into making him Silver Shell 's faithful sidekick , the Tin Can . Being a sidekick is not quite what he expects , though . 41 8b `` Crash Pad Crash '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez July 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 23 ) Jenny 's new `` bachelor pad '' is the new hot spot in town , but her new party lifestyle begins to interfere with her own personal duties . 42 ~ 43 9 ~ 10 `` Escape From Cluster Prime '' Rob Renzetti & Chris Savino Brandon Kruse , Heather Martinez , Chris Reccardi & Bryan Andrews August 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) Scorned by Tremorton after ruining the town 's 300th anniversary celebrations during a fight with Vexus , Jenny gets fed up with being unappreciated by humans and soon finds herself in Cluster Prime , the capital of Vexus ' empire . She finally gets a chance to live with other robots like her , but soon discovers there 's more to Cluster Prime than meets the eye . 44 11 `` Victim of Fashion '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Alex Kirwan & Brandon Kruse October 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 07 ) Not to be outdone by each other , a fashion war erupts between Jenny and the Crust cousins . Brit and Tiff employ psychological warfare by making Jenny feel self - conscious about her weight , so she urges Sheldon to make her as light as possible , which results in giving up her weapons and armor . 45 12a `` Designing Women '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse September 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 06 ) Looking to find a way into Jenny 's heart , Sheldon steals a set of XJ - 9 schematics from Dr. Wakeman . Vexus , however , also has eyes for the schematics , and is willing to disguise herself as `` QT2 '' to trick Sheldon into giving them to her . 46 12b `` Robot Riot '' John Fountain & Rob Renzetti John Fountain September 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 06 ) Jenny gives in to Tuck 's request to be his entry for the hit robot combat competition `` Robot Wars '' , despite finding the event barbaric . 47 13a `` Bradventure '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain September 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 07 ) Tired of being stuck under Jenny 's shadow , Brad sets out to be his own hero . However , he finds himself in hot water when he runs afoul of the scientist Dr. Locus and his daughter Melody . Locus wants the XJ - 9 schematics for reasons yet unknown and when Jenny gets knocked out in battle , Brad has to prove himself . 48 13b `` Mama Drama '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez September 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 07 ) Jenny is convinced that Dr. Wakeman 's new boyfriend is a psychopath . 49 14a `` Toying with Jenny '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse September 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 09 ) The brand - new `` Action Jenny '' toys are a huge success , and Jenny finds herself taken in by the fame . However , they soon turn out to be Vexus and Krackus ' newest plan to conquer the world . 50 14b `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Troubles '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Chris Dent & John Fountain September 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 09 ) Due to internal disputes , the Teen Team has broken up . With no place left to go , Misty heads back to Earth to be with Jenny . Teased at school by the Crust cousins for her appearance , Misty convinces Jenny to get back at them through a prank war . Season 3 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot season 3 episodes No . In Series No . In Season Title Directed By Storyboard By Original Air date 51 1a `` Weapons of Mass Distraction '' Chris Savino , Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez October 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) Jenny has a crush on a new kid named Travis , but there 's only one problem : Travis is afraid of anything mechanical . The scene with Travis ' father in the factory is based on the Charlie Chaplin motion picture , `` Modern Times '' . 52 1b `` There 's No Place Like Home School '' Ray Pointer , Bob Nesler & Greg Miller Bernie Petterson October 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) Jenny winds up getting homeschooled by Dr. Wakeman due to a mishap at school involving a student and a trashcan . Jenny may not like it , but her mother enjoys the chance to teach her daughter ... perhaps too much . 53 2a `` No Harmony with Melody '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti John Fountain October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) Melody returns to Tremorton , and Brad begins spending more time with her . Is Jenny merely getting jealous , or is Melody more of a dischord than she seems ? 54 2b `` Tuckered Out '' Greg Miller & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) If Tuck does n't pass his next assignment , he 's going to wind up repeating the second grade . His assignment : a project on his personal hero . His subject : Jenny . His project : create a movie centering on Jenny 's life . His personality : too enthusiastic for anyone to stand . Along with a generous amount of creative license . 55 3a `` Stage Fright '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti Brian Andrews November 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) Jenny fails an audition for the school play of Romeo and Juliet , due to her being a robot . However , her and the play 's director 's views are questioned when two different races of aliens land for a surprise visit . 56 3b `` Never Say Uncle '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Will Finn November 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) After Nora 's electrics address filer goes on the fritz , Jenny invites her distant aunt over to visit , but quickly learns that she and her sister Nora Wakeman do n't quite see eye to eye . 57 4a `` A Spoonful of Mayhem '' Chris Savino & Rob Renzetti Chris Reccardi November 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 08 ) After a group of runaway living fruits and vegetables is stopped by Jenny , a jealous Skyway Patrol lieutenant seeks to permanently shut her down . 58 4b `` Enclosure of Doom '' Daniel de la Vega , Monty Young & Rob Renzetti Brian Andrews November 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 08 ) Jenny wakes to find herself trapped in a mysterious place , where laser guns and other mechanisms meet her every move and the only company she has is ... Killgore ? 59 5a `` Girl of Steal '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse October 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) Jenny really wants a popular music player called the `` Musique , '' but it 's very expensive . So Jenny tries another method : shoplifting ! 60 5b `` Mist Opportunities '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson October 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) With Misty hanging in Tremorton and doing her part in keeping the town safe ( though not for free ) , Jenny decides to leave the superheroics to her and starts to slack off . But when Misty 's mercenary habits clash with Jenny 's views on protecting the innocent , fisticuffs break out between the two . What 's going to become of their friendship ? 61 6a `` The Legion of Evil '' Chris Savino & Rob Renzetti John Fountain October 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 25 ) Vladimir ( Mr. Scruffles ) , Lancer , Mudslinger and the Mad Hammer Bros. form the ' Legion of Evil ' to seek their shared vengeance on Jenny . 62 6b `` The Price of Love '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez October 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 25 ) Sheldon tries to make Jenny jealous by paying Pteresa to be his girlfriend . 63 7a `` Teen Idol '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) A group of aliens worship Jenny after she is mistaken for a `` comet goddess '' . It 's fun at first but they soon drive Jenny crazy . However , when confronted , the aliens promise to leave her alone after one last ceremony . Jenny unwittingly pulls the Sun towards the Earth , and uses the same ceremony the opposite direction . She then hurls the alien 's spaceship into an elliptical orbit around the sun , turning them into a comet . The Earth is saved , but someone 's missing ... 64 7b `` Good Old Sheldon '' Bob Jaques & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse & Steve Sandoval November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) Turns out , poor Sheldon was stuck on the aliens ' ship when Jenny got rid of it ( in the previous episode ) , and he 's been spending decades trying to get back to Earth ( even though it 's only been a short time on Earth since he left ) . Hopefully , Jenny can get him back to his proper age . 65 8a `` Infectious Personality '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson February 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) After destroying a series of asteroids that threaten to destroy the Earth , Jenny returns to earth , bringing with her a dust that severely alters the characteristics of her close friends . 66 8b `` Trash Talk '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse February 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) Jenny , Brad , and Tuck ca n't seem to agree over the rules of a board game . But when the boys tag along on Jenny 's mission to a garbage dump asteroid , they run into Vexus , Smytus , and Krackus who are stuck in the asteroid . The ex-Cluster Queen is looking to drain Jenny of her energy , but she and her henchbots ca n't agree on what to use the power for . 67 9a `` Agent 00 ' Sheldon '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) Sheldon is recruited to become a sort of secret agent , and stumbles onto a supposed plot to destroy every last robot in Tremorton . 68 9b `` Indes - Tuck - tible '' Chris Savino & Rob Renzetti John Fountain March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) After almost getting hit by a truck , Tuck becomes hyper - paranoid about everything , until Jenny shows himself in the future , perfectly healthy . Tuck realizes that he 's not going to die until he lives a full life , and decides to become a daredevil , seeking fame and glory . Unfortunately for Jenny , this means a lot of stopping what she 's doing and saving him from his crazy stunts . 69 10a `` Puppet Bride '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Chuck Grieb & Wendy Grieb March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) One of Mrs. Wakeman 's old creations , a robot puppet named `` Li'l Acorn '' , tries to make Jenny his bride . 70 10b `` Historionics '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Scott Bern March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) Jenny , Brad , Tuck and Sheldon end up stranded on a deserted island inhabited by hostile robotic clones of historical figures . To make matters worse , Jenny 's auxiliary power is about to run out ! Featuring Uncle Wizzly , based on the famous creator of the Wizzly theme parks . 71 11a `` Ball and Chain '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse April 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 25 ) Brad is getting married , but not by choice . The Space Bikers want poor Brad to get hitched to Tammy . But does Brad really want to be rescued ? 72 11b `` Labor Day '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Will Finn April 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 25 ) Skyway Patrol wants Jenny to pay for repairs to the city due to her fooling around , and now Jenny is on a desperate job hunt . 73 12a `` Voyage to The Planet of The Bikers '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) The Space Bikers have managed to rebuild Jenny into a motorcycle , and now she and Tuck are en route to their hideout to demand them to change her back ! 74 12b `` Queen Bee '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Cindy Morrow April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) Vexus is back , and with a new look . Having paired up with Brit and Tiff , the ex-Cluster Queen is becoming quite popular in school , to the point where even the Crust Cousins ca n't compete . 75 13a `` Samurai Vac '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) Jenny unwittingly dishonors a Japanese vacuum robot while on a mission to Tokyo , and she must restore the robot 's honor . 76 13b `` Turncoats '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) At the Invention Convention , Professor Wakeman 's latest robot goes haywire . Soon after , all the previous XJ robot models begin to attack as well . It 's up to Jenny and her mother to find out why . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on January 13 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on August 11 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on September 29 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on October 6 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on October 20 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on November 10 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on November 17 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on December 5 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on January 16 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on January 18 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on February 2 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on February 16 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on March 30 , 2007 in Asia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` My Life as a Teenage Robot : Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Life as a Teenage Robot : Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Life as a Teenage Robot : Season 3 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Life as a Teenage Robot '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot official Nickelodeon page My Life as a Teenage Robot at the Big Cartoon DataBase My Life as a Teenage Robot on IMDb My Life as a Teenage Robot at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Life_as_a_Teenage_Robot_episodes&oldid=827325860 '' Categories : My Life as a Teenage Robot Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Frederator Studios Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 02 : 18 . About Wikipedia	my life as a teenage robot series finale	[ "\nMy Life as a Teenage Robot season 3 episodes\n\nNo. In Series\nNo. In Season\nTitle\nDirected By\nStoryboard By\nOriginal Air date[4]\n\n\n51\n1a\n\"Weapons of Mass Distraction\"\nChris Savino, Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti\nHeather Martinez\nOctober 4, 2008 (2008-10-04)[nb 1]\n\n\n\nJenny has a crush on a new kid named Travis, but there's only one problem: Travis is afraid of anything mechanical.\nThe scene with Travis' father in the factory is based on the Charlie Chaplin motion picture, \"Modern Times\".\n\n\n52\n1b\n\"There's No Place Like Home School\"\nRay Pointer, Bob Nesler & Greg Miller\nBernie Petterson\nOctober 4, 2008 (2008-10-04)[nb 1]\n\n\nJenny winds up getting homeschooled by Dr. Wakeman due to a mishap at school involving a student and a trashcan. Jenny may not like it, but her mother enjoys the chance to teach her daughter... perhaps too much.\n\n\n53\n2a\n\"No Harmony with Melody\"\nRobert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti\nJohn Fountain\nOctober 12, 2008 (2008-10-12)[nb 2]\n\n\nMelody returns to Tremorton, and Brad begins spending more time with her. Is Jenny merely getting jealous, or is Melody more of a dischord than she seems?\n\n\n54\n2b\n\"Tuckered Out\"\nGreg Miller & Rob Renzetti\nHeather Martinez\nOctober 12, 2008 (2008-10-12)[nb 2]\n\n\nIf Tuck doesn't pass his next assignment, he's going to wind up repeating the second grade. His assignment: a project on his personal hero. His subject: Jenny. His project: create a movie centering on Jenny's life. His personality: too enthusiastic for anyone to stand. Along with a generous amount of creative license.\n\n\n55\n3a\n\"Stage Fright\"\nRobert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti\nBrian Andrews\nNovember 1, 2008 (2008-11-01)[nb 3]\n\n\nJenny fails an audition for the school play of Romeo and Juliet, due to her being a robot. However, her and the play's director's views are questioned when two different races of aliens land for a surprise visit.\n\n\n56\n3b\n\"Never Say Uncle\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nWill Finn\nNovember 1, 2008 (2008-11-01)[nb 3]\n\n\nAfter Nora's electrics address filer goes on the fritz, Jenny invites her distant aunt over to visit, but quickly learns that she and her sister Nora Wakeman don't quite see eye to eye.\n\n\n57\n4a\n\"A Spoonful of Mayhem\"\nChris Savino & Rob Renzetti\nChris Reccardi\nNovember 8, 2008 (2008-11-08)[nb 4]\n\n\nAfter a group of runaway living fruits and vegetables is stopped by Jenny, a jealous Skyway Patrol lieutenant seeks to permanently shut her down.\n\n\n58\n4b\n\"Enclosure of Doom\"\nDaniel de la Vega, Monty Young & Rob Renzetti\nBrian Andrews\nNovember 8, 2008 (2008-11-08)[nb 4]\n\n\nJenny wakes to find herself trapped in a mysterious place, where laser guns and other mechanisms meet her every move and the only company she has is... Killgore?\n\n\n59\n5a\n\"Girl of Steal\"\nRobert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti\nBrandon Kruse\nOctober 26, 2008 (2008-10-26)[nb 5]\n\n\nJenny really wants a popular music player called the \"Musique,\" but it's very expensive. So Jenny tries another method: shoplifting!\n\n\n60\n5b\n\"Mist Opportunities\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nBernie Petterson\nOctober 26, 2008 (2008-10-26)[nb 5]\n\n\nWith Misty hanging in Tremorton and doing her part in keeping the town safe (though not for free), Jenny decides to leave the superheroics to her and starts to slack off. But when Misty's mercenary habits clash with Jenny's views on protecting the innocent, fisticuffs break out between the two. What's going to become of their friendship?\n\n\n61\n6a\n\"The Legion of Evil\"\nChris Savino & Rob Renzetti\nJohn Fountain\nOctober 25, 2008 (2008-10-25)[nb 6]\n\n\nVladimir (Mr. Scruffles), Lancer, Mudslinger and the Mad Hammer Bros. form the 'Legion of Evil' to seek their shared vengeance on Jenny.\n\n\n62\n6b\n\"The Price of Love\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nHeather Martinez\nOctober 25, 2008 (2008-10-25)[nb 6]\n\n\nSheldon tries to make Jenny jealous by paying Pteresa to be his girlfriend.\n\n\n63\n7a\n\"Teen Idol\"\nChris Sauve & Rob Renzetti\nBernie Petterson\nNovember 9, 2008 (2008-11-09)[nb 7]\n\n\nA group of aliens worship Jenny after she is mistaken for a \"comet goddess\". It's fun at first but they soon drive Jenny crazy. However, when confronted, the aliens promise to leave her alone after one last ceremony. Jenny unwittingly pulls the Sun towards the Earth, and uses the same ceremony the opposite direction. She then hurls the alien's spaceship into an elliptical orbit around the sun, turning them into a comet. The Earth is saved, but someone's missing...\n\n\n64\n7b\n\"Good Old Sheldon\"\nBob Jaques & Rob Renzetti\nBrandon Kruse & Steve Sandoval\nNovember 9, 2008 (2008-11-09)[nb 7]\n\n\nTurns out, poor Sheldon was stuck on the aliens' ship when Jenny got rid of it (in the previous episode), and he's been spending decades trying to get back to Earth (even though it's only been a short time on Earth since he left). Hopefully, Jenny can get him back to his proper age.\n\n\n65\n8a\n\"Infectious Personality\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nBernie Petterson\nFebruary 22, 2009 (2009-02-22)[nb 8]\n\n\nAfter destroying a series of asteroids that threaten to destroy the Earth, Jenny returns to earth, bringing with her a dust that severely alters the characteristics of her close friends.\n\n\n66\n8b\n\"Trash Talk\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nBrandon Kruse\nFebruary 22, 2009 (2009-02-22)[nb 8]\n\n\nJenny, Brad, and Tuck can't seem to agree over the rules of a board game. But when the boys tag along on Jenny's mission to a garbage dump asteroid, they run into Vexus, Smytus, and Krackus who are stuck in the asteroid. The ex-Cluster Queen is looking to drain Jenny of her energy, but she and her henchbots can't agree on what to use the power for.\n\n\n67\n9a\n\"Agent 00' Sheldon\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nHeather Martinez\nMarch 7, 2009 (2009-03-07)[nb 9]\n\n\nSheldon is recruited to become a sort of secret agent, and stumbles onto a supposed plot to destroy every last robot in Tremorton.\n\n\n68\n9b\n\"Indes-Tuck-tible\"\nChris Savino & Rob Renzetti\nJohn Fountain\nMarch 7, 2009 (2009-03-07)[nb 9]\n\n\nAfter almost getting hit by a truck, Tuck becomes hyper-paranoid about everything, until Jenny shows himself in the future, perfectly healthy. Tuck realizes that he's not going to die until he lives a full life, and decides to become a daredevil, seeking fame and glory. Unfortunately for Jenny, this means a lot of stopping what she's doing and saving him from his crazy stunts.\n\n\n69\n10a\n\"Puppet Bride\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nChuck Grieb & Wendy Grieb\nMarch 8, 2009 (2009-03-08)[nb 10]\n\n\nOne of Mrs. Wakeman's old creations, a robot puppet named \"Li'l Acorn\", tries to make Jenny his bride.\n\n\n70\n10b\n\"Historionics\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nScott Bern\nMarch 8, 2009 (2009-03-08)[nb 10]\n\n\nJenny, Brad, Tuck and Sheldon end up stranded on a deserted island inhabited by hostile robotic clones of historical figures. To make matters worse, Jenny's auxiliary power is about to run out! Featuring Uncle Wizzly, based on the famous creator of the Wizzly theme parks.\n\n\n71\n11a\n\"Ball and Chain\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nBrandon Kruse\nApril 25, 2009 (2009-04-25)[nb 11]\n\n\nBrad is getting married, but not by choice. The Space Bikers want poor Brad to get hitched to Tammy. But does Brad really want to be rescued?\n\n\n72\n11b\n\"Labor Day\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nWill Finn\nApril 25, 2009 (2009-04-25)[nb 11]\n\n\nSkyway Patrol wants Jenny to pay for repairs to the city due to her fooling around, and now Jenny is on a desperate job hunt.\n\n\n73\n12a\n\"Voyage to The Planet of The Bikers\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nBernie Petterson\nApril 26, 2009 (2009-04-26)[nb 12]\n\n\nThe Space Bikers have managed to rebuild Jenny into a motorcycle, and now she and Tuck are en route to their hideout to demand them to change her back!\n\n\n74\n12b\n\"Queen Bee\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nCindy Morrow\nApril 26, 2009 (2009-04-26)[nb 12]\n\n\nVexus is back, and with a new look. Having paired up with Brit and Tiff, the ex-Cluster Queen is becoming quite popular in school, to the point where even the Crust Cousins can't compete.\n\n\n75\n13a\n\"Samurai Vac\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nBrandon Kruse\nMay 2, 2009 (2009-05-02)[nb 13]\n\n\nJenny unwittingly dishonors a Japanese vacuum robot while on a mission to Tokyo, and she must restore the robot's honor.\n\n\n76\n13b\n\"Turncoats\"\nRandy Myers & Rob Renzetti\nBernie Petterson\nMay 2, 2009 (2009-05-02)[nb 13]\n\n\nAt the Invention Convention, Professor Wakeman's latest robot goes haywire. Soon after, all the previous XJ robot models begin to attack as well. It's up to Jenny and her mother to find out why.\n\n" ]	[ "Turncoats" ]
1849717377488364165	Melos and the Peloponnesian War	Melos and the Peloponnesian War - wikipedia Melos and the Peloponnesian War Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( May 2011 ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During part of the Peloponnesian War , Athens attacked Melos . The catastrophic results of the war on Melos were a result of what Thucydides called realism . Thucydides , often considered the father of political realism , wrote about the Peloponnesian War from the vantage point of Athens , and in The Melian Dialogue , gives his point of view on what happened when the Athenians defeated the Melians and then proceeded to kill all the men , and sell the women and children . Thucydides wrote the Melian Dialogue to exemplify what he deemed the cause of the defeat , which he pinpointed as realism . The Peloponnesian War was an early example that exhibited the disasters , which can arise between different groups when a stronger power exerts its dominance over a weaker one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thucydides 2 Realism 3 Genocide 4 Reasons Why The Peloponnesian War is Relevant Today 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Thucydides ( edit ) Thucydides explains the Athenians reason for going after Melos in the following way , `` By subjugating the Melians the Athenians hoped not only to extend their empire but also to improve their image and thus their security . To allow the weaker Melians to remain free , according to the Athenians , would reflect negatively on Athenian power '' . Thucydides explains the defeat of the Melians by indicating the main cause as one relating to political realism , insofar as the Athenians were quick to be cruelly domineering and take over the island colony , belonging to Sparta , mainly because it was weak . One main idea of realism is the preface that states will act as rational actors , meaning state 's actions will reflect their best interests . Realism ( edit ) According to professor of political science , Steven L. Spiegel , `` The school of thought known as realism is the most venerable paradigm in international relations theory . Its roots can be traced back hundreds of years to the Greek historian Thucydides and his History of the Peloponnesian Wars '' Spiegel 's interpretation of Thucydides writings as examples of realism could be at fault when it comes to whether or not the destruction of Melos was an act attributable to realism or a barbaric act of mass murder . Spiegel , as well as other realists who see realism as the main cause of interactions between states are quick to point out Thucydides writings as the seeds upon which modern political realism grew . However , a bias also arises because of the labeling of this event and what some consider genocide , as realism . Of primary importance today is whether or not The Peloponnesian War , specifically the destruction of Melos , exemplified realism or was something far beyond that . As the defeat of Melos was deemed a result of realism , so could the Rwandan Genocide be called the same as a stronger power dominated over a weaker one . Realism might be seen in interactions involving the world economy , trade , and diplomatic relations , as well as war but an occurrence such as what happened in Melos or what happened in Rwanda , should not be deemed a result of realism . Instead , it should be far outside the scope of understanding . It was not in Athens best interest to kill the people of Melos . However , because this war , mainly the destruction of Melos , is often referred to by modern realists , its significance is abounding and the events must not be looked at parsimoniously . What happened in Melos , if an example of states acting in a realist manner , raises many questions . Genocide ( edit ) According to Israel W. Charny in The Encyclopedia of Genocide : The most frequently cited case of genocide perpetrated in antiquity is the destruction of Melos by the Athenians in 416 B.C.E. This is more probably because modern scholars have read Thucydides celebrated `` Melian Dialogue '' which sets out a rationale of sorts for ancient imperialism than because of their familiarity with antiquity . . Not only is the destruction of Melos considered an example of realism but it is also pinpointed as an important example of genocide . This gives the impression that genocide can be explained in terms of realism . However , I find fault in this idea . Cases of genocide and realism do not generally go hand in hand . Therefore , because people are trying to find an explanation for genocide , they may turn to realism but realism as an answer leaves questions unanswered . This example of genocide is important when it comes to trying to prevent further genocides in the future and also when trying to find an explanation and solution to prevent further genocides from taking place . Reasons why the Peloponnesian War is relevant today ( edit ) David Cooper explains the wars place in modern political thought in his book , The Geography of Genocide , by writing , The Peloponnesian War occurred at the end of the fifth century B.C. , and it continues to haunt students of political science who are forced to understand the realist school of politics . The savagery of the war between Athens and Sparta , in which ' sons were killed by their father , ' reveals much about the moral foundations upon which Western civilization was built . Our primary source for understanding this conflict remains Thucydides , although more comprehensive historical analyses have been published in recent years . When looking to find examples of realism , there is a definite bias that comes into play . This is one that arises from a desire to prove realism is an always evident paradigm that can explain past and future occurrences . The problem becomes explaining how if realism is always at play , then why would Melos not have submitted . In my opinion , the most important uncertainty arising from the Peloponnesian War is why Melos took what actions it did . If this were an example of realism , Melos would have likely given in to the Athenians and saved themselves . See also ( edit ) Peloponnesian War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thucydides . `` Essentials of International Relations '' . Ed . Suresht Bald . Trans . Richard Crawley . New York : Norton , 1999 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Steven L. , et al. World Politics in a New Era . 4th . New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charny , Israel W. `` Encyclopedia of Genocide '' . Vol. 2 . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Alan D . `` The Geography of Genocide '' . Lanham : University Press of America , 2009 . External links ( edit ) http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/morg6.htm http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-intl-relations/ http://www.hri.org/por/thucydides.html http://www.laconia.org/gen_info_literature/Peloponnesian_war.htm http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PELOWARS.HTM http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0070-peloponnesian-war.php Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melos_and_the_Peloponnesian_War&oldid=778594378 '' Categories : Peloponnesian War Milos Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from May 2011 All orphaned articles Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles needing cleanup from May 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from May 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 May 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the slaughter following the fall of melos led to which play	[]	[]
-904024567641712063	A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)	A Walk Among the Tombstones ( film ) - wikipedia A Walk Among the Tombstones ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Walk Among the Tombstones Theatrical release poster Directed by Scott Frank Produced by Danny DeVito Michael Shamberg Stacey Sher Brian Oliver Tobin Armbrust Screenplay by Scott Frank Based on A Walk Among the Tombstones by Lawrence Block Starring Liam Neeson Dan Stevens David Harbour Brian Bradley Boyd Holbrook Music by Carlos Rafael Rivera Cinematography Mihai Mălaimare Jr . Edited by Jill Savitt Production company Cross Creek Pictures Endgame Entertainment 1984 Private Defense Contractors Exclusive Media Jersey Films Double Feature Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $62.1 million A Walk Among the Tombstones is a 2014 American neo-noir crime drama - thriller film written and directed by Scott Frank , and based on a 1992 novel of the same name by Lawrence Block . It stars Liam Neeson , Dan Stevens , David Harbour , Brian Bradley and Boyd Holbrook . It serves as an indirect sequel to the 1986 film 8 Million Ways to Die , featuring the same lead character . The film was released on September 19 , 2014 . Critical reception was mixed to positive , and the film was a financial success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1991 , Detective Matthew Scudder ( Liam Neeson ) is in a car with his partner . He then enters a bar and buys drinks . Two masked men come in and kill the bartender , and Matt kills one man with his gun . He pursues and kills the second man , as well as the third who acted as a getaway driver . Eight years later , a junkie named Peter ( Boyd Holbrook ) approaches Matt , now retired , and asks him to help his brother Kenny Kristo ( Dan Stevens ) , a drug trafficker whose wife was kidnapped and murdered . Kenny told Matt that after he delivered the ransom , the kidnappers directed him to a car containing his wife 's dismembered body . Matt agrees to find the kidnappers . At the library , Matt researches similar killings , and finds victims named Marie Gotteskind and Leila Anderssen . He meets a street kid named TJ ( Brian `` Astro '' Bradley ) , who helps him with his search . Following an article , Matt goes to a cemetery and speaks with the groundskeeper , Jonas Loogan ( Olafur Darri Olafsson ) , who is upset that Matt forces him to remember finding a dismembered Leila in the cemetery pond . Matt talks to Leila 's fiancé Reuben ( Mark Consuelos ) , who claims to have witnessed two men drag her into a van driven by a third person . Out the window , Matt sees Jonas exiting an apartment building . In a tool shed belonging to Jonas on the building 's roof , Matt finds photos of Reuben and Leila having sex . Jonas admits that he helped kidnap Leila . He conspired to take Leila away from Reuben , who is a drug dealer , and help her stop using drugs . Instead , the other two men tortured and killed Leila . Jonas gives Matt one name ( Ray ) and jumps off the roof to his death . The two kidnappers , Ray and Albert ( David Harbour and Adam David Thompson ) , scout the home of Yuri Landau ( Sebastian Roche ) another drug trafficker . After realizing Landau 's wife is bedridden , they prepare to leave for a new target . However , they see his 14 - year - old daughter Lucia ( Danielle Rose Russell ) , and Ray decides to kidnap her . Matt eventually learns that Marie was a DEA agent and realizes that the people who murdered her also got her files , which they have been using to choose their victims . Meanwhile , Matt grows closer to TJ , and encourages the boy to study to avoid a life of crime . During a conversation with TJ , Matt explains why he retired . During the shootout from the opening scene , one of his bullets killed a 7 - year - old girl . He has been trying to quit drinking ever since . Kenny brings Matt to Landau 's home , where the kidnappers call and arrange a drop . Matt , Kenny , Landau , Peter and TJ ( who earlier brought Matt his old gun ) go to the cemetery . After a stand off , Lucia is returned to her father . When Albert realizes the ransom money is counterfeit , a shootout ensues . Peter is killed and Matt wounds Ray . Albert and Ray escape in their van . After Albert and Ray arrive at their place , TJ sneaks out of their van , calls Matt and tells him the address . Albert garrottes Ray in the basement , and goes back upstairs to find Matt , Kenny and TJ . Matt overpowers and cuffs Albert . He leaves Albert for Kenny and calls a cab for TJ . While Kenny goes down the basement , Albert frees himself . Matt goes back inside the house and finds Kenny 's corpse . Albert attacks Matt and after a brief fight , Matt kills him . Matt returns home to find TJ sleeping on the couch . He spots a drawing that TJ made of himself as a superhero . He sits down and falls asleep . Cast ( edit ) Liam Neeson as Matthew Scudder Dan Stevens as Kenny Kristo David Harbour as Ray Boyd Holbrook as Peter Kristo Ólafur Darri Ólafsson as Jonas Loogan Brian `` Astro '' Bradley as TJ Eric Nelsen as Howie Mark Consuelos as Reuben Quintana Adam David Thompson as Albert Sebastian Roché as Yuri Landau Laura Birn as Leila Alvarez Danielle Rose Russell as Ludmilla Landau ( Lucia ) Whitney Able as Sarah at AA ( Twelve Step Girl ) Dennis Jay Funny as Phil Justin ( AA Speaker ) Stephanie Andujar as Cashier Development ( edit ) A film adaptation of Lawrence Block 's novel had been in development for several years with a script from Scott Frank . In 2002 , Harrison Ford was attached to star and D.J. Caruso to direct . In May 2012 , Liam Neeson had reportedly signed on to play Matthew Scudder in the film , with Frank himself directing and production slated to begin February 2013 . Filming began on March 3 , 2013 in New York City . Producers invited author Block to the set to watch filming . On the casting of Neeson , Block said , `` Readers often ask who 'd be my ideal Matt Scudder , and I usually change the subject . But now it 's safe to tell you that , ever since I saw him in Michael Collins , Neeson has been up at the top of my personal Scudder wish list . I could n't be happier about either the star or the writer / director , both of them genuine artists and brilliant professionals . My book 's in good hands . '' The film was completed on October 8 , 2013 and classified by the MPAA as rated R for `` strong violence , disturbing images , language , and brief nudity '' . On October 18 , 2013 , Block tweeted that he had seen the film and revealed producers were aiming for a September 2014 release . On January 30 , 2014 , it was announced the film would be released on September 19 , 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) A Walk Among the Tombstones grossed $26 million in North America and $36.1 million in other territories for a total gross of $62.1 million , against its $28 million budget . The film earned $428,000 from Thursday night from 1,918 theaters , and $4.7 million from 2,712 theaters on its opening day . It debuted at number two at the box office on its opening weekend earning $13.1 million behind The Maze Runner ( $32.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) A Walk Among the Tombstones received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 65 % , based on 144 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` A Walk Among the Tombstones does n't entirely transcend its genre clichés , but it does offer Liam Neeson one of his more compelling roles in recent memory , and that 's often enough . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ rating , calling the film `` a stylish and smart thriller '' . Manohla Dargis in The New York Times called it `` one of those rare cinematic offerings : intelligent pulp '' but also noted that the film `` can be tough to watch , particularly its fleeting images of tortured women '' . In Variety , Andrew Barker found it a well - made thriller `` with a good deal of panache and style '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Walk among the Tombstones ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Walk Among the Tombstones ( 2014 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Walk Among the Tombstones ( 2014 ) '' . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jochimsen , Tino ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Liam Neeson 's ' A Walk Among the Tombstones ' will be huge '' . MoviePilot.com . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Liam Neeson Takes ' A Walk Among The Tombstones ' In Production Deal with Exclusive Media and Cross Creek Pictures '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Production Begins on Scott Frank 's A WALK AMONG THE TOMBSTONES Starring Liam Neeson , Dan Stevens , and Ruth Wilson '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ Bloom , Dan ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Liam Neeson Takes ' Walk Among the Tombstones ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Jump up ^ `` A Walk Among the Tombstones Production Update '' . MovieInsider.com . October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block , Lawrence ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` Saw # AWalkAmongTheTombstones today . Liam Neeson brilliant as Scudder , Scott Frank script and direction tops . Set for September release '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dates Crimson Peak , Ouija , Pitch Perfect 2 and More ! '' . ComingSoon . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner ' Off To Good Start With $1.1 M , ' Tombstones ' Takes In $480 K -- Late Night Numbers '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner ' Sprints To $11.25 M , 30 + Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner ' Races To $32.5 M Weekend , Kevin Smith 's ' Tusk ' Bombs '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ A Walk Among the Tombstones at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ A Walk Among the Tombstones at Metacritic Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Walk Among the Tombstones Review '' . RichardRoeper.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Good vs. Evil , Both Bloody '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' A Walk Among the Tombstones ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Walk Among the Tombstones on IMDb A Walk Among the Tombstones at AllMovie Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Walk Among the Tombstones ( film ) ( hide ) Films by Danny DeVito Directed The Ratings Game ( 1984 ) Throw Momma from the Train ( 1987 ) The War of the Roses ( 1989 ) Hoffa ( 1992 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Death to Smoochy ( 2002 ) Duplex ( 2003 ) Produced Hoffa ( 1992 ) Reality Bites ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) 8 Seconds ( 1994 ) Get Shorty ( 1995 ) Feeling Minnesota ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Gattaca ( 1997 ) Out of Sight ( 1998 ) Living Out Loud ( 1998 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Drowning Mona ( 2000 ) Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) How High ( 2001 ) Camp ( 2003 ) Garden State ( 2004 ) Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) Be Cool ( 2005 ) Even Money ( 2006 ) Relative Strangers ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Reno 911 ! : Miami ( 2007 ) A Walk Among the Tombstones ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Walk_Among_the_Tombstones_(film)&oldid=797631526 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s crime thriller films 2010s mystery films American films American crime thriller films American mystery films Films set in 1991 Films set in 1999 Films based on American novels Films based on crime novels Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Cross Creek Pictures films Universal Pictures films Films produced by Brian Oliver Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles to be expanded from November 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 10 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	liam neeson a walk among the tombstones trailer	[]	[]
-3552276780552944869	Rainout (sports)	Rainout ( sports ) - wikipedia Rainout ( sports ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rainout , washout , rain delay , and rain stopped play are terms regarding an outdoor event , generally a sporting event , delayed or canceled due to rain , or the threat of rain . It is not to be confused with a type of out in baseball , though a baseball game can be rained out . Delays due to other forms of weather are named `` snow delay '' , `` lightning delay '' , `` thunderstorm delay '' , or `` fog delay '' ( or generically `` weather delay '' ) , while there are many other effects of weather on sport . Also , a night game can be delayed if the floodlight system fails . Often spectators will be issued a ticket for a make up event , known as a `` rain check '' . Sports typically stopped due to the onset of rain include baseball , golf , tennis , and cricket , where even slightly damp conditions in the latter three sports seriously affect playing quality and the players ' safety . In the case of tennis , several venues ( such as those of Wimbledon and the Australian Open ) have built retractable roofs atop their existing courts and stadiums in the last decade to avert rain delays that could push a tournament further than the final date . Association football generally plays on through rain , although matches can be abandoned if the pitch becomes severely waterlogged or there is lightning in the area , with the latter case being more for the protection of spectators within the metal stands surrounding stadiums . In NCAA play , should lightning be detected by any pitch official , a minimum 30 - minute delay and a potential `` rainout '' can be declared if the lightning continues for a considerable amount of time under the NCAA 's all - sports policy regarding lightning . In North America , the only one of the four major team sports to stop play due to rain is baseball . Individual sports such as golf , tennis and auto racing are also subject to rainouts , in the last case because a wet racetrack poses a risk of hydroplaning for vehicles traveling at high speeds , the combination of which can be fatal . Gridiron - style football almost always plays through even the heaviest of rain or snow , only canceling , relocating or delaying a game in the event that conditions are so severe as to be unsafe for spectators to attend ( most commonly in the event of a lightning storm ) . Ice hockey , when played outdoors , may also be subject to rainouts or rain delays , as the conditions to maintain a playable ice surface depend on a narrow set of favorable weather conditions . Almost all meaningful basketball games are played indoors and are thus not subject to rainouts . If there is severe rain during a match , it can become a point of controversy whether a match should be abandoned . A notable example of this was on the final day of the Serie A 1999 - 00 season , when Juventus had to play out a match against Perugia despite the pitch appearing to be unplayable . Juventus lost the match 1 - 0 and consequently lost the Scudetto to Lazio . Contents 1 Baseball 1.1 Domed stadiums 1.2 Snow delay 2 Motorsport 2.1 Famous events delayed by rain in motorsport 3 Cricket 4 Consequences in live broadcasting 5 See also 6 References Baseball ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the weather threatens to rain out a baseball game , the groundskeepers cover the infield with a tarp to protect it from damage . Generally , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) teams will continue play in light to moderate rain but will suspend play if it is raining heavily or if there is standing water on the field . Games can also be delayed or canceled for other forms of inclement weather , or if the field is found to be unfit for play , and for other unusual causes such as bee swarms . Bee delays and cancellations have occurred in games such as the spring training game in 2005 that was canceled , as well as the 2009 Houston Astros - San Diego Padres game that was delayed in the ninth inning . However , rain is by far the most common cause for cancellations or stoppages of play . In case of rain out after the game has begun but before it is official , a rain check is issued ; this dates to the 1870s , but did not become widespread until the 20th century . Before a baseball game commences , unless it is the second game of a doubleheader , the manager of the home team is in charge of deciding whether or not the game should be delayed or canceled due to rain or other inclement weather ( see Rule 3.10 of baseball 's Official Rules ) . Once the home team manager hands his lineup card to the umpire shortly before the game is to begin , the umpiring crew chief has sole discretion to decide if a game should be delayed or canceled ( see Rule 3.10 and Rule 4.01 of the Official Rules ) . This also applies to the second game of a doubleheader . Umpires are required by rule to wait at least 30 minutes to see if conditions improve ; this is referred to as a rain delay and is not counted as part of the length of the game listed in the box score . In practice , umpires are encouraged to see that games are played if at all possible , and will most of the times wait as long as three hours before declaring a rainout . If a game is rained out before play begins , it is rescheduled for a later date . If it has already begun and rain falls , several scenarios are used to determine the need to resume play : If a game has completed the top half of the 5th inning and the home team is ahead , the game can be deemed an official game . The home team is declared the winner , and the game officially counts in standings . If a game has completed the bottom half of the 5th inning and either team is ahead , and in Minor League Baseball and college games if it is the final game of the series , the game can be deemed an official game . The leading team is declared the winner , and the game officially counts in standings . However , if the game is rained out prior to the completion of an inning in which the visiting team scored one or more runs to take the lead , and the home team has not retaken the lead , the game is suspended , to be resumed at a later date . If a game has completed the 5th inning , and the teams are tied , or in college and some Minor League Baseball games regardless of inning , and it is not the final game in the series ( the first or second game in a three - game series , also regardless of inning ) , the game is considered suspended , and the resumption of the game is scheduled for a future date ( usually the following day ) . The game picks up from where it left off . All games stopped for power outages after the 5th inning are considered suspended if it is not the final game in the series , regardless of the game 's score . In the Major League Baseball postseason , regardless of inning , all games stopped at any time for weather are considered suspended and continued from the point of stoppage when play resumes , no matter if the game has not reached the requirements above . This rule was put into place as a result of Game 5 of the 2008 World Series , which was the first postseason game in history to be suspended and resumed from the point of suspension . Prior to the 2009 postseason , a playoff game had to have at least five innings completed in order to be suspendable ; a playoff game stopped prior to that point had to be started over . An example was Game 1 of the 1982 National League Championship Series , which reached the top of the fifth inning , but had to be restarted from scratch the next day . If none of the previous scenarios apply , the game can not be deemed official . declares `` No Game , '' and a make - up of the game is scheduled for a future date unless it is not feasible . The latter occurs mainly among the minor leagues and college due to travel schedules , and only in the major leagues among teams that have been declared mathematically eliminated from postseason play where no benefit in the standings would be derived . The statistics compiled during the rained out game are not counted . The scheduling of make up dates generally follow these guidelines : If the game is postponed or suspended and both teams play each other the following day , then the game will be completed the next day as part of a doubleheader . Venue remains the same . If the game is postponed or suspended and neither team has a game the following day , then the game will be made up the following day . Venue remains the same . If the game is postponed or suspended , one or both teams play a different team the following day , and the teams meet again at the same venue later in the season , then the game will be rescheduled to a future series between the two teams at that venue , usually as part of a doubleheader . This mainly applies to division rivals . If the game is postponed or suspended , one or both teams play a different team the following day , and the teams do not meet again at the same venue later in the season , then two options apply . Usually , the teams find a convenient shared open date to play the makeup game at the venue where the rainout occurred . In rare cases , if the teams play again later in the season , the game gets rescheduled to that series , usually as part of a doubleheader . For the makeup game , the team that would have hosted the game will wear their home jerseys even though the game is played at a different venue . This happened in 2013 , when the Giants and the Reds met in a doubleheader at AT&T Park because a game between the two at Great American Ball Park got rained out and both teams had to play the following day . If more than one game is postponed or suspended in a series , then the previous rules apply to each game separately . If a makeup game must be postponed or suspended again , then the same doubleheader rules apply . This scenario is very uncommon . In the Major League Baseball postseason , doubleheaders are prohibited under the current collective bargaining agreement . The game gets scheduled to a future date at the same venue . In some independent baseball leagues , postseason doubleheaders can happen , but are very uncommon . If the teams are playing an international series and the game gets rained out , then the game will usually be made up at the neutral site as part of a doubleheader , but if that is not possible then the game gets rescheduled as part of a future series between the two at the designated home team 's venue , usually as part of a doubleheader . Triple headers are now prohibited under the current collective bargaining agreement , except when the first game is the conclusion of a game suspended from a prior date . This would only happen in the extremely rare case of the only remaining dates between teams being doubleheaders and no single games are left for the suspended game to precede . The last triple header occurred on October 1 , 1920 . Domed stadiums ( edit ) In areas that receive high amounts of rain or otherwise could be impacted by the weather , those teams have built stadiums with a roof to protect the field , first as a domed stadium , and more recently with a retractable roof . Despite this , the Houston Astros -- who played at the Houston Astrodome for 35 years and currently play at the retractable roof - equipped Minute Maid Park , primarily to protect fans from the intense summer Texas heat -- ironically had a rainout at the Astrodome on June 15 , 1976 due to intense flooding in the Houston area . The game , against the Pittsburgh Pirates , was later made up at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh despite the Astros still having a home series against the Pirates later that season . Also , Miller Park that opened in Milwaukee on April 6 , 2001 has a fan - style roof that opens and closes . Snow delay ( edit ) Although rare , a delay caused by snow has been known to happen in baseball . This is usually the case in the early parts of the season that , although always starts after the spring equinox , is still within the traditional snow season in the Northern half of North America . In fact , the first ever game of the Toronto Blue Jays in 1977 , although not delayed , was affected by a minor snowstorm . Although some areas of North America begin to receive snow in October , it is still too warm for snow to start accumulating , and with most teams done playing for the season by that point due to the MLB playoffs , is largely a non-issue anyway , and very rarely does the World Series extend into November -- something that has only happened six times ( 2001 World Series , 2009 World Series , 2010 World Series , 2015 World Series , 2016 World Series and 2017 World Series ) . In April 2007 , snow storms in northern Ohio caused the Cleveland Indians to postpone their home opening series against the Seattle Mariners and forced the Indians to find a different location for their home series against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . MLB took advantage of the roof at Miller Park ( home of the Milwaukee Brewers ) and moved the Indians - Angels series to Milwaukee . All seats were sold for $10 apiece , and attendance was 52,496 for the three games . The Indians - Mariners games were eventually made up at various points in the season , including one game at Safeco Field during their regularly - scheduled series in Seattle as part of a doubleheader in which the Indians were the designated home team for the first game . Motorsport ( edit ) Some auto racing series do not compete in rain , especially series that race on paved oval tracks . The rain severely diminishes the traction between the slick tires and the surface . Other series , especially those that race on road courses such as Formula One and public roads as in rallying , use special treaded rain tires while the surface is wet but not in excessively heavy rain , standing water , or lightning ( which is an automatic cessation of racing because of pit crew , race marshals , and safety ) . Dirt track racing can be run in a light rain as the vehicles have treaded tires . Rallying can be held in rain or snow . IndyCar and NASCAR do not compete on a wet or moist surface at most oval tracks . They will not start an event unless the surface is dry . If the surface become wet during a race , the event is typically halted , and the cars are pulled off the track . Very light moisture may warrant only a temporary yellow caution period , while heavier rains usually require a red flag , stopped condition . After the rain ceases , the sanctioning body will determine if the track surface can be dried within a reasonable time frame . The track is considered `` lost '' if rain thoroughly wets the surface , usually characterized by a dark look to the asphalt or concrete pavement . Track crews use jet dryers , which consist of modified jet engines , mounted upside down to allow the hot exhaust to pummel the surface . The hot exhaust acts to quickly evaporate the rainwater , and allow the surface to dry considerably quicker than normal conditions . Large scale wet - vacs are also sometimes used to supplement . The safety car driver will work with race stewards on the proper decision on a red flag when rain falls . In NASCAR , if the race start is delayed , officials may ask a more experienced driver to evaluate if a track is sufficiently dry by having the driver run medium - speed laps around the circuit to evaluate the dryness of the circuit . He then reports the results to his crew chief , who sends a report to a NASCAR official . In rain conditions , officials may start the race under the safety car , and wave the green after a few laps have been run under such conditions . In that situation , all Safety Car laps count towards the race distance , but in IndyCar and NASCAR , only after both green and yellow are waved together ( some laps may be run beforehand that do not count ) . However , officials may only allow the laps to count if the green flag is the next flag to wave and not the red flag , and officials may discard all laps run if cars do not complete a lap under green flag conditions . This procedure may be used by officials in an attempt to reach the race to official race status ( halfway or three - fourths ) . If rain does not subside , the sanctioning body has several options . Typically , the race is considered `` official '' if has completed at least one lap beyond the halfway point of the advertised distance ( similar to baseball ) . If such is the case , the race is deemed complete , and a winner can be declared . In some cases , if the race has already gone beyond the halfway point ( especially if it is very near the scheduled finish ) when rain falls , and the weather forecast is for day - long rain , no attempt to complete the remainder of the race will be attempted . If a downpour occurs very near the end of the race , the officials , in fact , may use their authority to wave the checkered flag at that instant , and end the race immediately ( such as during the 1975 Indianapolis 500 ) . However , if the event is stopped any lap before the halfway point , the remainder of the event can be postponed to the following day ( such as during the 1997 Indianapolis 500 ) . IndyCar and NASCAR both will use rain tires if they are at a road course . However , if the rain is severe enough where standing water , visibility becomes an issue , or if lightning is detected within a 12 km radius of the circuit , the race will be stopped . At the 2014 Honda Indy Toronto Race 1 , IndyCar attempted to wave green and yellow together to start the race under the Safety Car . After numerous incidents , IndyCar decided to abandon the race and wiped the slate clean for Sunday with two races . IndyCar also has cancelled qualifying at a circuit because of lightning , primarily as a safety issue with electronics , radio communications , teams on pit lane , race marshals , and spectators . The code in USAC , NASCAR , and IndyCar states if fewer than half the laps are completed or if the race is unable to start , the event is resumed on a later date , usually the next day . With the introduction of lights at numerous oval tracks , the time frame for resuming a rain delayed race on the same day has been largely expanded . Some races stopped during the day for rain have seen the track dried , and the race completed later in the evening on the same day . Since the 2017 season , all NASCAR national series utilize a format in which races are divided into three or four stages , with a competition caution after each ; a race is considered official following the conclusion of the second stage , which is typically positioned around two quarters of the scheduled distance . Most road racing ( except in the United States ) does not use the 50 percent rule . In the FIA Code , if severe rain forces the race to be interrupted , the regulations state if less than three laps were completed , the race is canceled and will not be made up . Once a race is on its fourth green flag lap , the race is official , and only half points will be awarded until 75 % of the race has been completed . Famous events delayed by rain in motorsport ( edit ) The 1976 Indianapolis 500 was the shortest Indianapolis 500 in history , one lap past official status , with 102 laps completed . The 1976 Japanese Grand Prix was delayed because of rain . When the race eventually started , championship leader Niki Lauda pulled out because of the dangerous circuit allowing James Hunt to score enough points to win the F1 Drivers championship . The 1992 Tooheys 1000 was drastically affected by rain , with the Dick Johnson Racing team leading the race on Lap 145 after a series of crashes at Forrest 's Elbow . However , as the Winfield Racing Nissan team was part of a crash on Lap 144 at the section , the rules ordered a countback to the 143rd lap when the race was called to rain . The Nissan team was declared winner . The MotoGP 2008 Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix was drastically affected by Hurricane Ike . The 250cc ( now 600cc Moto2 ) class race was cancelled because of heavy rains , while earlier in the days the races in the 125cc ( now 250cc Moto3 ) and MotoGP classes were curtailed because of weather . The 2009 Petit Le Mans in Braselton , Georgia , was an example of a rainout under the FIA Code , where only three completed laps are needed for an official race and less than half the race ( 184 of 394 laps ) . The red flag waved after 184 laps at the 4 : 52 point of the race . In endurance racing , the clock does not stop for red flags . IMSA waited until 8 PM to declare the race official . While the race was 13 laps from official ( 500 miles ) , the clock had passed the five - hour mark when the race was called at 8 PM . At the Formula One 's 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix , a rainstorm was predicted to hit the half of the race , of 56 laps , however , at the start of the race the weather was sunny with large black clouds in the distance . By lap 19 it began to rain as some drivers entered pit road for wet tyres as the rain was falling hard . By lap 28 , the rain was torrential to the point officials called a caution , deploying the Safety Car , but still several cars were out due to spins or crash . The rain became worse and the race was red - flagged on lap 33 . Once the rain had ceased , it was deemed too late and dark to continue and the race was stopped . Some drivers and spectators protested the race organizer 's decision but no action was taken . The 2009 season was the first year that the FIA started the Asia and Australia races as late - afternoon starts where the sun would be setting during the race finish in order to maximise European television broadcasts . In the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One , rain before the race wet the circuit . 30 minutes into the race , a heavy rainstorm hit the circuit and the race was red - flagged , the rain did n't stop and the event was delayed for more than 2 hours , the race was finished for its 70 laps and was the longest race in Formula One history . To prevent a repeat , FIA rules were changed so that a four - hour race clock starts when the cars start their warm - up lap . The clock will not be stopped for any situation , effectively ending a race four hours after cars roll off -- regardless of how far the race has finished . The 2012 Daytona 500 was postponed by rain for the first time in history , as it was postponed 30 hours from 1 PM Sunday to 7 PM Monday . The 2013 6 Hours of Fuji in the FIA World Endurance Championship was effectively cancelled because of rain ; officials started the clock and ran laps under caution , hoping for conditions to improve ; after 17 laps , all under caution , the race was effectively cancelled , but under FIA rules , was an official race . To prevent a repeat , FIA rules were changed to state the three completed laps rule to make a race official applied only to green flag laps . The 2015 Petit Le Mans was shortened to 7 hours , 51 minutes after being under one weather delay earlier in the race ; after a safety car with slightly over two hours remaining , the race was abandoned after 179 laps because of weather conditions related to Hurricane Joaquin and related heavy rains in the Southeastern United States . Cricket ( edit ) In cricket , when part of a game is rained out causing a reduction in the number of overs batted by one or both teams then the number of runs accredited to either one or both teams may be revised . A common method to recalculate the number of runs accredited to either team is the Duckworth -- Lewis method . Consequences in live broadcasting ( edit ) In event of a rain delay , most television broadcasters run alternate programming ( also known as `` rain delay filler '' ) , in place of the scheduled game or event . Depending on event , the alternate programming takes many forms , such as a movie , a rerun of a television program , interviews and analysis , highlights of the last event , or even another game or for networks such as ESPN and Fox Sports 1 , `` whiparound '' coverage of other games from other regional sports networks ( Fox Sports 1 also maintains a regularly scheduled program , MLB Whiparound ) . The delay continues until the weather is cleared up enough to resume the game , or if it comes to a point where it is not practical to resume it ; in this case , it would become a `` rain out '' . In some cases , if the rain delay is in danger of interfering with the network 's schedule that would follow after the game , they would often transfer coverage of the game to another station or channel , or show it later on via tape delay , depending on the organizational policy . For instance , with Sunday afternoon NASCAR events , a race on a broadcast network such as Fox or NBC would be moved to an alternate cable network such as Fox Sports 1 or NBCSN if the delay runs several hours , to allow those networks to present their primetime entertainment schedules , or later in NASCAR 's season with NBC , allows contingency as NBC Sunday Night Football takes full contractual precedence over NASCAR events . The Million Second Quiz was an example of a live broadcast of a game show that was filmed outdoors ( it was filmed in an hourglass - shaped outdoor structure on top of a building with a flat roof ) . There was also an alternate indoor set where the non-primetime broadcasts took place . However , if inclement weather activity happened in the area where the show was filmed during primetime , the game show temporarily moved to its alternate set located inside the building . During the event , the clock did not stop for weather - related delays or other circumstances . The show was broadcast on NBC for only one season , after which it was canceled . The 2011 NHL Winter Classic , which was scheduled to take place at 1 PM EST New Year 's Day , ended up being delayed to 8 PM EST due to unusually warm weather in the Pittsburgh area , with rain impacting the game . Because the game was then moved to prime time , the game ended up having the unintended result of bringing in higher ratings for NBC in the United States , giving the NHL the highest ratings for a regular - season game since 1975 . Despite this , subsequent Winter Classics remain played in the early afternoon hours , as the game is purposefully scheduled at that time to avoid the College Football Playoff bowl games , mainly the Rose Bowl Game and Sugar Bowl most years . See also ( edit ) Weather - related cancellation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob . Juventus Loses Crown in Perugia After Sudden Storm and Long Delay : Lazio Wins League In a Bizarre Finale , International Herald Tribune , May 15 , 2000 . Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050324&content_id=975977&vkey=spt2005gamer&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=290702125 Jump up ^ `` Official Rules : 4.00 Starting and Ending a Game '' . Major League Baseball . pp. Rule 4.12 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hoffman : Astros made history with a rainout - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com . June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( April 9 , 2007 ) . `` Angels - Indians Series Moved '' . Cleveland : MLB.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Petit Le Mans : An Explanation '' . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rained out : Daytona 500 postponed until Monday '' . Usatoday.com. 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Classic On NBC Is Top NHL Regular - Season Audience In 36 Years '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Street & Smith . January 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainout_(sports)&oldid=849257804 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Baseball rules Precipitation Motorsport terminology Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 All articles that may contain original research All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 18 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do they call off a baseball game	[]	[]
6522917077246360743	Punch buggy	Punch buggy - wikipedia Punch buggy This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 1967 Volkswagen Beetle A 2012 Volkswagen Beetle Punch buggy ( also called punch bug , punch car , punch dub , piggy punch , slug bug , or beetle bug ) is a car game generally played by children in which participants punch each other on the arm upon first sight of a Volkswagen Beetle while calling out `` Punch buggy ! '' or `` Slug bug ! '' in reference to the Beetle 's nickname , the Bug . The color of the Beetle is also sometimes stated . Contents 1 History 2 Variants 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Most references about the game originate from unofficial sources and personal accounts from players . It apparently has existed since the Volkswagen 's peak popularity in the 1960s . As part of the `` Punch Dub '' marketing campaign , Volkswagen made a game out of seeing VWs and punching friends `` . This campaign , launched in 2009 , claims that the game was started `` over 50 years ago '' , though this is a humorous historical fiction created by the ad agency Deutsch Inc . Variants ( edit ) A New Beetle `` slug bug '' Some variations consider Volkswagen 's 1998 redesigned New Beetle invalid for game purposes but , as older models become rarer , variants may choose to include the new Beetles . Others allow `` classic '' bugs to count for two punches . Alternate variants permit punching in the arm for modern beetles and restrict hitting the head or face to cases of classic beetles . One author suggests similar games with station wagons , convertibles , trucks and buses . See also ( edit ) License plate game Padiddle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Polk , Janet ( 2006 ) . Rules for Playing Slug Bug and Punch Buggy . AuthorHouse . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 4259 - 0229 - 4 . Jump up ^ Case , Steven L. ( 2003 ) . Road Rules . Zondervan . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 25100 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bug : The Strange Mutations of the World 's Most Famous Automobile '' . WNYC : New York Public Radio . 2007 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://adage.com/videos/volkswagen-punch-dub/441 Jump up ^ Punch Dub Campaign Press Release . `` Volkswagen to Spotlight ' Punch Dub ' Game in Super Bowl Ad , Online Campaign Touting Product Family '' . Volkswagen of America ( press release ) . Jump up ^ Dazzo , Susan ( 2005 ) . Mom 's Guide to Being a Superhero . Fair Winds . p. 133 . ISBN 1 - 59233 - 116 - 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punch_buggy&oldid=845331110 '' Categories : American cultural conventions Car games Children 's games Volkswagen Beetle Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where did the slug bug game come from	[]	[]
6996038681670038711	Catholic University of Eastern Africa	Catholic University of Eastern Africa - wikipedia Catholic University of Eastern Africa This is the current revision of this page , as edited by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) at 08 : 13 , 1 August 2017 ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 08 : 13 , 1 August 2017 by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( December 2015 ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Catholic University of Eastern Africa Motto `` Consecrate them in the truth '' Type Private Established 1984 Chancellor Berhaneyesus Demerew Cardinal Souraphiel Location Nairobi , Kenya Coordinates : 01 ° 21 ′ 05 '' S 36 ° 45 ′ 25 '' E / 1.35139 ° S 36.75694 ° E / - 1.35139 ; 36.75694 Website Homepage Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) is a multi-campus university in Kenya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 3 Faculties of the University 4 Constituent colleges 5 Affiliated colleges 6 Associate institution 7 Notable alumni 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Location ( edit ) The main campus of the university is located in Langata , a southwestern neighborhood of the city of Nairobi , the capital of Kenya and the largest city in that country . The coordinates of the university main campus are : 1 ° 21'05.0 `` S , 36 ° 45'25.0 '' E ( Latitude : - 1.351389 ; Longitude : 36.756944 ) . The University campus is also the host of IBM Research Africa offices . History ( edit ) CUEA was founded on 3 September 1984 in Nairobi Kenya as a Graduate School of Theology , under the name the Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa ( CHIEA ) . The Institute was founded by the regional ecclesiastical authority known as Association of Member Episcopal Conferences of Eastern Africa ( AMECEA ) . The member countries of AMECEA are : Eritrea , Ethiopia , Kenya , Malawi , Sudan , Tanzania , Uganda and Zambia. Initially , CHIEA offered two - year Licentiate / MA programmes in Theology , as authorized by the Congregation for Catholic Education , Vatican City ( cf . Prot . N. 821 / 80 / 34 ) , effective 2 May 1984 . On 3 September of the same year , it was officially inaugurated by the Right Reverend Bishop Medardo Mazombwe , the then Chairman of AMECEA . On 18 August 1985 , it was formally opened by Pope John Paul II . In 1986 , the Graduate School of Theology started negotiations with the Commission for Higher Education in Kenya to establish the Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) . In 1989 , the Institute obtained the `` Letter of Interim Authority '' as the first step towards its establishment as a private university . After three years of intensive negotiations between the Authority of the Graduate School of Theology ( CHIEA ) and the Commission for Higher Education , the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences was established . The climax of the negotiations was a granting of the Civil Charter to CHIEA on 3 November 1992 . This marked the birth of the university as a private institution . The Institute rebranded as the Catholic University of Eastern Africa , in 1992 . In 2002 , the Faculties of Science and Commerce were established . Then in 2003 , the Center for Social Justice & ethics was established . The Faculty of Law was established in 2004 , and the School of continuing professional development in 2009 . In 2009 , satellite campuses were established in Eldoret and Kisumu . In April 2013 , the university opened a new campus in the I&M Tower , along Kenyatta Avenue , in the Nairobi 's central business district . The campus can accommodate up to 500 students . Faculties of the University ( edit ) The university maintains the following faculties : Faculty of Theology Faculty of Commerce Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Faculty of Education Faculty of Science Faculty of Law Center for Social Justice and Ethics School of Continuing Professional Development Constituent colleges ( edit ) Marist International University College Tangaza University College Hekima University College Regina Pacis University College Uzima University College Affiliated colleges ( edit ) Don Bosco College -- Moshi , Tanzania Christ the King Major Seminary The Spiritan Seminary AMECEA Pastoral Institute Chemichemi ya Uzima Center Associate institution ( edit ) Ukweli Video Production Notable alumni ( edit ) Notable alumni include : Stella Kilonzo -- Executive Director of the Capital Markets Authority ( Kenya ) ; July 2008 -- June 2012 . Emmanuel Mosoti Machani , Lead . The Health Sector Development Partner Forum Eve D'souza - Media personality Hon George Khaniri , Senator , Vihiga County Vanessa Mdee , singer See also ( edit ) Nairobi portal Kenya portal Catholicism portal Universities portal Education in Kenya List of universities in Kenya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google , . `` Location of the Main Campus of Catholic University of Eastern Africa At Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ CUEA , . `` The Campuses of Catholic University of Eastern Africa '' . Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ CISA , . ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Kenya : Catholic University Opens City Campus '' . Catholic Information Service for Africa ( CISA ) . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ CUEA , . `` The Faculties of Catholic University of Eastern Africa '' . Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gachenge , Beatrice ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` Kenya 's Markets Regulator CEO To Step Down In June '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Website of CUEA Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( show ) Kenyan universities Public universities Chuka University Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Egerton University University of Eldoret Garissa University College Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Laikipia University University of Kabianga Karatina University Kenyatta University Kisii University Maasai Mara University Maseno University Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Meru University of Science and Technology Moi University Multimedia University of Kenya University of Nairobi Pwani University South Eastern Kenya University Technical University of Kenya Technical University of Mombasa Private universities Adventist University of Africa Africa International University Africa Nazarene University Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) Daystar University Great Lakes University of Kisumu Gretsa University Kabarak University KCA University Kenya Highlands Evangelical University Kenya Methodist University Kiriri Women 's University of Science and Technology Mount Kenya University Pan Africa Christian University Presbyterian University of East Africa Riara University Scott Christian University Strathmore University University of Eastern Africa , Baraton USIU - Kenya Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_University_of_Eastern_Africa&oldid=793359021 '' Categories : Roman Catholic universities and colleges in Africa Private universities and colleges in Kenya Educational institutions established in 1984 1984 establishments in Kenya Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 08 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is catholic university of east africa located	[ "CUEA was founded on 3 September 1984 in Nairobi Kenya as a Graduate School of Theology, under the name the Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA). The Institute was founded by the regional ecclesiastical authority known as Association of Member Episcopal Conferences of Eastern Africa (AMECEA). The member countries of AMECEA are: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.Initially, CHIEA offered two-year Licentiate/MA programmes in Theology, as authorized by the Congregation for Catholic Education, Vatican City (cf. Prot. N. 821/80/34), effective 2 May 1984. On 3 September of the same year, it was officially inaugurated by the Right Reverend Bishop Medardo Mazombwe, the then Chairman of AMECEA. On 18 August 1985, it was formally opened by Pope John Paul II. In 1986, the Graduate School of Theology started negotiations with the Commission for Higher Education in Kenya to establish the Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA)." ]	[ "Nairobi Kenya" ]
-8969111089843267182	Cabinet of the Bahamas	Cabinet of the Bahamas - wikipedia Cabinet of the Bahamas Jump to : navigation , search The Bahamas This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Bahamas Executive ( show ) Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General ( list ) Marguerite Pindling Prime Minister Hubert Minnis Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Senate President of the Senate House of Assembly Speaker Judiciary ( show ) Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Court of Appeal Supreme Court Magistrates ' Court Law of the Bahamas Local government ( show ) Local Government Act 1996 Chief Councillors Elections ( show ) General 1962 1967 1968 1972 1977 1982 2002 2007 2012 2017 Political parties FNM PLP DNA Foreign relations Other countries Atlas The Cabinet constitutes the executive branch and has general direction and control of the Government of The Bahamas . It is necessary for the Cabinet to comprise at least nine Ministers inclusive of the Prime Minister and Attorney General . All Ministers are Members of Parliament of either the House of Assembly or the Senate . The number of Ministers from the Senate is limited to three . In addition the Prime Minister and the Minister of Finance are required to be members of the House of Assembly . The functions of the Cabinet entail the final determination of government policy , control of government activities and coordination of government Ministries and Departments . The Cabinet meets at least once per week to consider various issues . Members ( edit ) As of May 15 , 2017 the Cabinet of Prime Minister Dr. Hubert Minnis consists of the following members : All taken from : Name Position Date of appointment Hon. Dr. Hubert Minnis , MP Prime Minister and Minister Without Portfolio May 12 , 2017 Hon . K. Peter Turnquest , MP Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance May 15 , 2017 Hon . Darren Henfield , MP Minister of Foreign Affairs May 15 , 2017 Hon . Frankie Campbell , MP Minister of Transport and Local Government May 15 , 2017 Hon . Lanisha Rolle , MP Minister of Social Services and Urban Development May 15 , 2017 Hon . Desmond Bannister , MP Minister of Public Works May 22 , 2017 Hon . Duane Sands , MP Ministry of Health and Social Development ( Bahamas ) May 15 , 2017 Hon . Romauld Ferreira , MP Minister of the Environment and Housing May 15 , 2017 Hon . Michael Pintard , MP Minister of Youth Sports and Culture May 15 , 2017 Hon . T. Brent Symonette , MP Minister of Financial Services , Trade and Industry and Immigration May 15 , 2017 Hon . Jeffrey Lloyd , MP Minister of Education May 15 , 2017 Sen. Hon . Dion Foulkes Minister of Labour May 15 , 2017 Hon . Renward Wells , MP Minister of Agriculture and Marine Resources May 15 , 2017 Sen. Hon. Carl W. Bethel Attorney General and Minister of Legal Affairs May 15 , 2017 Hon . Marvin Dames , MP Minister of National Security May 15 , 2017 Hon . Dionisio D'Aguilar , MP Minister of Tourism , Aviation and Bahamasair May 15 , 2017 State Ministers ( edit ) Hon . Brensil Rolle MP , Minister of State for the Public Service and National Insurance Hon . Ellsworth Johnson MP , Minister of State for Legal Affairs in the Attorney General Office Sen. Hon. J. Kwasi Thompson , Minister State for Grand Bahama in the Office of the Prime Minister References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Cabinet '' . Government of the Bahamas . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet Ministers '' . Government of the Bahamas . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . National cabinets of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_the_Bahamas&oldid=782438941 '' Categories : Government of the Bahamas National cabinets Talk About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2017 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who assist cabinet ministers in running government ministries	[]	[]
2121647733999062755	The Original Kings of Comedy	The Original Kings of comedy - wikipedia The Original Kings of comedy Jump to : navigation , search The Original Kings of Comedy Film poster Directed by Spike Lee Produced by Spike Lee Walter Latham David Gale Written by Steve Harvey D.L. Hughley Cedric the Entertainer Bernie Mac Starring Steve Harvey D.L. Hughley Cedric the Entertainer Bernie Mac Cinematography Malik Sayeed Edited by Barry Alexander Brown Production company MTV Films Latham Entertainment 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date August 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 18 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $13 million Box office $38 million The Original Kings of Comedy is a 2000 American stand - up comedy film directed by Spike Lee and featuring the comedy routines of Steve Harvey , D.L. Hughley , Cedric the Entertainer , and Bernie Mac . Filmed in front of a live audience at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte , North Carolina , the comedians give the audience their views about African - American culture , race relations , religion , and family . The film was produced by MTV Films and Latham Entertainment , and was distributed by Paramount Pictures . The film was shot over the last two nights ( February 26 and 27 , 2000 ) of the Kings of Comedy tour with Harvey , Hughley , Cedric , and Mac . Its on - stage routines are intercut with brief sections of video footage showing the comedians backstage , promoting the show on the radio , at the hotel , and during a basketball game . The film spawned into multiple spin - offs and films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Steve Harvey 1.2 D.L. Hughley 1.3 Cedric the Entertainer 1.4 Bernie Mac 2 Reception 3 Box office 4 Home media 5 Soundtrack 6 Awards and nominations 7 Related films 8 References 9 External links Summary ( edit ) Steve Harvey ( edit ) Steve Harvey , the star of The Steve Harvey Show , is the master of ceremonies for the show . Unlike his sitcom character , Harvey 's on - stage routines use a significant amount of profanity ; as the show 's M.C. , Harvey is given three short sets instead of one long one . The finale of Harvey 's sets finds him heckling a member of the audience by stealing his coat while he is away from his seat , and remarking that the `` thuggish '' - looking young man could n't possibly be in the field of `` computer technology '' that he claims he is . Harvey also covers his experiences growing up in the church , calling out the ineffectiveness of the typical black church `` building fund '' , and recollecting his mother 's friend Sister Odelle 's profane language and befuddled attempts to sing a church hymn ( interspersed with lyrics from television show theme songs ) . D.L. Hughley ( edit ) Harvey 's first set is followed by D.L. Hughley , the star of The Hughleys . He talks about family , specifically Black - American family with roots in the South . He exploits the differences between black people and white people ; for example , Hughley notes that black people do n't skydive or do other dangerous physical activities because they experience enough peril just trying to get through an average day . `` Bungee jumping , '' he says . `` That 's too much like lynchin ' for us ! '' He also talks about `` helicopter man '' , a game he and his wife play in bed , and some skid - marked undergarments that he tried to hide at the bottom of his dirty clothes . Cedric the Entertainer ( edit ) Cedric the Entertainer ( Harvey 's co-star on The Steve Harvey Show ) presents himself as the most in - tune with the younger demographic , and goes through a number of topics during his routine . Primary among these is his embellishment of the differences between the `` hope factor '' and the `` wish factor '' : white people `` hope '' that nothing goes wrong , and black people `` wish '' someone would start trouble so that they can retaliate . Cedric acknowledges that he is now a `` grown - ass man '' , and can no longer call his friends by their `` lil ' nicknames '' or engage in other such immature behavior . He discusses how angry a black president might become if a Monica Lewinsky question were posed at a news conference , and also goes into routines about smoking , black athletes ' expansion into golf , tennis , and other sports , what a `` ghetto - ass wedding '' would be like , and black people 's eventual migration to the moon . Also his love for Jamaican music and how in their music they solve a simple problem . Bernie Mac ( edit ) Bernie Mac is the most autobiographical of the group . He turns his comedy on himself . He uses short , punchy attacks to make his point about his decreased sex drive and desire for quick sex instead of longer periods of intercourse . Mac 's longest routines involve his hard - nosed style of child - rearing , where he makes no qualms about `` fucking a kid up '' if he needs to . He goes into an extended routine about the stress of raising his sister 's children for her while she recovers from drugs ( Mac did not actually have a sister ; this was part of the routine ) , and tells of a run - in he had with his two - year - old niece and his effeminate six - year - old nephew , whom he refers to repeatedly as `` the faggot '' ( Mac 's routine about his sister 's kids later became the basis of his Fox Network family comedy The Bernie Mac Show ) . He then tells a story about his mentally challenged nephew and his bouts with his bus driver ; according to Mac , when the bus would come , his nephew would attempt to ask a question , but would immediately start stuttering , frustrating the bus driver and prompting him to drive off without picking him up . This continues the next few days , and Mac 's aunt confronts the bus driver , asking why he was `` denying ( her son 's ) ' edumacation . ' '' The bus driver begins to stutter exactly like Mac 's nephew , then proclaims `` he was teasin ' me ! '' . The set , and the film , are concluded with Mac 's piece on the ubiquity of the swear word `` motherfucker '' , which he describes as `` a noun : a person , place or thing , '' and then , as noted by New York Times reviewer Elvis Mitchell , `` proceeds to give the heft of an adjective and even transforms it into a split infinitive . '' He can be seen on the archive footage on Harvey 's eponymous talk show . The show also reunited with Harvey without Mac as well as paying tribute to him , which aired in November 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a `` Certified Fresh '' rating and a score of 86 % based on reviews from 88 critics . Box office ( edit ) The Original Kings of Comedy was produced on an estimated $3,000,000 budget . On its opening weekend , it grossed a total of $11,053,832 on only 847 screens , averaging to about $13,051 per venue and ranking as the second highest - grossing film that weekend behind only The Cell . It eventually grossed a total of $38,168,022 at the box offices . Home media ( edit ) This film was released on DVD on February 27 , 2001 and distributed by Paramount Home Video . Bonus features on the DVD include the music video `` # 1 Stunna '' by Big Tymers , Kings On The Town featurette , and bonus scenes . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Original Kings of Comedy ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack containing performances from the film and hip hop was released on August 22 , 2000 by Universal Records . It peaked at # 50 on the Billboard 200 and # 15 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Original Kings of Comedy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2001 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Motion Picture ( nominated ) 2001 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Best Documentary ( nominated ) Related films ( edit ) The popularity of this movie inspired spin - offs , including The Queens of Comedy , The Original Latin Kings of Comedy , Blue Collar Comedy Tour , The Kims of Comedy , The Comedians of Comedy and The Killers of Comedy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . External links ( edit ) The Original Kings of Comedy on IMDb The Original Kings of Comedy at AllMovie The Original Kings of Comedy at Rotten Tomatoes Spike Lee Filmography Awards and nominations Feature films directed She 's Gotta Have It ( 1986 ) School Daze ( 1988 ) Do the Right Thing ( 1989 ) Mo ' Better Blues ( 1990 ) Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) Malcolm X ( 1992 ) Crooklyn ( 1994 ) Clockers ( 1995 ) Girl 6 ( 1996 ) Get on the Bus ( 1996 ) He Got Game ( 1998 ) Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) Bamboozled ( 2000 ) 25th Hour ( 2002 ) She Hate Me ( 2004 ) Inside Man ( 2006 ) Miracle at St. Anna ( 2008 ) Red Hook Summer ( 2012 ) Oldboy ( 2013 ) Da Sweet Blood of Jesus ( 2014 ) Chi - Raq ( 2015 ) Documentaries directed 4 Little Girls ( 1997 ) Freak ( 1998 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) A Huey P. Newton Story ( 2001 ) The Concert for New York City ( 2001 , `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' ) Jim Brown : All - American ( 2002 ) When the Levees Broke ( 2006 ) Kobe Doin ' Work ( 2009 ) Passing Strange ( 2009 ) If God Is Willing and da Creek Do n't Rise ( 2010 ) Bad 25 ( 2012 ) Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall ( 2016 ) Other films directed Joe 's Bed - Stuy Barbershop : We Cut Heads ( 1983 ) Lumière and Company ( 1995 ) Ten Minutes Older : The Trumpet ( 2002 , segment `` We Wuz Robbed '' ) All the Invisible Children ( 2005 , segment `` Jesus Children of America '' ) Television Sucker Free City ( 2004 ) She 's Gotta Have It ( 2017 ) Related articles 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Bill Lee Joie Lee David Lee Cinqué Lee Malcolm D. Lee MTV Films Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Original_Kings_of_Comedy&oldid=792738461 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s documentary films American documentary films American films Films directed by Spike Lee American independent films Paramount Pictures films MTV Films films 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks films 2000s comedy films Stand - up comedy concert films Films shot in North Carolina Documentary films about African Americans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 10 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the kings of comedy come out	[ "The Original Kings of Comedy is a 2000 American stand-up comedy film directed by Spike Lee and featuring the comedy routines of Steve Harvey, D.L. Hughley, Cedric the Entertainer, and Bernie Mac. Filmed in front of a live audience at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina, the comedians give the audience their views about African-American culture, race relations, religion, and family. The film was produced by MTV Films and Latham Entertainment, and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film was shot over the last two nights (February 26 and 27, 2000) of the Kings of Comedy tour with Harvey, Hughley, Cedric, and Mac. Its on-stage routines are intercut with brief sections of video footage showing the comedians backstage, promoting the show on the radio, at the hotel, and during a basketball game. The film spawned into multiple spin-offs and films." ]	[ "2000" ]
8946247400746053870	Vikings	Vikings - wikipedia Vikings For other uses , see Viking ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that Viking childhood be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2018 . This article is part of a series on Scandinavia Geography Mountains Peninsula Viking Age Old Norse Vikings Viking art Mythology Political entities Denmark Norway Sweden Former political entities Denmark -- Norway Sweden -- Finland Sweden - Norway Kalmar Union History Denmark Norway Sweden Other topics Languages Scandinavism Nordic Council Monetary Union Defence Union Scandinavian Airlines Exploration and expansion routes Vikings ( Old English : wicing -- `` pirate '' , Danish and Bokmål : vikinger ; Swedish and Nynorsk : vikingar ; Icelandic : víkingar , from Old Norse ) were Norse seafarers , mainly speaking the Old Norse language , who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern , central , eastern and western Europe , during the late 8th to late 11th centuries . The term is also commonly extended in modern English and other vernaculars to the inhabitants of Viking home communities during what has become known as the Viking Age . This period of Nordic military , mercantile and demographic expansion constitutes an important element in the early medieval history of Scandinavia , Estonia , the British Isles , France , Kievan Rus ' and Sicily . Facilitated by advanced sailing and navigational skills , and characterised by the longship , Viking activities at times also extended into the Mediterranean littoral , North Africa , the Middle East and Central Asia . Following extended phases of ( primarily sea - or river - borne ) exploration , expansion and settlement , Viking ( Norse ) communities and polities were established in diverse areas of north - western Europe , Belarus , Ukraine and European Russia , the North Atlantic islands and as far as the north - eastern coast of North America . This period of expansion witnessed the wider dissemination of Norse culture , while simultaneously introducing strong foreign cultural influences into Scandinavia itself , with profound developmental implications in both directions . Popular , modern conceptions of the Vikings -- the term frequently applied casually to their modern descendants and the inhabitants of modern Scandinavia -- often strongly differ from the complex picture that emerges from archaeology and historical sources . A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble savages began to emerge in the 18th century ; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th - century Viking revival . Perceived views of the Vikings as alternatively violent , piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers owe much to conflicting varieties of the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century . Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes , complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy . These representations are not always accurate -- for example , there is no evidence that they wore horned helmets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Other names 2 History 2.1 Viking Age 2.2 Expansion 2.2. 1 Motives 2.3 End of the Viking Age 3 Culture 3.1 Literature and language 3.1. 1 Runestones 3.2 Burial sites 3.3 Ships 3.4 Everyday life 3.4. 1 Social structure 3.4. 2 Appearances 3.4. 3 Farming and cuisine 3.4. 4 Sports 3.4. 5 Games and entertainment 3.4. 6 Experimental archaeology 4 Weapons and warfare 5 Trade 5.1 Goods 6 Legacy 6.1 Medieval perceptions 6.2 Post-medieval perceptions 6.2. 1 In 20th - century politics 6.2. 2 In modern popular culture 6.3 Common misconceptions 6.3. 1 Horned helmets 6.3. 2 Barbarity 6.3. 3 Use of skulls as drinking vessels 7 Genetic legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology A Norwegian fjord One etymology derives víking from the feminine vík , meaning `` creek , inlet , small bay '' . Various theories have been offered that the word viking may be derived from the name of the historical Norwegian district of Viken ( or Víkin in Old Norse ) , meaning `` a person from Viken '' . According to this theory , the word simply described persons from this area , and it is only in the last few centuries that it has taken on the broader sense of early medieval Scandinavians in general . However , there are a few major problems with this theory . People from the Viken area were not called ' Viking ' in Old Norse manuscripts , but are referred to as víkverir ( Modern Norwegian : vikvær ) , ' Vík dwellers ' . In addition , that explanation could explain only the masculine ( Old Scandinavian víkingr ) and ignore the feminine ( Old Norse víking ) , which is a serious problem because the masculine is easily derived from the feminine but hardly vice versa . The form also occurs as a personal name on some Swedish runestones . The stone of Tóki víking ( Sm 10 ) was raised in memory of a local man named Tóki who got the name Tóki víking ( Toki the viking ) , presumably because of his activites as a viking . The Gårdstånga Stone ( DR 330 ) uses the phrase `` ÞeR drængaR waRu wiða unesiR i wikingu '' ( These men where well known i viking ) , referring to the stone 's dedicatees as vikings . The Västra Strö 1 Runestone has an inscription in memory of a Björn , who was killed when `` i viking '' . In Sweden there is a locality known since the middle ages as Vikingstad . The Bro Stone ( U 617 ) was risen in memory of Assur who is said to have protected the land from vikings ( SaR vaR vikinga vorðr með Gæiti ) . There is little indication of any negative connotation in the term before the end of the Viking Age . Another etymology , that gained support in the early twenty - first century , derives Viking from the same root as Old Norse vika , f. ' sea mile ' , originally ' the distance between two shifts of rowers ' , from the root * weik or * wîk , as in the Proto - Germanic verb * wîkan , ' to recede ' . This is found in the Proto - Nordic verb * wikan , ' to turn ' , similar to Old Icelandic víkja ( ýkva , víkva ) ' to move , to turn ' , with well - attested nautical usages . Linguistically , this theory is better attested , and the term most likely predates the use of the sail by the Germanic peoples of North - Western Europe , because the Old Frisian spelling shows that the word was pronounced with a palatal k and thus in all probability existed in North - Western Germanic before that palatalisation happened , that is , in the 5th century or before ( in the western branch ) . In that case , the idea behind it seems to be that the tired rower moves aside for the rested rower on the thwart when he relieves him . The Old Norse feminine víking ( as in the phrase fara í víking ) may originally have been a sea journey characterised by the shifting of rowers , i.e. a long - distance sea journey , because in the pre-sail era , the shifting of rowers would distinguish long - distance sea journeys . A víkingr ( the masculine ) would then originally have been a participant on a sea journey characterised by the shifting of rowers . In that case , the word Viking was not originally connected to Scandinavian seafarers but assumed this meaning when the Scandinavians begun to dominate the seas . In Old English , the word wicing appears first in the Anglo - Saxon poem , Widsith , which probably dates from the 9th century . In Old English , and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg - Bremen written by Adam of Bremen in about 1070 , the term generally referred to Scandinavian pirates or raiders . As in the Old Norse usages , the term is not employed as a name for any people or culture in general . The word does not occur in any preserved Middle English texts . One theory made by the Icelander Örnolfur Kristjansson is that the key to the origins of the word is `` wicinga cynn '' in Widsith , referring to the people or the race living in Jórvík ( York , in the ninth century under control by Norsemen ) , Jór - Wicings . The word Viking was introduced into Modern English during the 18th - century Viking revival , at which point it acquired romanticised heroic overtones of `` barbarian warrior '' or noble savage . During the 20th century , the meaning of the term was expanded to refer to not only seaborne raiders from Scandinavia and other places settled by them ( like Iceland and the Faroe Islands ) , but also any member of the culture that produced said raiders during the period from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries , or more loosely from about 700 to as late as about 1100 . As an adjective , the word is used to refer to ideas , phenomena , or artefacts connected with those people and their cultural life , producing expressions like Viking age , Viking culture , Viking art , Viking religion , Viking ship and so on . Other names Europe in 814 . Roslagen is located along the coast of the northern tip of the pink area marked `` Swedes and Goths '' . The Vikings were known as Ascomanni ( `` ashmen '' ) by the Germans for the ash wood of their boats , Dubgail and Finngail ( `` dark and fair foreigners '' ) by the Irish , Lochlannach ( `` lake person '' ) by the Gaels and Dene ( Dane ) by the Anglo - Saxons . The Slavs , the Arabs and the Byzantines knew them as the Rus ' or Rhōs , probably derived from various uses of rōþs - , `` related to rowing '' , or derived from the area of Roslagen in east - central Sweden , where most of the Vikings who visited the Slavic lands came from . Some archaeologists and historians of today believe that these Scandinavian settlements in the Slavic lands played a significant role in the formation of the Kievan Rus ' federation , and hence the names and early states of Russia and Belarus . The modern day name for Sweden in several neighbouring countries is possibly derived from rōþs - , Ruotsi in Finnish and Rootsi in Estonian . The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians ( Russian : варяги , from Old Norse Væringjar , meaning ' sworn men ' , from vàr - `` confidence , vow of fealty '' , related to Old English wær `` agreement , treaty , promise '' , Old High German wara `` faithfulness '' ) . Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as the Varangian Guard . The Franks normally called them Northmen or Danes , while for the English they were generally known as Danes or heathen and the Irish knew them as pagans or gentiles . Anglo - Scandinavian is an academic term referring to the people , and archaeological and historical periods during the 8th to 13th centuries in which there was migration to -- and occupation of -- the British Isles by Scandinavian peoples generally known in English as Vikings . It is used in distinction from Anglo - Saxon . Similar terms exist for other areas , such as Hiberno - Norse for Ireland and Scotland . History Viking Age Main article : Viking Age Sea - faring Danes depicted invading England . Illuminated illustration from the 12th century Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund ( Pierpont Morgan Library ) The period from the earliest recorded raids in the 790s until the Norman conquest of England in 1066 is commonly known as the Viking Age of Scandinavian history . Vikings used the Norwegian Sea and Baltic Sea for sea routes to the south . The Normans were descended from Vikings who were given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France -- the Duchy of Normandy -- in the 10th century . In that respect , descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe . Likewise , King Harold Godwinson , the last Anglo - Saxon king of England , had Danish ancestors . Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England , with Sweyn Forkbeard claiming the English throne in 1013 -- 1014 and his son Cnut the Great becoming king of England 1016 -- 1035 . Geographically , a Viking Age may be assigned to not only Scandinavian lands ( modern Denmark , Norway and Sweden ) , but also territories under North Germanic dominance , mainly the Danelaw , including Scandinavian York , the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria , parts of Mercia , and East Anglia . Viking navigators opened the road to new lands to the north , west and east , resulting in the foundation of independent settlements in the Shetland , Orkney , and Faroe Islands ; Iceland ; Greenland ; and L'Anse aux Meadows , a short - lived settlement in Newfoundland , circa 1000 . The Greenland settlement was established around 980 , during the Medieval Warm Period , and its demise by the mid-15th century may have been partly due to climate change . The Viking Rurik dynasty took control of territories in Slavic and Finno - Ugric - dominated areas of Eastern Europe ; they annexed Kiev in 882 to serve as the capital of the Kievan Rus ' . As early as 839 , when Swedish emissaries are first known to have visited Byzantium , Scandinavians served as mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine Empire . In the late 10th century , a new unit of the imperial bodyguard formed . Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians , it was known as the Varangian Guard . The word Varangian may have originated in Old Norse , but in Slavic and Greek it could refer either to Scandinavians or Franks . The most eminent Scandinavian to serve in the Varangian Guard was Harald Hardrada , who subsequently established himself as king of Norway ( 1047 -- 1066 ) . There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached Baghdad , the centre of the Islamic Empire . The Norse regularly plied the Volga with their trade goods : furs , tusks , seal fat for boat sealant , and slaves . Important trading ports during the period include Birka , Hedeby , Kaupang , Jorvik , Staraya Ladoga , Novgorod , and Kiev . Generally speaking , the Norwegians expanded to the north and west to places such as Ireland , Scotland , Iceland , and Greenland ; the Danes to England and France , settling in the Danelaw ( northern / eastern England ) and Normandy ; and the Swedes to the east , founding Kievan Rus ' . Among the Swedish runestones mentioning expeditions overseas , almost half tell of raids and travels to western Europe . According to the Icelandic sagas , many Norwegian Vikings also went to eastern Europe . In the Viking Age , the present day nations of Norway , Sweden and Denmark did not exist , but were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language , although somewhat distinct geographically . The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known only for the later part of the Viking Age . After the end of the Viking Age the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations , which went hand - in - hand with their Christianisation . Thus the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages . Expansion Main article : Viking expansion Travels of the Vikings Colonization of Iceland by Norwegian Vikings began in the ninth century . The first source that Iceland and Greenland appear in is a papal letter of 1053 . Twenty years later , they are then seen in the Gesta of Adam of Bremen . It was not until after 1130 , when the islands had become Christianized , that accounts of the history of the islands were written from the point of view of the inhabitants in sagas and chronicles . The Vikings explored the northern islands and coasts of the North Atlantic , ventured south to North Africa and east to Russia , Constantinople , and the Middle East . They raided and pillaged , traded , acted as mercenaries and settled wide - ranging colonies . Early Vikings probably returned home after their raids . Later in their history , they began to settle in other lands . Vikings under Leif Ericson , heir to Erik the Red , reached North America and set up short - lived settlements in present - day L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland , Canada . This expansion occurred during the Medieval Warm Period . Viking expansion into continental Europe was limited . Their realm was bordered by powerful cultures to the south . Early on , it was the Saxons , who occupied Old Saxony , located in what is now Northern Germany . The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings . To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence , the Danes constructed the huge defence fortification of Danevirke in and around Hedeby . The Vikings soon witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by Charlemagne , in the thirty - year Saxon Wars in 772 -- 804 . The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire . Fear of the Franks led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke , and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until 1864 . The south coast of the Baltic Sea was ruled by the Obotrites , a federation of Slavic tribes loyal to the Carolingians and later the Frankish empire . The Vikings -- led by King Gudfred -- destroyed the Obotrite city of Reric on the southern Baltic coast in 808 AD and transferred the merchants and traders to Hedeby . This secured their supremacy in the Baltic Sea , which remained throughout the Viking Age . Motives The motives driving the Viking expansion are a topic of much debate in Nordic history . One common theory posits that Charlemagne `` used force and terror to Christianise all pagans '' , leading to baptism , conversion or execution , and as a result , Vikings and other pagans resisted and wanted revenge . Professor Rudolf Simek states that `` it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne '' . The penetration of Christianity into Scandinavia led to serious conflict dividing Norway for almost a century . Viking settlements and voyages Another explanation is that the Vikings exploited a moment of weakness in the surrounding regions . England suffered from internal divisions and was relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers . Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely , raiding or trading as opportunity permitted . The decline in the profitability of old trade routes could also have played a role . Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the Roman Empire fell in the 5th century . The expansion of Islam in the 7th century had also affected trade with western Europe . Raids in Europe , including raids and settlements from Scandinavia , were not unprecedented and had occurred long before the Vikings arrived . The Jutes invaded the British Isles three centuries earlier , pouring out from Jutland during the Age of Migrations , before the Danes settled there . The Saxons and the Angles did the same , embarking from mainland Europe . The Viking raids were , however , the first to be documented in writing by eyewitnesses , and they were much larger in scale and frequency than in previous times . Vikings themselves were expanding ; although their motives are unclear , historians believe that scarce resources were a factor . Vikings wanted to loot the wealthy and become the dominant class . While doing so , they enslaved many and solved them across the sea . The `` Highway of Slaves '' was a term used to describe a route that the Vikings found to have a direct pathway from Scandinavia to Constantinople and Baghdad while traveling on the Baltic Sea . With the advancements of their ships during the ninth century , the Vikings were able to sail to Russia and some northern parts of Europe . End of the Viking Age During the Viking Age , Scandinavian men and women travelled to many parts of Europe and beyond , in a cultural diaspora that left its traces from Newfoundland to Byzantium . This period of energetic activity also had a pronounced effect in the Scandinavian homelands , which were subject to a variety of new influences . In the 300 years from the late 8th century , when contemporary chroniclers first commented on the appearance of Viking raiders , to the end of the 11th century , Scandinavia underwent profound cultural changes . Blar a ' Bhuailte , the site of the Vikings ' last stand in Skye By the late 11th century , royal dynasties legitimised by the Catholic Church ( which had had little influence in Scandinavia 300 years earlier ) were asserting their power with increasing authority and ambition , and the three kingdoms of Denmark , Norway , and Sweden had taken shape . Towns appeared that functioned as secular and ecclesiastical administrative centres and market sites , and monetary economies began to emerge based on English and German models . By this time the influx of Islamic silver from the East had been absent for more than a century , and the flow of English silver had come to an end in the mid-11th century . Christianity had taken root in Denmark and Norway with the establishment of dioceses during the 11th century , and the new religion was beginning to organise and assert itself more effectively in Sweden . Foreign churchmen and native elites were energetic in furthering the interests of Christianity , which was now no longer operating only on a missionary footing , and old ideologies and lifestyles were transforming . By 1103 , the first archbishopric was founded in Scandinavia , at Lund , Scania , then part of Denmark . The assimilation of the nascent Scandinavian kingdoms into the cultural mainstream of European Christendom altered the aspirations of Scandinavian rulers and of Scandinavians able to travel overseas , and changed their relations with their neighbours . One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been slave - taking . The medieval Church held that Christians should not own fellow Christians as slaves , so chattel slavery diminished as a practice throughout northern Europe . This took much of the economic incentive out of raiding , though sporadic slaving activity continued into the 11th century . Scandinavian predation in Christian lands around the North and Irish Seas diminished markedly . The kings of Norway continued to assert power in parts of northern Britain and Ireland , and raids continued into the 12th century , but the military ambitions of Scandinavian rulers were now directed toward new paths . In 1107 , Sigurd I of Norway sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem , and Danes and Swedes participated energetically in the Baltic Crusades of the 12th and 13th centuries . Culture A variety of sources illuminate the culture , activities , and beliefs of the Vikings . Although they were generally a non-literate culture that produced no literary legacy , they had an alphabet and described themselves and their world on runestones . Most contemporary literary and written sources on the Vikings come from other cultures that were in contact with them . Since the mid-20th century , archaeological findings have built a more complete and balanced picture of the lives of the Vikings . The archaeological record is particularly rich and varied , providing knowledge of their rural and urban settlement , crafts and production , ships and military equipment , trading networks , as well as their pagan and Christian religious artefacts and practices . Literature and language See also : Old Norse and The Norse Sagas One of the few surviving manuscript leaves from the Heimskringla Sagas , written by Snorri Sturluson c. 1260 . The leaf tells of King Ólafur . The most important primary sources on the Vikings are contemporary texts from Scandinavia and regions where the Vikings were active . Writing in Latin letters was introduced to Scandinavia with Christianity , so there are few native documentary sources from Scandinavia before the late 11th and early 12th centuries . The Scandinavians did write inscriptions in runes , but these are usually very short and formulaic . Most contemporary documentary sources consist of texts written in Christian and Islamic communities outside Scandinavia , often by authors who had been negatively affected by Viking activity . Later writings on the Vikings and the Viking Age can also be important for understanding them and their culture , although they need to be treated cautiously . After the consolidation of the church and the assimilation of Scandinavia and its colonies into the mainstream of medieval Christian culture in the 11th and 12th centuries , native written sources begin to appear , in Latin and Old Norse . In the Viking colony of Iceland , an extraordinary vernacular literature blossomed in the 12th through 14th centuries , and many traditions connected with the Viking Age were written down for the first time in the Icelandic sagas . A literal interpretation of these medieval prose narratives about the Vikings and the Scandinavian past is doubtful , but many specific elements remain worthy of consideration , such as the great quantity of skaldic poetry attributed to court poets of the 10th and 11th centuries , the exposed family trees , the self images , the ethical values , all included in these literary writings . Indirectly , the Vikings have also left a window open to their language , culture and activities , through many Old Norse place names and words , found in their former sphere of influence . Some of these place names and words are still in direct use today , almost unchanged , and sheds light on where they settled and what specific places meant to them , as seen in place names like Egilsay ( from Eigils Ø meaning Eigil 's Island ) , Ormskirk ( from Ormr kirkja meaning Orms Church or Church of the Worm ) , Meols ( from merl meaning Sand Dunes ) , Snaefell ( Snow Fell ) , Ravenscar ( Ravens Rock ) , Vinland ( Land of Wine or Land of Winberry ) , Kaupanger ( Market Harbour ) , Tórshavn ( Thor 's Harbour ) , and the religious centre of Odense , meaning a place where Odin was worshipped . Viking influence is also evident in concepts like the present - day parliamentary body of the Tynwald on the Isle of Man . Common words in everyday English language , like some of the weekdays ( Thursday means Thor 's day ) , axle , crook , raft , knife , plough , leather , window , berserk , bylaw , thorp , skerry , husband , heathen , Hell , Norman and ransack stem from the Old Norse of the Vikings and give us an opportunity to understand their interactions with the people and cultures of the British Isles . In the Northern Isles of Shetland and Orkney , Old Norse completely replaced the local languages and over time evolved into the now extinct Norn language . Some modern words and names only emerge and contribute to our understanding after a more intense research of linguistic sources from medieval or later records , such as York ( Horse Bay ) , Swansea ( Sveinn 's Isle ) or some of the place names in Northern France like Tocqueville ( Toki 's farm ) . Linguistic and etymological studies continue to provide a vital source of information on the Viking culture , their social structure and history and how they interacted with the people and cultures they met , traded , attacked or lived with in overseas settlements . It has been speculated that several place names on the west coast of southern France might also stem from Viking activities . Place names like Taillebourg ( Trelleborg , meaning City of Thralls or Castle of Thralls ) exist as far south as the Charente River . Gascony and vicinity is an active area of Viking archaeology at present . A lot of Old Norse connections are evident in the modern - day languages of Swedish , Norwegian , Danish , Faroese and Icelandic. Old Norse did not exert any great influence on the Slavic languages in the Viking settlements of Eastern Europe . It has been speculated that the reason was the great differences between the two languages , combined with the Rus ' Vikings more peaceful businesses in these areas and the fact that they were outnumbered . The Norse named some of the rapids on the Dnieper , but this can hardly be seen from the modern names . A consequence of the available written sources , which may have coloured how the Viking age is perceived as a historical period , is that much more is known of the Vikings ' activities in western Europe than in the East . One reason is that the cultures of north - eastern Europe at the time were non-literate , and did not produce a legacy of literature . Another is that the vast majority of written sources on Scandinavia in the Viking Age come from Iceland , a nation originally settled by Norwegian colonists . As a result , there is much more material from the Viking Age about Norway than Sweden , which apart from many runic inscriptions , has almost no written sources from the early Middle Ages . Runestones Main article : Runestone The Lingsberg Runestone in Sweden Runic inscriptions of the larger of the Jelling Stones in Denmark Two types of Norse runestones from the Viking Age The Norse of the Viking Age could read and write and used a non-standardised alphabet , called runor , built upon sound values . While there are few remains of runic writing on paper from the Viking era , thousands of stones with runic inscriptions have been found where Vikings lived . They are usually in memory of the dead , though not necessarily placed at graves . The use of runor survived into the 15th century , used in parallel with the Latin alphabet . The majority of runic inscriptions from the Viking period are found in Sweden and date from the 11th century . The oldest stone with runic inscriptions was found in Norway and dates to the 4th century , suggesting that runic inscriptions pre-date the Viking period . Many runestones in Scandinavia record the names of participants in Viking expeditions , such as the Kjula runestone that tells of extensive warfare in Western Europe and the Turinge Runestone , which tells of a war band in Eastern Europe . Other runestones mention men who died on Viking expeditions . Among them are around 25 Ingvar runestones in the Mälardalen district of Sweden , erected to commemorate members of a disastrous expedition into present - day Russia in the early 11th century . Runestones are important sources in the study of Norse society and early medieval Scandinavia , not only of the Viking segment of the population . The Jelling stones date from between 960 and 985 . The older , smaller stone was raised by King Gorm the Old , the last pagan king of Denmark , as a memorial honouring Queen Thyre . The larger stone was raised by his son , Harald Bluetooth , to celebrate the conquest of Denmark and Norway and the conversion of the Danes to Christianity . It has three sides : one with an animal image , one with an image of the crucified Jesus Christ , and a third bearing the following inscription : King Haraldr ordered this monument made in memory of Gormr , his father , and in memory of Thyrvé , his mother ; that Haraldr who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian . Runestones attest to voyages to locations such as Bath , Greece , Khwaresm , Jerusalem , Italy ( as Langobardland ) , Serkland ( i.e. the Muslim world ) , England ( including London ) , and various places in Eastern Europe . Viking Age inscriptions have also been discovered on the Manx runestones on the Isle of Man . Burial sites See also : Norse funeral and Ship burial Burial mounds at Gamla Uppsala Funerary stone setting Viking burial mounds and stone set graves , known as tumuli Prow of the Oseberg ship , at Oslo Museum Head post from the Oseberg ship There are numerous burial sites associated with Vikings throughout Europe and their sphere of influence -- in Scandinavia , the British Isles , Ireland , Greenland , Iceland , Faeroe Islands , Germany , The Baltic , Russia , etc . The burial practices of the Vikings were quite varied , from dug graves in the ground , to tumuli , sometimes including so - called ship burials . According to written sources , most of the funerals took place at sea . The funerals involved either burial or cremation , depending on local customs . In the area that is now Sweden , cremations were predominant ; in Denmark burial was more common ; and in Norway both were common . Viking barrows are one of the primary source of evidence for circumstances in the Viking Age . The items buried with the dead give some indication as to what was considered important to possess in the afterlife . It is unknown what mortuary services were given to dead children by the Vikings . Some of the burial sites that are most important for understanding the Vikings include : Norway : Oseberg ; Gokstad ; Borrehaugene . Sweden : Gettlinge gravfält ; the cemeteries of Birka , a World Heritage Site ; Valsgärde ; Gamla Uppsala ; Hulterstad gravfält , near Alby ; Hulterstad , Öland . Denmark : Jelling , a World Heritage Site ; Lindholm Høje ; Ladby ship ; Mammen chamber tomb and hoard . Estonia : Salme ships -- The largest ship burial ground ever uncovered . Scotland : Port an Eilean Mhòir ship burial ; Scar boat burial , Orkney . Faroe Islands : Hov . Iceland : Mosfellsbær in Capital Region ; the boat burial in Vatnsdalur , Austur - Húnavatnssýsla . Greenland : Brattahlíð . Germany : Hedeby . Latvia : Grobiņa . Ukraine : the Black Grave . Russia : Gnezdovo . Ships Main article : Viking ships There have been several archaeological finds of Viking ships of all sizes , providing knowledge of the craftsmanship that went into building them . There were many types of Viking ships , built for various uses ; the best - known type is probably the longship . Longships were intended for warfare and exploration , designed for speed and agility , and were equipped with oars to complement the sail , making navigation possible independently of the wind . The longship had a long , narrow hull and shallow draught to facilitate landings and troop deployments in shallow water . Longships were used extensively by the Leidang , the Scandinavian defence fleets . The longship allowed the Norse to go Viking , which might explain why this type of ship has become almost synonymous with the concept of Vikings . A reconstructed longship A model of the knarr ship type The longship facilitated far - reaching expeditions , but the Vikings also constructed several other types of ships . The Vikings built many unique types of watercraft , often used for more peaceful tasks . The knarr was a dedicated merchant vessel designed to carry cargo in bulk . It had a broader hull , deeper draught , and a small number of oars ( used primarily to manoeuvre in harbours and similar situations ) . One Viking innovation was the ' beitass ' , a spar mounted to the sail that allowed their ships to sail effectively against the wind . It was common for seafaring Viking ships to tow or carry a smaller boat to transfer crews and cargo from the ship to shore . Ships were an integral part of the Viking culture . They facilitated everyday transportation across seas and waterways , exploration of new lands , raids , conquests , and trade with neighbouring cultures . They also held a major religious importance . People with high status were sometimes buried in a ship along with animal sacrifices , weapons , provisions and other items , as evidenced by the buried vessels at Gokstad and Oseberg in Norway and the excavated ship burial at Ladby in Denmark . Ship burials were also practised by Vikings abroad , as evidenced by the excavations of the Salme ships on the Estonian island of Saaremaa . Well - preserved remains of five Viking ships were excavated from Roskilde Fjord in the late 1960s , representing both the longship and the knarr . The ships were scuttled there in the 11th century to block a navigation channel and thus protect Roskilde , then the Danish capital , from seaborne assault . The remains of these ships are on display at the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde . Everyday life Social structure A reconstructed Viking house in Iceland A reconstructed Viking Age longhouse at Fyrkat , Denmark A large reconstructed chieftains longhouse at Lofotr Viking Museum , Norway Reconstructed town houses from Haithabu ( now in Germany ) The Viking society was divided into the three socio - economic classes : Thralls , Karls and Jarls . This is described vividly in the Eddic poem of Rígsþula , which also explains that it was the God Ríg -- father of mankind also known as Heimdallr -- who created the three classes . Archaeology has confirmed this social structure . Thralls were the lowest ranking class and were slaves . Slavery was of vital importance to Viking society , for everyday chores and large scale construction and also to trade and the economy . Thralls were servants and workers in the farms and larger households of the Karls and Jarls , and they were used for constructing fortifications , ramps , canals , mounds , roads and similar hard work projects . According to the Rigsthula , Thralls were despised and looked down upon . New thralls were supplied by either the sons and daughters of thralls or they were captured abroad . The Vikings often deliberately captured many people on their raids in Europe , to enslave them as thralls . The thralls were then brought back home to Scandinavia by boat , used on location or in newer settlements to build needed structures , or sold , often to the Arabs in exchange for silver . Other names for thrall were ' træl ' and ' ty ' . Karls were free peasants . They owned farms , land and cattle and engaged in daily chores like ploughing the fields , milking the cattle , building houses and wagons , but used thralls to make ends meet . Other names for Karls were ' bonde ' or simply free men . The Jarls were the aristocracy of the Viking society . They were wealthy and owned large estates with huge longhouses , horses and many thralls . The thralls did most of the daily chores , while the Jarls did administration , politics , hunting , sports , visited other Jarls or were abroad on expeditions . When a Jarl died and was buried , his household thralls were sometimes sacrificially killed and buried next to him , as many excavations have revealed . In daily life , there were many intermediate positions in the overall social structure and it is believed that there must have been some social mobility . These details are unclear , but titles and positions like hauldr , thegn , landmand , show mobility between the Karls and the Jarls . Other social structures included the communities of félag in both the civil and the military spheres , to which its members ( called félagi ) were obliged . A félag could be centred around certain trades , a common ownership of a sea vessel or a military obligation under a specific leader . Members of the latter were referred to as drenge , one of the words for warrior . There were also official communities within towns and villages , the overall defence , religion , the legal system and the Things . Women had a relatively free status in the Nordic countries of Sweden , Denmark and Norway , illustrated in the Icelandic Grágás and the Norwegian Frostating laws and Gulating laws . The paternal aunt , paternal niece and paternal granddaughter , referred to as odalkvinna , all had the right to inherit property from a deceased man . In the absence of male relatives , an unmarried woman with no son could inherit not only property but also the position as head of the family from a deceased father or brother . Such a woman was referred to as Baugrygr , and she exercised all the rights afforded to the head of a family clan -- such as the right to demand and receive fines for the slaughter of a family member -- until she married , by which her rights were transferred to her new husband . After the age of 20 , an unmarried woman , referred to as maer and mey , reached legal majority and had the right to decide her place of residence and was regarded as her own person before the law . An exception to her independence was the right to choose a marriage partner , as marriages were normally arranged by the family . Widows enjoyed the same independent status as unmarried women . A married woman could divorce her husband and remarry . It was also socially acceptable for a free woman to cohabit with a man and have children with him without marrying him , even if that man was married ; a woman in such a position was called frilla . There was no distinction made between children born inside or outside marriage : both had the right to inherit property after their parents , and there was no `` legitimate '' or `` illegitimate '' children . Women had religious authority and were active as priestesses ( gydja ) and oracles ( sejdkvinna ) . They were active within art as poets ( skalder ) and rune masters , and as merchants and medicine women . They may also have been active within military office : the stories about shieldmaidens is unconfirmed , but some archaeological finds such as the Birka female Viking warrior may indicate that at least some women in military authority existed . These liberties gradually disappeared after the introduction of Christianity , and from the late 13th - century , they are no longer mentioned . Appearances Typical jewellery worn by women of the Karls and Jarls : ornamented silver brooches , coloured glass - beads and amulets The three classes were easily recognisable by their appearances . Men and women of the Jarls were well groomed with neat hairstyles and expressed their wealth and status by wearing expensive clothes ( often silk ) and well crafted jewellery like brooches , belt buckles , necklaces and arm rings . Almost all of the jewellery was crafted in specific designs unique to the Norse ( see Viking art ) . Finger rings were seldom used and earrings were not used at all , as they were seen as a Slavic phenomenon . Most Karls expressed similar tastes and hygiene , but in a more relaxed and inexpensive way . Farming and cuisine The sagas tell about the diet and cuisine of the Vikings , but first hand evidence , like cesspits , kitchen middens and garbage dumps have proved to be of great value and importance . Undigested remains of plants from cesspits at Coppergate in York have provided much information in this respect . Overall , archaeo - botanical investigations have been undertaken increasingly in recent decades , as a collaboration between archaeologists and palaeoethno - botanists . This new approach sheds light on the agricultural and horticultural practices of the Vikings and their cuisine . The combined information from various sources suggests a diverse cuisine and ingredients . Meat products of all kinds , such as cured , smoked and whey - preserved meat , sausages , and boiled or fried fresh meat cuts , were prepared and consumed . There were plenty of seafood , bread , porridges , dairy products , vegetables , fruits , berries and nuts . Alcoholic drinks like beer , mead , bjórr ( a strong fruit wine ) and , for the rich , imported wine , were served . Certain livestock were typical and unique to the Vikings , including the Icelandic horse , Icelandic cattle , a plethora of sheep breeds , the Danish hen and the Danish goose . The Vikings in York mostly ate beef , mutton , and pork with small amounts of horse meat . Most of the beef and horse leg bones were found split lengthways , to extract the marrow . The mutton and swine were cut into leg and shoulder joints and chops . The frequent remains of pig skull and foot bones found on house floors indicate that brawn and trotters were also popular . Hens were kept for both their meat and eggs , and the bones of game birds such as black grouse , golden plover , wild ducks , and geese have also been found . Seafood was important , in some places even more so than meat . Whales and walrus were hunted for food in Norway and the north - western parts of the North Atlantic region , and seals were hunted nearly everywhere . Oysters , mussels and shrimps were eaten in large quantities and cod and salmon were popular fish . In the southern regions , herring was also important . Milk and buttermilk were popular , both as cooking ingredients and drinks , but were not always available , even at farms . Milk came from cows , goats and sheep , with priorities varying from location to location , and fermented milk products like skyr or surmjölk were produced as well as butter and cheese . Food was often salted and enhanced with spices , some of which were imported like black pepper , while others were cultivated in herb gardens or harvested in the wild . Home grown spices included caraway , mustard and horseradish as evidenced from the Oseberg ship burial or dill , coriander , and wild celery , as found in cesspits at Coppergate in York . Thyme , juniper berry , sweet gale , yarrow , rue and peppercress were also used and cultivated in herb gardens . Everyday life in the Viking Age Vikings collected and ate fruits , berries and nuts . Apple ( wild crab apples ) , plums and cherries were part of the diet , as were rose hips and raspberry , wild strawberry , blackberry , elderberry , rowan , hawthorn and various wild berries , specific to the locations . Hazelnuts were an important part of the diet in general and large amounts of walnut shells have been found in cities like Hedeby . The shells were used for dyeing , and it is assumed that the nuts were consumed . The invention and introduction of the mouldboard plough revolutionised agriculture in Scandinavia in the early Viking Age and made it possible to farm even poor soils . In Ribe , grains of rye , barley , oat and wheat dated to the 8th century have been found and examined , and are believed to have been cultivated locally . Grains and flour were used for making porridges , some cooked with milk , some cooked with fruit and sweetened with honey , and also various forms of bread . Remains of bread from primarily Birka in Sweden were made of barley and wheat . It is unclear if the Norse leavened their breads , but their ovens and baking utensils suggest that they did . Flax was a very important crop for the Vikings : it was used for oil extraction , food consumption and most importantly the production of linen . More than 40 % of all known textile recoveries from the Viking Age can be traced as linen . This suggests a much higher actual percentage , as linen is poorly preserved compared to wool for example . The quality of food for common people was not always particularly high . The research at Coppergate shows that the Vikings in York made bread from whole meal flour -- probably both wheat and rye -- but with the seeds of cornfield weeds included . Corncockle ( Agrostemma ) , would have made the bread dark - coloured , but the seeds are poisonous , and people who ate the bread might have become ill . Seeds of carrots , parsnip , and brassicas were also discovered , but they were poor specimens and tend to come from white carrots and bitter tasting cabbages . The rotary querns often used in the Viking Age left tiny stone fragments ( often from basalt rock ) in the flour , which when eaten wore down the teeth . The effects of this can be seen on skeletal remains of that period . Sports Sports were widely practised and encouraged by the Vikings . Sports that involved weapons training and developing combat skills were popular . This included spear and stone throwing , building and testing physical strength through wrestling ( see glima ) , fist fighting , and stone lifting . In areas with mountains , mountain climbing was practised as a sport . Agility and balance were built and tested by running and jumping for sport , and there is mention of a sport that involved jumping from oar to oar on the outside of a ship 's railing as it was being rowed . Swimming was a popular sport and Snorri Sturluson describes three types : diving , long - distance swimming and a contest in which two swimmers try to duck one another . Children often participated in some of the sport disciplines and women have also been mentioned as swimmers , although it is unclear if they took part in competition . King Olaf Tryggvason was hailed as a master of both mountain climbing and oar - jumping , and was said to have excelled in the art of knife juggling as well . Skiing and ice skating were the primary winter sports of the Vikings , although skiing was also used as everyday means of transport in winter and in the colder regions of the north . Horse fighting was practised for sport , although the rules are unclear . It appears to have involved two stallions pitted against each other , within smell and sight of fenced - off mares . Whatever the rules were , the fights often resulted in the death of one of the stallions . Icelandic sources refer to the sport of knattleik . A ball game akin to hockey , knattleik involved a bat and a small hard ball and was usually played on a smooth field of ice . The rules are unclear , but it was popular with both adults and children , even though it often led to injuries . Knattleik appears to have been played only in Iceland , where it attracted many spectators , as did horse fighting . Hunting , as a sport , was limited to Denmark , where it was not regarded as an important occupation . Birds , deer , hares and foxes were hunted with bow and spear , and later with crossbows . The techniques were stalking , snare and traps and par force hunting with dog packs . Games and entertainment Rook , Lewis chessmen , at the British Museum in London Both archaeological finds and written sources testify to the fact that the Vikings set aside time for social and festive gatherings . Board games and dice games were played as a popular pastime at all levels of society . Preserved gaming pieces and boards show game boards made of easily available materials like wood , with game pieces manufactured from stone , wood or bone , while other finds include elaborately carved boards and game pieces of glass , amber , antler or walrus tusk , together with materials of foreign origin , such as ivory . The Vikings played several types of tafl games ; hnefatafl , nitavl ( Nine Men 's Morris ) and the less common kvatrutafl . Chess also appeared at the end of the Viking Age . Hnefatafl is a war game , in which the object is to capture the king piece -- a large hostile army threatens and the king 's men have to protect the king . It was played on a board with squares using black and white pieces , with moves made according to dice rolls . The Ockelbo Runestone shows two men engaged in Hnefatafl , and the sagas suggest that money or valuables could have been involved in some dice games . On festive occasions storytelling , skaldic poetry , music and alcoholic drinks , like beer and mead , contributed to the atmosphere . Music was considered an art form and music proficiency as fitting for a cultivated man . The Vikings are known to have played instruments including harps , fiddles , lyres and lutes . Experimental Archaeology Experimental archaeology of the Viking Age is a flourishing branch and several places have been dedicated to this technique , such as Jorvik Viking Centre in the United Kingdom , Sagnlandet Lejre and Ribe Viking Center ( da ) in Denmark , Foteviken Museum in Sweden or Lofotr Viking Museum in Norway . Viking - age reenactors have undertaken experimental activities such as iron smelting and forging using Norse techniques at Norstead in Newfoundland for example . On 1 July 2007 , the reconstructed Viking ship Skuldelev 2 , renamed Sea Stallion , began a journey from Roskilde to Dublin . The remains of that ship and four others were discovered during a 1962 excavation in the Roskilde Fjord . Tree - ring analysis has shown the ship was built of oak in the vicinity of Dublin in about 1042 . Seventy multi-national crew members sailed the ship back to its home , and Sea Stallion arrived outside Dublin 's Custom House on 14 August 2007 . The purpose of the voyage was to test and document the seaworthiness , speed , and manoeuvrability of the ship on the rough open sea and in coastal waters with treacherous currents . The crew tested how the long , narrow , flexible hull withstood the tough ocean waves . The expedition also provided valuable new information on Viking longships and society . The ship was built using Viking tools , materials , and much the same methods as the original ship . Other vessels , often replicas of the Gokstad ship ( full - or half - scale ) or Skuldelev I have been built and tested as well . The Snorri ( a Skuldelev I Knarr ) , was sailed from Greenland to Newfoundland in 1998 . Weapons and warfare Main article : Viking Age arms and armour Viking swords Knowledge about the arms and armour of the Viking age is based on archaeological finds , pictorial representation , and to some extent on the accounts in the Norse sagas and Norse laws recorded in the 13th century . According to custom , all free Norse men were required to own weapons and were permitted to carry them at all times . These arms were indicative of a Viking 's social status : a wealthy Viking had a complete ensemble of a helmet , shield , mail shirt , and sword . However , swords were rarely used in battle , probably not sturdy enough for combat and most likely only used as symbolic or decorative items . A typical bóndi ( freeman ) was more likely to fight with a spear and shield , and most also carried a seax as a utility knife and side - arm . Bows were used in the opening stages of land battles and at sea , but they tended to be considered less `` honourable '' than melee weapons . Vikings were relatively unusual for the time in their use of axes as a main battle weapon . The Húscarls , the elite guard of King Cnut ( and later of King Harold II ) were armed with two - handed axes that could split shields or metal helmets with ease . The warfare and violence of the Vikings were often motivated and fuelled by their beliefs in Norse religion , focusing on Thor and Odin , the gods of war and death . In combat , it is believed that the Vikings sometimes engaged in a disordered style of frenetic , furious fighting known as berserkergang , leading them to be termed berserkers . Such tactics may have been deployed intentionally by shock troops , and the berserk - state may have been induced through ingestion of materials with psychoactive properties , such as the hallucinogenic mushrooms , Amanita muscaria , or large amounts of alcohol . Trade See also : Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks and Volga trade route The scales and weights of a Viking trader , used for measuring silver and sometimes gold . ( From the Sigtuna box ) The Vikings established and engaged in extensive trading networks throughout the known world and had a profound influence on the economic development of Europe and Scandinavia not the least . Except for the major trading centres of Ribe , Hedeby and the like , the Viking world was unfamiliar with the use of coinage and was based on so called bullion economy . Silver was the most common metal in the economy , although gold was also used to some extent . Silver circulated in the form of bars , or ingots , as well as in the form of jewellery and ornaments . A large number of silver hoards from the Viking Age have been uncovered , both in Scandinavia and the lands they settled . Traders carried small scales , enabling them to measure weight very accurately , so it was possible to have a very precise system of trade and exchange , even without a regular coinage . Goods Organized trade covered everything from ordinary items in bulk to exotic luxury products . The Viking ship designs , like that of the knarr , were an important factor in their success as merchants . Imported goods from other cultures included : Spices were obtained from Chinese and Persian traders , who met with the Viking traders in Russia . Vikings used homegrown spices and herbs like caraway , thyme , horseradish and mustard , but imported cinnamon . Glass was much prized by the Norse . The imported glass was often made into beads for decoration and these have been found in their thousands . Åhus in Scania and the old market town of Ribe had major production of glass beads . Silk was a very important commodity obtained from Byzantium ( modern day Istanbul ) and China . It was valued by many European cultures of the time , and the Vikings used it to illustrate status such as wealth and nobility . Many of the archaeological finds in Scandinavia include silk . Wine was imported from France and Germany as a drink of the wealthy , to vary the regular mead and beer . To counter these valuable imports , the Vikings exported a large variety of goods . These goods included : Amber -- the fossilised resin of the pine tree -- was frequently found on the North Sea and Baltic coastline . It was worked into beads and ornamental objects , before being traded . ( See also the Amber Road ) . Fur was also exported as it provided warmth . This included the furs of pine martens , foxes , bears , otters and beavers . Cloth and wool . The Vikings were skilled spinners and weavers and exported woollen cloth of a high quality . Down was collected and exported . The Norwegian west coast supplied eiderdowns and sometimes feathers were bought from the Samis . Down was used for bedding and quilted clothing . Fowling on the steep slopes and cliffs was dangerous work and was often lethal . Slaves , known as thralls in Old Norse . On their raids , the Vikings captured many people , among them monks and clergymen . They were sometimes sold as slaves to Arab merchants in exchange for silver . Other exports included weapons , walrus ivory , wax , salt and cod . As one of the more exotic exports , hunting birds were sometimes provided from Norway to the European aristocracy , from the 10th century . Many of these goods were also traded within the Viking world itself , as well as goods such as soapstone and whetstone . Soapstone was traded with the Norse on Iceland and in Jutland , who used it for pottery . Whetstones were traded and used for sharpening weapons , tools and knives . There are indications from Ribe and surrounding areas , that the extensive medieval trade with oxen and cattle from Jutland ( see Ox Road ) , reach as far back as c. 720 AD . This trade satisfied the Vikings ' need for leather and meat to some extent , and perhaps hides for parchment production on the European mainland . Wool was also very important as a domestic product for the Vikings , to produce warm clothing for the cold Scandinavian and Nordic climate , and for sails . Sails for Viking ships required large amounts of wool , as evidenced by experimental archaeology . There are archaeological signs of organised textile productions in Scandinavia , reaching as far back as the early Iron Ages . Artisans and craftsmen in the larger towns were supplied with antlers from organised hunting with large - scale reindeer traps in the far north . They were used as raw material for making everyday utensils like combs . Legacy Medieval perceptions In England the Viking Age began dramatically on 8 June 793 when Norsemen destroyed the abbey on the island of Lindisfarne . The devastation of Northumbria 's Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe to the Viking presence . `` Never before has such an atrocity been seen , '' declared the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York . Medieval Christians in Europe were totally unprepared for the Viking incursions and could find no explanation for their arrival and the accompanying suffering they experienced at their hands save the `` Wrath of God '' . More than any other single event , the attack on Lindisfarne demonised perception of the Vikings for the next twelve centuries . Not until the 1890s did scholars outside Scandinavia begin to seriously reassess the achievements of the Vikings , recognizing their artistry , technological skills , and seamanship . Norse Mythology , sagas , and literature tell of Scandinavian culture and religion through tales of heroic and mythological heroes . Early transmission of this information was primarily oral , and later texts were reliant upon the writings and transcriptions of Christian scholars , including the Icelanders Snorri Sturluson and Sæmundur fróði . Many of these sagas were written in Iceland , and most of them , even if they had no Icelandic provenance , were preserved there after the Middle Ages due to the continued interest of Icelanders in Norse literature and law codes . The 200 - year Viking influence on European history is filled with tales of plunder and colonisation , and the majority of these chronicles came from western witnesses and their descendants . Less common , though equally relevant , are the Viking chronicles that originated in the east , including the Nestor chronicles , Novgorod chronicles , Ibn Fadlan chronicles , Ibn Rusta chronicles , and brief mentions by Photius , patriarch of Constantinople , regarding their first attack on the Byzantine Empire . Other chroniclers of Viking history include Adam of Bremen , who wrote , in the fourth volume of his Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum , `` ( t ) here is much gold here ( in Zealand ) , accumulated by piracy . These pirates , which are called wichingi by their own people , and Ascomanni by our own people , pay tribute to the Danish king . '' In 991 , the Battle of Maldon between Viking raiders and the inhabitants of Maldon in Essex was commemorated with a poem of the same name . Post-medieval perceptions A modern reenactment of a Viking battle Early modern publications , dealing with what is now called Viking culture , appeared in the 16th century , e.g. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus ( Olaus Magnus , 1555 ) , and the first edition of the 13th - century Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus in 1514 . The pace of publication increased during the 17th century with Latin translations of the Edda ( notably Peder Resen 's Edda Islandorum of 1665 ) . In Scandinavia , the 17th - century Danish scholars Thomas Bartholin and Ole Worm and the Swede Olaus Rudbeck used runic inscriptions and Icelandic sagas as historical sources . An important early British contributor to the study of the Vikings was George Hicke , who published his Linguarum vett . septentrionalium thesaurus in 1703 -- 05 . During the 18th century , British interest and enthusiasm for Iceland and early Scandinavian culture grew dramatically , expressed in English translations of Old Norse texts and in original poems that extolled the supposed Viking virtues . The word `` viking '' was first popularised at the beginning of the 19th century by Erik Gustaf Geijer in his poem , The Viking . Geijer 's poem did much to propagate the new romanticised ideal of the Viking , which had little basis in historical fact . The renewed interest of Romanticism in the Old North had contemporary political implications . The Geatish Society , of which Geijer was a member , popularised this myth to a great extent . Another Swedish author who had great influence on the perception of the Vikings was Esaias Tegnér , member of the Geatish Society , who wrote a modern version of Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna , which became widely popular in the Nordic countries , the United Kingdom , and Germany . Viking long ships besieging Paris in 845 , 19th century portrayal Fascination with the Vikings reached a peak during the so - called Viking revival in the late 18th and 19th centuries as a branch of Romantic nationalism . In Britain this was called Septentrionalism , in Germany `` Wagnerian '' pathos , and in the Scandinavian countries Scandinavism . Pioneering 19th - century scholarly editions of the Viking Age began to reach a small readership in Britain , archaeologists began to dig up Britain 's Viking past , and linguistic enthusiasts started to identify the Viking - Age origins of rural idioms and proverbs . The new dictionaries of the Old Norse language enabled the Victorians to grapple with the primary Icelandic sagas . Until recently , the history of the Viking Age was largely based on Icelandic sagas , the history of the Danes written by Saxo Grammaticus , the Russian Primary Chronicle , and Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib . Few scholars still accept these texts as reliable sources , as historians now rely more on archaeology and numismatics , disciplines that have made valuable contributions toward understanding the period . In 20th - century politics The romanticised idea of the Vikings constructed in scholarly and popular circles in northwestern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries was a potent one , and the figure of the Viking became a familiar and malleable symbol in different contexts in the politics and political ideologies of 20th - century Europe . In Normandy , which had been settled by Vikings , the Viking ship became an uncontroversial regional symbol . In Germany , awareness of Viking history in the 19th century had been stimulated by the border dispute with Denmark over Schleswig - Holstein and the use of Scandinavian mythology by Richard Wagner . The idealised view of the Vikings appealed to Germanic supremacists who transformed the figure of the Viking in accordance with the ideology of the Germanic master race . Building on the linguistic and cultural connections between Norse - speaking Scandinavians and other Germanic groups in the distant past , Scandinavian Vikings were portrayed in Nazi Germany as a pure Germanic type . The cultural phenomenon of Viking expansion was re-interpreted for use as propaganda to support the extreme militant nationalism of the Third Reich , and ideologically informed interpretations of Viking paganism and the Scandinavian use of runes were employed in the construction of Nazi mysticism . Other political organisations of the same ilk , such as the former Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling , similarly appropriated elements of the modern Viking cultural myth in their symbolism and propaganda . In communist Russia , the ideology of Slavic racial purity led to the complete denial that Scandinavians had played a part in the emergence of the principalities of the Rus ' , which were supposed to have been founded by Slavs . Evidence to the contrary was suppressed until the 1990s . Novgorod now enthusiastically acknowledges its Viking history and has included a Viking ship in its logo . In modern popular culture Play media Viking reenactment training ( Jomsvikings group ) Tim Kirk 's cover painting for Robert E. Howard 's Tigers of the Sea fits precisely the popular , instantly recognisable image of a Viking ship . Led by the operas of German composer Richard Wagner , such as Der Ring des Nibelungen , Vikings and the Romanticist Viking Revival have inspired many creative works . These have included novels directly based on historical events , such as Frans Gunnar Bengtsson 's The Long Ships ( which was also released as a 1963 film ) , and historical fantasies such as the film The Vikings , Michael Crichton 's Eaters of the Dead ( movie version called The 13th Warrior ) , and the comedy film Erik the Viking . The vampire Eric Northman , in the HBO TV series True Blood , was a Viking prince before being turned into a vampire . Vikings appear in several books by the Danish American writer Poul Anderson , while British explorer , historian , and writer Tim Severin authored a trilogy of novels in 2005 about a young Viking adventurer Thorgils Leifsson , who travels around the world . In 1962 , American comic book writer Stan Lee and his brother Larry Lieber , together with Jack Kirby , created the Marvel Comics superhero Thor , which they based on the Norse god of the same name . The character is featured in the 2011 Marvel Studios film Thor and its sequels Thor : The Dark World and Thor : Ragnarok . The character also appears in the 2012 film The Avengers and its associated animated series . Since the 1960s , there has been rising enthusiasm for historical reenactment . While the earliest groups had little claim for historical accuracy , the seriousness and accuracy of reenactors has increased . The largest such groups include The Vikings and Regia Anglorum , though many smaller groups exist in Europe , North America , New Zealand , and Australia . Many reenactor groups participate in live - steel combat , and a few have Viking - style ships or boats . The Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League are so - named owing to the large Scandinavian population in the US state of Minnesota . During the banking boom of the first decade of the twenty - first century , Icelandic financiers came to be styled as útrásarvíkingar ( roughly ' raiding vikings ' ) . Modern reconstructions of Viking mythology have shown a persistent influence in late 20th - and early 21st - century popular culture in some countries , inspiring comics , role - playing games , computer games , and music , including Viking metal , a subgenre of heavy metal music . Common misconceptions Horned helmets Main article : Horned helmet Magnus Barelegs Viking Festival Apart from two or three representations of ( ritual ) helmets -- with protrusions that may be either stylised ravens , snakes , or horns -- no depiction of the helmets of Viking warriors , and no preserved helmet , has horns . The formal , close - quarters style of Viking combat ( either in shield walls or aboard `` ship islands '' ) would have made horned helmets cumbersome and hazardous to the warrior 's own side . Historians therefore believe that Viking warriors did not wear horned helmets ; whether such helmets were used in Scandinavian culture for other , ritual purposes , remains unproven . The general misconception that Viking warriors wore horned helmets was partly promulgated by the 19th - century enthusiasts of Götiska Förbundet , founded in 1811 in Stockholm . They promoted the use of Norse mythology as the subject of high art and other ethnological and moral aims . The Vikings were often depicted with winged helmets and in other clothing taken from Classical antiquity , especially in depictions of Norse gods . This was done to legitimise the Vikings and their mythology by associating it with the Classical world , which had long been idealised in European culture . The latter - day mythos created by national romantic ideas blended the Viking Age with aspects of the Nordic Bronze Age some 2,000 years earlier . Horned helmets from the Bronze Age were shown in petroglyphs and appeared in archaeological finds ( see Bohuslän and Vikso helmets ) . They were probably used for ceremonial purposes . Viking helmets Cartoons like Hägar the Horrible and Vicky the Viking , and sports kits such as those of the Minnesota Vikings and Canberra Raiders have perpetuated the myth of the horned helmet . Viking helmets were conical , made from hard leather with wood and metallic reinforcement for regular troops . The iron helmet with mask and mail was for the chieftains , based on the previous Vendel - age helmets from central Sweden . The only original Viking helmet discovered is the Gjermundbu helmet , found in Norway . This helmet is made of iron and has been dated to the 10th century . Barbarity Diorama with Vikings The image of wild - haired , dirty savages sometimes associated with the Vikings in popular culture is a distorted picture of reality . Viking tendencies were often misreported , and the work of Adam of Bremen , among others , told largely disputable tales of Viking savagery and uncleanliness . Use of skulls as drinking vessels There is no evidence that Vikings drank out of the skulls of vanquished enemies . This was a misconception based on a passage in the skaldic poem Krákumál speaking of heroes drinking from ór bjúgviðum hausa ( branches of skulls ) . This was a reference to drinking horns , but was mistranslated in the 17th century as referring to the skulls of the slain . Genetic legacy Studies of genetic diversity provide indication of the origin and expansion of the Viking population . Haplogroup I - M253 ( defined by specific genetic markers on the Y chromosome ) mutation occurs with the greatest frequency among Scandinavian males : 35 % in Norway , Denmark , and Sweden , and peaking at 40 % in south - western Finland . It is also common near the southern Baltic and North Sea coasts , and successively decreases further to the south geographically . Female descent studies show evidence of Norse descent in areas closest to Scandinavia , such as the Shetland and Orkney islands . Inhabitants of lands farther away show most Norse descent in the male Y - chromosome lines . A specialised genetic and surname study in Liverpool showed marked Norse heritage : up to 50 % of males of families that lived there before the years of industrialisation and population expansion . High percentages of Norse inheritance -- tracked through the R - M420 haplotype -- were also found among males in the Wirral and West Lancashire . This was similar to the percentage of Norse inheritance found among males in the Orkney Islands . Recent research suggests that the Celtic warrior Somerled , who drove the Vikings out of western Scotland and was the progenitor of Clan Donald , may have been of Viking descent , a member of haplogroup R - M420 . See also Faroese people Geats Gotlander Gutasaga Proto - Norse language Scandinavian prehistory Swedes ( Germanic tribe ) Viking raid warfare and tactics Ushkuiniks -- Novgorod 's privateers inherited Vikings ' warfare Norway portal Sweden portal Denmark portal Iceland portal Russia portal Germany portal Belarus portal Ukraine portal Italy portal Latvia portal Ireland portal United Kingdom portal Normandy portal Finland portal Estonia portal Notes Jump up ^ Whitelock , Dorothy . Sweet 's Anglo - Saxon Reader , OUP 1967 , p. 392 Jump up ^ Viking ( people ) , Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Roesdahl , pp. 9 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Brink 2008 Jump up ^ Archaeologists find evidence of Vikings ' presence in Belarus . Lepel Regional Executive Committee . Jump up ^ ANCIENT UKRAINE : Did Swedish Vikings really found Kyiv Rus ? Business Ukraine . Jump up ^ Wawn 2000 Jump up ^ Johnni Langer , `` The origins of the imaginary viking '' , Viking Heritage Magazine , Gotland University / Centre for Baltic Studies . Visby ( Sweden ) , n . 4 , 2002 . Jump up ^ The Syntax of Old Norse by Jan Terje Faarlund ; p 25 ISBN 0 - 19 - 927110 - 0 ; The Principles of English Etymology By Walter W. Skeat , published in 1892 , defined Viking : better Wiking , Icel . Viking - r , O. Icel . * Viking - r , a creek - dweller ; from Icel . vik , O. Icel . * wik , a creek , bay , with suffix - uig - r , belonging to Principles of English Etymology By Walter W. Skeat ; Clarendon press ; p. 479 Jump up ^ Eldar Heide ( 2005 ) . `` Víking -- ' rower shifting ' ? An etymological contribution '' ( PDF ) . Arkiv för nordisk filologi. 120 : 41 -- 54 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Walter W. Skeat : Principles of English Etymology Clarendon press , p. 479 Jump up ^ Kvilhaug , Maria . `` The Tribe that Gave Vikings Their Name ? '' . Freya . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Samnordisk runtextdatabas : Sm 10 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Enoksen , Lars - Magnar , Skånska runstenar ( Lund 1999 ) s. 89 f . Jump up ^ Jesch , Judith ( 2001 ) . Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age : The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse . Woodbridge : Boydell Press . 2001 : 56 , 180 - 81 . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 826 - 9 . Jump up ^ 100 Svenska Runinskrifter , Åke Ohlmarks , sid 65 , Bokförlaget Plus , 1978 , ISBN 91 - 7406 - 110 - 0 Jump up ^ Runinskrifter i Sverige , Sven BF Jansson , sid. 97 , Almqvist & Wiksell Förlag AB , 1983 , ISBN 91 - 20 - 07030 - 6 Jump up ^ Eldar Heide ( 2008 ) . `` Viking , week , and Widsith . A reply to Harald Bjorvand '' . Centre of Medieval Studies ( University of Bergen ) . Arkiv för nordisk filologi . academia.edu. 123 : 23 -- 28 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Anatoly Liberman ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` What Did The Vikings Do Before They Began to Play Football ? - OUPblog '' . Jump up ^ Bernard Mees ( 2012 ) . `` Taking Turns : linguistic economy and the name of the Vikings '' . Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ( RMIT ) . Arkiv för nordisk filologi . academia.edu. 127 : 5 -- 12 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Eldar Heide ( 2005 ) . `` Víking - ' rower shifting ' ? An etymological contribution '' ( PDF ) . Arkiv för nordisk filologi. 120 : 41 -- 54 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hans C. Boas ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Indo - European Lexicon - PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes '' . Linguistics Research Center . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Eldar Heide ( 2005 ) . `` Víking - ' rower shifting ' ? An etymological contribution '' ( PDF ) . 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Bibcode : 2008Wthr ... 63 ... 60H . doi : 10.1002 / wea. 150 . ISSN 1477 - 8696 . Jump up ^ Matthias Schulz ( 27 August 2010 ) . `` ' Sensational ' Discovery : Archeologists Find Gateway to the Viking Empire '' . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lotte Flugt Kold ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` Dannevirke '' . danmarkshistorien.dk ( in Danish ) . Aarhus University . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Näsman , Ulf ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Raids , Migrations , and Kingdoms '' . Acta Archaeologica. 71 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0390.2000. d01 - 1. x . ISSN 1600 - 0390 . ^ Jump up to : Rudolf Simek , `` the emergence of the viking age : circumstances and conditions '' , `` The vikings first Europeans VIII -- XI century -- the new discoveries of archaeology '' , other , 2005 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Bruno Dumézil , master of Conference at Paris X-Nanterre , Normalien , aggregated history , author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms . 5th -- 8th centuries ( Fayard , 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Franques Royal Annals '' cited in Sawyer , History of the Vikings , p. 20 Jump up ^ Dictionnaire d'histoire de France , Perrin , Alain Decaux and André Castelot , 1981 , pp. 184 -- 85 . ISBN 2 - 7242 - 3080 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` the Vikings '' R. Boyer history , myths , dictionary , Robert Laffont several 2008 , p96 ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 10631 - 0 Jump up ^ François - Xavier Dillmann , `` Viking civilisation and culture . A bibliography of French - language '' , Caen , Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest , University of Caen , 1975 , p. 19 , and `` Les Vikings : the Scandinavian and European 800 -- 1200 '' , 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe , 1992 , p. 26 Jump up ^ `` History of the Kings of Norway '' by Snorri Sturlusson translated by Professor of History François - Xavier Dillmann , Gallimard ISBN 2 - 07 - 073211 - 8 pp. 15 -- 16 , 18 , 24 , 33 -- 34 , 38 Jump up ^ Macauley Richardson , Lloyd . `` Books : Eurasian Exploration '' . Policy Review . Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Crone , Patricia . Meccan trade and the rise of Islam . First Georgias Press . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Viking expeditions and raids '' . National Museum of Denmark . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , J.D. ( 2005 ) . The Vikings : a very short introduction . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Tignor , Adelman , Brown , Elman , Liu , Pittman , Shaw . Worlds Together Worlds Apart . London : Norton . p. 352 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Worlds Together Worlds Apart Volume One : Beginnings Through the 15th Century - Fourth Edition Tignor , Adelman , Brown , Elman , Liu , Pittman , Shaw . Worlds Together Worlds Apart . London : Norton . p. 352 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Roesdahl , pp. 295 -- 97 Jump up ^ Gareth Williams , `` Kingship , Christianity and coinage : monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age '' , in Silver Economy in the Viking Age , ed . James Graham - Campbell and Gareth Williams , pp. 177 -- 214 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 222 - 0 Jump up ^ Roesdahl , p. 296 Jump up ^ The Northern Crusades : Second Edition by Eric Christiansen ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 026653 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Written sources shed light on Viking travels '' . National Museum of Denmark . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , 2010 , pp. 8 passim . Jump up ^ Roesdahl , pp. 16 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Hall , pp. 8 -- 11 Jump up ^ Lindqvist , pp. 160 -- 61 Jump up ^ See List of English words of Old Norse origin for further explanations on specific words . Jump up ^ See Norman toponymy . Jump up ^ Henriksen , Louise Kæmpe : Nordic place names in Europe Viking Ship Museum Roskilde Jump up ^ Viking Words The British Library Jump up ^ Joel Supéry . `` Germanic Toponomy '' . Vikings in Aquitaine . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Joel Supéry . `` A colony in Gascony ? '' . Vikings in Aquitaine . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The French Regions of Poitou - Charentes and Aquitaine to be precise . Jump up ^ Annie Dumont ( 2007 ) . `` Méthodes d'étude d'un site fluvial du haut Moyen Age : Taillebourg -- Port d'Envaux , ( Charente - Maritime ) '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Medieval and Modern Archaeology ( in French ) . Medieval Europe , Paris 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Department of Scandinavian Research University of Copenhagen Jump up ^ See information on the `` Slavonic and Norse names of the Dnieper rapids '' on Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks . Jump up ^ Else Roesdahl ( prof. in Arch . & Hist . ) : The Vikings , Penguin Books ( 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 025282 - 7 Jump up ^ Sawyer , PH : 1997 Jump up ^ Jelling stones . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Jump up ^ Rundata , DR 42 Jump up ^ baþum ( Sm101 ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Jump up ^ In the nominative : krikiaR ( G216 ) . In the genitive : girkha ( U922 $ ) , k -- ika ( U104 ) . In the dative : girkium ( U1087 † ) , kirikium ( SöFv1954 ; 20 , U73 , U140 ) , ki ( r ) k ( i ) ( u ) ( m ) ( Ög94 $ ) , kirkum ( U136 ) , krikium ( Sö163 , U431 ) , krikum ( Ög81A , Ög81B , Sö85 , Sö165 , Vg178 , U201 , U518 ) , kri ( k ) um ( U792 ) , krikum ( Sm46 † , U446 † ) , krkum ( U358 ) , kr ... ( Sö345 $ A ) , kRkum ( Sö82 ) . In the accusative : kriki ( Sö170 ) . Uncertain case krik ( U1016 $ Q ) . Greece also appears as griklanti ( U112B ) , kriklati ( U540 ) , kriklontr ( U374 $ ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Jump up ^ Karusm ( Vs1 ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Jump up ^ iaursaliR ( G216 ) , iursala ( U605 † ) , iursalir ( U136G216 , U605 , U136 ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Jump up ^ lakbarþilanti ( SöFv1954 ; 22 ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Jump up ^ serklat ( G216 ) , se ( r ) kl ... ( Sö279 ) , sirklanti ( Sö131 ) , sirk : lan : ti ( Sö179 ) , sirk * la ( t ) ... ( Sö281 ) , srklant - ( U785 ) , skalat - ( U439 ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Jump up ^ eklans ( Vs18 $ ) , eklans ( Sö83 † ) , ekla - s ( Vs5 ) , enklans ( Sö55 ) , iklans ( Sö207 ) , iklanþs ( U539C ) , ailati ( Ög104 ) , aklati ( Sö166 ) , akla - ( U616 $ ) , anklanti ( U194 ) , eg × loti ( U812 ) , eklanti ( Sö46 , Sm27 ) , eklati ( ÖgFv1950 ; 341 , Sm5C , Vs9 ) , enklanti ( DR6C ) , haklati ( Sm101 ) , iklanti ( Vg20 ) , iklati ( Sm77 ) , ikla - ti ( Gs8 ) , i ... - ti ( Sm104 ) , ok * lanti ( Vg187 ) , oklati ( Sö160 ) , onklanti ( U241 ) , onklati ( U344 ) , - klanti ( Sm29 $ ) , iklot ( N184 ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF Jump up ^ luntunum ( DR337 $ B ) , see Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF ^ Jump up to : Jasmine Idun Tova Lyman ( 2007 ) , Viking Age graves in Iceland ( PDF ) , University of Iceland , p. 4 Jump up ^ Medieval Archaeology : An Encyclopaedia ( Pamela Crabtree , ed. , 2001 ) , `` Vikings , '' p. 510 . Jump up ^ Roesdahl , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Roesdahl p. 70 ( in Women , gender roles and children ) Jump up ^ The Hemlanden cemetery located here is the largest Viking Period cemetery in Scandinavia Phillip Pulsiano ; Kirsten Wolf , eds. ( 1993 ) . Medieval Scandinavia : An Encyclopedia ( Illustrated ed . ) . United Kingdom : Taylor & Francis . pp. 238 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 4787 - 0 . Jump up ^ Erlandson ( 2005 ) . `` A Viking - Age Valley in Iceland : The Mosfell Archaeological Project '' ( PDF ) . Medieval Archaeology Journal of the Society for Medieval Archaeology . XLIX . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ See also Jon M. Erlandson . Jump up ^ ( I ) ór Magnússon : Bátkumlió í Vatnsdal , Arbók hies íslenzka fornleifafélags ( 1966 ) , 1 - 32 Jump up ^ A comprehensive list of registered pagan graves in Iceland , can be found in Eldjárn & Fridriksson ( 2000 ) : Kuml og haugfé . Jump up ^ Dale Mackenzie Brown ( 28 February 2000 ) . `` The Fate of Greenland 's Vikings '' . Archaeology . the Archaeological Institute of America . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Longships are sometimes erroneously called drakkar , a corruption of `` dragon '' in Norse . Jump up ^ Hadingham , Evan : Secrets of Viking Ships ( 05.09. 00 ) NOVA science media . Jump up ^ Durham , Keith : Viking Longship Osprey Publishing , Oxford , 2002 . Jump up ^ Block , Leo , To Harness the Wind : A Short History of the Development of Sails , Naval Institute Press , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 55750 - 209 - 9 Jump up ^ Ian Heath , The Vikings , p. 4 , Osprey Publishing , 1985 . Jump up ^ Curry , Andrew ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` The First Vikings '' . Archaeology . the Archaeological Institute of America . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roesdahl , pp. 38 -- 48 , 61 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Mari Kildah ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` Double graves with headless slaves '' . University of Oslo . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Borgström Eva ( in Swedish ) : Makalösa kvinnor : könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet ( Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality ) Alfabeta / Anamma , Stockholm 2002 . ISBN 91 - 501 - 0191 - 9 ( inb . ) . Libris 8707902 . Jump up ^ Borgström Eva ( in Swedish ) : Makalösa kvinnor : könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet ( Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality ) Alfabeta / Anamma , Stockholm 2002 . ISBN 91 - 501 - 0191 - 9 ( inb . ) . Libris 8707902 . ^ Jump up to : Ohlander , Ann - Sofie & Strömberg , Ulla - Britt , Tusen svenska kvinnoår : svensk kvinnohistoria från vikingatid till nutid , 3 . ( A Thousand Swedish Women 's Years : Swedish Women 's History from the Viking Age until now ) , ( omarb . och utök . ) uppl. , Norstedts akademiska förlag , Stockholm , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Ingelman - Sundberg , Catharina , Forntida kvinnor : jägare , vikingahustru , prästinna ( Ancient women : hunters , viking wife , priestess ) , Prisma , Stockholm , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Appearance -- What did the Vikings look like ? '' . National Museum of Denmark . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Sk . V. Gudjonsson ( 1941 ) : Folkekost og sundhedsforhold i gamle dage . Belyst igennem den oldnordiske Litteratur . ( Dvs . først og fremmest de islandske sagaer ) . København. ( in Danish ) Short description in English : Diet and health in previous times , as revealed in the Old Norse Literature , especially the Icelandic Sagas . ^ Jump up to : Pernille Rohde Sloth , Ulla Lund Hansen & Sabine Karg ( 2013 ) . `` Viking Age garden plants from southern Scandinavia -- diversity , taphonomy and cultural aspect '' ( PDF ) . Danish Journal of Archaeology . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ This will cause a lactic acid fermentation process to occur . Jump up ^ `` Forråd til vinteren -- Salte , syrne , røge og tørre ( Supplies for the winter -- curing , fermenting , smoking and drying ) '' . Ribe Vikingecenter ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roesdahl , p. 54 Jump up ^ `` Viking Food '' . National Museum of Denmark . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ See the article on the Northern European short - tailed sheep for specific information . In southern Scandinavia ( ie . Denmark ) , the heath sheeps of Lüneburger Heidschnucke was raised and kept . Jump up ^ `` The animals on the farm -- Genetic connection '' . Ribe Vikingecenter . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poultry '' . Danish Agricultural Museum . Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Conner , Terry . 1999 ? `` The Home -- Food and Meat . '' Viking Age York . Jorvik Viking Centre . Jump up ^ Roesdahl pp. 102 -- 17 Jump up ^ Nedkvitne , Arnved . `` Fishing , Whaling and Seal Hunting . '' in Pulsiano , Phillip ( 1993 ) . Medieval Scandinavia : An Encyclopedia . Garland Reference Library of the Humanities . Jump up ^ Inge Bødker Enghoff ( 2013 ) . Hunting , fishing and animal husbandry at The Farm Beneath The Sand , Western Greenland . Man & Society . 28 . the Greenland National Museum , Dansk Polar Center . ISBN 9788763512602 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Viking Feast -- an abundance of foods '' . Ribe Vikingecenter . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Roesdahl , pp. 110 -- 11 Jump up ^ Fondén , R ; Leporanta , K ; Svensson , U ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Nordic / Scandinavian Fermented Milk Products '' . In Tamime , Adnan . Fermented Milks . Blackwell . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470995501. ch7 . ISBN 978 - 0632064588 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Seastallion from Glendalough '' ( PDF ) ( in Danish ) . Vikingeskibsmuseet . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , A.R. 1999 ? `` The Home : Food -- Fruit , Grain and Vegetable . '' Viking Age York . The Jorvik Viking Centre . Jump up ^ `` The farm crops '' . Ribe Vikingecenter . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` From grains to bread -- coarse , heavy and filling '' . Ribe Vikingecenter ( in Danish ) . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Bo Ejstrud et.al. ( 2011 ) . `` From Flax To Linen -- experiments with flax at Ribe Viking Centre '' ( PDF ) . University of Southern Denmark . ISBN 978 - 87 - 992214 - 6 - 2 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kirsten Wolf : Daily Life of the Vikings Greenwood Press `` Daily life through history '' series , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32269 - 4 , Ch. 7 ^ Jump up to : Isak Ladegaard ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` How Vikings killed time '' . ScienceNordic . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games and entertainment in the Viking period '' . National Museum of Denmark . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Darrell Markewitz 1998 -- 2010 . `` Iron Smelting at the Norse Encampment -- Daily Life in the Viking Age circa 1000 AD at Vinland . The Viking Encampment living history program at Parks Canada L'Anse aux Meadows NHSC in Newfoundland '' . Warehamforge.ca . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Return of Dublin 's Viking Warship Archived 18 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond Lands ' End : Viking Voyage 1000 '' . Dougcabot.com . Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scans of Viking Swords Reveal a Slice of Norse Culture '' . Live Science . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fedrigo , Anna ; Grazzi , Francesco ; Williams , Alan R. ; Panzner , Tobias ; Lefmann , Kim ; Lindelof , Poul Erik ; Jørgensen , Lars ; Pentz , Peter ; Scherillo , Antonella ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Extraction of archaeological information from metallic artefacts -- A neutron diffraction study on Viking swords '' . Journal of Archaeological Science : Reports . 12 : 425 -- 36 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jasrep. 2017.02. 014 . Jump up ^ Shona Grimbly ( 16 August 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ancient World . Routledge . pp. 121 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 78688 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dennis Howard Green ; Frank Siegmund ( 2003 ) . The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century : An Ethnographic Perspective . Boydell Press . pp. 306 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 026 - 9 . Jump up ^ Howard D. Fabing . `` On Going Berserk : A Neurochemical Inquiry . '' Scientific Monthly . 83 ( Nov. 1956 ) p. 232 Jump up ^ Robert Wernick . The Vikings . Alexandria VA : Time - Life Books . 1979 . p. 285 ^ Jump up to : Gareth Williams : Viking Money BBC History Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell , James : The Viking World , Frances Lincoln Ltd , London ( 2013 ) . Maps of trade routes . Jump up ^ Gerriets , Marily . `` Money among the Irish : Coin Hoards in Viking Age Ireland '' The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , vol. 115 , 1985 , pp. 121 - 139 Jump up ^ Andrew Curry ( July 2008 ) . `` Raiders or Traders ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vikings as traders Archived 28 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Teachers ' notes 5 . Royal Museums Greenwich Jump up ^ `` Herbs , spices and vegetables in the Viking period '' . National Museum of Denmark . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Heidi Michelle Sherman ( 2008 ) . Barbarians come to Market : The Emporia of Western Eurasia from 500 BC to AD 1000 . ProQuest LLC . pp. 250 -- 55 . ISBN 9780549718161 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ HL Renart of Berwick : Glass Beads of the Viking Age . An inquiry into the glass beads of the Vikings . Sourced information and pictures . Jump up ^ Glass and Amber Regia Anglorum . Sourced information and pictures . Jump up ^ Yngve Vogt ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Norwegian Vikings purchased silk from Persia '' . Apollon -- research magazine . University of Oslo . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Marianne Vedeler : Silk for The Vikings , Oxbow 2014 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wincott Heckett ( 2002 ) . `` Irish Viking Age silks and their place in Hiberno - Norse society '' . Department of Archaeology , University College Cork , NUI Cork , Ireland . Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln ( Digital Commons ) . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jørgensen , Lise Bender ; Jesch , Judith ( 2002 ) . `` Rural Economy : Ecology , Hunting , Pastoralism , Agricultural and Nutritional Aspects '' . The Scandinavians -- from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century . Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress . pp. 131 -- 37 . ISBN 9780851158679 . Jump up ^ English Historical Documents , c. 500 -- 1042 by Dorothy Whitelock ; p. 776 Jump up ^ Derry ( 2012 ) . A History of Scandinavia : Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Finland , Iceland , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Northern Shores by Alan Palmer ; p. 21 ; ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6299 - 6 Jump up ^ The Viking Revival By Professor Andrew Wawn at bbc Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings by Peter Hayes Sawyer ISBN 0 - 19 - 820526 - 0 Jump up ^ Hall , pp. 220 -- 21 ; Fitzhugh and Ward , pp. 362 -- 64 Jump up ^ Fitzhugh and Ward , p. 363 Jump up ^ Hall , p. 221 Jump up ^ Ann - Sofie Nielsen Gremaud , ' The Vikings are coming ! A modern Icelandic self - image in the light of the economic crisis ' , NORDEUROPAforum 20 ( 2010 ) , pp. 87 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Katla Kjartansdóttir , ' The new Viking wave : Cultural heritage and capitalism ' , Iceland and images of the North , ed . Sumarliði R. Ísleifsson ( Québec , 2011 ) , pp. 461 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Kristinn Schram , ' Banking on borealism : Eating , smelling , and performing the North ' , Iceland and images of the North , ed . Sumarliði R. Ísleifsson ( Québec , 2011 ) , pp. 305 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Frank , Roberta ( 2000 ) . International Scandinavian and Medieval Studies in Memory of Gerd Wolfgang Weber . Ed . Parnaso . p. 487 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 86474 - 28 - 3 . Jump up ^ Did Vikings really wear horns on their helmets ? , The Straight Dope , 7 December 2004 . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Did Vikings wear horned helmets ? '' . The Economist . www.economist.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Gjermundbu Find -- The Chieftain Warrior '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , G. ( 2001 ) How do we know about the Vikings ? BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ By Magnús Óláfsson , in Ole Worm , Runar seu Danica Litteratura antiquissima , vulgo Gothica dicta ( Copenhagen 1636 ) . Jump up ^ E.W. Gordon , An Introduction to Old Norse ( 2nd edition , Oxford 1962 ) pp. lxix -- lxx . Jump up ^ Lappalainen T ; Laitinen V ; Salmela E ; et al. ( May 2008 ) . `` Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region '' . Annals of Human Genetics . 72 ( Pt 3 ) : 337 -- 48 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.2007. 00429. x . PMID 18294359 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Helgason , A. ; Hickey , E. ; Goodacre , S. ; Bosnes , V. ; Stefánsson , K.R. ; Ward , R. ; Sykes , B. ( 2001 ) . `` MtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic : Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 68 ( 3 ) : 723 -- 37 . doi : 10.1086 / 318785 . PMC 1274484 . PMID 11179019 . Jump up ^ Roger Highfield , `` Vikings who chose a home in Shetland before a life of pillage '' , Telegraph , 7 April 2005 , accessed 16 November 2008 Jump up ^ `` Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname - Based Sampling ; The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England , Georgina R. Bowden , Molecular Biology and Evolution , 20 November 2007 '' . Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AY Chromosome Census of the British Isles , Capelli , Current Biology , Vol. 13 , May 27 , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ James Randerson , `` Proof of Liverpool 's Viking past '' , The Guardian , 3 Dec 2007 , accessed 16 November 2008 Jump up ^ `` DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled 's Viking roots '' . Scotsman. 26 April 2005 . References Brink , Stefan ( 2008 ) . `` Who were the Vikings ? '' . In Brink , Stefan ; Price , Neil . The Viking World . Routledge . pp. 4 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0415692625 . Brookes , Ian ( 2004 ) . Chambers concise dictionary . Allied Publishers . ISBN 9788186062364 . D'Amato , Raffaele ( 2010 ) . The Varangian Guard 988 -- 453 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 179 - 5 . Derry , T.K. ( 2012 ) . A History of Scandinavia : Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Finland , Iceland . London and Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 81663 - 799 - 7 . Educational Company of Ireland ( 10 October 2000 ) . Irish - English / English - Irish Easy Reference Dictionary . Roberts Rinehart . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 6031 - 6 . Fitzhugh , William W. ; Ward , Elisabeth I. ( 2000 ) . Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga ; ( an Exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History , Smithsonian Institution , Washington D.C. , April 29 , 2000 -- September 5 , 2000 ) . Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 1560989707 . Hall , Richard Andrew ( 2007 ) . The World of the Vikings . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0500051443 . Hall , Richard ( January 1990 ) . Viking Age Archaeology in Britain and Ireland . Shire . ISBN 978 - 0747800637 . Lindqvist , Thomas ( 4 September 2003 ) . `` Early Political Organisation : ( a ) An Introductory Survey '' . In Helle , Knut . The Cambridge History of Scandinavia : Prehistory to 1520 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 160 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0521472999 . Roesdahl , Else ( 1998 ) . The Vikings . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140252828 . Sawyer , Peter Hayes ( 1 February 1972 ) . Age of the Vikings . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0312013653 . Sawyer , Peter , ed. ( 1997 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820526 - 0 . Williams , Gareth ( 2007 ) . `` Kingship , Christianity and coinage : monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age '' . In Graham - Campbell , James ; Williams , Gareth . Silver Economy in the Viking Age . Left Coast Press . pp. 177 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1598742220 . Wolf , Kirsten ( 1 January 2004 ) . Daily Life of the Vikings . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32269 - 3 . Further reading Askeberg , Fritz ( 1944 ) . Norden och kontinenten i gammal tid : studier i forngermansk kulturhistoria . Almqvist & Wiksells boktr . Downham , Clare ( 2007 ) . Viking kings of Britain and Ireland : the dynasty of ́Ívarr to A.D. 1014 . Dunedin Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1903765890 . Downham , Clare ( 2011 ) . `` Viking Ethnicities . A Historiographic Overview '' , History Compass 10.1 ( 2012 ) , pp. 1 -- 12 . PDF Academic.edu ( registration required ) Hadley , Dawn ( 2006 ) . The Vikings in England : Settlement , Society and Culture . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0719059827 . Heide , Eldar ( 2005 ) . `` Víking -- ' rower shifting ' ? An etymological contribution '' . Arkiv för nordisk filologi ( PDF ) . 120 . C.W.K. Gleerup . pp. 41 -- 54 . Heide , Eldar ( 2008 ) . `` Viking , week , and Widsith . A reply to Harald Bjorvand '' . Arkiv för nordisk filologi ( PDF ) . 123 . C.W.K. Gleerup . pp. 23 -- 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 . Hodges , Richard ( 2006 ) . Goodbye to the Vikings : Re-Reading Early Medieval Archaeology . Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited . ISBN 978 - 0715634295 . Svanberg , Fredrik ( 2003 ) . Decolonizing the Viking Age . Almqvist & Wiksell International . ISBN 978 - 9122020066 . Wamers , Egon ( 1985 ) . Insularer Metallschmuck in wikingerzeitlichen Gräbern Nordeuropas . Untersuchungen zur skandinavischen Westexpansion . Neumünster : Karl Wachholtz . ISBN 978 - 3529011566 . Wamers , Egon ( 1998 ) . `` Insular Finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the State Formation of Norway '' . In Clarke , H.B. ; Mhaonaigh , M. Ní ; Floinn , R. Ó . Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age . Dublin : Four Courts Press . pp. 37 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 1851822355 . Wawn , M.A. ( 2000 ) . The Vikings and the Victorians : Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth Century Britain . Woodbridge : Boydell and Brewer . ISBN 978 - 0859916448 . External links Look up Viking in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viking Age . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Vikings and the Old Norse . 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-769422265518431799	Alternative splicing	Alternative splicing - wikipedia Alternative splicing Alternative splicing produces three protein isoforms . Alternative splicing , or differential splicing , is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins . In this process , particular exons of a gene may be included within or excluded from the final , processed messenger RNA ( mRNA ) produced from that gene . Consequently , the proteins translated from alternatively spliced mRNAs will contain differences in their amino acid sequence and , often , in their biological functions ( see Figure ) . Notably , alternative splicing allows the human genome to direct the synthesis of many more proteins than would be expected from its 20,000 protein - coding genes . Alternative splicing occurs as a normal phenomenon in eukaryotes , where it greatly increases the biodiversity of proteins that can be encoded by the genome ; in humans , ~ 95 % of multi-exonic genes are alternatively spliced . There are numerous modes of alternative splicing observed , of which the most common is exon skipping . In this mode , a particular exon may be included in mRNAs under some conditions or in particular tissues , and omitted from the mRNA in others . The production of alternatively spliced mRNAs is regulated by a system of trans - acting proteins that bind to cis - acting sites on the primary transcript itself . Such proteins include splicing activators that promote the usage of a particular splice site , and splicing repressors that reduce the usage of a particular site . Mechanisms of alternative splicing are highly variable , and new examples are constantly being found , particularly through the use of high - throughput techniques . Researchers hope to fully elucidate the regulatory systems involved in splicing , so that alternative splicing products from a given gene under particular conditions ( `` splicing variants '' ) could be predicted by a `` splicing code '' . Abnormal variations in splicing are also implicated in disease ; a large proportion of human genetic disorders result from splicing variants . Abnormal splicing variants are also thought to contribute to the development of cancer , and splicing factor genes are frequently mutated in different types of cancer . Contents 1 Discovery 2 Modes 3 Mechanisms 3.1 General splicing mechanism 3.2 Regulatory elements and proteins 3.3 Examples 3.3. 1 Exon skipping : Drosophila dsx 3.3. 2 Alternative acceptor sites : Drosophila Transformer 3.3. 3 Exon definition : Fas receptor 3.3. 4 Repressor - activator competition : HIV - 1 tat exon 2 4 Adaptive significance 5 Disease 6 Genome - wide analysis 7 Databases 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Discovery ( edit ) Alternative splicing was first observed in 1977 . The Adenovirus produces five primary transcripts early in its infectious cycle , prior to viral DNA replication , and an additional one later , after DNA replication begins . The early primary transcripts continue to be produced after DNA replication begins . The additional primary transcript produced late in infection is large and comes from 5 / 6 of the 32kb adenovirus genome . This is much larger than any of the individual adenovirus mRNAs present in infected cells . Researchers found that the primary RNA transcript produced by adenovirus type 2 in the late phase was spliced in many different ways , resulting in mRNAs encoding different viral proteins . In addition , the primary transcript contained multiple polyadenylation sites , giving different 3 ' ends for the processed mRNAs . In 1981 , the first example of alternative splicing in a transcript from a normal , endogenous gene was characterized . The gene encoding the thyroid hormone calcitonin was found to be alternatively spliced in mammalian cells . The primary transcript from this gene contains 6 exons ; the calcitonin mRNA contains exons 1 -- 4 , and terminates after a polyadenylation site in exon 4 . Another mRNA is produced from this pre-mRNA by skipping exon 4 , and includes exons 1 -- 3 , 5 , and 6 . It encodes a protein known as CGRP ( calcitonin gene related peptide ) . Examples of alternative splicing in immunoglobin gene transcripts in mammals were also observed in the early 1980s . Since then , alternative splicing has been found to be ubiquitous in eukaryotes . The `` record - holder '' for alternative splicing is a D. melanogaster gene called Dscam , which could potentially have 38,016 splice variants . Modes ( edit ) Traditional classification of basic types of alternative RNA splicing events . Exons are represented as blue and yellow blocks , introns as lines in between . Relative frequencies of types of alternative splicing events differ between humans and fruit flies . Five basic modes of alternative splicing are generally recognized . Exon skipping or cassette exon : in this case , an exon may be spliced out of the primary transcript or retained . This is the most common mode in mammalian pre-mRNAs . Mutually exclusive exons : One of two exons is retained in mRNAs after splicing , but not both . Alternative donor site : An alternative 5 ' splice junction ( donor site ) is used , changing the 3 ' boundary of the upstream exon . Alternative acceptor site : An alternative 3 ' splice junction ( acceptor site ) is used , changing the 5 ' boundary of the downstream exon . Intron retention : A sequence may be spliced out as an intron or simply retained . This is distinguished from exon skipping because the retained sequence is not flanked by introns . If the retained intron is in the coding region , the intron must encode amino acids in frame with the neighboring exons , or a stop codon or a shift in the reading frame will cause the protein to be non-functional . This is the rarest mode in mammals . In addition to these primary modes of alternative splicing , there are two other main mechanisms by which different mRNAs may be generated from the same gene ; multiple promoters and multiple polyadenylation sites . Use of multiple promoters is properly described as a transcriptional regulation mechanism rather than alternative splicing ; by starting transcription at different points , transcripts with different 5 ' - most exons can be generated . At the other end , multiple polyadenylation sites provide different 3 ' end points for the transcript . Both of these mechanisms are found in combination with alternative splicing and provide additional variety in mRNAs derived from a gene . Schematic cutoff from 3 splicing structures in the murine hyaluronidase gene . Directionality of transcription from 5 ' to 3 ' is shown from left to right . Exons and introns are not drawn to scale . These modes describe basic splicing mechanisms , but may be inadequate to describe complex splicing events . For instance , the figure to the right shows 3 spliceforms from the mouse hyaluronidase 3 gene . Comparing the exonic structure shown in the first line ( green ) with the one in the second line ( yellow ) shows intron retention , whereas the comparison between the second and the third spliceform ( yellow vs. blue ) exhibits exon skipping . A model nomenclature to uniquely designate all possible splicing patterns has recently been proposed . Mechanisms ( edit ) General splicing mechanism ( edit ) Main article : RNA splicing Spliceosome A complex defines the 5 ' and 3 ' ends of the intron before removal When the pre-mRNA has been transcribed from the DNA , it includes several introns and exons . ( In nematodes , the mean is 4 -- 5 exons and introns ; in the fruit fly Drosophila there can be more than 100 introns and exons in one transcribed pre-mRNA . ) The exons to be retained in the mRNA are determined during the splicing process . The regulation and selection of splice sites are done by trans - acting splicing activator and splicing repressor proteins as well as cis - acting elements within the pre-mRNA itself such as exonic splicing enhancers and exonic splicing silencers . The typical eukaryotic nuclear intron has consensus sequences defining important regions . Each intron has GU at its 5 ' end . Near the 3 ' end there is a branch site . The nucleotide at the branchpoint is always an A ; the consensus around this sequence varies somewhat . In humans the branch site consensus sequence is yUnAy . The branch site is followed by a series of pyrimidines -- the polypyrimidine tract -- then by AG at the 3 ' end . Splicing of mRNA is performed by an RNA and protein complex known as the spliceosome , containing snRNPs designated U1 , U2 , U4 , U5 , and U6 ( U3 is not involved in mRNA splicing ) . U1 binds to the 5 ' GU and U2 , with the assistance of the U2AF protein factors , binds to the branchpoint A within the branch site . The complex at this stage is known as the spliceosome A complex . Formation of the A complex is usually the key step in determining the ends of the intron to be spliced out , and defining the ends of the exon to be retained . ( The U nomenclature derives from their high uridine content ) . The U4 , U5 , U6 complex binds , and U6 replaces the U1 position . U1 and U4 leave . The remaining complex then performs two transesterification reactions . In the first transesterification , 5 ' end of the intron is cleaved from the upstream exon and joined to the branch site A by a 2 ' , 5 ' - phosphodiester linkage . In the second transesterification , the 3 ' end of the intron is cleaved from the downstream exon , and the two exons are joined by a phosphodiester bond . The intron is then released in lariat form and degraded . Regulatory elements and proteins ( edit ) Splicing repression Splicing is regulated by trans - acting proteins ( repressors and activators ) and corresponding cis - acting regulatory sites ( silencers and enhancers ) on the pre-mRNA . However , as part of the complexity of alternative splicing , it is noted that the effects of a splicing factor are frequently position - dependent . That is , a splicing factor that serves as a splicing activator when bound to an intronic enhancer element may serve as a repressor when bound to its splicing element in the context of an exon , and vice versa . The secondary structure of the pre-mRNA transcript also plays a role in regulating splicing , such as by bringing together splicing elements or by masking a sequence that would otherwise serve as a binding element for a splicing factor . Together , these elements form a `` splicing code '' that governs how splicing will occur under different cellular conditions . There are two major types of cis - acting RNA sequence elements present in pre-mRNAs and they have corresponding trans - acting RNA - binding proteins . Splicing silencers are sites to which splicing repressor proteins bind , reducing the probability that a nearby site will be used as a splice junction . These can be located in the intron itself ( intronic splicing silencers , ISS ) or in a neighboring exon ( exonic splicing silencers , ESS ) . They vary in sequence , as well as in the types of proteins that bind to them . The majority of splicing repressors are heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( hnRNPs ) such as hnRNPA1 and polypyrimidine tract binding protein ( PTB ) . Splicing enhancers are sites to which splicing activator proteins bind , increasing the probability that a nearby site will be used as a splice junction . These also may occur in the intron ( intronic splicing enhancers , ISE ) or exon ( exonic splicing enhancers , ESE ) . Most of the activator proteins that bind to ISEs and ESEs are members of the SR protein family . Such proteins contain RNA recognition motifs and arginine and serine - rich ( RS ) domains . Splicing activation In general , the determinants of splicing work in an inter-dependent manner that depends on context , so that the rules governing how splicing is regulated from a splicing code . The presence of a particular cis - acting RNA sequence element may increase the probability that a nearby site will be spliced in some cases , but decrease the probability in other cases , depending on context . The context within which regulatory elements act includes cis - acting context that is established by the presence of other RNA sequence features , and trans - acting context that is established by cellular conditions . For example , some cis - acting RNA sequence elements influence splicing only if multiple elements are present in the same region so as to establish context . As another example , a cis - acting element can have opposite effects on splicing , depending on which proteins are expressed in the cell ( e.g. , neuronal versus non-neuronal PTB ) . The adaptive significance of splicing silencers and enhancers is attested by studies showing that there is strong selection in human genes against mutations that produce new silencers or disrupt existing enhancers . Examples ( edit ) Exon skipping : Drosophila dsx ( edit ) Alternative splicing of dsx pre-mRNA Pre-mRNAs from the D. melanogaster gene dsx contain 6 exons . In males , exons 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , and 6 are joined to form the mRNA , which encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein required for male development . In females , exons 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 are joined , and a polyadenylation signal in exon 4 causes cleavage of the mRNA at that point . The resulting mRNA is a transcriptional regulatory protein required for female development . This is an example of exon skipping . The intron upstream from exon 4 has a polypyrimidine tract that does n't match the consensus sequence well , so that U2AF proteins bind poorly to it without assistance from splicing activators . This 3 ' splice acceptor site is therefore not used in males . Females , however , produce the splicing activator Transformer ( Tra ) ( see below ) . The SR protein Tra2 is produced in both sexes and binds to an ESE in exon 4 ; if Tra is present , it binds to Tra2 and , along with another SR protein , forms a complex that assists U2AF proteins in binding to the weak polypyrimidine tract . U2 is recruited to the associated branchpoint , and this leads to inclusion of exon 4 in the mRNA . Alternative acceptor sites : Drosophila Transformer ( edit ) Alternative splicing of the Drosophila Transformer gene product . Pre-mRNAs of the Transformer ( Tra ) gene of Drosophila melanogaster undergo alternative splicing via the alternative acceptor site mode . The gene Tra encodes a protein that is expressed only in females . The primary transcript of this gene contains an intron with two possible acceptor sites . In males , the upstream acceptor site is used . This causes a longer version of exon 2 to be included in the processed transcript , including an early stop codon . The resulting mRNA encodes a truncated protein product that is inactive . Females produce the master sex determination protein Sex lethal ( Sxl ) . The Sxl protein is a splicing repressor that binds to an ISS in the RNA of the Tra transcript near the upstream acceptor site , preventing U2AF protein from binding to the polypyrimidine tract . This prevents the use of this junction , shifting the spliceosome binding to the downstream acceptor site . Splicing at this point bypasses the stop codon , which is excised as part of the intron . The resulting mRNA encodes an active Tra protein , which itself is a regulator of alternative splicing of other sex - related genes ( see dsx above ) . Exon definition : Fas receptor ( edit ) Alternative splicing of the Fas receptor pre-mRNA Multiple isoforms of the Fas receptor protein are produced by alternative splicing . Two normally occurring isoforms in humans are produced by an exon - skipping mechanism . An mRNA including exon 6 encodes the membrane - bound form of the Fas receptor , which promotes apoptosis , or programmed cell death . Increased expression of Fas receptor in skin cells chronically exposed to the sun , and absence of expression in skin cancer cells , suggests that this mechanism may be important in elimination of pre-cancerous cells in humans . If exon 6 is skipped , the resulting mRNA encodes a soluble Fas protein that does not promote apoptosis . The inclusion or skipping of the exon depends on two antagonistic proteins , TIA - 1 and polypyrimidine tract - binding protein ( PTB ) . The 5 ' donor site in the intron downstream from exon 6 in the pre-mRNA has a weak agreement with the consensus sequence , and is not bound usually by the U1 snRNP . If U1 does not bind , the exon is skipped ( see `` a '' in accompanying figure ) . Binding of TIA - 1 protein to an intronic splicing enhancer site stabilizes binding of the U1 snRNP . The resulting 5 ' donor site complex assists in binding of the splicing factor U2AF to the 3 ' splice site upstream of the exon , through a mechanism that is not yet known ( see b ) . Exon 6 contains a pyrimidine - rich exonic splicing silencer , ure6 , where PTB can bind . If PTB binds , it inhibits the effect of the 5 ' donor complex on the binding of U2AF to the acceptor site , resulting in exon skipping ( see c ) . This mechanism is an example of exon definition in splicing . A spliceosome assembles on an intron , and the snRNP subunits fold the RNA so that the 5 ' and 3 ' ends of the intron are joined . However , recently studied examples such as this one show that there are also interactions between the ends of the exon . In this particular case , these exon definition interactions are necessary to allow the binding of core splicing factors prior to assembly of the spliceosomes on the two flanking introns . Repressor - activator competition : HIV - 1 tat exon 2 ( edit ) Alternative splicing of HIV - 1 tat exon 2 HIV , the retrovirus that causes AIDS in humans , produces a single primary RNA transcript , which is alternatively spliced in multiple ways to produce over 40 different mRNAs . Equilibrium among differentially spliced transcripts provides multiple mRNAs encoding different products that are required for viral multiplication . One of the differentially spliced transcripts contains the tat gene , in which exon 2 is a cassette exon that may be skipped or included . The inclusion of tat exon 2 in the RNA is regulated by competition between the splicing repressor hnRNP A1 and the SR protein SC35 . Within exon 2 an exonic splicing silencer sequence ( ESS ) and an exonic splicing enhancer sequence ( ESE ) overlap . If A1 repressor protein binds to the ESS , it initiates cooperative binding of multiple A1 molecules , extending into the 5 ' donor site upstream of exon 2 and preventing the binding of the core splicing factor U2AF35 to the polypyrimidine tract . If SC35 binds to the ESE , it prevents A1 binding and maintains the 5 ' donor site in an accessible state for assembly of the spliceosome . Competition between the activator and repressor ensures that both mRNA types ( with and without exon 2 ) are produced . Adaptive significance ( edit ) Alternative splicing is one of several exceptions to the original idea that one DNA sequence codes for one polypeptide ( the One gene - one enzyme hypothesis ) . It might be more correct now to say `` One gene -- many polypeptides '' . External information is needed in order to decide which polypeptide is produced , given a DNA sequence and pre-mRNA . Since the methods of regulation are inherited , this provides novel ways for mutations to affect gene expression . It has been proposed that for eukaryotes alternative splicing was a very important step towards higher efficiency , because information can be stored much more economically . Several proteins can be encoded by a single gene , rather than requiring a separate gene for each , and thus allowing a more varied proteome from a genome of limited size . It also provides evolutionary flexibility . A single point mutation may cause a given exon to be occasionally excluded or included from a transcript during splicing , allowing production of a new protein isoform without loss of the original protein . Studies have identified intrinsically disordered regions ( see Intrinsically unstructured proteins ) as enriched in the non-constitutive exons suggesting that protein isoforms may display functional diversity due to the alteration of functional modules within these regions . Such functional diversity achieved by isoforms is reflected by their expression patterns and can be predicted by machine learning approaches . Comparative studies indicate that alternative splicing preceded multicellularity in evolution , and suggest that this mechanism might have been co-opted to assist in the development of multicellular organisms . Research based on the Human Genome Project and other genome sequencing has shown that humans have only about 30 % more genes than the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans , and only about twice as many as the fly Drosophila melanogaster . This finding led to speculation that the perceived greater complexity of humans , or vertebrates generally , might be due to higher rates of alternative splicing in humans than are found in invertebrates . However , a study on samples of 100,000 ESTs each from human , mouse , rat , cow , fly ( D. melanogaster ) , worm ( C. elegans ) , and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana found no large differences in frequency of alternatively spliced genes among humans and any of the other animals tested . Another study , however , proposed that these results were an artifact of the different numbers of ESTs available for the various organisms . When they compared alternative splicing frequencies in random subsets of genes from each organism , the authors concluded that vertebrates do have higher rates of alternative splicing than invertebrates . Disease ( edit ) Changes in the RNA processing machinery may lead to mis - splicing of multiple transcripts , while single - nucleotide alterations in splice sites or cis - acting splicing regulatory sites may lead to differences in splicing of a single gene , and thus in the mRNA produced from a mutant gene 's transcripts . A study in 2005 involving probabilistic analyses indicated that greater than 60 % of human disease - causing mutations affect splicing rather than directly affecting coding sequences . A more recent study indicates that one - third of all hereditary diseases are likely to have a splicing component . Regardless of exact percentage , a number of splicing - related diseases do exist . As described below , a prominent example of splicing - related diseases is cancer . Abnormally spliced mRNAs are also found in a high proportion of cancerous cells . Combined RNA - Seq and proteomics analyses have revealed striking differential expression of splice isoforms of key proteins in important cancer pathways . It is not always clear whether such aberrant patterns of splicing contribute to the cancerous growth , or are merely consequence of cellular abnormalities associated with cancer . For certain types of cancer , like in colorectal and prostate , the number of splicing errors per cancer has been shown to vary greatly between individual cancers , a phenomenon referred to as transcriptome instability . Transcriptome instability has further been shown to correlate grealty with reduced expression level of splicing factor genes . Mutation of DNMT3A has been demonstrated to contribute to hematologic malignancies , and that DNMT3A - mutated cell lines exhibit transcriptome instability as compared to their isogenic wildtype counterparts . In fact , there is actually a reduction of alternative splicing in cancerous cells compared to normal ones , and the types of splicing differ ; for instance , cancerous cells show higher levels of intron retention than normal cells , but lower levels of exon skipping . Some of the differences in splicing in cancerous cells may be due to the high frequency of somatic mutations in splicing factor genes , and some may result from changes in phosphorylation of trans - acting splicing factors . Others may be produced by changes in the relative amounts of splicing factors produced ; for instance , breast cancer cells have been shown to have increased levels of the splicing factor SF2 / ASF . One study found that a relatively small percentage ( 383 out of over 26000 ) of alternative splicing variants were significantly higher in frequency in tumor cells than normal cells , suggesting that there is a limited set of genes which , when mis - spliced , contribute to tumor development . It is believed however that the deleterious effects of mis - spliced transcripts are usually safeguarded and eliminated by a cellular posttranscriptional quality control mechanism termed Nonsense - mediated mRNA decay ( NMD ) . One example of a specific splicing variant associated with cancers is in one of the human DNMT genes . Three DNMT genes encode enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA , a modification that often has regulatory effects . Several abnormally spliced DNMT3B mRNAs are found in tumors and cancer cell lines . In two separate studies , expression of two of these abnormally spliced mRNAs in mammalian cells caused changes in the DNA methylation patterns in those cells . Cells with one of the abnormal mRNAs also grew twice as fast as control cells , indicating a direct contribution to tumor development by this product . Another example is the Ron ( MST1R ) proto - oncogene . An important property of cancerous cells is their ability to move and invade normal tissue . Production of an abnormally spliced transcript of Ron has been found to be associated with increased levels of the SF2 / ASF in breast cancer cells . The abnormal isoform of the Ron protein encoded by this mRNA leads to cell motility . Overexpression of a truncated splice variant of the FOSB gene -- ΔFosB -- in a specific population of neurons in the nucleus accumbens has been identified as the causal mechanism involved in the induction and maintenance of an addiction to drugs and natural rewards . Recent provocative studies point to a key function of chromatin structure and histone modifications in alternative splicing regulation . These insights suggest that epigenetic regulation determines not only what parts of the genome are expressed but also how they are spliced . Genome - wide analysis ( edit ) Genome - wide analysis of alternative splicing is a challenging task . Typically , alternatively spliced transcripts have been found by comparing EST sequences , but this requires sequencing of very large numbers of ESTs . Most EST libraries come from a very limited number of tissues , so tissue - specific splice variants are likely to be missed in any case . High - throughput approaches to investigate splicing have , however , been developed , such as : DNA microarray - based analyses , RNA - binding assays , and deep sequencing . These methods can be used to screen for polymorphisms or mutations in or around splicing elements that affect protein binding . When combined with splicing assays , including in vivo reporter gene assays , the functional effects of polymorphisms or mutations on the splicing of pre-mRNA transcripts can then be analyzed . In microarray analysis , arrays of DNA fragments representing individual exons ( e.g. Affymetrix exon microarray ) or exon / exon boundaries ( e.g. arrays from ExonHit or Jivan ) have been used . The array is then probed with labeled cDNA from tissues of interest . The probe cDNAs bind to DNA from the exons that are included in mRNAs in their tissue of origin , or to DNA from the boundary where two exons have been joined . This can reveal the presence of particular alternatively spliced mRNAs . CLIP ( Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation ) uses UV radiation to link proteins to RNA molecules in a tissue during splicing . A trans - acting splicing regulatory protein of interest is then precipitated using specific antibodies . When the RNA attached to that protein is isolated and cloned , it reveals the target sequences for that protein . Another method for identifying RNA - binding proteins and mapping their binding to pre-mRNA transcripts is `` Microarray Evaluation of Genomic Aptamers by shift ( MEGAshift ) ''. net This method involves an adaptation of the `` Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment ( SELEX ) '' method together with a microarray - based readout . Use of the MEGAshift method has provided insights into the regulation of alternative splicing by allowing for the identification of sequences in pre-mRNA transcripts surrounding alternatively spliced exons that mediate binding to different splicing factors , such as ASF / SF2 and PTB . This approach has also been used to aid in determining the relationship between RNA secondary structure and the binding of splicing factors . Deep sequencing technologies have been used to conduct genome - wide analyses of mRNAs -- unprocessed and processed -- thus providing insights into alternative splicing . For example , results from use of deep sequencing indicate that , in humans , an estimated 95 % of transcripts from multiexon genes undergo alternative splicing , with a number of pre-mRNA transcripts spliced in a tissue - specific manner . Functional genomics and computational approaches based on multiple instance learning have also been developed to integrate RNA - seq data to predict functions for alternatively spliced isoforms . Deep sequencing has also aided in the in vivo detection of the transient lariats that are released during splicing , the determination of branch site sequences , and the large - scale mapping of branchpoints in human pre-mRNA transcripts . Use of reporter assays makes it possible to find the splicing proteins involved in a specific alternative splicing event by constructing reporter genes that will express one of two different fluorescent proteins depending on the splicing reaction that occurs . This method has been used to isolate mutants affecting splicing and thus to identify novel splicing regulatory proteins inactivated in those mutants . Databases ( edit ) There is a collection of alternative splicing databases . These databases are useful for finding genes having pre-mRNAs undergoing alternative splicing and alternative splicing events . See also ( edit ) AspicDB database Exitron Polyadenylation § Alternative polyadenylation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Black , Douglas L. ( 2003 ) . `` Mechanisms of alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 72 ( 1 ) : 291 -- 336 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 72.121801. 161720 . 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A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1 - type NAc neurons increases an animal 's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self - administration , presumably through a process of positive reinforcement Jump up ^ Ruffle JK ( November 2014 ) . `` Molecular neurobiology of addiction : what 's all the ( Δ ) FosB about ? '' . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 40 ( 6 ) : 428 -- 437 . doi : 10.3109 / 00952990.2014. 933840 . PMID 25083822 . ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure . The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions , and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP - 1 complexes is well understood . The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades , involving effectors such as GluR2 ( 87 , 88 ) , Cdk5 ( 93 ) and NFkB ( 100 ) . Moreover , many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural , physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure ( 60 , 95 , 97,102 ) . New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies , and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones , truly as a ' ' molecular switch ' ' ( 34 ) . As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction , it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications ( 119 ) , as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions ( 121,122,124 ) . Some of these proposed interventions have limitations ( 125 ) or are in their infancy ( 75 ) . However , it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments , which are much needed in addiction . 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Jump up ^ Watkins , KH ; Stewart , A ; Fairbrother , WG ( 2009 ) . `` A rapid high - throughput method for mapping ribonucleoproteins ( RNPs ) on human pre-mRNA '' . J. Vis . Exp. 34 : 1622 . doi : 10.3791 / 1622 . PMC 3152247 . Jump up ^ Tuerk , C ; Gold , L ( 1990 ) . `` Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment : RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase '' . Science . 249 ( 4968 ) : 505 -- 510 . Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 249 ... 505T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2200121 . PMID 2200121 . Jump up ^ Chang , B ; Levin , J ; Thompson , WA ; Fairbrother , WG ( 2010 ) . `` High - throughput binding analysis determines the binding specificity of ASF / SF2 on alternatively spliced human pre-mRNAs '' . Comb . Chem . High Throughput Screen. 13 ( 3 ) : 242 -- 252 . doi : 10.2174 / 138620710790980522 . PMC 3427726 . PMID 20015017 . Jump up ^ Taggart , AJ ; DeSimone , AM ; Shih , JS ; Filloux , ME ; Fairbrother , WG ( 2012 ) . `` Large - scale mapping of branchpoints in human pre-mRNA transcripts in vivo '' . Nat . Struct . Mol. Biol. 19 ( 7 ) : 719 -- 721 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 2327 . PMC 3465671 . PMID 22705790 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alternative splicing . A General Definition and Nomenclature for Alternative Splicing Events at SciVee AStalavista ( Alternative Splicing landscape visualization tool ) , a method for the computationally exhaustive classification of Alternative Splicing Structures IsoPred : computationally predicted isoform functions Stamms-lab.net : Research Group dealing with alternative Splicing issues and mis - splicing in human diseases Alternative Splicing of ion channels in the brain , connected to mental and neurological diseases BIPASS : Web Services in Alternative Splicing Post-transcriptional modification Nuclear Precursor mRNA 5 ′ cap formation Polyadenylation CPSF CstF PAP PAB2 CFI CFII Poly ( A ) - binding protein RNA editing Polyuridylation RNA splicing Intron / Exon snRNP Spliceosome minor U1 Alternative splicing pre-mRNA factors PLRG1 PRPF3 PRPF4 PRPF4B PRPF6 PRPF8 PRPF18 PRPF19 PRPF31 PRPF38A PRPF38B PRPF39 PRPF40A PRPF40B Cytosolic 5 ′ cap methylation mRNA decapping DCP1A DCP1B DCP2 DCPS EDC3 EDC4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_splicing&oldid=853827894 '' Categories : Gene expression Spliceosome RNA splicing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 05 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the presence of more than two alternative forms of a given gene	[]	[]
-8074165185940775733	Boston Massacre	Boston Massacre - wikipedia Boston Massacre Jump to : navigation , search This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the baseball event nicknamed the `` Boston Massacre '' , see Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . For the 2013 terrorist attack , see Boston Marathon bombing . Boston Massacre Part of the American Revolution This famous depiction of the event was engraved by Paul Revere ( copied from an engraving by Henry Pelham ) , colored by Christian Remick , and printed by Benjamin Edes . The Old State House is depicted in the background . Location Boston , Massachusetts , British America ( now State Street , Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. ) Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 26 '' W / 42.35879 ° N 71.05717 ° W / 42.35879 ; - 71.05717 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 26 '' W / 42.35879 ° N 71.05717 ° W / 42.35879 ; - 71.05717 Date March 5 , 1770 ; 248 years ago ( 1770 - 03 - 05 ) Attack type Massacre Weapons Flintlock muskets , clubs Deaths 5 Non-fatal injuries 6 Perpetrators British Army infantrymen This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Boston Massacre , known as the Incident on King Street by the British , was an incident on March 5 , 1770 , in which British Army soldiers shot and killed several people while under attack by a mob . The incident was heavily publicized by leading Patriots , such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams , to encourage rebellion against the British authorities . British troops had been stationed in Boston , capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , since 1768 in order to protect and support crown - appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation . Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers , a mob formed around a British sentry , who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment . He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers , who were subjected to verbal threats and repeatedly hit by clubs , stones and snowballs . They fired into the crowd , without orders , instantly killing three people and wounding others . Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident . The crowd eventually dispersed after Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised an inquiry , but the crowd re-formed the next day , prompting the withdrawal of the troops to Castle Island . Eight soldiers , one officer , and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder . Defended by lawyer and future American president John Adams , six of the soldiers were acquitted , while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and given reduced sentences . The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand . Depictions , reports , and propaganda about the event , notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere ( shown at top - right ) , further heightened tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Incident 3 Aftermath 3.1 Investigation 3.2 Propaganda battle 3.3 Trial 4 Legacy 4.1 Contribution to American Revolution 4.2 Commemorations 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Background Main article : American Revolution View of the Old State House , Boston , Massachusetts , the seat of British colonial government from 1713 to 1776 . The Boston Massacre took place in front of the balcony , and the site is now marked by a cobblestone circle in the square ( photo 2009 ) Massacre Site Boston , the capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and an important shipping town , was a major center of resistance to unpopular acts of taxation by the British Parliament in the 1760s . In 1768 , the Townshend Acts were placed upon the colonists , by which a variety of common items that were manufactured in Britain and exported to the colonies were subjected to import tariffs . Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural , charter , and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies . The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George III asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act . The House also sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to other colonial assemblies , asking them to join the resistance movement , and called for a boycott of merchants importing the affected goods . In Great Britain , Lord Hillsborough , who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary , was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House . In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America , instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter . He also ordered Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to direct the Massachusetts House to rescind the letter . The house refused to comply . Boston 's chief customs officer , Charles Paxton , wrote to Hillsborough , asking for military support because `` the Government is as much in the hands of the people as it was in the time of the Stamp Act . '' Commodore Samuel Hood responded by sending the fifty - gun warship HMS Romney , which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768 . On June 10 , 1768 , customs officials seized Liberty , a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock , on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling . Bostonians , already angry because the captain of Romney had been impressing local sailors , began to riot . Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection . Daniel Calfe declares , that on Saturday evening the 3d of March , a camp - woman , wife to James McDeed , a grenadier of the 29th , came into his father 's shop , and the people talking about the affrays at the ropewalks , and blaming the soldiers for the part they had acted in it , the woman said , `` the soldiers were in the right ; '' adding , `` that before Tuesday or Wednesday night they would wet their swords or bayonets in New England people 's blood . '' -- Excerpt from A Short Narrative , suggesting the soldiers were contemplating violence against the colonists Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts , Hillsborough instructed General Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief , North America , to send `` such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston '' . On October 1 , 1768 , the first of four British Army regiments began disembarking in Boston . Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769 , but the 14th and the 29th Regiments of Foot remained . The Journal of Occurrences , an anonymously written series of newspaper articles , chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers while troops were stationed in Boston , feeding tensions with its sometimes exaggerated accounts of the events . Tensions rose markedly after Christopher Seider , `` a young lad about eleven Years of Age '' , was killed by a customs employee on February 22 , 1770 . Seider 's death was glorified in the Boston Gazette , and his funeral was described as one of the largest of the time in Boston . The killing and subsequent propaganda inflamed tensions , with gangs of colonists looking for soldiers to harass , and soldiers also on occasion looking for confrontation . Incident This 19th - century lithograph by Henry Pelham is a variation of Revere 's famous engraving . Produced soon before the American Civil War , this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks , the African - American in the center , who had by then become an important symbol for abolitionists . ( John Bufford after William L. Champey , circa 1856 ) On the evening of March 5 , Private Hugh White , a British soldier , stood on guard duty outside the Custom house on King Street , today known as State Street . A young wigmaker 's apprentice named Edward Garrick called out to a British officer , Captain - Lieutenant John Goldfinch , that Goldfinch had not paid a bill due to Garrick 's master . Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult . Private White called out to Garrick that he should be more respectful of the officer . Garrick exchanged insults with Private White . Then , after Garrick started poking the officer in the chest with his finger , the officer left his post , challenged the boy , and struck him on the side of the head with his musket . As Garrick cried in pain , one of his companions , Bartholomew Broaders , began to argue with White . This attracted a larger crowd . Henry Knox , a 19 - year - old bookseller ( who would later serve as a general in the revolution ) , came upon the scene and warned White , `` if he fired he must die for it . '' An 1868 print by Alonzo Chappel , showing a more chaotic scene contrary to most earlier representations . As the evening progressed , the crowd around Private White grew larger and more boisterous . Church bells were rung , which usually signified a fire , bringing more people out . Over fifty Bostonians pressed around White , led by a mixed - race runaway slave named Crispus Attucks , throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon . White , who had taken up a somewhat safer position on the steps of the Custom House , sought assistance . Runners alerted the nearby barracks and Captain Thomas Preston , the officer of the watch . According to his report , Preston dispatched a non-commissioned officer and six privates of the 29th Regiment of Foot , with fixed bayonets , to relieve White . The soldiers Preston sent were Corporal William Wemms , Hugh Montgomery , John Carroll , William McCauley , William Warren , and Matthew Kilroy . Accompanied by Preston , they pushed their way through the crowd . En route , Henry Knox , again trying to reduce tensions , warned Preston , `` For God 's sake , take care of your men . If they fire , you must die . '' Captain Preston responded `` I am aware of it . '' When they reached Private White on the custom house stairs , the soldiers loaded their muskets , and arrayed themselves in a semicircular formation . Preston shouted at the crowd , estimated to number between three and four hundred , to disperse . Boston Massacre grave marker in the Granary Burying Ground The crowd continued to press around the soldiers , taunting them by yelling , `` Fire ! '' , by spitting at and throwing snowballs and other small objects at them . Richard Palmes , a local innkeeper who was carrying a cudgel , came up to Preston and asked if the soldiers ' weapons were loaded . Preston assured him they were , but that they would not fire unless he ordered it , and ( according to his own deposition ) that he was unlikely to do so , since he was standing in front of them . A thrown object then struck Private Montgomery , knocking him down and causing him to drop his musket . He recovered his weapon , and was thought to angrily shout `` Damn you , fire ! '' , then discharged it into the crowd although no command was given . Palmes swung his cudgel first at Montgomery , hitting his arm , and then at Preston . He narrowly missed Preston 's head , striking him on the arm instead . There was a pause of uncertain length ( eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes ) , after which the soldiers fired into the crowd . Rather than a disciplined volley ( Preston gave no orders to fire ) , a ragged series of shots was fired , which hit eleven men . Three Americans -- ropemaker Samuel Gray , mariner James Caldwell , and Crispus Attucks -- died instantly . Samuel Maverick , an apprentice ivory turner of seventeen , was struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd , and died a few hours later , in the early morning of the next day . An Irish immigrant , Patrick Carr , died two weeks later . Christopher Monk , another apprentice , was one of those seriously wounded in the attack . Although he recovered to some extent , he was crippled and eventually died in 1780 , purportedly due to the injuries he had sustained in the attack a decade earlier . The crowd moved away from the immediate area of the custom house , but continued to grow in nearby streets . Captain Preston immediately called out most of the 29th Regiment , which adopted defensive positions in front of the state house . Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson was summoned to the scene , and was forced by the movement of the crowd into the council chamber of the state house . From its balcony he was able to minimally restore order , promising there would be a fair inquiry into the shootings if the crowd dispersed . Aftermath Investigation Hutchinson immediately began investigating the affair , and by morning , Preston and the eight soldiers had been arrested . In a meeting of the governor 's council held late the morning after the shootings , Boston 's selectmen asked Hutchinson to order the removal of troops from the city to Castle William on Castle Island , while a town meeting at Faneuil Hall met to discuss the affair . The governor 's council was at first opposed to ordering the troop withdrawal , with Hutchinson correctly claiming he did not have the authority to order the troops to move . Lieutenant Colonel William Dalrymple , commander of the troops , did not offer to move them . The town meeting , however , became more restive when it learned of this . Under an imminent threat of further violence , the council changed its position , and unanimously ( `` under duress '' , according to Hutchinson 's report ) agreed to request the troops ' removal . Secretary of State Andrew Oliver reported that , had the troops not been removed , `` that they would probably be destroyed by the people -- should it be called rebellion , should it incur the loss of our charter , or be the consequence what it would . '' This decision left the governor without effective means to police the town . The 14th was transferred to Castle Island without incident about a week later , with the 29th following shortly after . The first four victims were buried amid great ceremony on March 8 ; Patrick Carr , the fifth and final victim , died on March 14 and was buried with them on March 17 . Mr. John Gillespie , in his deposition , ( No. 104 ) declares that , as he was going to the south end of the town , to meet some friends at a public house , he met several people in the streets in parties ( armed with clubs ) , to the number , as he thinks , of forty or fifty persons ; and that while he was sitting with his friends there , several persons of his acquaintance came in to them at different times , and took notice of the numbers of persons they had seen in the street armed in the above manner . ( ... ) About half an hour after eight the bells rung , which ( Gillespie ) and his company took to be for fire ; but they were told by the landlord of the house that it was to collect the mob . Mr. Gillespie upon this resolved to go home , and in his way met numbers of people who were running past him , of whom many were armed with clubs and sticks , and some with other weapons . At the same time a number of people passed by him with two fire - engines , as if there had been a fire in the town . But they were soon told that there was no fire , but that the people were going to fight the soldiers , upon which they immediately quitted the fire - engines , and swore they would go to their assistance . All this happened before the soldiers near the custom - house fired their muskets , which was not till half an hour after nine o'clock ; and it ( shows ) that the inhabitants had formed , and were preparing to execute , a design of attacking the soldiers on that evening . -- Excerpt from A Fair Account , suggesting the colonists planned the attack on the soldiers On March 27 the eight soldiers , Captain Preston , and four civilians who were in the Customs House and were alleged to have fired shots , were all indicted for murder . Bostonians continued to be hostile to the troops and their dependents . General Gage , convinced the troops were doing more harm than good , ordered the 29th Regiment out of the province in May . Governor Hutchinson took advantage of the ongoing high tensions to orchestrate delays of the trials until later in the year . Propaganda battle In the days and weeks following the incident , a propaganda battle was waged between Boston 's radicals and supporters of the government . Both sides published pamphlets that told strikingly different stories , which were principally published in London in a bid to influence opinion there . The Boston Gazette 's version of events , for example , characterized the massacre as part of an ongoing scheme to `` quell a Spirit of Liberty '' , and harped on the negative consequences of quartering troops in the city . Henry Pelham 's engraving copied by Paul Revere A young Boston artist , Henry Pelham , half - brother of the celebrated portrait painter John Singleton Copley , depicted the event . Silversmith and engraver Paul Revere closely copied Pelham 's image , and is often credited as its originator . In order to further public outrage , the engraving contained several inflammatory details . Captain Preston is shown ordering his men to fire , and a musket is seen shooting out of the window of the customs office , which is labeled `` Butcher 's Hall . '' Artist Christian Remick hand - colored some prints . Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face , matching descriptions of Attucks ; others show no victim as a person of color . The image was published in the Boston Gazette , circulating widely , and became an effective piece of anti-British propaganda . The image of bright red `` lobster backs '' and wounded men with red blood was hung in farmhouses across New England . Anonymous pamphlets were published describing the event from significantly different perspectives . A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre , published under the auspices of the Boston town meeting , was principally written by James Bowdoin , a member of the governor 's council and a vocal opponent of British colonial policy , along with Samuel Pemberton , and Joseph Warren . It described the shooting and other lesser incidents that took place in the days before as unprovoked attacks on peaceful , law - abiding inhabitants , and was , according to historian Neal Langley York , probably the most influential description of the event . The account it provided was drawn from more than 90 depositions taken after the event , and it included accusations that the soldiers sent by Captain Preston had been deployed with the intention of causing harm . In the interest of minimizing impact on the jury pool , city leaders held back local distribution of the pamphlet , but sent copies to other colonies and to London , where they knew depositions collected by Governor Hutchinson were en route . A second pamphlet , Additional Observations on the Short Narrative , furthered the attack on crown officials by complaining that customs officials ( one of whom had left Boston to carry Hutchinson 's gathered depositions to London ) were abandoning their posts under the pretense that it was too dangerous for them to do their duties . The depositions that Hutchinson collected and sent to London were eventually published in a pamphlet entitled A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston . Drawn mainly from depositions by soldiers , its account of affairs sought to blame selfish Bostonians for denying the validity of Parliamentary laws . It also blamed the city 's hoodlums and gangs for the lawlessness preceding the event , and claimed that they set up an ambush of the soldiers . However , as it was not published until well after the first pamphlet had arrived in London , it ended up having a much smaller impact on the public debate there . Trial John Adams defended the soldiers six of whom were acquitted The Part I took in Defence of Cptn . Preston and the Soldiers , procured me Anxiety , and Obloquy enough . It was , however , one of the most gallant , generous , manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life , and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country . Judgment of Death against those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the Quakers or Witches , anciently . As the Evidence was , the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right . This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre , nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister , who caused them to be sent here . But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies . -- John Adams , on the third anniversary of the massacre The government was determined to give the soldiers a fair trial so there could be no grounds for retaliation from the British and so moderates would not be alienated from the Patriot cause . After several lawyers with Loyalist leanings refused to defend him , Preston sent a request to John Adams , pleading for him to work on the case . Adams , who was already a leading Patriot and who was contemplating a run for public office , agreed to help , in the interest of ensuring a fair trial . Adams was joined by Josiah Quincy II after the latter was assured that the Sons of Liberty would not oppose his appointment , and by Robert Auchmuty , a Loyalist . They were assisted by Sampson Salter Blowers , whose chief duty was to investigate the jury pool , and Paul Revere , who drew a detailed map of the bodies to be used in the trial of the British soldiers held responsible . Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and private attorney Robert Treat Paine , hired by the town of Boston , handled the prosecution . Preston was tried separately in late October 1770 . He was acquitted after the jury was convinced that he had not ordered the troops to fire . The trial of the eight soldiers opened on November 27 , 1770 . Adams told the jury to look beyond the fact the soldiers were British . He argued that if the soldiers were endangered by the mob , which he called `` a motley rabble of saucy boys , negroes , and molattoes , Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs ( i.e. sailors ) '' , they had the legal right to fight back , and so were innocent . If they were provoked but not endangered , he argued , they were at most guilty of manslaughter . The jury agreed with Adams and acquitted six of the soldiers after two and one - half hours ' deliberation . Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter because there was overwhelming evidence that they had fired directly into the crowd . The jury 's decisions suggest that they believed the soldiers had felt threatened by the crowd , but should have delayed firing . Patrick Carr , the fifth victim , corroborated this with deathbed testimony delivered to his doctor . The convicted soldiers were granted reduced sentences by pleading benefit of clergy , which reduced their punishment from a death sentence to branding of the thumb in open court . The four civilians were tried on December 13 . The principal prosecution witness , a servant of one of the accused , made claims that were easily rebutted by defense witnesses . In the face of this weak testimony , as well as waning public interest , the prosecution allegedly failed to press its case very hard . The civilians were all acquitted , and the servant was eventually convicted of perjury , whipped , and banished from the province . Legacy Contribution to American Revolution The Boston Massacre is considered one of the most important events that turned colonial sentiment against King George III and British Parliamentary authority . Howard Zinn argues that Boston was full of class anger . He reports that in 1763 , the Boston Gazette published that `` a few persons in power '' were promoting political projects `` for keeping the people poor in order to make them humble . '' John Adams wrote that the `` foundation of American independence was laid '' on March 5 , 1770 , and Samuel Adams and other Patriots used annual commemorations ( Massacre Day ) of the event to fulminate against British rule . Christopher Monk , the boy who was wounded in the attack and died in 1780 , was paraded before the crowds as a reminder of British hostility . Later events , such as the Boston Tea Party , further illustrated the crumbling relationship between Britain and its colonies . Although five years passed between the massacre and outright revolution , and direct connections between the massacre and the later war are ( according to historian Neil Langley York ) somewhat tenuous , it is widely perceived as a significant event leading to the violent rebellion that followed . Commemorations Massacre memorial on the Boston Common See also : Massacre Day and Freedom Trail The massacre was remembered in 1858 in a celebration organized by William Cooper Nell , an African American abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War . Partly because of this activism , artwork commemorating the massacre was produced that changed the color of a victim 's skin to black ( which in Revere 's original engraving was white ) to emphasize Attucks ' claimed martyrdom . In 1888 , a monument was erected on the Boston Common to the men killed in the massacre , and the five victims , along with Christopher Seider , were reinterred in a prominent grave in the Granary Burying Ground . The massacre is reenacted annually on March 5 under the auspices of the Bostonian Society . The Old State House , the massacre site , and the Granary Burying Ground are all part of Boston 's Freedom Trail , connecting sites important in the city 's revolutionary - era history . See also Boston portal List of massacres in Massachusetts Timeline of United States revolutionary history ( 1760 -- 1789 ) References ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , 24 . Jump up ^ Antal 2013 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ The Boston Massacre Jump up ^ The American Past : A Survey of American History ; Joseph Conlin P. 133 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda . Martin J. Manning Page 33 ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey , From Loyalist to Founding Father , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey , From Loyalist to Founding Father , p. 93 . Jump up ^ A Short Narrative , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 75 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , pp. 208 -- 210 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , The Hub , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , The Boston Massacre , 11 . Jump up ^ Zobel , The Boston Massacre , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Allison , The Boston Massacre , p. 12 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Boston Massacre '' . The Freedom Trail Foundation . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Massacre Reenactment Registration '' . Bostonian Society . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , p. 20 Sources A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston . London : B. White . 1770 . OCLC 535966548 . Original printing of the governor 's account . A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre . London : W. Bingley. 1770 . OCLC 510892519 . Original printing of the colonists ' account . Adams , John ( 1962 ) . Butterfield , L.H. , ed . Diary and Autobiography of John Adams , vol. 2 . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . OCLC 19993300 . Allison , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . The Boston Massacre . Beverly , MA : Applewood Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933212 - 10 - 4 . OCLC 66392877 . Antal , John ( 2013 ) . 7 Leadership Lessons of the American Revolution : The Founding Fathers , Liberty , and the Struggle for Independence . Casemate . p. 40 . ISBN 9781612002033 . Archer , Richard ( 2010 ) . As if an Enemy 's Country : the British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538247 - 1 . OCLC 313664751 . Bailyn , Bernard ( 1974 ) . The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 64160 - 0 . OCLC 6825524 . Cumming , William P. ; Rankin , Hugh F. ( 1975 ) . The Fate of a Nation : The American Revolution Through Contemporary Eyes . New York : Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 1644 - 9 . OCLC 1510269 . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508847 - 2 . OCLC 263430392 . Knollenberg , Bernhard ( 1975 ) . Growth of the American Revolution , 1766 -- 1775 . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 917110 - 3 . OCLC 1416300 . Middlekauff , Robert ( 2007 ) . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 . OCLC 496757346 . Miller , John ( 1959 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804705936 . OCLC 180556929 . Nell , William Cooper ; Wesley , Dorothy Porter ; Uzelac , Constance Porter ( 2002 ) . William Cooper Nell , Nineteenth - Century African American Abolitionist , Historian , Integrationist : Selected Writings from 1832 -- 1874 . Baltimore , MD : Black Classic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57478 - 019 - 2 . OCLC 50673509 . O'Connor , Thomas H ( 2001 ) . The Hub : Boston Past and Present . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 474 - 5 . OCLC 248309644 . Ross , Betsy McCaughey ; McCaughey , Elizabeth P. ( 1980 ) . From Loyalist to Founding Father : the Political Odyssey of William Samuel Johnson . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 04506 - 3 . OCLC 479827879 . Triber , Jayne ( 1998 ) . A True Republican : The Life of Paul Revere . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 139 - 7 . OCLC 171052850 . Walett , Francis ( September 1950 ) . `` James Bowdoin , Patriot Propagandist '' . The New England Quarterly ( Volume 23 , No. 3 ) . JSTOR 361420 . Wheeler , William Bruce ; Becker , Susan Becker ; Glover , Lorri ( 2011 ) . Discovering the American Past : A Look at the Evidence : To 1877 . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 79984 - 9 . OCLC 664324291 . Woods , Thomas ( 2008 ) . Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877 . New York : Associated University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7746 - 4 . OCLC 302384920 . York , Neil Longley ( 2009 ) . `` Rival Truths , Political Accommodation , and the Boston ' Massacre ' '' . Massachusetts Historical Review ( Volume 11 ) : 57 -- 95 . JSTOR 40345980 . York , Neil Longley ( 2010 ) . The Boston Massacre : a History with Documents . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87348 - 2 . OCLC 695944958 . Young , Alfred ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Revolution in Boston ? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail '' ( PDF ) . The Public Historian ( Volume 25 , No. 2 ) : 17 -- 41 . Zinn , Howard ( 1980 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019448 - 2 . OCLC 42420960 . Zobel , Hiller B ( 1970 ) . The Boston Massacre . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31483 - 0 . OCLC 243696768 . Further reading Reid , John Phillip ( 1974 ) . `` A Lawyer Acquitted : John Adams and the Boston Massacre '' . American Journal of Legal History ( Volume 18 , No. 3 ) : 189 -- 207 . ISSN 0002 - 9319 . Ritter , Kurt W ( 1977 ) . `` Confrontation as Moral Drama : the Boston Massacre in Rhetorical Perspective '' . Southern Speech Communication Journal ( Volume 42 , No. 1 ) : 114 -- 136 . ISSN 0361 - 8269 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Massacre . Library resources about Boston Massacre Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Texts on Wikisource : `` Boston Massacre , The '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Boston Massacre '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Boston Massacre '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . An oration delivered April 2d , 1771 , at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston ( 1771 ) by James Lovell The Boston Massacre Historical Society Boston National Historical Park Official Website Adams ' Argument for the Defense at the trial of the soldiers , at Founders Online website . 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5706040576328706780	Anne Archer	Anne Archer - wikipedia Anne Archer Anne Archer Anne Archer at the 1989 Academy Awards ( 1947 - 08 - 24 ) August 24 , 1947 ( age 71 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1970 -- present Spouse ( s ) William Davis ( 1969 -- 1977 ) Terry Jastrow ( 1979 -- present ) Children Jeffrey Tucker Jastrow ( b . 1984 ) Tommy Davis Parent ( s ) John Archer Marjorie Lord Website www.annearcher.com Anne Archer ( born August 24 , 1947 ) is an American actress . She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1987 film Fatal Attraction . Her other film appearances include Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Short Cuts ( 1993 ) , Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , and Lullaby ( 2014 ) . On stage , she starred as Mrs. Robinson in the West End production of The Graduate in 2001 , and in the title role of The Trial of Jane Fonda at the 2014 Edinburgh Festival Fringe . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television films 4.3 Television series 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Archer was born in Los Angeles , California , the daughter of actors John Archer and Marjorie Lord . Career ( edit ) Archer 's first television appearance was in 1970 on the series Men at Law . She was named Miss Golden Globe in 1971 . Her first feature film was The Honkers ( 1972 ) , which was followed by Lifeguard ( 1976 ) . She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Beth Gallagher in the film Fatal Attraction ( 1987 ) . Her other prominent film roles include Patriot Games ( 1992 ) and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) . In 2001 , Archer portrayed Mrs. Robinson at the Gielgud Theatre in a West End production of The Graduate . She has made several appearances on television shows such as Mannix , Hawaii Five - 0 , Little House on the Prairie , Falcon Crest , Boston Public , It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , Privileged , and Ghost Whisperer . She was a regular on the short - lived sitcom Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice in 1973 . In 2014 and 2016 , she played Jane Fonda in the premier production of the play The Trial of Jane Fonda , at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe . Personal life ( edit ) Archer married William Davis in 1969 . They had one son , Thomas William `` Tommy '' Davis , born on August 18 , 1972 . The couple divorced in 1977 . She married Terry Jastrow in 1979 . They have one son together , Jeffrey Tucker Jastrow , born on October 18 , 1984 . She was originally a Christian Scientist , but her husband and she have been members of the Church of Scientology since 1975 . Between 1982 and 1986 , she was a spokeswoman for Applied Scholastics , the literacy training organization sponsored by the Church of Scientology . Her son Tommy was the head of the Church of Scientology 's Celebrity Centre International in Los Angeles . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1972 The Honkers Deborah Moon 1972 Cancel My Reservation Crazy Hollister 1973 The All - American Boy Drenna Valentine 1976 Trackdown Barbara 1976 Lifeguard Cathy 1978 Good Guys Wear Black Margaret 1978 Paradise Alley Annie 1980 Hero at Large Jolene Marsh 1980 Raise the Titanic Dana Archibald 1981 Green Ice Holbrook 1982 Waltz Across Texas Gail Weston 1984 The Naked Face Ann Blake 1985 Too Scared to Scream Kate Bridges 1986 The Check is in the Mail ... Peggy Jackson Fatal Attraction Beth Gallagher Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture 1990 Love at Large Miss Dolan 1990 Narrow Margin Carol Hunnicut 1990 Eminent Domain Mira Borski 1992 Patriot Games Cathy Ryan 1993 Body of Evidence Joanne Braslow Nominated -- Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress 1993 Family Prayers Rita Jacobs 1993 Short Cuts Claire Kane Golden Globe Award for Best Ensemble Cast 1994 Clear and Present Danger Cathy Muller Ryan 1994 There Goes My Baby Narrator Voice role Mojave Moon Julie Rigby 1998 Nico the Unicorn Julie Hastings 2000 Innocents Beryl Denright 2000 Whispers : An Elephant 's Tale Gentle Heart Voice role 2000 Rules of Engagement Mrs. Mourain 2000 The Art of War Eleanor Hooks 2002 The Gray in Between Ursula 2003 Uncle Nino Marie Micelli November Carol Jacobs 2005 Man of the House Prof. Molly McCarthy 2005 The Iris Effect Sarah Hathaway 2006 Cut Off Louise 2006 End Game The First Lady 2008 Felon Maggie 2009 Ghosts of Girlfriends Past Vonda Volkom 2014 Lullaby Rachel 2017 Trafficked Mother Monica Television films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 The Blue Knight Laila The Mark of Zorro Teresa The Log of the Black Pearl Lila Bristol 1976 A Matter of Wife ... And Death Carol 1976 The Dark Side of Innocence Nora Hancock Mulligan 1978 The Pirates Jordana Mason 1984 The Sky 's No Limit Dr. Susan Keith Browning A Different Affair N / A Leap of Faith Debby Franke Ogg 1992 The Last of His Tribe Henriette Kroeber 1992 Nails Mary Niles 1994 Jane 's House Mary Parker 1994 Because Mommy Works Abby 1995 The Man in the Attic Krista Heldmann Jake 's Women Maggie 1998 Indiscretion of an American Wife Julia Burton 1998 My Husband 's Secret Life Theresa `` Sissy '' Sullivan 2002 Night of the Wolf Claire McNichol 2007 Judicial Indiscretion Monica Barrett 2008 Family Practice Helena Kinglare Television series ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1970 Men at Law Annette Porter Episode : `` Shadows of Doubt '' 1970 Hawaii Five - 0 Jane Michaels Episode : `` Beautiful Screamer '' 1971 The F.B.I. Lynne Ashton Episode : `` Downfall '' 1971 Mod Squad Jennifer Episode : `` Color of Laughter , Color of Tears '' 1971 Ironside Myra St. John Episode : `` Murder Impromptu '' 1971 Alias Smith and Jones Ellen Lewis Episode : `` Shootout at Diablo Station '' 1971 Love , American Style Louise Episode : `` Love and the Fountain of Youth '' 1972 The Sixth Sense Elizabeth Danbury Episode : `` Can a Dead Man Strike from the Grave ? '' 1973 Mannix Anne Avery Episode : `` A Problem of Innocence '' 1973 Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice Carol Sanders 12 episodes Harry O Sharon Dempsey Episode : `` Guardian at the Gates '' Little House on the Prairie Kate Thorvald Episode : `` Doctor 's Lady '' Petrocelli Sherril Brewster Episode : `` Shadow of Fear '' 1975 -- 76 Switch Laurie 3 episodes 1976 McCloud Wilhelmina Kirk Episode : `` Our Man in the Harem '' 1976 Petrocelli N / A Episode : `` Shadow of a Doubt '' 1976 Harry O Felicia Applequist Episode : `` The Mysterious Case of Lester and Dr. Fong '' 1977 Seventh Avenue Myrna Gold 3 episodes The Family Tree Annie Benjamin Nichols 6 episodes 1985 Falcon Crest Cassandra Wilder 22 episodes 1994 Leslie 's Folly Leslie TV short 1995 Present Tense , Past Perfect Kate TV short 1999 Camino de Santiago Isabelle Derek 3 episodes 2000 Beggars and Choosers Beverly Boyden Episode : `` Moles , Meatloaf , and Myrna Loy '' 2003 Boston Public Patricia Emerson 3 episodes The L Word Lenore Pieszecki 3 episodes 2006 It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Barbara Reynolds 3 episodes 2006 -- 08 Ghost Whisperer Beth Gordon 4 episodes 2008 -- 09 Privileged Laurel Limoges 13 episodes 2016 The Grinder Lenore Episode : `` For the People '' Law and order SVU 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thise , Mark ( 2008 ) . Hollywood Winners & Losers A to Z . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 87910 - 351 - 5 . She is the international spokeswoman for Applied Scholastic International , a front group for the Church of Scientology . Jump up ^ Anne Archer Official Website - Film Credits Archived August 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( 2009 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present . Ballantine Books . p. 159 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh Theater Review : ' The Trial of Jane Fonda ' Starring Anne Archer '' . Variety . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Archer stars as Jane Fonda in London play '' . Reuters . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Anne Archer '' . All American Talent and Celebrity Network . www.allamericanspeakers.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Archer : My Family Values '' . 2014 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wright , Lawrence ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Apostate : Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SCIENTOLOGY 'S TOP 20 CELEBRITIES -- in order of those most likely to defect '' . The Underground Bunker . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebner , Mark ; Andrew Breitbart ( 2004 ) . Hollywood , Interrupted . John Wiley and Sons . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 45051 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shaw , William ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) . `` The science of celebrity '' . The Sunday Telegraph . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Morton , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Tom Cruise : An Unauthorized Biography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 243 , 317 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 35986 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Archer . Official website Anne Archer on IMDb Anne Archer at AllMovie Anne Archer at the TCM Movie Database Anne Archer Biography , filmreference.com ; accessed January 15 , 2018 . BIBSYS : 99006007 BNE : XX1296807 BNF : cb14038545m ( data ) GND : 173746284 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 4106 LCCN : n99020343 MusicBrainz : 1695efbd - 5cfa - 47cc - a31d - 431c221b98a1 SNAC : w6002ptm SUDOC : 08376044X VIAF : 17423086 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Archer&oldid=846479199 '' Categories : 1947 births Living people Actresses from Los Angeles American film actresses American Scientologists American television actresses Former Christian Scientists Pitzer College alumni 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American former Christians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 01 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played kate in little house on the prairie	[]	[]
3661630911722301505	Vogue (magazine)	Vogue ( magazine ) - wikipedia Vogue ( magazine ) Jump to : navigation , search VOGUE November 1988 , the first issue under Anna Wintour 's leadership Editor Anna Wintour Categories Fashion Frequency monthly Publisher Condé Nast Total circulation ( 2013 ) 1,231,931 Year founded December 17 , 1892 ; 125 years ago ( 1892 - 12 - 17 ) Country USA Website www.vogue.com ISSN 0042 - 8000 Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion , beauty , culture , living , and runway . Vogue began as a weekly newspaper in 1892 in the United States , before becoming a monthly publication years later . The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916 . As of today there are 22 international editions , and the launch the twenty - third edition , Vogue Polska in Polish , has been announced for March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1892 - 1905 : Early years 1.2 1905 -- 1920 : Condé Nast 1.3 1920 -- 1970 : Expansion 1.4 1988 -- present : Anna Wintour leadership 2 Features 2.1 Particularly noteworthy Vogue covers 2.2 Healthy body initiative 3 Style and influence 3.1 Technological 3.2 Economic 3.3 Political 3.4 Social 3.5 Music 4 Criticism 5 Media 5.1 Documentaries 5.2 Video channel 5.3 Books 5.4 Voguepedia 5.5 Website 5.6 Podcast 5.7 Vogue App 6 Other editions 7 Editors of international editions 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Cover of the May 1917 issue . ( American Vogue ) 1892 - 1905 : Early years ( edit ) In 1892 , Arthur Baldwin Turnure , an American business man , founded Vogue as a weekly newspaper in the United States , sponsored by Kristoffer Wright ; the first issue was published on December 17 of that year , with a cover price of 10 cents ( equivalent to $2.72 in 2017 ) . Turnure 's intention was to create a publication that celebrated the `` ceremonial side of life '' ; one that `` attracts the sage as well as debutante , men of affairs as well as the belle . '' From its inception , the magazine targeted the new New York upper class . Vogue glamorously `` recount ( ed ) their habits , their leisure activities , their social gatherings , the places they frequented , and the clothing they wore ... and everyone who wanted to look like them and enter their exclusive circle . The magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion , with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership . Despite the magazines content , it grew very slowly during this period . 1905 -- 1920 : Condé Nast ( edit ) Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnure 's death and gradually grew the publication . He changed it to a unisex magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s . Under Nast , the magazine soon shifted its focus to women , and in turn the price was soon raised . The magazine 's number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nast 's management . By 1911 , the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain , targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings . According to Condé Naste Russia , after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible , printing began in England . The decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920 . 1920 -- 1970 : expansion ( edit ) The magazine 's number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression , and again during World War II . During this time , noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor , having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast . In July 1932 , American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine . The photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air . Laird Borrelli notes that Vogue led the decline of fashion illustration in the late 1930s , when they began to replace their celebrated illustrated covers , by artists such as Dagmar Freuchen , with photographic images . Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the `` two - page spread . '' He greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a `` successful business '' and the `` women 's magazine we recognize today '' and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942 . In the 1960s , with Diana Vreeland as editor - in - chief and personality , the magazine began to appeal to the youth of the sexual revolution by focusing more on contemporary fashion and editorial features that openly discussed sexuality . Toward this end , Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St. Mark 's Place , as well as including features of `` downtown '' personalities such as Andy Warhol 's `` Superstar '' Jane Holzer 's favorite haunts . Vogue also continued making household names out of models , a practice that continued with Suzy Parker , Twiggy , Jean Shrimpton , Lauren Hutton , Veruschka , Marisa Berenson , Penelope Tree , and others . In 1973 , Vogue became a monthly publication . Under editor - in - chief Grace Mirabella , the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience . Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because `` women were n't interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives . '' She was selected to make the magazine appeal to `` the free , working , `` liberated '' woman of the seventies . She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews , arts coverage , and serious health pieces . When that type of stylistic change fell out of favor in the 1980s , Mirabella was brutally fired . Her take on it : `` For a magazine devoted to style , this was not a very stylish way of telling me . '' 1988 -- present : Anna Wintour leadership ( edit ) In July 1988 , after Vogue had begun to lose ground to three - year - old upstart Elle , Anna Wintour was named editor - in - chief . Noted for her trademark bob cut and sunglasses , Wintour sought to revitalize the brand by making it younger and more approachable ; she directed the focus towards new and accessible concepts of `` fashion '' for a wider audience . Wintour 's influence allowed the magazine to maintain its high circulation , while staff discovered new trends that a broader audience could conceivably afford . For example , the inaugural cover of the magazine under Wintour 's editorship featured a three - quarter - length photograph of Michaela Bercu , an Israeli model , wearing a bejeweled Christian Lacroix jacket and a pair of jeans , a departure from her predecessors ' tendency to portray a woman 's face alone ; according to The New York Times , this gave `` greater importance to both her clothing and her body '' . As fashion editor Grace Coddington wrote in her memoirs , the cover `` endorsed a democratic new high / low attitude to dressing , added some youthful but sophisticated raciness , and garnished it with a dash of confident energy and drive that implied getting somewhere fast . It was quintessential Anna . '' Throughout her reign at Vogue , Wintour accomplished her goals to revitalize the magazine and managed to produce some very large editions of the magazine . In fact , the `` September 2004 edition , clocked in at 832 pages , the most ever for a monthly magazine . '' Wintour continues to be American Vogue 's editor - in - chief to this day . The contrast of Wintour 's vision with that of her predecessors was noted as striking by observers , both critics and defenders . Amanda Fortini , fashion and style contributor for Slate , argues that her policy has been beneficial for Vogue : When Wintour was appointed head of Vogue , Grace Mirabella had been editor in chief for 17 years , and the magazine had grown complacent , coasting along in what one journalist derisively called `` its beige years '' . Beige was the color Mirabella had used to paint over the red walls in Diana Vreeland 's office , and the metaphor was apt : The magazine had become boring . Among Condé Nast executives , there was worry that the grand dame of fashion publications was losing ground to upstart Elle , which in just three years had reached a paid circulation of 851,000 to Vogue ' s stagnant 1.2 million . And so Condé Nast publisher Si Newhouse brought in the 38 - year - old Wintour , who through editor - in - chief positions at British Vogue and House & Garden , had become known not only for her cutting - edge visual sense , but also for her ability to radically revamp a magazine to shake things up . Although she has had great impact on the magazine , throughout her career , Wintour has been pinned as being cold and difficult to work with . In an article on Biography.com , Wintour admits that she is `` very driven by what ( she does ) , '' and has said `` I am certainly very competitive . I like people who represent the best at what they do , and if that turns you into a perfectionist then maybe I am . '' Features ( edit ) As of August 2025 , only ten men have been featured on the cover of the American edition : Richard Gere , with Cindy Crawford in November 1992 ; George Clooney , with Gisele Bündchen in June 2000 ; LeBron James , with Gisele Bündchen in April 2008 ; Ryan Lochte , with Hope Solo and Serena Williams in June 2012 ; Kanye West , with Kim Kardashian in March 2014 . Ben Stiller , with Penélope Cruz in February 2016 . Ashton Eaton , with Gigi Hadid in August 2016 . Zayn Malik , with Gigi Hadid in August 2017 . Lucky Blue Smith , with Kaia Gerber in October 2018 . Particularly noteworthy Vogue covers ( edit ) December 1892 : The first cover of the magazine features a debutante at her début . July 1932 : The first cover with a color photograph , featuring Edward Steichen 's image of a swimmer holding a beach ball . September 1933 : The cover features model Toto Koopman who is both bisexual and biracial . She portrays a woman that readers during the Great Depression would dream to be like . May 1961 : Sophia Loren covers the magazine , and is one of the first celebrities to do so . August 1974 : Beverly Johnson becomes the first black woman to cover American Vogue . November 1988 : Anna Wintour 's first cover features Israeli model Michaela Bercu . April 1992 : Vogue 's 100th anniversary cover featuring 10 supermodels , and is the highest - selling issue ever . December 1998 : Hillary Clinton becomes the first American first lady to cover the magazine . September 2012 : Lady Gaga covers the largest edition of Vogue , the magazine weighing in at 4.5 pounds . April 2014 : Kim Kardashian and Kanye West appear on the cover in one of the most controversial cover shoots for Vogue . Kardashian is the first reality television star on the cover and West is the first rapper on the cover . They are also the first interracial couple to appear on the cover of the magazine . Healthy body initiative ( edit ) May 2013 marked the first anniversary of a healthy body initiative that was signed by the magazine 's international editors -- the initiative represents a commitment from the editors to promote positive body images within the content of Vogue 's numerous editions . Australian editor Edwina McCann explained : `` In the magazine we 're moving away from those very young , very thin girls . A year down the track , we ask ourselves what can Vogue do about it ? And an issue like this ( June 2013 issue ) is what we can do about it . If I was aware of a girl being ill on a photo shoot I would n't allow that shoot to go ahead , or if a girl had an eating disorder I would not shoot her . '' The Australian edition 's June 2013 issue was entitled `` The Body Issue '' and featured articles on exercise and nutrition , as well as a diverse range of models . New York - based Australian plus - size model Robyn Lawley , previously featured on the cover of Vogue Italia , also appeared in a swimwear shoot for the June issue . Jonathan Newhouse , Condé Nast International chairman , states that `` Vogue editors around the world want the magazines to reflect their commitment to the health of the models who appear on the pages and the wellbeing of their readers . '' Alexandra Shulman , one of the magazine 's editor , comments on the initiative by stating `` as one of the fashion industry 's most powerful voices , Vogue has a unique opportunity to engage with relevant issues where we feel we can make a difference . '' Style and influence ( edit ) Models Toni Garrn and brother Niklas Garrn wearing Google Glass during the 2013 September issue fashion photo shoot in Ransom Canyon , Texas ( 25 June 2013 ) . The name Vogue means `` style '' in French . Vogue was described by book critic Caroline Weber in a December 2006 edition of The New York Times as `` the world 's most influential fashion magazine '' : The publication claims to reach 11 million readers in the US and 12.5 million internationally . Furthermore , Wintour was described as one of the most powerful figures in fashion . Technological ( edit ) Google partnered with Vogue to feature Google Glass in the September 2013 issue , which featured a 12 - page spread . Chris Dale , who manages communications for the Glass team at Google , stated : `` The Vogue September issue has become a cultural touchstone ahead of New York 's Fashion Week . Seeing Glass represented so beautifully in this issue is a huge thrill for the entire Glass team . '' In the September 2015 issue , technology such as Apple Music , Apple Watch , and Amazon Fashion were all featured within the issues 832 pages . Economic ( edit ) Wintour 's `` Fashion Night '' initiative was launched in 2009 with the intention of kickstarting the economy following the Financial collapse of 2007 -- 2008 , by drawing people back into the retail environment and donating proceeds to various charitable causes . The event was co-hosted by Vogue in 27 cities around the US and 15 countries worldwide , and included online retailers at the beginning of 2011 . Debate occurred over the actual profitability of the event in the US , resulting in a potentially permanent hiatus in 2013 ; however , the event continues in 19 other locations internationally . Vogue also has the ability to lift the spirits of readers during tough times and revels that `` even in bad times , someone is up for a good time . '' The article states that Vogue `` make ( s ) money because they elevate the eye and sometimes the spirit , take the reader someplace special . '' These fantasy tomes feel a boost during economic distress -- like liquor and ice cream and movie ticket sales . '' Political ( edit ) In 2006 , Vogue acknowledged salient political and cultural issues by featuring the burqa , as well as articles on prominent Muslim women , their approach to fashion , and the effect of different cultures on fashion and women 's lives . Vogue also sponsored the `` Beauty Without Borders '' initiative with a US $25,000 donation that was used to establish a cosmetology school for Afghan women . Wintour stated : `` Through the school , we could not only help women in Afghanistan to look and feel better but also give them employment . '' A documentary by Liz Mermin , entitled The Beauty Academy of Kabul , which highlighted the proliferation of Western standards of beauty , criticized the school , suggesting that `` the beauty school could not be judged a success if it did not create a demand for American cosmetics . '' Leading up to the 2012 US Presidential election , Wintour used her industry clout to host several significant fundraising events in support of the Obama campaign . The first , in 2010 , was a dinner with an estimated US $30,000 entry fee . The `` Runway To Win '' initiative recruited prominent designers to create pieces to support the campaign . In October 2016 , the magazine stated that `` Vogue endorses Hillary Clinton for president of the United States '' . This was the first time that the magazine supported as a single voice a presidential candidate in its 120 years of history . Social ( edit ) The Met Ball is an annual event that is hosted by Vogue magazine to celebrate the opening of the Metropolitan Museum 's fashion exhibit . The Met Ball is the most coveted event of the year in fashion that is attended by A-list celebrities , politicians , designers and fashion editors . Vogue has hosted the themed event since 1971 under Editor in Chief , Diana Vreeland . In 2013 , Vogue released a special edition of Vogue entitled Vogue Special Edition : The Definitive Inside Look at the 2013 Met Gala . Music ( edit ) In 2015 , Vogue magazine listed their `` 15 Roots Reggae Songs You Should Know '' ; and in an interview with Patricia Chin of VP Records , Vogue highlighted an abbreviated list of early `` reggae royalty '' that recorded at Studio 17 in Kingston , Jamaica which included Bob Marley , Peter Tosh , Gregory Isaacs , Dennis Brown , Burning Spear , Toots and the Maytals , The Heptones , and Bunny Wailer . In addition to their coverage of historically significant artists , Vogue is a source for contemporary music news on artists such as Jay - Z , Eminem , Tom Petty , and Taylor Swift , as well as being an influencer that introduces new artists to the scene such as Suzi Analogue in 2017 . Criticism ( edit ) As Wintour came to personify the magazine 's image , both she and Vogue drew critics . Wintour 's one - time assistant at the magazine , Lauren Weisberger , wrote a roman à clef entitled The Devil Wears Prada . Published in 2003 , the novel became a bestseller and was adapted as a highly successful , Academy Award - nominated film in 2006 . The central character resembled Weisberger , and her boss was a powerful editor - in - chief of a fictionalized version of Vogue . The novel portrays a magazine ruled by `` the Antichrist and her coterie of fashionistas , who exist on cigarettes , Diet Dr Pepper , and mixed green salads '' , according to a review in The New York Times . The editor is described by Weisberger as being `` an empty , shallow , bitter woman who has tons and tons of gorgeous clothes and not much else '' . The success of both the novel and the film brought new attention from a wide global audience to the power and glamour of the magazine , and the industry it continues to lead . In 2007 , Vogue drew criticism from the anti-smoking group , `` Campaign for Tobacco - Free Kids '' , for carrying tobacco advertisements in the magazine . The group claims that volunteers sent the magazine more than 8,000 protest emails or faxes regarding the ads . The group also claimed that in response , they received scribbled notes faxed back on letters that had been addressed to Wintour stating , `` Will you stop ? You 're killing trees ! '' In response , a spokesperson for Condé Nast released an official statement : `` Vogue does carry tobacco advertising . Beyond that we have no further comment . '' In April 2008 , American Vogue featured a cover photo by photographer Annie Leibovitz of Gisele Bündchen and the basketball player LeBron James . This was the third time that Vogue featured a male on the cover of the American issue ( the other two men were actors George Clooney and Richard Gere ) , and the first in which the man was black . Some observers criticized the cover as a prejudicial depiction of James because his pose with Bündchen was reminiscent of a poster for the film King Kong . Further criticism arose when the website Watching the Watchers analyzed the photo alongside the World War I recruitment poster titled Destroy This Mad Brute . James reportedly however liked the cover shoot . In February 2011 , just before the 2011 Syrian protests unfolded , Vogue published a controversial piece by Joan Juliet Buck on Asma al - Assad , wife of the Syrian president Bashar al - Assad . A number of journalists criticized the article as glossing over the poor human rights record of Bashar al - Assad . According to reports , the Syrian government paid the U.S. lobbying firm Brown Lloyd James US $5,000 per month to arrange for and manage the article . Media ( edit ) Documentaries ( edit ) Main article : The September Issue In 2009 , the feature - length documentary The September Issue was released ; it was an inside view of the production of the record - breaking September 2007 issue of U.S. Vogue , directed by R.J. Cutler . The film was shot over eight months as Wintour prepared the issue , and included testy exchanges between Wintour and her creative director Grace Coddington . The issue became the largest ever published at the time ; over 5 pounds in weight and 840 pages in length , a world record for a monthly magazine Since then , that record has been broken by Vogue 's 2012 September issue , which came in at 916 pages . Also in 2012 , HBO released a documentary entitled In Vogue : The Editor 's Eye , in conjunction with the 120th anniversary of the magazine . Drawing on Vogue 's extensive archives , the film featured behind - the - scenes interviews with longtime Vogue editors , including Wintour , Coddington , Tonne Goodman , Hamish Bowles , and Phyllis Posnick . Celebrated subjects and designers in the fashion industry , such as Nicole Kidman , Sarah Jessica Parker , Linda Evangelista , Vera Wang , and Marc Jacobs , also appear in the film . The editors share personal stories about collaborating with top photographers , such as Leibovitz , and the various day - to - day responsibilities and interactions of a fashion editor at Vogue . The film was directed and produced by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato . In October 2012 , Vogue also released a book titled Vogue : The Editor 's Eye to complement the documentary . Video channel ( edit ) In 2013 , Vogue launched the Vogue video channel that can be accessed via their website . The channel was launched in conjunction with Conde Nast 's multi-platform media initiative . Mini-series that have aired on the video channel include Vogue Weddings , The Monday Makeover , From the Vogue Closet , Fashion Week , Elettra 's Goodness , Jeanius , Vintage Bowles , The Backstory , Beauty Mark , Met Gala , Voguepedia , Vogue Voices , Vogue Diaries , CFDA / Vogue Fashion Fund , and Monday 's with Andre . Books ( edit ) Books published by Vogue include In Vogue : An Illustrated History of the World 's Most Famous Fashion Magazine , Vogue : The Covers , Vogue : The Editor 's Eye , Vogue Living : House , Gardens , People , The World in Vogue , Vogue Weddings : Brides , Dresses , Designers , and Nostalgia in Vogue . Voguepedia ( edit ) Launched in 2011 by Condé Nast Digital , Voguepedia is a fashion encyclopedia that also includes an archive of every issue of Vogue 's American edition since 1892 . Only Vogue staff are permitted to contribute to the encyclopedia , unlike the VogueEncyclo -- hosted by Vogue Italia -- that receives contributions from anyone . As of 9 May 2013 , the site is not fully functional , as code still shows in search results and only certain search terms yield results . Website ( edit ) Vogue has also created an easily navigable website that includes six different content categories for viewers to explore . The website includes an archive with issues from 1892 forward for those whom subscribe for the website . The magazines online are the same as those that were printed in that time and are not cut or shortened from the original content . Podcast ( edit ) Vogue launched the teaser for their podcast series on September 10 , 2015 . The magazine announced that star André Leon Talley would host the podcasts and the inaugural twenty - one minute podcast was released on September 14 , 2015 , featuring Anna Wintour . Talley comments that he has `` been a longtime storyteller at Vogue and it 's just another format for telling stories -- as at Vogue , we love to tell the story of style , fashion , and what is absolutely a part of the culture at the moment , '' hence why the magazine has decided to create podcasts . Vogue app ( edit ) The Vogue app displays content on mobile devices and gives people the ability to view the magazine content wherever they go . The app has new content everyday and people can choose to receive content recommended just for their taste . In addition , the app allows one to save stories for later and or read offline . Lastly , the app provides notifications for fashion outbreaks and for new stories that are published pertaining to that viewer 's particular taste . Other editions ( edit ) In 2005 , Condé Nast launched Men 's Vogue . The magazine ceased publication as an independent publication in October 2008 , being the December / January 2009 their last issue . It was intended to be published as a supplement of Vogue , being the Spring 2009 the last issue of the magazine altogether . In Australia , Vogue Living was first published in 1967 . Condé Nast also publishes Teen Vogue , a version of the magazine for teenage girls in the United States . South Korea and Australia publish a Vogue Girl magazine ( currently suspended from further publication ) , in addition to the Vogue Living and Vogue Entertaining + Travel editions . Vogue Hommes International is an international men 's fashion magazine based in Paris , France , and L'uomo Vogue is the Italian men 's version . Other Italian versions of Vogue include Vogue Casa and Bambini Vogue . Until 1961 , Vogue was also the publisher of Vogue Patterns , a home sewing pattern company . It was sold to Butterick Publishing which also licensed the Vogue name . Vogue China was launched in September 2005 , with Australian model Gemma Ward on the cover flanked by Chinese models . In 2007 , an Arabic edition of Vogue was rejected by Condé Nast International . October 2007 saw the launch of Vogue India , and Vogue Turkey was launched in March 2010 . On 5 March 2010 , 16 International editors - in - chief of Vogue met in Paris to discuss the 2nd Fashion 's Night Out . Present in the meeting were the 16 International editors - in - chief of Vogue : Wintour ( American Vogue ) , Emmanuelle Alt ( French Vogue ) , Franca Sozzani ( Italian Vogue ) , Alexandra Shulman ( British Vogue ) , Kirstie Clements ( Australian Vogue ) , Aliona Doletskaya ( Russian Vogue ) , Angelica Cheung ( Chinese Vogue ) , Christiane Arp ( German Vogue ) , Priya Tanna ( Indian Vogue ) , Rosalie Huang ( Taiwanese Vogue ) , Paula Mateus ( Portuguese Vogue ) , Seda Domaniç ( Turkish Vogue ) , Yolanda Sacristan ( Spanish Vogue ) , Eva Hughes ( Mexican Vogue ) , Mitsuko Watanabe ( Japanese Vogue ) , and Daniela Falcao ( Brazilian Vogue ) . Since 2010 , seven new editors - in - chief joined Vogue : Victoria Davydova replaced Aliona Doletskaya as editor - in - chief of Russian Vogue ; Emmanuelle Alt became French Vogue ' s editor - in - chief after Carine Roitfeld resigned ; Edwina McCann became Australian Vogue 's editor - in - chief after Kirstie Clements was fired ; Kelly Talamas replaced Eva Hughes at Vogue Mexico and Vogue Latin America , when Hughes was named CEO of Condé Nast Mexico and Latin America in 2012 ; and Karin Swerink , Kullawit Laosukrsi , and Masha Tsukanova were appointed editors - in - chief of the newly launched Netherlands , Thailand , and Ukraine editions , respectively . At the beginning of 2013 the Japanese version , Vogue Hommes Japan , ended publication . In July 2016 , the launch of Vogue Arabia was announced , first as a dual English and Arabic language website , then with a print edition to follow in spring 2017 . On January 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Eugenia de la Torriente will become the new editor - in - chief of Vogue Spain . On January 20 , it was officially announced that Emanuele Farneti will become the new editor - in - chief of Vogue Italia , after the unexpected passing of long - time editor , Franca Sozzani in December 2016 . On January 25 , it was announced that Vogue British 's editor - in - chief , Alexandra Shulman , will leave the magazine in June 2017 , after 25 years . On April 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Edward Enninful will become the new editor - in - chief of British Vogue , the first male editor of the 100 years magazine . On April 13 , 2017 , it was revealed that Vogue Arabia 's first editor - in - chief , Deena Aljuhani , was fired and a new editor it is set to be announced . Editors of international editions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . 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( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following highlights circulation dates as well as individuals who have served as editor - in - chief of Vogue : Country Circulation Dates Editor - in - Chief Start year End year United States 1892 -- present Josephine Redding 1892 1901 Marie Harrison 1901 1914 Edna Woolman Chase 1914 1951 Jessica Daves 1952 1963 Diana Vreeland 1963 1971 Grace Mirabella 1971 1988 Anna Wintour 1988 present United Kingdom ( Vogue ) 1916 -- present Elspeth Champcommunal 1916 1922 Dorothy Todd 1923 1926 Alison Settle 1926 1934 Elizabeth Penrose 1934 1940 Audrey Withers 1940 1961 Ailsa Garland 1961 1965 Beatrix Miller 1965 1984 Anna Wintour 1985 Liz Tilberis 1988 1992 Alexandra Shulman 1992 2017 Edward Enninful 2017 present France ( Vogue Paris ) 1920 -- present Cosette Vogel 1922 1927 Main Bocher 1927 1929 Michel de Brunhoff 1929 1954 Edmonde Charles - Roux 1954 1966 Françoise de Langlade 1966 1968 Francine Crescent 1968 Colombe Pringle 1994 Joan Juliet Buck 1994 2001 Carine Roitfeld 2001 Emmanuelle Alt 2011 present Australia 1959 -- present Rosemary Cooper 1959 1962 Sheila Scotter 1962 1971 Eve Harman 1971 1976 June McCallum 1976 1989 Nancy Pilcher 1989 1997 Marion Hume 1997 1998 Juliet Ashworth 1998 1999 Kirstie Clements 1999 2012 Edwina McCann 2012 present Italy ( Vogue Italia ) 1964 -- present Consuelo Crespi 1964 1966 Franco Sartori 1966 1988 Franca Sozzani 1988 2016 Emanuele Farneti 2017 present Brazil 1975 -- present Luis Carta 1986 Andrea Carta 1986 2003 Patricia Carta 2003 Daniela Falcão 2016 Silvia Rogar 2016 present Germany 1979 -- present Christiane Arp 2003 present Spain 1988 -- present Luis Carta 1988 1994 Yolanda Sacristán 1994 2017 Eugenia de la Torriente 2017 present South Korea 1996 -- present Myung Hee Lee present Taiwan 1996 -- present Sky Wu present Russia 1998 -- present Aliona Doletskaya 1998 Victoria Davydova present Japan 1999 -- present Hiromi Sogo 1999 2001 Mitsuko Watanabe 2001 present Mexico & Latin America ( Vogue Mexico and Vogue Latin America ) 1999 -- present Eva Hughes 1999 2012 Kelly Talamas 2012 2016 Karla Martínez 2016 present Portugal 2002 -- present Paula Mateus 2002 2017 Sofia Lucas 2017 present China ( Vogue China ) 2005 -- present Angelica Cheung 2005 present India ( Vogue India ) 2007 -- present Priya Tanna 2007 present Turkey 2010 -- present Seda Domaniç present Netherlands ( Vogue Netherlands ) 2012 -- present Karin Swerink 2012 present Thailand 2013 -- present Kullawit Laosuksri 2013 present Ukraine 2013 -- present Masha Tsukanova 2013 2016 Olga Sushko 2016 present Arabia ( Vogue Arabia ) 2016 -- present Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz 2016 2017 Manuel Arnaut 2017 present Poland ( Vogue Polska ) March 2018 Filip Niedenthal 2017 present See also ( edit ) List of Vogue cover models List of Vogue ( US ) cover models List of Vogue Australia cover models List of Vogue Brasil ( Brazil ) cover models List of British Vogue cover models List of Vogue China cover models List of Vogue España ( Spain ) cover models List of Vogue Germany cover models List of Vogue India cover models List of Vogue Italia cover models List of Vogue Japan cover models List of Vogue Korea cover models List of Vogue Mexico cover models List of Vogue Netherlands cover models List of Vogue Paris cover models List of Vogue Portugal cover models List of Vogue Russia cover models List of Vogue Thailand cover models List of Vogue Türkiye ( Turkey ) cover models List of Vogue Ukraine cover models References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Consumer Magazines '' . Alliance for Audited Media . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Penelope Rowlands ( 2008 ) A Dash of Daring : Carmel Snow and Her Life in Fashion , Art , and Letters Simon and Schuster , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Esfahani Smith , Emily ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` The Early Years of Vogue Magazine '' . acculterated.com . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ludwin , Nancy Flinn ( Jan -- Feb 2007 ) . `` '' In Vogue : The Illustrated History of the World 's Most Famous Fashion Magazine. `` '' . Gale Resources . Jump up ^ Fine Collins , Amy . `` Vanity Fair : The Early Years , 1914 -- 1936 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Oloizia , Jeff . `` The 10 Most Groundbreaking Covers in the History of Vogue '' . T Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Laird Borrelli ( 2000 ) . Fashion Illustration Now ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 9780500282342 . Fashion Illustration has gone from being one of the sole means of fashion communication to having a very minor role . The first photographic cover of Vogue was a watershed in the history of fashion illustration and a watershed mark of its decline . Photographs , no matter how altered or retouched , will always have some association with reality and by association truth . I like to think of them ( fashion Illustrations ) as prose poems and having more fictional narratives . They are more obviously filtered through an individual vision than photos . Illustration lives on , but in the position of a poor relative to the fashion . Jump up ^ `` The Early Years of Vogue Magazine - Acculturated '' . Acculturated. 2012 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Vogue ( 15 February 1968 ) Jump up ^ Dwight , Eleanor . `` The Divine Mrs. V '' . New York . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Advertisement -- Vogue Magazine '' . http://ecollections.scad.edu/ . Scad Libraries . 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Jump up ^ Fortini , Amanda ( 10 February 2005 ) . `` Defending Vogue 's Evil Genius : The Brilliance of Anna Wintour '' . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Lochte Is the Fourth Man to ver Cover Vogue - The Cut '' . Nymag.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron becomes one of only three men to grace cover of Vogue - NBA - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue Olympic Cover Featuring Hope Solo , Ryan Lochte , and Serena Williams ( PHOTOS ) '' . Global Grind. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Covers , History of Fashion Magazine ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Toto Koopman on Vogue , September 1933 '' . Covers of Fashion Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Johnson '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the 120th Anniversary : Anna Wintour Shares Her Vogue Story '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sowray , Bibby ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Kim and Kanye 's Vogue cover on course to be a record seller '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Essex , Myeisha ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Vogue 's Kim K & Kanye Cover On Track To Outsell FLOTUS & Beyonce Issues '' . The Michigan Chronicle . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glamour . `` Anna Wintour talks about the Kimye Vogue cover '' . Glamour UK . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : GLYNIS TRAILL - NASH ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Vogue eager to make an issue of ' real ' women '' . The Australian . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Lauren . `` The Health Initiative '' . British Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Vogue , Conde Nast , retrieved 6 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Brand '' . Condé Nast International . Condé Nast International . October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . 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Jump up ^ McLarney , Ellen ( Winter 2009 ) . `` The burqa in Vogue : fashioning Afghanistan '' . Journal of Middle East Women 's Studies . Duke University Press . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.2979 / mew. 2009.5. 1.1 . JSTOR 10.2979 / mew. 2009.5. 1.1 . Jump up ^ Bose , Purnima ( September -- October 2009 ) . `` A Cosmetic Cover for Occupation '' . Solidarity . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` Anna Wintour & Barack Obama dinner : Vogue editor 's fundraiser has $30,000 entry fee '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowles , Charlotte ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` Anna Wintour in top tier of Obama 's fund - raising ' Bundlers ' '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue Endorses Hillary Clinton for President of the United States '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Vogue ( 20 June 2013 ) Vogue.com , Vogue Special Edition : The Definitive Inside Look at the 2013 Met Gala , Retrieved on 9 October 2013 from http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/special-edition-vogue-met-gala-2013/#1 Jump up ^ Jules , Gary . `` 15 Roots Reggae Songs You Should Know '' . Vogue magazine . 28 October 2015 . < https://www.vogue.com/article/15-roots-reggae-songs-playlist > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , Anicée . `` The Golden Age of Reggae : An Archival Romp With Roots Pioneer Patricia Chin '' Vogue magazine . 28 October 2015 . < https://www.vogue.com/article/golden-age-of-reggae-photographs-patricia-chin > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Music . Vogue magazine . Web . 2017 . < https://www.vogue.com/culture/music > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Rachel . `` Meet Suzi Analogue , the Producer Behind Chromat 's Bass - Heavy , Femme - Empowering Soundscape '' . Vogue magazine . 9 September 2017 . < https://www.vogue.com/article/suzi-analogue-chromat-nyfw-spring-2018-collection-soundtrack > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Frankel , David ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) , The Devil Wears Prada , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ Betts , Kate ( 13 April 2003 ) . `` Anna Dearest '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Eric ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` The Devil Likes Attention '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Noveck , Jocelyn ( 30 May 2007 ) . `` Fashion Mags Anger Some With Tobacco Ads '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated press . Archived from the original on 31 May 2007 . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ K. Scott , Megan ( 24 March 2008 ) . `` LeBron James ' ' Vogue ' cover called racially insensitive '' . USA TODAY . Associated Press . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Cadenhead , Rogers ( 28 March 2008 ) . `` Annie Leibovitz Monkeys Around with LeBron James '' . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Buck , Joan Juliet . `` Asma al - Assad : A Rose in the Desert '' . Vogue . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Noreen . `` The Middle East 's Marie Antoinettes '' . Slate . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Freeland , Chrystia ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` The Balance of Charm and Reality '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Max ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` The Only Remaining Online Copy of Vogue 's Asma al - Assad Profile '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bogardus , Kevin ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` PR firm worked with Syria on controversial photo shoot '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Catsoulis , J. ( 27 August 2009 ) . At ' Vogue , ' A Wintour And Some Discontent . NPR Movie Reviews . Retrieved 1 October 2013 from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112205015 . Jump up ^ Nisita , L. ( 25 August 2012 ) . Creating Postal Problems . Refinery 29 . 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External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Julee ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Vogue Launches First - Ever Podcast , Hosted By André Leon Talley '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Download the Vogue.com App , the only fashion app you 'll ever need '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : Men 's Vogue To Shut Doors Off the Cuff '' . offthecuffdc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Downey Jr Men 's Vogue Spring 2009 Cover Shallow Nation '' . www.shallownation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Conde Nast Scales Back Men 's Vogue '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Condé Nast International Australia Vogue Living '' . www.condenastinternational.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Teen Vogue Website Jump up ^ VOGUE . `` TEEN VOGUE to Debut ; Same VOGUE Style , but Tailored for Teens '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Website and Subscription for Vogue Hommes International Jump up ^ `` In Vogue : Angelica Cheung '' . Stylist Magazine . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruth David ( 18 September 2007 ) . `` Vogue India Launches '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Odell , Amy ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` Victoria Davydova Confirmed for Russian Vogue '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Odell , Amy ( 7 January 2011 ) . `` Emmanuelle Alt Named Editor of French Vogue '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Vogue Australia 's Editor - in - Chief Kirstie Clements Does n't Work There Anymore '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHANGING PLACES : Kelly Talamas , Mike Lazaridis , Jim Balsillie , Thorsten Heins ... '' . www.portada-online.com . Portada. 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rees , Alex ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Dutch Vogue 's Debut Confirmed for Next Year '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Vogue Lets Man Be in Charge of Thai Version '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Ukraine to Get Its Very Own Vogue '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ June Thomas ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` An Irreverent Guide to Japanese Men 's Magazines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue Arabia set to launch in October , says Condé Nast '' . Arabian Business . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenida a la familia de Condé Nast : Eugenia de la Torriente , nueva directora de ' Vogue España ' '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Emanuele Farneti Named Editor - in - Chief of ' Vogue ' Italia and ' L'Uomo Vogue ' '' . fashionista.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Shulman to Step Down as Editor - in - Chief of British Vogue '' . The Business of Fashion . 2017 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Edward Enninful On His Appointment As Editor '' . British Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz Exits Vogue Arabia '' . The Business of Fashion . 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vogue Germany , vogue.de , retrieved 22 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Eva Hughes is the new CEO for Condé Nast Mexico and Latin America '' . Portada. 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Quienes Somos '' . Vogue México . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand Vogue '' . Conde Naste International . Conde Naste International . May 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Safronova , Valeriya ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Vogue Arabia Suddenly Changes Editors '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` BoF Exclusive Condé Nast to Launch Vogue Poland '' . The Business of Fashion . 2017 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vogue ( magazine ) . Official website The official representative of American Vogue in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , Kazakhstan . History of Vogue at Bookrags.com ( http://www.thedapifer.com/top-vogue-covers/ Dapifier website 's Top American Vogue Magazine Covers Voguepedia Advance Publications Newspapers Birmingham News Express - Times Forest Grove Leader Hunterdon Democrat Huntsville Times Jersey Journal Oregonian Patriot - News Plain Dealer Post-Standard Press - Register The Republican South Jersey Times Star - Ledger Staten Island Advance Sun Newspapers The Times The Times - Picayune Warren Reporter Mlive Media Group Ann Arbor News Flint Journal Grand Rapids Press Advances Jackson Citizen Patriot Kalamazoo Gazette Muskegon Chronicle Lakeshore Press Valley Publishing Company Bay City Times Saginaw News Condé Nast Condé Nast Entertainment Allure Architectural Digest Bon Appétit Brides Condé Nast Traveler Glamour Golf Digest Goop GQ Teen Vogue New Yorker Vanity Fair Vogue Wired Condé Nast Digital Allure Architectural Digest Ars Technica Backchannel Bon Appétit Brides Condé Nast Traveler Epicurious Glamour Golf Digest Golf World GQ Lucky Pitchfork Reddit Self Teen Vogue Texture ( partial ) The New Yorker Vanity Fair Vogue Wired Condé Nast International Condé Nast Traveller GQ Australia India House & Garden Love Tatler Vogue China India Italy Paris UK World of Interiors American City Business Journals Hemmings Motor News Inside Lacrosse Sporting News Media ( 35 % ) Defunct properties AnnArbor.com Cookie Details Gloucester County Times Golf World Gourmet Hillsboro Argus Jane Long Island Daily Press Lucky Mademoiselle Men 's Vogue NASCAR Scene News of Cumberland Co . Oregon Journal Portfolio.com Self Style.com Syracuse Herald - Journal Today 's Sunbeam Webmonkey WomenSports WWOR EMI Service YM Former subsidiaries Bright House Networks Bay News 9 News 13 InfoMás Bright House Sports Network In Demand ( part owner ) Vogue magazines Country editions Argentina Australia Brazil China France Germany Greece Great Britain India Italy Japan Korea Latin America Mexico the Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Spain Taiwan Thailand Turkey United States Other Men 's Vogue Teen Vogue Advance Publications ( Parent company ) Condé Nast ( publisher ) News Corp Australia Metropolitan newspapers The Australian The Daily Telegraph Herald Sun / Sunday Herald Sun The Courier Mail The Sunday Mail ( Brisbane ) The Advertiser The Sunday Times ( Western Australia ) The Mercury Northern Territory News mX Community newspapers Leader Community Newspapers ( Victoria ) NewsLocal ( NSW ) Quest Community Newspapers ( Queensland ) Messenger Newspapers ( South Australia ) Community Newspaper Group ( Western Australia ) Regional newspapers Geelong Advertiser Gold Coast Bulletin The Cairns Post Townsville Bulletin Magazines Big League GQ Australia Vogue Australia Television channels Fox Sports Pty Limited Fox Sports Fox Footy Fox League Fox Sports News Australian News Channel Sky News Live Sky News Business Channel Sky News Weather Channel A-PAC Professional sports Brisbane Broncos ( 68.87 % ) Other properties Australian Associated Press ( 45 % ) Newspoll ( polling brand ) Papua New Guinea Post-Courier ( 63 % ) REA Group ( 61.6 % ) Foxtel ( 50 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vogue_(magazine)&oldid=819028601 '' Categories : Vogue ( magazine ) Magazines established in 1892 1892 establishments in the United States Men 's fashion magazines American women 's magazines English - language magazines Spanish - language magazines German - language magazines Turkish - language magazines Dutch - language magazines Italian - language magazines American monthly magazines American lifestyle magazines Australian women 's magazines German women 's magazines Korean magazines Thai magazines Multilingual magazines Women 's fashion magazines French women 's magazines Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first issue of vogue published	[ "Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a weekly newspaper in 1892 in the United States, before becoming a monthly publication years later." ]	[ "1892" ]
2730043056789755083	Tropic of Cancer	Tropic of Cancer - wikipedia Tropic of Cancer This article is about the circle of latitude . For other uses , see Tropic of Cancer ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 23 ° 26 ′ 14 '' N 0 ° 0 ′ 0 '' W / 23.43722 ° N - 0.00000 ° E / 23.43722 ; - 0.00000 ( Prime Meridian ) World map showing the Tropic of Cancer Carretera 83 ( Vía Corta ) Zaragoza - Victoria , km 27 + 800 . Of all crossings of the Tropic of Cancer with Mexican federal highways , this is the only place where the latitude is marked with precision and where the annual drift between the years 2005 and 2010 can be appreciated . The Tropic of Cancer , also referred to as the Northern Tropic , is the most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead . This occurs on the June solstice , when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent . It is currently 23 ° 26 ′ 12.7 '' ( or 23.43687 ° ) north of the Equator . Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart , marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be directly overhead , is the Tropic of Capricorn . These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth ; the others being the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator . The positions of these two circles of latitude ( relative to the Equator ) are dictated by the tilt of Earth 's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit . Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Circumnavigation 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links 8 See also Name ( edit ) When this line of latitude was named in the last centuries BC , the Sun was in the constellation Cancer ( Latin for crab ) at the June solstice , the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude . Due to the precession of the equinoxes , this is no longer the case ; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice . The word `` tropic '' itself comes from the Greek `` trope ( τροπή ) '' , meaning turn ( change of direction , or circumstances ) , inclination , referring to the fact that the Sun appears to `` turn back '' at the solstices . Geography ( edit ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX The Tropic of Cancer 's position is not fixed , but varies in a complicated manner over time . Currently , it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond ( 0.468 '' ) of latitude , or 15 metres , per year ( it was at exactly 23 ° 27 ′ in 1917 and will be at 23 ° 26 ' in 2045 ) . See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information . North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone . The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn , and the region between the two , centered on the Equator , is the tropics . Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward , the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 23 ° 26 ′ N 0 ° 0 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 0.000 ° E / 23.433 ; 0.000 ( Prime Meridian ) Algeria 23 ° 26 ′ N 11 ° 51 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 11.850 ° E / 23.433 ; 11.850 ( Niger ) Niger 23 ° 26 ′ N 12 ° 17 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 12.283 ° E / 23.433 ; 12.283 ( Libya ) Libya The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of Chad at 23 ° 26 ′ N 15 ° 59 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 15.983 ° E / 23.433 ; 15.983 ( Northernmost point of Chad ) 23 ° 26 ′ N 25 ° 0 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 25.000 ° E / 23.433 ; 25.000 ( Egypt ) Egypt The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser 23 ° 26 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 35.500 ° E / 23.433 ; 35.500 ( Red Sea ) Red Sea 23 ° 26 ′ N 38 ° 38 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 38.633 ° E / 23.433 ; 38.633 ( Saudi Arabia ) Saudi Arabia 23 ° 26 ′ N 52 ° 10 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 52.167 ° E / 23.433 ; 52.167 ( United Arab Emirates ) United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi emirate only 23 ° 26 ′ N 55 ° 24 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 55.400 ° E / 23.433 ; 55.400 ( Oman ) Oman 23 ° 26 ′ N 58 ° 46 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 58.767 ° E / 23.433 ; 58.767 ( Indian Ocean ) Indian Ocean Arabian Sea 23 ° 26 ′ N 68 ° 23 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 68.383 ° E / 23.433 ; 68.383 ( India ) India States of Gujarat , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand and West Bengal 23 ° 26 ′ N 88 ° 47 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 88.783 ° E / 23.433 ; 88.783 ( Bangladesh ) Bangladesh Khulna , Dhaka , and Chittagong Divisions 23 ° 26 ′ N 91 ° 14 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 91.233 ° E / 23.433 ; 91.233 ( India ) India State of Tripura 23 ° 26 ′ N 91 ° 56 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 91.933 ° E / 23.433 ; 91.933 ( Bangladesh ) Bangladesh Chittagong Division 23 ° 26 ′ N 92 ° 19 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 92.317 ° E / 23.433 ; 92.317 ( India ) India State of Mizoram 23 ° 26 ′ N 93 ° 23 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 93.383 ° E / 23.433 ; 93.383 ( Myanmar ) Myanmar Chin State , Sagaing Division , Mandalay Division , Shan State 23 ° 26 ′ N 98 ° 54 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 98.900 ° E / 23.433 ; 98.900 ( China ) China Provinces of Yunnan ( passing about 7 km north of the border with Vietnam ) , Guangxi , and Guangdong 23 ° 26 ′ N 117 ° 8 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 117.133 ° E / 23.433 ; 117.133 ( Taiwan Strait ) Taiwan Strait 23 ° 26 ′ N 120 ° 8 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 120.133 ° E / 23.433 ; 120.133 ( Taiwan ) Taiwan Chiayi County , Hualien County 23 ° 26 ′ N 121 ° 29 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 121.483 ° E / 23.433 ; 121.483 ( Philippine Sea ) Philippine Sea 23 ° 26 ′ N 142 ° 00 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 142.000 ° E / 23.433 ; 142.000 ( Pacific Ocean ) Pacific Ocean Passing just south of Necker Island , Hawaii , United States 23 ° 26 ′ N 110 ° 15 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 110.250 ° W / 23.433 ; - 110.250 ( Mexico ) Mexico State of Baja California Sur 23 ° 26 ′ N 109 ° 24 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 109.400 ° W / 23.433 ; - 109.400 ( Gulf of California ) Gulf of California 23 ° 26 ′ N 106 ° 35 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 106.583 ° W / 23.433 ; - 106.583 ( Mexico ) Mexico States of Sinaloa , Durango , Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas 23 ° 26 ′ N 97 ° 45 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 97.750 ° W / 23.433 ; - 97.750 ( Gulf of Mexico ) Gulf of Mexico 23 ° 26 ′ N 83 ° 0 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 83.000 ° W / 23.433 ; - 83.000 ( Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas ) Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean 23 ° 26 ′ N 76 ° 0 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 76.000 ° W / 23.433 ; - 76.000 ( Bahamas ) Bahamas Exuma Islands and Long Island 23 ° 26 ′ N 75 ° 10 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 75.167 ° W / 23.433 ; - 75.167 ( Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean 23 ° 26 ′ N 15 ° 57 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 15.950 ° W / 23.433 ; - 15.950 ( Western Sahara ) Western Sahara Claimed by Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23 ° 26 ′ N 12 ° 0 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 12.000 ° W / 23.433 ; - 12.000 ( Mauritania ) Mauritania 23 ° 26 ′ N 6 ° 23 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 6.383 ° W / 23.433 ; - 6.383 ( Mali ) Mali 23 ° 26 ′ N 2 ° 23 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 2.383 ° W / 23.433 ; - 2.383 ( Algeria ) Algeria Climate ( edit ) Relationship between Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Excluding cooler highland regions in China , the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy , in some places reaching 4 metres ( 160 in ) . Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons : an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert , while to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year . The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan ; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres ( 9,190 ft ) during the Last Glacial Maximum , none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres ( 290 mi ) of the Tropic of Cancer ; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south . Circumnavigation ( edit ) According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , for a flight to compete for a round - the - world speed record , it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer , cross all meridians , and end on the same airfield where it started . Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015 , at 23 ° 26 ′ 14 '' N is 36,788 kilometres ( 22,859 mi ) . For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres ( 22,850 mi ) . Gallery ( edit ) Road sign south of Dakhla , Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer . The sign was placed by Budapest - Bamako rally participants ; thus , the inscription is in English and Hungarian . Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch , Gujarat , India Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh , India Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District , West Bengal , India Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township , Hualien County , Taiwan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PHP Science Labs '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Montana State University : Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ RhumbSolve online rhumb line calculator . External links ( edit ) Look up tropic of cancer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Article on the Tropic of Cancer in Oman Temporal Epoch Calculations Useful constants See : Obliquity of the ecliptic See also ( edit ) Geography portal Atlas portal Africa portal Arab world portal South Asia portal China portal Mexico portal Circle of latitude Arctic Circle 24th parallel north 23rd parallel north Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Axial tilt Milankovitch cycles Ducking and shaving Circles of latitude / meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropic_of_Cancer&oldid=854751428 '' Categories : Lines of latitude Tropics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语粵語中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	total length of tropic of cancer in india	[]	[]
-2689351817078302928	United Kingdom	United Kingdom - wikipedia United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . It is not to be confused with Great Britain , its largest island whose name is also loosely applied to the whole country . `` UK '' redirects here . For other uses of `` UK '' , see UK ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` United Kingdom '' , see United Kingdom ( disambiguation ) . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( show ) Scots : Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland Ulster Scots : Claught Kängrick o Docht Brätain an Norlin Airlann Welsh : Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon Cornish : Rywvaneth Unys Breten Veur ha Kledhbarth Iwerdhon Scottish Gaelic : Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath Irish : Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann Flag Royal coat of arms Anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Location of the United Kingdom ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) Location of the United Kingdom , Crown dependencies and British Overseas Territories ( red ) ( show ) Capital and largest city London 51 ° 30 ′ N 0 ° 7 ′ W / 51.500 ° N 0.117 ° W / 51.500 ; - 0.117 Official language and national language English Recognised regional languages Scots Ulster Scots Welsh Cornish Scottish Gaelic Irish Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 87.1 % White 7.0 % Asian 3.0 % Black 2.0 % Mixed 0.9 % others Religion ( 2011 ) 59.5 % Christian 25.7 % Irreligious 4.4 % Muslim 1.3 % Hindu 0.4 % Jewish 1.5 % other religions 7.2 % unknown Demonym British Briton Countries ( constituent parts ) England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Prime Minister Theresa May Legislature Parliament Upper house House of Lords Lower house House of Commons Formation Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 Union of the Crowns under James , King of Scots 24 March 1603 Acts of Union of England and Scotland 1 May 1707 Acts of Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1 January 1801 Irish Free State Constitution Act 5 December 1922 EC accession 1 January 1973 Area Total 242,495 km ( 93,628 sq mi ) ( 78th ) Water ( % ) 1.34 Population 2016 estimate 65,648,000 ( 22nd ) 2011 census 63,181,775 ( 22nd ) Density 270.7 / km ( 701.1 / sq mi ) ( 50th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $2.79 trillion ( 9th ) Per capita $42,514 ( 25th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $2.63 trillion ( 5th ) Per capita $40,096 ( 19th ) Gini ( 2014 ) 31.6 medium 33rd HDI ( 2015 ) 0.909 very high 16th Currency Pound sterling ( GBP ; £ ) Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ⁠ ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the left Calling code + 44 ISO 3166 code GB Internet TLD . uk The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) and colloquially Great Britain ( GB ) or simply Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍ -- ‌the Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242,500 square kilometres ( 93,600 sq mi ) , the United Kingdom is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) . The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth - largest in Europe and second - largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation . The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies . The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth - largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth - largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high - income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and terminology 2 History 2.1 Before 1707 2.2 After the Acts of Union of 1707 2.3 Since 1945 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Administrative divisions 4 Dependencies 5 Politics 5.1 Government 5.2 Devolved administrations 5.3 Law and criminal justice 5.4 Foreign relations 5.5 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Overview 6.2 Science and technology 6.3 Transport 6.4 Energy 6.5 Water supply and sanitation 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 7.4 Migration 7.5 Education 7.6 Healthcare 8 Culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Music 8.3 Visual art 8.4 Cinema 8.5 Media 8.6 Philosophy 8.7 Sport 8.8 Symbols 9 International rankings 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology and terminology See also : Britain ( place name ) and Terminology of the British Isles The 1707 Acts of Union declared that the kingdoms of England and Scotland were `` United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain '' , though the new state is also referred to in the Acts as the `` Kingdom of Great Britain '' , `` United Kingdom of Great Britain '' and `` United Kingdom '' . The term `` United Kingdom '' is found in informal use during the 18th century and the country was also occasionally referred to as the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain '' though its full official name , from 1707 to 1800 , was merely `` Great Britain '' , without a `` long form '' . The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Following the partition of Ireland and the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 , which left Northern Ireland as the only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom , the name `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' was adopted . Although the United Kingdom , as a sovereign state , is a country , England , Scotland , Wales and , to a lesser degree , Northern Ireland , are also regarded as countries , though they are not sovereign states . Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self - government . The British Prime Minister 's website has used the phrase `` countries within a country '' to describe the United Kingdom . Some statistical summaries , such as those for the twelve NUTS 1 regions of the United Kingdom , also refer to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland as `` regions '' . Northern Ireland is also referred to as a `` province '' . With regard to Northern Ireland , the descriptive name used `` can be controversial , with the choice often revealing one 's political preferences '' . The term `` Britain '' is often used as synonym for the United Kingdom . The term `` Great Britain '' , by contrast , refers conventionally to the island of Great Britain , or politically to England , Scotland and Wales in combination . However , it is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole . GB and GBR are the standard country codes for the United Kingdom ( see ISO 3166 - 2 and ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 3 ) and are consequently used by international organisations to refer to the United Kingdom . Additionally , the United Kingdom 's Olympic team competes under the name `` Great Britain '' or `` Team GB '' . The adjective `` British '' is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom . The term has no definite legal connotation , but is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and matters to do with nationality . People of the United Kingdom use a number of different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being British ; or as being English , Scottish , Welsh , Northern Irish , or Irish ; or as being both . In 2006 , a new design of British passport was introduced . Its first page shows the long form name of the state in English , Welsh and Scottish Gaelic . In Welsh , the long form name of the state is `` Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon '' , with `` Teyrnas Unedig '' being used as a short form name on government websites . However , it is usually abbreviated to `` DU '' for the mutated form `` Y Deyrnas Unedig '' . In Scottish Gaelic , the long form is `` Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath '' and the short form `` Rìoghachd Aonaichte '' . History See also : History of the British Isles Before 1707 Main articles : History of England , History of Wales , History of Scotland , History of Ireland , and History of the formation of the United Kingdom Stonehenge , in Wiltshire , was erected around 2500 BC Settlement by anatomically modern humans of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago . By the end of the region 's prehistoric period , the population is thought to have belonged , in the main , to a culture termed Insular Celtic , comprising Brythonic Britain and Gaelic Ireland . The Roman conquest , beginning in 43 AD , and the 400 - year rule of southern Britain , was followed by an invasion by Germanic Anglo - Saxon settlers , reducing the Brythonic area mainly to what was to become Wales , the Brittonic Kingdom incorporating later Brittany , Dumnonia ( later becomin English counties Cornwall and Devon ) and the historic Kingdom of Strathclyde . Most of the region settled by the Anglo - Saxons became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century . Meanwhile , Gaelic - speakers in north - west Britain ( with connections to the north - east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in the 5th century ) united with the Picts to create the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century . The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings , 1066 , and the events leading to it In 1066 , the Normans and their Breton allies invaded England from northern France and after its conquest , seized large parts of Wales , conquered much of Ireland and were invited to settle in Scotland , bringing to each country feudalism on the Northern French model and Norman - French culture . The Norman elites greatly influenced , but eventually assimilated with , each of the local cultures . Subsequent medieval English kings completed the conquest of Wales and made an unsuccessful attempt to annex Scotland . Following the Declaration of Arbroath , Scotland maintained its independence , albeit in near - constant conflict with England . The English monarchs , through inheritance of substantial territories in France and claims to the French crown , were also heavily involved in conflicts in France , most notably the Hundred Years War , while the Kings of Scots were in an alliance with the French during this period . The early modern period saw religious conflict resulting from the Reformation and the introduction of Protestant state churches in each country . Wales was fully incorporated into the Kingdom of England , and Ireland was constituted as a kingdom in personal union with the English crown . In what was to become Northern Ireland , the lands of the independent Catholic Gaelic nobility were confiscated and given to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland . In 1603 , the kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI , King of Scots , inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London ; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political , legal , and religious institutions . In the mid-17th century , all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars ( including the English Civil War ) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the short - lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland . During the 17th and 18th centuries , British sailors were involved in acts of piracy ( privateering ) , attacking and stealing from ships off the coast of Europe and the Caribbean . The State House in St. George 's , Bermuda . Settled in 1612 , the town is the oldest continuously - inhabited English town in the New World . Although the monarchy was restored , the Interregnum ensured ( along with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689 , and the Claim of Right Act 1689 ) that , unlike much of the rest of Europe , royal absolutism would not prevail , and a professed Catholic could never accede to the throne . The British constitution would develop on the basis of constitutional monarchy and the parliamentary system . With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660 , science was greatly encouraged . During this period , particularly in England , the development of naval power ( and the interest in voyages of discovery ) led to the acquisition and settlement of overseas colonies , particularly in North America . After the Acts of Union of 1707 Main article : History of the United Kingdom The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain On 1 May 1707 , the united Kingdom of Great Britain came into being , the result of Acts of Union being passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms . In the 18th century , cabinet government developed under Robert Walpole , in practice the first prime minister ( 1721 -- 1742 ) . A series of Jacobite Uprisings sought to remove the Protestant House of Hanover from the British throne and restore the Catholic House of Stuart . The Jacobites were finally defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 , after which the Scottish Highlanders were brutally suppressed . The British colonies in North America that broke away from Britain in the American War of Independence became the United States of America , recognised by Britain in 1783 . British imperial ambition turned elsewhere , particularly to India . During the 18th century , Britain was involved in the Atlantic slave trade . British ships transported an estimated two million slaves from Africa to the West Indies before banning the trade in 1807 , banning slavery in 1833 , and taking a leading role in the movement to abolish slavery worldwide by pressing other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties , and then formed the world 's oldest international human rights organisation , Anti-Slavery International , in London in 1839 . The term `` United Kingdom '' became official in 1801 when the parliaments of Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union , uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The Battle of Waterloo , 1815 , marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the start of Pax Britannica In the early 19th century , the British - led Industrial Revolution began to transform the country . Gradually political power shifted away from the old Tory and Whig landowning classes towards the new industrialists . An alliance of merchants and industrialists with the Whigs would lead to a new party , the Liberals , with an ideology of free trade and laissez - faire . In 1832 Parliament passed the Great Reform Act , which began the transfer of political power from the aristocracy to the middle classes . In the countryside , enclosure of the land was driving small farmers out . Towns and cities began to swell with a new urban working class . Few ordinary workers had the vote , and they created their own organisations in the form of trade unions . After the defeat of France at the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) , Great Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century ( with London the largest city in the world from about 1830 ) . Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ( `` British Peace '' ) , a period of relative peace in Europe and the world ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman . By the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851 , Britain was described as the `` workshop of the world '' . The British Empire was expanded to include India , large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . Domestically , political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez - faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise . During the century , the population increased at a dramatic rate , accompanied by rapid urbanisation , causing significant social and economic stresses . To seek new markets and sources of raw materials , the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt , South Africa , and elsewhere . Canada , Australia , and New Zealand became self - governing dominions . After the turn of the century , Britain 's industrial dominance was challenged by the United States and Germany . Social reform and home rule for Ireland were important domestic issues after 1900 . The Labour Party emerged from an alliance of trade unions and small socialist groups in 1900 , and suffragettes campaigned for women 's right to vote before 1914 . Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme ( more than 885,000 British soldiers died on the battlefields of World War I ) Britain fought alongside France , Russia and ( after 1917 ) the United States , against Germany and its allies in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe , particularly on the Western front . The high fatalities of trench warfare caused the loss of much of a generation of men , with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the social order . After the war , Britain received the League of Nations mandate over a number of former German and Ottoman colonies . The British Empire reached its greatest extent , covering a fifth of the world 's land surface and a quarter of its population . However , Britain had suffered 2.5 million casualties and finished the war with a huge national debt . The rise of Irish nationalism , and disputes within Ireland over the terms of Irish Home Rule , led eventually to the partition of the island in 1921 . The Irish Free State became independent with Dominion status in 1922 . Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom . A wave of strikes in the mid-1920s culminated in the General Strike of 1926 . Britain had still not recovered from the effects of the war when the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1932 ) occurred . This led to considerable unemployment and hardship in the old industrial areas , as well as political and social unrest in the 1930s , with rising membership in communist and socialist parties . A coalition government was formed in 1931 . Britain entered the Second World War by declaring war on Nazi Germany in 1939 , after Germany had invaded Poland . Winston Churchill became prime minister and head of a coalition government in 1940 . Despite the defeat of its European allies in the first year of the war , Britain and its Empire continued the fight alone against Germany . In 1940 , the Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe in a struggle for control of the skies in the Battle of Britain . Urban areas suffered heavy bombing during the Blitz . There were also eventual hard - fought victories in the Battle of the Atlantic , the North Africa campaign and the Burma campaign . British forces played an important role in the Normandy landings of 1944 , achieved with its United States ally . Since 1945 Main articles : Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) and Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Territories that were at one time part of the British Empire , while names of current British Overseas Territories are underlined in red After the end of the Second World War in 1945 , the UK was one of the Big Four powers ( the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the US and China ) who met to plan the post-war world ; it was an original signatory to the Declaration of the United Nations . The UK became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . However , the war left the UK severely weakened and depending financially on the Marshall Plan . In the immediate post-war years , the Labour government initiated a radical programme of reforms , which had a significant effect on British society in the following decades . Major industries and public utilities were nationalised , a welfare state was established , and a comprehensive , publicly funded healthcare system , the National Health Service , was created . The rise of nationalism in the colonies coincided with Britain 's now much - diminished economic position , so that a policy of decolonisation was unavoidable . Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1947 . Over the next three decades , most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence . Many became members of the Commonwealth of Nations . Although the UK was the third country to develop a nuclear weapons arsenal ( with its first atomic bomb test in 1952 ) , the new post-war limits of Britain 's international role were illustrated by the Suez Crisis of 1956 . The international spread of the English language ensured the continuing international influence of its literature and culture . As a result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s , the government encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries . In the following decades , the UK became a more multi-ethnic society than before . Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 60s , the UK 's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France , West Germany and Japan . Leaders of member states of the European Union in 2007 . The UK entered the European Economic Community in 1973 . In a referendum held in 1975 , 67 % of voters voted to remain in the EEC , but 52 % voted to leave the EU in 2016 . In the decade - long process of European integration , the UK was a founding member of the alliance called the Western European Union , established with the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 . In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) , but in 1973 it left to join the European Communities ( EC ) . When the EC became the European Union ( EU ) in 1992 , the UK was one of the 12 founding members . The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 2007 , which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union since then . From the late 1960s , Northern Ireland suffered communal and paramilitary violence ( sometimes affecting other parts of the UK ) conventionally known as the Troubles . It is usually considered to have ended with the Belfast `` Good Friday '' Agreement of 1998 . Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s , the Conservative government of the 1980s under Margaret Thatcher initiated a radical policy of monetarism , deregulation , particularly of the financial sector ( for example , Big Bang in 1986 ) and labour markets , the sale of state - owned companies ( privatisation ) , and the withdrawal of subsidies to others . This resulted in high unemployment and social unrest , but ultimately also economic growth , particularly in the services sector . From 1984 , the economy was helped by the inflow of substantial North Sea oil revenues . Around the end of the 20th century there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of devolved administrations for Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The statutory incorporation followed acceptance of the European Convention on Human Rights . The UK is still a key global player diplomatically and militarily . It plays leading roles in the EU , UN and NATO . However , controversy surrounds some of Britain 's overseas military deployments , particularly in Afghanistan and Iraq . The 2008 global financial crisis severely affected the UK economy . The coalition government of 2010 introduced austerity measures intended to tackle the substantial public deficits which resulted . In 2014 the Scottish Government held a referendum on Scottish independence , with 55 % of voters rejecting the independence proposal and opting to remain within the United Kingdom . In 2016 , the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union . The legal process of leaving the EU began on 29 March 2017 , with the UK 's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon , formally notifying the EU of the UK 's intention to leave . The article stipulates that the negotiations to leave will last at least two years . The UK remains a full member of the EU during this time . Geography Main article : Geography of the United Kingdom The topography of the UK The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 243,610 square kilometres ( 94,060 sq mi ) . The country occupies the major part of the British Isles archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain , the north - eastern one - sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands . It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the south - east coast coming within 22 miles ( 35 km ) of the coast of northern France , from which it is separated by the English Channel . In 1993 10 % of the UK was forested , 46 % used for pastures and 25 % cultivated for agriculture . The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London is the defining point of the Prime Meridian . The United Kingdom lies between latitudes 49 ° to 61 ° N , and longitudes 9 ° W to 2 ° E. Northern Ireland shares a 224 - mile ( 360 km ) land boundary with the Republic of Ireland . The coastline of Great Britain is 11,073 miles ( 17,820 km ) long . It is connected to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel , which at 31 miles ( 50 km ) ( 24 miles ( 38 km ) underwater ) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world . England accounts for just over half of the total area of the UK , covering 130,395 square kilometres ( 50,350 sq mi ) . Most of the country consists of lowland terrain , with mountainous terrain north - west of the Tees - Exe line ; including the Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District , the Pennines , Exmoor and Dartmoor . The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames , Severn and the Humber . England 's highest mountain is Scafell Pike ( 978 metres ( 3,209 ft ) ) in the Lake District . Its principal rivers are the Severn , Thames , Humber , Tees , Tyne , Tweed , Avon , Exe and Mersey . The Skiddaw massif , town of Keswick and Derwent Water in Lakeland Skye is one of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides and part of the Scottish Highlands Scotland accounts for just under a third of the total area of the UK , covering 78,772 square kilometres ( 30,410 sq mi ) and including nearly eight hundred islands , predominantly west and north of the mainland ; notably the Hebrides , Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands . Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its topography is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault -- a geological rock fracture -- which traverses Scotland from Arran in the west to Stonehaven in the east . The fault separates two distinctively different regions ; namely the Highlands to the north and west and the lowlands to the south and east . The more rugged Highland region contains the majority of Scotland 's mountainous land , including Ben Nevis which at 1,343 metres ( 4,406 ft ) is the highest point in the British Isles . Lowland areas -- especially the narrow waist of land between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth known as the Central Belt -- are flatter and home to most of the population including Glasgow , Scotland 's largest city , and Edinburgh , its capital and political centre , although upland and mountainous terrain lies within the Southern Uplands . Wales accounts for less than a tenth of the total area of the UK , covering 20,779 square kilometres ( 8,020 sq mi ) . Wales is mostly mountainous , though South Wales is less mountainous than North and mid Wales . The main population and industrial areas are in South Wales , consisting of the coastal cities of Cardiff , Swansea and Newport , and the South Wales Valleys to their north . The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia and include Snowdon ( Welsh : Yr Wyddfa ) which , at 1,085 metres ( 3,560 ft ) , is the highest peak in Wales . The 14 , or possibly 15 , Welsh mountains over 3,000 feet ( 910 metres ) high are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s . Wales has over 2,704 kilometres ( 1,680 miles ) of coastline . Several islands lie off the Welsh mainland , the largest of which is Anglesey ( Ynys Môn ) in the north - west . Cliffs at Gough and Inaccessible Islands , declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1995 . Northern Ireland , separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and North Channel , has an area of 14,160 square kilometres ( 5,470 sq mi ) and is mostly hilly . It includes Lough Neagh which , at 388 square kilometres ( 150 sq mi ) , is the largest lake in the British Isles by area . The highest peak in Northern Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Mountains at 852 metres ( 2,795 ft ) . Climate Main article : Climate of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has a temperate climate , with plentiful rainfall all year round . The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F ) or rising above 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . The prevailing wind is from the south - west and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean , although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions the eastern parts are therefore the driest . Atlantic currents , warmed by the Gulf Stream , bring mild winters ; especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground . Summers are warmest in the south - east of England , being closest to the European mainland , and coolest in the north . Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground , and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills . England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland The four countries of the United Kingdom Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative geography of the United Kingdom There is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the United Kingdom . Each country of the United Kingdom has its own arrangements , whose origins often pre-date the UK 's formation . Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements , but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function , most significantly the devolution of powers to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The organisation of local government in England is complex , with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements . Legislation concerning local government in England is the responsibility of the UK 's parliament and the government , as England has no devolved legislature . The upper - tier subdivisions of England are the nine regions , now used primarily for statistical purposes . One region , Greater London , has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a referendum . It was intended that other regions would also be given their own elected regional assemblies , but a proposed assembly in the North East region was rejected by a referendum in 2004 . Below the regional tier , some parts of England have county councils and district councils and others have unitary authorities ; while London consists of 32 London boroughs and the City of London . Councillors are elected by the first - past - the - post system in single - member wards or by the multi-member plurality system in multi-member wards . For local government purposes , Scotland is divided into 32 council areas , with wide variation in both size and population . The cities of Glasgow , Edinburgh , Aberdeen and Dundee are separate council areas , as is the Highland Council which includes a third of Scotland 's area but only just over 200,000 people . Local councils are made up of elected councillors , of whom there are 1,223 ; they are paid a part - time salary . Elections are conducted by single transferable vote in multi-member wards that elect either three or four councillors . Each council elects a Provost , or Convenor , to chair meetings of the council and to act as a figurehead for the area . Councillors are subject to a code of conduct enforced by the Standards Commission for Scotland . The representative association of Scotland 's local authorities is the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities ( COSLA ) . Local government in Wales consists of 22 unitary authorities . These include the cities of Cardiff , Swansea and Newport which are unitary authorities in their own right . Elections are held every four years under the first - past - the - post system . The most recent elections were held in May 2012 , except for the Isle of Anglesey . The Welsh Local Government Association represents the interests of local authorities in Wales . Local government in Northern Ireland has since 1973 been organised into 26 district councils , each elected by single transferable vote . Their powers are limited to services such as collecting waste , controlling dogs and maintaining parks and cemeteries . On 13 March 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils and replace the present system . The next local elections were postponed until 2016 to facilitate this . Dependencies Main articles : British Overseas Territories , Crown dependencies , and British Islands British Antarctic Territory : Rothera research station The United Kingdom has sovereignty over seventeen territories which do not form part of the United Kingdom itself : fourteen British Overseas Territories and three Crown dependencies . The fourteen British Overseas Territories are : Anguilla ; Bermuda ; the British Antarctic Territory ; the British Indian Ocean Territory ; the British Virgin Islands ; the Cayman Islands ; the Falkland Islands ; Gibraltar ; Montserrat ; Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; the Turks and Caicos Islands ; the Pitcairn Islands ; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ; and Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus . British claims in Antarctica are not universally recognised . Collectively Britain 's overseas territories encompass an approximate land area of 1,727,570 square kilometres ( 667,018 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 260,000 people . They are the last remaining remnants of the British Empire and a 1999 UK government white paper stated that : `` ( The ) Overseas Territories are British for as long as they wish to remain British . Britain has willingly granted independence where it has been requested ; and we will continue to do so where this is an option . '' Self - determination is also enshrined into the constitutions of several overseas territories and three have specifically voted to remain under British sovereignty ( Bermuda in 1995 , Gibraltar in 2002 and the Falkland Islands in 2013 ) . The Crown dependencies are possessions of the Crown , as opposed to overseas territories of the UK . They comprise three independently administered jurisdictions : the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel , and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea . By mutual agreement , the British Government manages the islands ' foreign affairs and defence and the UK Parliament has the authority to legislate on their behalf . However , internationally , they are regarded as `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' . The power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with their own respective legislative assemblies , with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council or , in the case of the Isle of Man , in certain circumstances the Lieutenant - Governor ) . Since 2005 each Crown dependency has had a Chief Minister as its head of government . The British dependencies use a varied assortment of currencies . These include the British pound , US dollar , New Zealand dollar , euro or their own currencies , which may be pegged to either . Locations of UK dependencies ( crown dependencies alphabetised , overseas territories numbered ) : A Isle of Man ; B Guernsey ; C Jersey ; 1 United Kingdom ; 2 Gibraltar ; 3 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ; 4 Bermuda ; 5 Turks and Caicos Islands ; 6 British Virgin Islands ; 7 Anguilla ; 8 Cayman Islands ; 9 Montserrat ; 10 Pitcairn Islands ; 11 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; 12 British Indian Ocean Territory ; 13 Falkland Islands ; 14 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ; ( 15 ) British Antarctic Territory Politics Main article : Politics of the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II , Monarch since 1952 Theresa May , Prime Minister since 2016 The United Kingdom is a unitary state under a constitutional monarchy . Queen Elizabeth II is the monarch and head of state of the UK , as well as Queen of fifteen other independent Commonwealth countries . The monarch has `` the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , and the right to warn '' . The Constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified and consists mostly of a collection of disparate written sources , including statutes , judge - made case law and international treaties , together with constitutional conventions . As there is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and `` constitutional law '' , the UK Parliament can perform `` constitutional reform '' simply by passing Acts of Parliament , and thus has the political power to change or abolish almost any written or unwritten element of the constitution . However , no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments can not change . Government Main article : Government of the United Kingdom The UK has a parliamentary government based on the Westminster system that has been emulated around the world : a legacy of the British Empire . The parliament of the United Kingdom meets in the Palace of Westminster and has two houses : an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords . All bills passed are given Royal Assent before becoming law . The position of prime minister , the UK 's head of government , belongs to the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The prime minister chooses a cabinet and its members are formally appointed by the monarch to form Her Majesty 's Government . By convention , the monarch respects the prime minister 's decisions of government . The Palace of Westminster , seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom The cabinet is traditionally drawn from members of the prime minister 's party or coalition and mostly from the House of Commons but always from both legislative houses , the cabinet being responsible to both . Executive power is exercised by the prime minister and cabinet , all of whom are sworn into the Privy Council of the United Kingdom , and become Ministers of the Crown . The current Prime Minister is Theresa May , who has been in office since 13 July 2016 . May is also the leader of the Conservative Party . For elections to the House of Commons , the UK is divided into 650 constituencies , each electing a single member of parliament ( MP ) by simple plurality . General elections are called by the monarch when the prime minister so advises . Prior to the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 required that a new election must be called no later than five years after the previous general election . The Conservative Party , the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats ( formerly as the Liberal Party ) have , in modern times , been considered the UK 's three major political parties , representing the British traditions of conservatism , socialism and liberalism , respectively . However , in both the 2015 and 2017 general elections , the Scottish National Party was the third - largest party by number of seats won , ahead of the Liberal Democrats . Most of the remaining seats were won by parties that contest elections only in one part of the UK : Plaid Cymru ( Wales only ) ; and the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin ( Northern Ireland only ) . In accordance with party policy , no elected Sinn Féin members of parliament have ever attended the House of Commons to speak on behalf of their constituents because of the requirement to take an oath of allegiance to the monarch . Devolved administrations Main articles : Devolution in the United Kingdom , Northern Ireland Executive , Scottish Government , and Welsh Government The Scottish Parliament Building in Holyrood is the seat of the Scottish Parliament Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland each have their own government or executive , led by a First Minister ( or , in the case of Northern Ireland , a diarchal First Minister and deputy First Minister ) , and a devolved unicameral legislature . England , the largest country of the United Kingdom , has no such devolved executive or legislature and is administered and legislated for directly by the UK 's government and parliament on all issues . This situation has given rise to the so - called West Lothian question which concerns the fact that members of parliament from Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland can vote , sometimes decisively , on matters that only affect England . The McKay Commission reported on this matter in March 2013 recommending that laws affecting only England should need support from a majority of English members of parliament . The Scottish Government and Parliament have wide - ranging powers over any matter that has not been specifically reserved to the UK Parliament , including education , healthcare , Scots law and local government . At the 2011 elections the Scottish National Party won re-election and achieved an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament , with its leader , Alex Salmond , as First Minister of Scotland . In 2012 , the UK and Scottish governments signed the Edinburgh Agreement setting out the terms for a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 , which was defeated 55.3 % to 44.7 % . The Welsh Government and the National Assembly for Wales have more limited powers than those devolved to Scotland . The Assembly is able to legislate on devolved matters through Acts of the Assembly , which require no prior consent from Westminster . The 2011 elections resulted in a minority Labour administration led by Carwyn Jones . The Northern Ireland Executive and Assembly have powers similar to those devolved to Scotland . The Executive is led by a diarchy representing unionist and nationalist members of the Assembly . Arlene Foster ( Democratic Unionist Party ) and Martin McGuinness ( Sinn Féin ) were First Minister and deputy First Minister respectively until 2017 . Devolution to Northern Ireland is contingent on participation by the Northern Ireland administration in the North - South Ministerial Council , where the Northern Ireland Executive cooperates and develops joint and shared policies with the Government of Ireland . The British and Irish governments co-operate on non-devolved matters affecting Northern Ireland through the British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference , which assumes the responsibilities of the Northern Ireland administration in the event of its non-operation . The UK does not have a codified constitution and constitutional matters are not among the powers devolved to Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland . Under the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty , the UK Parliament could , in theory , therefore , abolish the Scottish Parliament , Welsh Assembly or Northern Ireland Assembly . Indeed , in 1972 , the UK Parliament unilaterally prorogued the Parliament of Northern Ireland , setting a precedent relevant to contemporary devolved institutions . In practice , it would be politically difficult for the UK Parliament to abolish devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly , given the political entrenchment created by referendum decisions . The political constraints placed upon the UK Parliament 's power to interfere with devolution in Northern Ireland are even greater than in relation to Scotland and Wales , given that devolution in Northern Ireland rests upon an international agreement with the Government of Ireland . Law and criminal Justice Main article : Law of the United Kingdom The Royal Courts of Justice of England and Wales The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the 1706 Treaty of Union provided for the continuation of Scotland 's separate legal system . Today the UK has three distinct systems of law : English law , Northern Ireland law and Scots law . A new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into being in October 2009 to replace the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords . The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , including the same members as the Supreme Court , is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries , the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies . Both English law , which applies in England and Wales , and Northern Ireland law are based on common - law principles . The essence of common law is that , subject to statute , the law is developed by judges in courts , applying statute , precedent and common sense to the facts before them to give explanatory judgements of the relevant legal principles , which are reported and binding in future similar cases ( stare decisis ) . The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales , consisting of the Court of Appeal , the High Court of Justice ( for civil cases ) and the Crown Court ( for criminal cases ) . The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land for both criminal and civil appeal cases in England , Wales and Northern Ireland and any decision it makes is binding on every other court in the same jurisdiction , often having a persuasive effect in other jurisdictions . The High Court of Justiciary -- the supreme criminal court of Scotland Scots law is a hybrid system based on both common - law and civil - law principles . The chief courts are the Court of Session , for civil cases , and the High Court of Justiciary , for criminal cases . The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law . Sheriff courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury , known as sheriff solemn court , or with a sheriff and no jury , known as sheriff summary Court . The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial : `` guilty '' , `` not guilty '' and `` not proven '' . Both `` not guilty '' and `` not proven '' result in an acquittal . Crime in England and Wales increased in the period between 1981 and 1995 , though since that peak there has been an overall fall of 66 % in recorded crime from 1995 to 2015 , according to crime statistics . The prison population of England and Wales has increased to 86,000 , giving England and Wales the highest rate of incarceration in Western Europe at 148 per 100,000 . Her Majesty 's Prison Service , which reports to the Ministry of Justice , manages most of the prisons within England and Wales . The murder rate in England and Wales has stabilised in the first half of the 2010s with a murder rate around 1 per 100,000 which is half the peak in 2002 and similar to the rate in the 1980s . More sexual offences have been reported to the police since 2002 . Crime in Scotland fell slightly in 2014 / 2015 to its lowest level in 39 years in with 59 killings for a murder rate of 1.1 per 100,000 . Scotland 's prisons are overcrowded but the prison population is shrinking . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of the United Kingdom The UK is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , a member of NATO , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum ( previously the G8 forum ) , the G20 , the OECD , the WTO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE . It is also a member state of the European Union in the process of withdrawal . The UK is said to have a `` Special Relationship '' with the United States and a close partnership with France -- the `` Entente cordiale '' -- and shares nuclear weapons technology with both countries . The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland ; the two countries share a Common Travel Area and co-operate through the British - Irish Intergovernmental Conference and the British - Irish Council . Britain 's global presence and influence is further amplified through its trading relations , foreign investments , official development assistance and military engagements . Military Main article : British Armed Forces HMS Queen Elizabeth , a Queen Elizabeth - class supercarrier on sea trials in June 2017 . The armed forces of the United Kingdom -- officially , Her Majesty 's Armed Forces -- consist of three professional service branches : the Royal Navy and Royal Marines ( forming the Naval Service ) , the British Army and the Royal Air Force . The forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence and controlled by the Defence Council , chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence . The Commander - in - Chief is the British monarch , Elizabeth II , to whom members of the forces swear an oath of allegiance . The Armed Forces are charged with protecting the UK and its overseas territories , promoting the UK 's global security interests and supporting international peacekeeping efforts . They are active and regular participants in NATO , including the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps , as well as the Five Power Defence Arrangements , RIMPAC and other worldwide coalition operations . Overseas garrisons and facilities are maintained in Ascension Island , Belize , Brunei , Canada , Cyprus , Diego Garcia , the Falkland Islands , Germany , Gibraltar , Kenya , Qatar and Singapore . The British armed forces played a key role in establishing the British Empire as the dominant world power in the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries . Throughout its unique history the British forces have seen action in a number of major wars , such as the Seven Years ' War , the Napoleonic Wars , the Crimean War , the First World War and the Second World War -- as well as many colonial conflicts . By emerging victorious from such conflicts , Britain has often been able to decisively influence world events . Since the end of the British Empire , the UK has nonetheless remained a major military power . Following the end of the Cold War , defence policy has a stated assumption that `` the most demanding operations '' will be undertaken as part of a coalition . Setting aside the intervention in Sierra Leone , recent UK military operations in Bosnia , Kosovo , Afghanistan , Iraq and , most recently , Libya , have followed this approach . The last occasion on which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982 . According to various sources , including the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and the International Institute for Strategic Studies , the United Kingdom has the fourth - or fifth - highest military expenditure in the world . Total defence spending amounts to 2.0 % of national GDP . Economy Main article : Economy of the United Kingdom Overview The Bank of England -- the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based The UK has a partially regulated market economy . Based on market exchange rates , the UK is today the fifth - largest economy in the world and the second - largest in Europe after Germany . HM Treasury , led by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , is responsible for developing and executing the government 's public finance policy and economic policy . The Bank of England is the UK 's central bank and is responsible for issuing notes and coins in the nation 's currency , the pound sterling . Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes , subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover their issue . The pound sterling is the world 's third - largest reserve currency ( after the US dollar and the euro ) . Since 1997 the Bank of England 's Monetary Policy Committee , headed by the Governor of the Bank of England , has been responsible for setting interest rates at the level necessary to achieve the overall inflation target for the economy that is set by the Chancellor each year . The UK service sector makes up around 73 % of GDP . London is one of the three `` command centres '' of the global economy ( alongside New York City and Tokyo ) , it is the world 's largest financial centre alongside New York , and it has the largest city GDP in Europe . Edinburgh is also one of the largest financial centres in Europe . Tourism is very important to the British economy ; with over 27 million tourists arriving in 2004 , the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world and London has the most international visitors of any city in the world . The creative industries accounted for 7 % GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 % per annum between 1997 and 2005 . The Industrial Revolution started in the UK with an initial concentration on the textile industry , followed by other heavy industries such as shipbuilding , coal mining and steelmaking . British merchants , shippers and bankers developed overwhelming advantage over those of other nations allowing the UK to dominate international trade in the 19th century . As other nations industrialised , coupled with economic decline after two world wars , the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined , by degrees , throughout the 20th century . Manufacturing remains a significant part of the economy but accounted for only 16.7 % of national output in 2003 . Jaguar cars , including the Jaguar XE as shown , are designed , developed and manufactured in the UK The automotive industry is a significant part of the UK manufacturing sector and employs around 800,000 people , with a turnover in 2015 of some £ 70 billion , generating £ 34.6 billion of exports ( 11.8 % of the UK 's total export goods ) . In 2015 , the UK produced around 1.6 million passenger vehicles and 94,500 commercial vehicles . The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing and in 2015 around 2.4 million engines were produced in the country . The UK has a significant presence in motor racing and the UK motorsport industry employs around 41,000 people , comprises around 4,500 companies and has an annual turnover of around £ 6 billion . The aerospace industry of the UK is the second - or third - largest national aerospace industry in the world depending upon the method of measurement and has an annual turnover of around £ 30 billion . In 2016 , the global market opportunity for UK aerospace manufacturers over the next two decades was estimated to be £ 3.5 trillion . The wings for the Airbus A380 and the A350 XWB are designed and manufactured at Airbus UK 's world - leading Broughton facility , whilst over a quarter of the value of the Boeing 787 comes from UK manufacturers including Eaton ( fuel subsystem pumps ) , Messier - Bugatti - Dowty ( the landing gear ) and Rolls - Royce ( the engines ) . Other key names include GKN Aerospace -- an expert in metallic and composite aerostructures that 's involved in almost every civil and military fixed and rotary wing aircraft in production and development today . Engines and wings for the Airbus A380 are manufactured in the UK BAE Systems plays a critical role in some of the world 's biggest defence aerospace projects . The company makes large sections of the Typhoon Eurofighter at its sub-assembly plant in Samlesbury and assembles the aircraft for the Royal Air Force at its Warton Plant , near Preston . It is also a principal subcontractor on the F35 Joint Strike Fighter -- the world 's largest single defence project -- for which it designs and manufactures a range of components including the aft fuselage , vertical and horizontal tail and wing tips and fuel system . As well as this it manufactures the Hawk , the world 's most successful jet training aircraft . Airbus UK also manufactures the wings for the A400 m military transporter . Rolls - Royce , is the world 's second - largest aero - engine manufacturer . Its engines power more than 30 types of commercial aircraft and it has more than 30,000 engines in service in the civil and defence sectors . Rolls - Royce is forecast to have more than 50 % of the widebody market share by 2016 , ahead of General Electric . Agusta Westland designs and manufactures complete helicopters in the UK . The UK space industry was worth £ 9.1 bn in 2011 and employed 29,000 people . It is growing at a rate of 7.5 % annually , according to its umbrella organisation , the UK Space Agency . Government strategy is for the space industry to be a £ 40bn business for the UK by 2030 , capturing a 10 % share of the $250 bn world market for commercial space technology . On 16 July 2013 , the British Government pledged £ 60 m to the Skylon project : this investment will provide support at a `` crucial stage '' to allow a full - scale prototype of the SABRE engine to be built . On 2 November 2015 , BAE Systems announced they have bought a 20 % stake in Reaction Engines ltd . The working partnership will draw on BAE Systems ' extensive aerospace technology development and project management expertise and will provide Reaction Engines with access to critical industrial , technical and capital resources to help progress the development of the SABRE engine . The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the UK economy and the country has the third - highest share of global pharmaceutical R&D expenditures ( after the United States and Japan ) . Agriculture is intensive , highly mechanised and efficient by European standards , producing about 60 % of food needs with less than 1.6 % of the labour force ( 535,000 workers ) . Around two - thirds of production is devoted to livestock , one - third to arable crops . Farmers are subsidised by the EU 's Common Agricultural Policy . The UK retains a significant , though much reduced fishing industry . It is also rich in a number of natural resources including coal , petroleum , natural gas , tin , limestone , iron ore , salt , clay , chalk , gypsum , lead , silica and an abundance of arable land . The City of London is one of the world 's largest financial centres The Canary Wharf is one of the two main financial centres of the UK along with the City of London In the final quarter of 2008 , as a result of the Great Recession , the UK economy officially entered recession for the first time since 1991 . Unemployment increased from 5.2 % in May 2008 to 7.6 % in May 2009 and by January 2012 the unemployment rate among 18 - to 24 - year - olds had risen from 11.9 % to 22.5 % , the highest since current records began in 1992 , although it had fallen to 14.2 % by November 2015 . Total UK government debt rose quickly from 44.4 % of GDP in 2007 to 82.9 % of GDP in 2011 , then increased more slowly to 87.5 % of GDP in 2015 . Following the likes of the United States , France and many major economies , in February 2013 , the UK lost its top AAA credit rating for the first time since 1978 with Moodys and Fitch credit agency while , unlike the other major economies retained their triple A rating with the largest agency Standard & Poor 's . However , by the end of 2014 , UK growth was the fastest in both the G7 and in Europe , and by September 2015 , the unemployment rate was down to a seven - year low of 5.3 % . As a direct result of the Great Recession between 2010 and the third quarter of 2012 wages in the UK fell by 3.2 % , but by 2015 real wages were growing by 3 % , having grown faster than inflation since 2014 . Since the 1980s , UK economic inequality , like Canada , Australia and the United States has grown faster than in other developed countries . The poverty line in the UK is commonly defined as being 60 % of the median household income . In 2007 -- 2008 13.5 million people , or 22 % of the population , lived below this line . This is a higher level of relative poverty than all but four other EU members . In the same year 4.0 million children , 31 % of the total , lived in households below the poverty line after housing costs were taken into account . This is a decrease of 400,000 children since 1998 -- 1999 . The UK imports 40 % of its food supplies . The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011 , 14 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion , and that one person in 20 ( 5.1 % ) was now experiencing `` severe material depression '' , up from 3 million people in 1977 . The UK has an external debt of $9.6 trillion dollars which is second highest in the world after the US which has an external debt of 18.5 trillion dollars . As a percentage of GDP , external debt is 408 % which is third highest in the world after Luxembourg and Iceland . The combination of the UK 's relatively lax regulatory regime and London 's financial institutions providing sophisticated methods to launder proceeds from criminal activity around the world , including those from drug trade , makes the City of London a global hub for illicit finance and the UK a safe haven for the world 's major - league tax dodgers , according to research papers and reports published in the mid-2010s . The reports on the Panama papers published in April 2016 singled out the UK as being `` at the heart of super-rich tax - avoidance network . '' Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in the United Kingdom Charles Darwin ( 1809 -- 1882 ) , whose theory of evolution by natural selection is the foundation of modern biological sciences England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century , and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances . Major theorists from the 17th and 18th centuries include Isaac Newton , whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone of modern science ; from the 19th century Charles Darwin , whose theory of evolution by natural selection was fundamental to the development of modern biology , and James Clerk Maxwell , who formulated classical electromagnetic theory ; and more recently Stephen Hawking , who has advanced major theories in the fields of cosmology , quantum gravity and the investigation of black holes . Major scientific discoveries from the 18th century include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish ; from the 20th century penicillin by Alexander Fleming , and the structure of DNA , by Francis Crick and others . Famous British engineers and inventors of the Industrial Revolution include James Watt , George Stephenson , Richard Arkwright , Robert Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel . Other major engineering projects and applications by people from the UK include the steam locomotive , developed by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian ; from the 19th century the electric motor by Michael Faraday , the incandescent light bulb by Joseph Swan , and the first practical telephone , patented by Alexander Graham Bell ; and in the 20th century the world 's first working television system by John Logie Baird and others , the jet engine by Frank Whittle , the basis of the modern computer by Alan Turing , and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners - Lee . Scientific research and development remains important in British universities , with many establishing science parks to facilitate production and co-operation with industry . Between 2004 and 2008 the UK produced 7 % of the world 's scientific research papers and had an 8 % share of scientific citations , the third and second highest in the world ( after the United States and China , respectively ) . Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature , the British Medical Journal and The Lancet . Transport Main article : Transport in the United Kingdom Heathrow Terminal 5 building . London Heathrow Airport is one of the busiest airports by international passenger traffic worldwide A radial road network totals 29,145 miles ( 46,904 km ) of main roads , 2,173 miles ( 3,497 km ) of motorways and 213,750 miles ( 344,000 km ) of paved roads . The M25 , encircling London , is the largest and busiest bypass in the world . In 2009 there were a total of 34 million licensed vehicles in Great Britain . London St Pancras International is the UK 's 13th busiest railway terminus . The station is one of London 's main domestic and international transport hubs providing both commuter rail and high speed rail services across the UK and to Paris , Lille and Brussels The UK has a railway network of 10,072 miles ( 16,209 km ) in Great Britain and 189 miles ( 304 km ) in Northern Ireland . Railways in Northern Ireland are operated by NI Railways , a subsidiary of state - owned Translink . In Great Britain , the British Rail network was privatised between 1994 and 1997 , which was followed by a rapid rise in passenger numbers following years of decline , although the factors behind this are disputed . Network Rail owns and manages most of the fixed assets ( tracks , signals etc . ) . About 20 privately owned Train Operating Companies operate passenger trains , which carried 1.68 billion passengers in 2015 . There are also some 1,000 freight trains in daily operation . The British Government is to spend £ 30 billion on a new high - speed railway line , HS2 , to be operational by 2026 . Crossrail , under construction in London , is Europe 's largest construction project with a £ 15 billion projected cost . In the year from October 2009 to September 2010 UK airports handled a total of 211.4 million passengers . In that period the three largest airports were London Heathrow Airport ( 65.6 million passengers ) , Gatwick Airport ( 31.5 million passengers ) and London Stansted Airport ( 18.9 million passengers ) . London Heathrow Airport , located 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of the capital , has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the world and is the hub for the UK flag carrier British Airways , as well as Virgin Atlantic . Energy Main article : Energy in the United Kingdom An oil platform in the North Sea In 2006 , the UK was the world 's ninth - largest consumer of energy and the 15th - largest producer . The UK is home to a number of large energy companies , including two of the six oil and gas `` supermajors '' -- BP and Royal Dutch Shell -- and BG Group . In 2011 , 40 % of the UK 's electricity was produced by gas , 30 % by coal , 19 % by nuclear power and 4.2 % by wind , hydro , biofuels and wastes . In 2013 , the UK produced 914 thousand barrels per day ( bbl / d ) of oil and consumed 1,507 thousand bbl / d . Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005 . In 2010 the UK had around 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves , the largest of any EU member state . In 2009 , 66.5 % of the UK 's oil supply was imported . In 2009 , the UK was the 13th - largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU . Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004 . In 2009 , half of British gas was supplied from imports as domestic reserves are depleted . Coal production played a key role in the UK economy in the 19th and 20th centuries . In the mid-1970s , 130 million tonnes of coal was being produced annually , not falling below 100 million tonnes until the early 1980s . During the 1980s and 1990s the industry was scaled back considerably . In 2011 , the UK produced 18.3 million tonnes of coal . In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons . The UK Coal Authority has stated there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification ( UCG ) or ' fracking ' , and that , based on current UK coal consumption , such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years . However , environmental and social concerns have been raised over chemicals getting into the water table and minor earthquakes damaging homes . In the late 1990s , nuclear power plants contributed around 25 % of total annual electricity generation in the UK , but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down and ageing - related problems affect plant availability . In 2012 , the UK had 16 reactors normally generating about 19 % of its electricity . All but one of the reactors will be retired by 2023 . Unlike Germany and Japan , the UK intends to build a new generation of nuclear plants from about 2018 . The total of all renewable electricity sources provided for 14.9 % of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2013 , reaching 53.7 TWh of electricity generated . The UK is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy , and wind power production is its fastest growing supply , in 2014 it generated 9.3 % of the UK 's total electricity . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom Access to improved water supply and sanitation in the UK is universal . It is estimated that 96.7 % of households are connected to the sewer network . According to the Environment Agency , total water abstraction for public water supply in the UK was 16,406 megalitres per day in 2007 . In England and Wales the economic regulator of water companies is the Water Services Regulation Authority ( Ofwat ) . The Environment Agency is responsible for environmental regulation , and the Drinking Water Inspectorate for regulating drinking water quality . The economic water industry regulator in Scotland is the Water Industry Commission for Scotland and the environmental regulator is the Scottish Environment Protection Agency . Drinking water standards and wastewater discharge standards in the UK , as in other countries of the European Union , are determined by the EU ( see Water supply and sanitation in the European Union ) . In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private `` water only '' companies . In Scotland water and sewerage services are provided by a single public company , Scottish Water . In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity , Northern Ireland Water . Demographics Main article : Demography of the United Kingdom Map of population density in the UK as at the 2011 census A census is taken simultaneously in all parts of the UK every ten years . The Office for National Statistics is responsible for collecting data for England and Wales , the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency each being responsible for censuses in their respective countries . In the 2011 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775 . It is the third - largest in the European Union , the fifth - largest in the Commonwealth and the 22nd - largest in the world . In mid-2014 and mid-2015 net long - term international migration contributed more to population growth . In mid-2012 and mid-2013 natural change contributed the most to population growth . Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased by an average annual rate of approximately 0.7 % . This compares to 0.3 % per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 % in the decade 1981 to 1991 . The 2011 census also confirmed that the proportion of the population aged 0 -- 14 has nearly halved ( 31 % in 1911 compared to 18 in 2011 ) and the proportion of older people aged 65 and over has more than tripled ( from 5 to 16 % ) . It has been estimated that the number of people aged 100 or over will rise steeply to reach over 626,000 by 2080 . England 's population in 2011 was found to be 53 million . It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world , with 420 people resident per square kilometre in mid-2015 . with a particular concentration in London and the south - east . The 2011 census put Scotland 's population at 5.3 million , Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million . In percentage terms England has had the fastest growing population of any country of the UK in the period from 2001 to 2011 , with an increase of 7.9 % . In 2012 the average total fertility rate ( TFR ) across the UK was 1.92 children per woman . While a rising birth rate is contributing to current population growth , it remains considerably below the ' baby boom ' peak of 2.95 children per woman in 1964 , below the replacement rate of 2.1 , but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63 . In 2012 , Scotland had the lowest TFR at only 1.67 , followed by Wales at 1.88 , England at 1.94 , and Northern Ireland at 2.03 . In 2011 , 47.3 % of births in the UK were to unmarried women . The Office for National Statistics published an `` Experimental Official Statistics '' bulletin in 2015 showing that , out of the UK population aged 16 and over , 1.7 % identify as lesbian , gay , or bisexual ( 2.0 % of males and 1.5 % of females ) . 4.5 % of respondents responded with `` other '' , `` I do n't know '' , or did not respond . Largest urban areas of the United Kingdom ( England and Wales : 2011 census built - up area ; Scotland : 2012 estimates urban area ; Northern Ireland : 2001 census urban area ) Rank Urban area Pop . Principal settlement Rank Urban area Pop . Principal settlement Greater London Urban Area Greater Manchester Urban Area Greater London Urban Area 9,787,426 London 11 Bristol Urban Area 617,280 Bristol West Midlands Urban Area West Yorkshire Urban Area Greater Manchester Urban Area 2,553,379 Manchester 12 Leicester Urban Area 508,916 Leicester West Midlands Urban Area 2,440,986 Birmingham 13 Edinburgh Urban Area 488,610 Edinburgh West Yorkshire Urban Area 1,777,934 Leeds 14 Belfast Urban Area 483,418 Belfast 5 Greater Glasgow 1,199,629 Glasgow 15 Brighton and Hove built - up area 474,485 Brighton 6 Liverpool Urban Area 864,122 Liverpool 16 South East Dorset conurbation 466,266 Bournemouth 7 South Hampshire 855,569 Southampton 17 Cardiff Urban Area 390,214 Cardiff 8 Tyneside 774,891 Newcastle 18 Teesside 376,633 Middlesbrough 9 Nottingham Urban Area 729,977 Nottingham 19 The Potteries Urban Area 372,775 Stoke - on - Trent 10 Sheffield Urban Area 685,368 Sheffield 20 Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area 359,262 Coventry Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom Map showing the percentage of the population who are not white according to the 2011 census . Historically , indigenous British people were thought to be descended from the various ethnic groups that settled there before the 11th century : the Celts , Romans , Anglo - Saxons , Norse and the Normans . Welsh people could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK . A 2006 genetic study shows that more than 50 % of England 's gene pool contains Germanic Y chromosomes . Another 2005 genetic analysis indicates that `` about 75 % of the traceable ancestors of the modern British population had arrived in the British isles by about 6,200 years ago , at the start of the British Neolithic or Stone Age '' , and that the British broadly share a common ancestry with the Basque people . The UK has a history of small - scale non-white immigration , with Liverpool having the oldest Black population in the country dating back to at least the 1730s during the period of the African slave trade . During this period it is estimated the Afro - Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10,000 to 15,000 which later declined due to the abolition of slavery . The UK also has the oldest Chinese community in Europe , dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century . In 1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain , almost all born overseas . In 1951 there were an estimated 94,500 people living in Britain who had been born in South Asia , China , Africa and the Caribbean , just under 0.2 % of the UK population . By 1961 this number had more than quadrupled to 384,000 , just over 0.7 % of the United Kingdom population . Since 1948 substantial immigration from Africa , the Caribbean and South Asia has been a legacy of ties forged by the British Empire . Migration from new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe since 2004 has resulted in growth in these population groups , although some of this migration has been temporary . Since the 1990s , there has been substantial diversification of the immigrant population , with migrants to the UK coming from a much wider range of countries than previous waves , which tended to involve larger numbers of migrants coming from a relatively small number of countries . Academics have argued that the ethnicity categories employed in British national statistics , which were first introduced in the 1991 census , involve confusion between the concepts of ethnicity and race . In 2011 , 87.2 % of the UK population identified themselves as white , meaning 12.8 % of the UK population identify themselves as of one of number of ethnic minority groups . In the 2001 census , this figure was 7.9 % of the UK population . Because of differences in the wording of the census forms used in England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , data on the Other White group is not available for the UK as a whole , but in England and Wales this was the fastest growing group between the 2001 and 2011 censuses , increasing by 1.1 million ( 1.8 percentage points ) . Amongst groups for which comparable data is available for all parts of the UK level , there was considerable growth in the size of the Other Asian category , which increased from 0.4 to 1.4 % of the population between 2001 and 2011 . There was also considerable growth in the Mixed category . In 2001 , people in this category accounted for 1.2 % of the UK population ; by 2011 , the proportion was 2 % . Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4 % of London 's population and 37.4 % of Leicester 's was estimated to be non-white in 2005 , whereas less than 5 % of the populations of North East England , Wales and the South West were from ethnic minorities , according to the 2001 census . In 2016 , 31.4 % of primary and 27.9 % of secondary pupils at state schools in England were members of an ethnic minority . Ethnic group Population ( absolute ) Population ( % ) 2001 2011 2011 White 54,153,898 55,010,359 087.1 % White : Gypsy / Traveller / Irish Traveller -- 63,193 000.1 % Asian / Asian British Indian 1,053,411 1,451,862 002.3 % Pakistani 747,285 1,174,983 001.9 % Bangladeshi 283,063 451,529 000.7 % Chinese 247,403 433,150 000.7 % other Asian 247,664 861,815 001.4 % Black / African / Caribbean / Black British 1,148,738 1,904,684 003.0 % mixed / multiple ethnic groups 677,117 1,250,229 002.0 % other ethnic group 230,615 580,374 000.9 % Total 58,789,194 63,182,178 100.0 % Languages Main article : Languages of the United Kingdom The English - speaking world . States and territories in dark blue have a majority of native speakers , while those where English is an official but not a majority language are shaded in light blue . English is also one of the official languages of the European Union and the United Nations . The UK 's de facto official language is English . It is estimated that 95 % of the UK 's population are monolingual English speakers . 5.5 % of the population are estimated to speak languages brought to the UK as a result of relatively recent immigration . South Asian languages , including Punjabi , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Tamil and Gujarati , are the largest grouping and are spoken by 2.7 % of the UK population . According to the 2011 census , Polish has become the second - largest language spoken in England and has 546,000 speakers . Four Celtic languages are spoken in the UK : Welsh , Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Cornish . All are recognised as regional or minority languages , subject to specific measures of protection and promotion under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . In the 2001 Census over a fifth ( 21 % ) of the population of Wales said they could speak Welsh , an increase from the 1991 Census ( 18 % ) . In addition it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England . In the same census in Northern Ireland 167,487 people ( 10.4 % ) stated that they had `` some knowledge of Irish '' ( see Irish language in Northern Ireland ) , almost exclusively in the nationalist ( mainly Catholic ) population . Over 92,000 people in Scotland ( just under 2 % of the population ) had some Gaelic language ability , including 72 % of those living in the Outer Hebrides . The number of schoolchildren being taught through Welsh , Scottish Gaelic and Irish is increasing . Among emigrant - descended populations some Scottish Gaelic is still spoken in Canada ( principally Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island ) , and Welsh in Patagonia , Argentina . Scots , a language descended from early northern Middle English , has limited recognition alongside its regional variant , Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland , without specific commitments to protection and promotion . It is compulsory for pupils to study a second language up to the age of 14 in England , and up to age 16 in Scotland . French and German are the two most commonly taught second languages in England and Scotland . All pupils in Wales are taught Welsh as a second language up to age 16 , or are taught in Welsh . Religion Main article : Religion in the United Kingdom Westminster Abbey is used for the coronation of British monarchs Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1400 years . Although a majority of citizens still identify with Christianity in many surveys , regular church attendance has fallen dramatically since the middle of the 20th century , while immigration and demographic change have contributed to the growth of other faiths , most notably Islam . This has led some commentators to variously describe the UK as a multi-faith , secularised , or post-Christian society . In the 2001 census 71.6 % of all respondents indicated that they were Christians , with the next largest faiths being Islam ( 2.8 % ) , Hinduism ( 1.0 % ) , Sikhism ( 0.6 % ) , Judaism ( 0.5 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.3 % ) and all other religions ( 0.3 % ) . 15 % of respondents stated that they had no religion , with a further 7 % not stating a religious preference . A Tearfund survey in 2007 showed only one in ten Britons actually attend church weekly . Between the 2001 and 2011 census there was a decrease in the amount of people who identified as Christian by 12 % , whilst the percentage of those reporting no religious affiliation doubled . This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories , with the number of Muslims increasing by the most substantial margin to a total of about 5 % . The Muslim population has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2011 , making it the second - largest religious group in the United Kingdom . In a 2016 survey conducted by BSA ( British Social Attitudes ) on religious affiliation ; 53 % of respondents indicated ' no religion ' , while 41 % indicated they were Christians , followed by 6 % who affiliated with other religions ( e.g. Islam , Hinduism , Judaism , etc . ) . Among Christians , adherents to the Church of England constituted 15 % , Roman Catholic Church -- 9 % , other Christians ( including Presbyterians , Methodists , other Protestants , as well as Eastern Orthodox ) -- 17 % . 71 % of young people aged 18 -- 24 said they had no religion . The Church of England is the established church in England . It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor . In Scotland , the Church of Scotland is recognised as the national church . It is not subject to state control , and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . The Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and , as the Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland , there is no established church in Northern Ireland . Although there are no UK - wide data in the 2001 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations , it has been estimated that 62 % of Christians are Anglican , 13.5 % Catholic , 6 % Presbyterian , 3.4 % Methodist with small numbers of other Protestant denominations such as Open Brethren , and Orthodox churches . Migration Main article : Modern immigration to the United Kingdom See also : Foreign - born population of the United Kingdom Estimated foreign - born population by country of birth from April 2007 to March 2008 The United Kingdom has experienced successive waves of migration . The Great Famine in Ireland , then part of the United Kingdom , resulted in perhaps a million people migrating to Great Britain . Throughout the 19th century a small population of German immigrants built up , numbering 28,644 in England and Wales in 1861 . London held around half of this population , and other small communities existed in Manchester , Bradford and elsewhere . The German immigrant community was the largest group until 1891 , when it became second only to Russian Jews . England has had small Jewish communities for many centuries , subject to occasional expulsions , but British Jews numbered fewer than 10,000 at the start of the 19th century . After 1881 Russian Jews suffered bitter persecutions , and , out of some 2,000,000 who left Russia by 1914 , around 120,000 settled permanently in Britain , overtaking the Germans to be the largest ethnic minority from outside the British Isles . The population increasing to 370,000 in 1938 . Unable to return to Poland at the end of World War II , over 120,000 Polish veterans remained in the UK permanently . After World War II , there was significant immigration from the colonies and newly independent former colonies , partly as a legacy of empire and partly driven by labour shortages . Many of these migrants came from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent . In 1841 , 0.25 % of the population of England and Wales was born in a foreign country . In 1901 , 1.5 % of the population was foreign born . By 1931 , this figure had risen to 2.6 % , and by 1951 it was 4.4 % . In 2014 the net increase was 318,000 : immigration was 641,000 , up from 526,000 in 2013 , while the number of people emigrating ( for more than 12 months ) was 323,000 . One of the more recent trends in migration has been the arrival of workers from the new EU member states in Eastern Europe , known as the A8 countries . In 2010 , there were 7.0 million foreign - born residents in the UK , corresponding to 11.3 % of the total population . Of these , 4.76 million ( 7.7 % ) were born outside the EU and 2.24 million ( 3.6 % ) were born in another EU Member State . The proportion of foreign - born people in the UK remains slightly below that of many other European countries . However , immigration is now contributing to a rising population with arrivals and UK - born children of migrants accounting for about half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 . Analysis of Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) data shows that a net total of 2.3 million migrants moved to the UK in the 15 years from 1991 to 2006 . In 2008 it was predicted that migration would add 7 million to the UK population by 2031 , though these figures are disputed . The ONS reported that net migration rose from 2009 to 2010 by 21 % to 239,000 . In 2013 , approximately 208,000 foreign citizens were naturalised as British citizens , the highest number since records began in 1962 . This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014 . Between 2009 and 2013 , the average number of people granted British citizenship per year was 195,800 . The main countries of previous nationality of those naturalised in 2014 were India , Pakistan , the Philippines , Nigeria , Bangladesh , Nepal , China , South Africa , Poland and Somalia . The total number of grants of settlement , which confers permanent residence in the UK without granting British citizenship , was approximately 154,700 in 2013 , compared to 241,200 in 2010 and 129,800 in 2012 . Over a quarter ( 27.0 % ) of live births in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK , according to official statistics released in 2015 . Year Foreign born population of England and Wales Total population Irish born population Percentage of total population that was born abroad 1851 100,000 17,900,000 520,000 0.6 1861 150,000 20,100,000 600,000 0.7 1871 200,000 22,700,000 565,000 0.9 1881 275,000 26,000,000 560,000 1891 350,000 29,000,000 460,000 1901 475,000 32,500,000 425,000 1.5 1911 900,000 32,500,000 375,000 2.5 1921 750,000 37,900,000 365,000 1931 1,080,000 40,000,000 380,000 2.7 1951 1,875,000 43,700,000 470,000 4.3 1961 2,290,000 46,000,000 645,000 5.0 1971 3,100,000 48,700,000 585,000 6.4 1981 3,220,000 48,500,000 580,000 6.6 1991 3,625,000 49,900,000 570,000 7.3 2001 4,600,000 52,500,000 475,000 8.8 2011 7,500,000 56,000,000 400,000 13.4 Citizens of the European Union , including those of the UK , have the right to live and work in any EU member state . The UK applied temporary restrictions to citizens of Romania and Bulgaria , which joined the EU in January 2007 . Research conducted by the Migration Policy Institute for the Equality and Human Rights Commission suggests that , between May 2004 and September 2009 , 1.5 million workers migrated from the new EU member states to the UK , two - thirds of them Polish , but that many subsequently returned home , resulting in a net increase in the number of nationals of the new member states in the UK of some 700,000 over that period . The late - 2000s recession in the UK reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK , the migration becoming temporary and circular . In 2009 , for the first time since enlargement , more nationals of the eight central and eastern European states that had joined the EU in 2004 left the UK than arrived . In 2011 , citizens of the new EU member states made up 13 % of the immigrants entering the country . Estimated number of British citizens living overseas by country in 2006 The British Government has introduced a points - based immigration system for immigration from outside the European Economic Area to replace former schemes , including the Scottish Government 's Fresh Talent Initiative . In June 2010 the government introduced a temporary limit of 24,000 on immigration from outside the EU , aiming to discourage applications before a permanent cap was imposed in April 2011 . Emigration was an important feature of British society in the 19th century . Between 1815 and 1930 around 11.4 million people emigrated from Britain and 7.3 million from Ireland . Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century some 300 million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe . Today , at least 5.5 million UK - born people live abroad , mainly in Australia , Spain , the United States and Canada . Education Main article : Education in the United Kingdom See also : Education in England , Education in Northern Ireland , Education in Scotland , and Education in Wales Christ Church , Oxford is part of the University of Oxford , which traces its foundations back to c. 1096 Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter , with each country having a separate education system . Whilst education in England is the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Education , the day - to - day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of local authorities . Universally free of charge state education was introduced piecemeal between 1870 and 1944 . Education is now mandatory from ages five to sixteen , and in England youngsters must stay in education or training until they are 18 . In 2011 , the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) rated 13 -- 14 - year - old pupils in England and Wales 10th in the world for maths and 9th for science . The majority of children are educated in state - sector schools , a small proportion of which select on the grounds of academic ability . Two of the top ten performing schools in terms of GCSE results in 2006 were state - run grammar schools . In 2010 , over half of places at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge were taken by students from state schools , while the proportion of children in England attending private schools is around 7 % which rises to 18 % of those over 16 . England has the two oldest universities in English - speaking world , Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ( jointly known as `` Oxbridge '' ) with history of over eight centuries . King 's College ( right ) and Clare College ( left ) , both part of the University of Cambridge , which was founded in 1209 Education in Scotland is the responsibility of the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning , with day - to - day administration and funding of state schools the responsibility of Local Authorities . Two non-departmental public bodies have key roles in Scottish education . The Scottish Qualifications Authority is responsible for the development , accreditation , assessment and certification of qualifications other than degrees which are delivered at secondary schools , post-secondary colleges of further education and other centres . Learning and Teaching Scotland provides advice , resources and staff development to education professionals . Scotland first legislated for compulsory education in 1496 . The proportion of children in Scotland attending private schools is just over 4 % in 2016 , but it has been falling slowly in recent years . Scottish students who attend Scottish universities pay neither tuition fees nor graduate endowment charges , as fees were abolished in 2001 and the graduate endowment scheme was abolished in 2008 . The Welsh Government has responsibility for education in Wales . A significant number of Welsh students are taught either wholly or largely in the Welsh language ; lessons in Welsh are compulsory for all until the age of 16 . There are plans to increase the provision of Welsh - medium schools as part of the policy of creating a fully bilingual Wales . Education in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Minister of Education , although responsibility at a local level is administered by the Education Authority which is further sub-divided into five geographical areas . The Council for the Curriculum , Examinations & Assessment ( CCEA ) is the body responsible for advising the government on what should be taught in Northern Ireland 's schools , monitoring standards and awarding qualifications . Considering the four systems together , about 38 percent of the United Kingdom population has a university or college degree , which is the highest percentage in Europe , and among the highest percentages in the world . The United Kingdom trails only the United States in terms of representation on lists of top 100 universities . A government commission 's report in 2014 found that privately educated people comprise 7 % of the general population of the UK but much larger percentages of the top professions , the most extreme case quoted being 71 % of senior judges . Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in the United Kingdom The Royal Aberdeen Children 's Hospital , an NHS Scotland specialist children 's hospital Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter and each country has its own system of private and publicly funded health care , together with alternative , holistic and complementary treatments . Public healthcare is provided to all UK permanent residents and is mostly free at the point of need , being paid for from general taxation . The World Health Organization , in 2000 , ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world . Regulatory bodies are organised on a UK - wide basis such as the General Medical Council , the Nursing and Midwifery Council and non-governmental - based , such as the Royal Colleges . However , political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national executives ; healthcare in England is the responsibility of the British Government ; healthcare in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Northern Ireland Executive ; healthcare in Scotland is the responsibility of the Scottish Government ; and healthcare in Wales is the responsibility of the Welsh Government . Each National Health Service has different policies and priorities , resulting in contrasts . Since 1979 expenditure on healthcare has been increased significantly to bring it closer to the European Union average . The UK spends around 8.4 % of its gross domestic product on healthcare , which is 0.5 percentage points below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average and about one percentage point below the average of the European Union . Culture Main article : Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom has been influenced by many factors including : the nation 's island status ; its history as a western liberal democracy and a major power ; as well as being a political union of four countries with each preserving elements of distinctive traditions , customs and symbolism . As a result of the British Empire , British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies including Australia , Canada , India , Ireland , New Zealand , Pakistan , South Africa and the United States . The substantial cultural influence of the United Kingdom has led it to be described as a `` cultural superpower '' . Literature Main article : British literature The Chandos portrait , believed to depict William Shakespeare ' British literature ' refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Most British literature is in the English language . In 2005 , some 206,000 books were published in the United Kingdom and in 2006 it was the largest publisher of books in the world . The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time , and his contemporaries Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson have also been held in continuous high esteem . More recently the playwrights Alan Ayckbourn , Harold Pinter , Michael Frayn , Tom Stoppard and David Edgar have combined elements of surrealism , realism and radicalism . Notable pre-modern and early - modern English writers include Geoffrey Chaucer ( 14th century ) , Thomas Malory ( 15th century ) , Sir Thomas More ( 16th century ) , John Bunyan ( 17th century ) and John Milton ( 17th century ) . In the 18th century Daniel Defoe ( author of Robinson Crusoe ) and Samuel Richardson were pioneers of the modern novel . In the 19th century there followed further innovation by Jane Austen , the gothic novelist Mary Shelley , the children 's writer Lewis Carroll , the Brontë sisters , the social campaigner Charles Dickens , the naturalist Thomas Hardy , the realist George Eliot , the visionary poet William Blake and romantic poet William Wordsworth . 20th century English writers include the science - fiction novelist H.G. Wells ; the writers of children 's classics Rudyard Kipling , A.A. Milne ( the creator of Winnie - the - Pooh ) , Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton ; the controversial D.H. Lawrence ; the modernist Virginia Woolf ; the satirist Evelyn Waugh ; the prophetic novelist George Orwell ; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene ; the crime writer Agatha Christie ( the best - selling novelist of all time ) ; Ian Fleming ( the creator of James Bond ) ; the poets T.S. Eliot , Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes ; the fantasy writers J.R.R. Tolkien , C.S. Lewis and J.K. Rowling ; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman . A photograph of Victorian era novelist Charles Dickens Scotland 's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle ( the creator of Sherlock Holmes ) , romantic literature by Sir Walter Scott , the children 's writer J.M. Barrie , the epic adventures of Robert Louis Stevenson and the celebrated poet Robert Burns . More recently the modernist and nationalist Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn contributed to the Scottish Renaissance . A more grim outlook is found in Ian Rankin 's stories and the psychological horror - comedy of Iain Banks . Scotland 's capital , Edinburgh , was UNESCO 's first worldwide City of Literature . Britain 's oldest known poem , Y Gododdin , was composed in Yr Hen Ogledd ( The Old North ) , most likely in the late 6th century . It was written in Cumbric or Old Welsh and contains the earliest known reference to King Arthur . From around the seventh century , the connection between Wales and the Old North was lost , and the focus of Welsh - language culture shifted to Wales , where Arthurian legend was further developed by Geoffrey of Monmouth . Wales 's most celebrated medieval poet , Dafydd ap Gwilym ( fl. 1320 -- 1370 ) , composed poetry on themes including nature , religion and especially love . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age . Until the late 19th century the majority of Welsh literature was in Welsh and much of the prose was religious in character . Daniel Owen is credited as the first Welsh - language novelist , publishing Rhys Lewis in 1885 . The best - known of the Anglo - Welsh poets are both Thomases . Dylan Thomas became famous on both sides of the Atlantic in the mid-20th century . He is remembered for his poetry -- his `` Do not go gentle into that good night ; Rage , rage against the dying of the light '' is one of the most quoted couplets of English language verse -- and for his `` play for voices '' , Under Milk Wood . The influential Church in Wales `` poet - priest '' and Welsh nationalist R.S. Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1996 . Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include Richard Llewellyn and Kate Roberts . Authors of other nationalities , particularly from Commonwealth countries , the Republic of Ireland and the United States , have lived and worked in the UK . Significant examples through the centuries include Jonathan Swift , Oscar Wilde , Bram Stoker , George Bernard Shaw , Joseph Conrad , T.S. Eliot , Ezra Pound and more recently British authors born abroad such as Kazuo Ishiguro and Sir Salman Rushdie . Music Main article : Music of the United Kingdom See also : Rock music in the United Kingdom The Beatles are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music , selling over a billion records Various styles of music are popular in the UK from the indigenous folk music of England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland to heavy metal . Notable composers of classical music from the United Kingdom and the countries that preceded it include William Byrd , Henry Purcell , Sir Edward Elgar , Gustav Holst , Sir Arthur Sullivan ( most famous for working with the librettist Sir W.S. Gilbert ) , Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten , pioneer of modern British opera . Sir Harrison Birtwistle is one of the foremost living composers . The UK is also home to world - renowned symphonic orchestras and choruses such as the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus . Notable conductors include Sir Simon Rattle , Sir John Barbirolli and Sir Malcolm Sargent . Some of the notable film score composers include John Barry , Clint Mansell , Mike Oldfield , John Powell , Craig Armstrong , David Arnold , John Murphy , Monty Norman and Harry Gregson - Williams . George Frideric Handel became a naturalised British citizen and wrote the British coronation anthem , while some of his best works , such as Messiah , were written in the English language . Andrew Lloyd Webber is a prolific composer of musical theatre . His works have dominated London 's West End since the late 20th century and have also been a commercial success worldwide . The Beatles have international sales of over one billion units and are the biggest - selling and most influential band in the history of popular music . Other prominent British contributors to have influenced popular music over the last 50 years include ; The Rolling Stones , Pink Floyd , Queen , Led Zeppelin , the Bee Gees , and Elton John , all of whom have worldwide record sales of 200 million or more . The Brit Awards are the BPI 's annual music awards , and some of the British recipients of the Outstanding Contribution to Music award include ; The Who , David Bowie , Eric Clapton , Rod Stewart and The Police . More recent UK music acts that have had international success include Coldplay , Radiohead , Oasis , Spice Girls , Robbie Williams , Amy Winehouse and Adele . A number of UK cities are known for their music . Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number one hit singles , more per capita than any other city worldwide . Glasgow 's contribution to music was recognised in 2008 when it was named a UNESCO City of Music , one of only three cities in the world to have this honour . Visual Art Main article : Art of the United Kingdom J.M.W. Turner self - portrait , oil on canvas , c. 1799 The history of British visual art forms part of western art history . Major British artists include : the Romantics William Blake , John Constable , Samuel Palmer and J.M.W. Turner ; the portrait painters Sir Joshua Reynolds and Lucian Freud ; the landscape artists Thomas Gainsborough and L.S. Lowry ; the pioneer of the Arts and Crafts Movement William Morris ; the figurative painter Francis Bacon ; the Pop artists Peter Blake , Richard Hamilton and David Hockney ; the collaborative duo Gilbert and George ; the abstract artist Howard Hodgkin ; and the sculptors Antony Gormley , Anish Kapoor and Henry Moore . During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the `` Young British Artists '' : Damien Hirst , Chris Ofili , Rachel Whiteread , Tracey Emin , Mark Wallinger , Steve McQueen , Sam Taylor - Wood and the Chapman Brothers are among the better - known members of this loosely affiliated movement . The Royal Academy in London is a key organisation for the promotion of the visual arts in the United Kingdom . Major schools of art in the UK include : the six - school University of the Arts London , which includes the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and Chelsea College of Art and Design ; Goldsmiths , University of London ; the Slade School of Fine Art ( part of University College London ) ; the Glasgow School of Art ; the Royal College of Art ; and The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art ( part of the University of Oxford ) . The Courtauld Institute of Art is a leading centre for the teaching of the history of art . Important art galleries in the United Kingdom include the National Gallery , National Portrait Gallery , Tate Britain and Tate Modern ( the most - visited modern art gallery in the world , with around 4.7 million visitors per year ) . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United Kingdom Alfred Hitchcock has been ranked as one of the greatest and most influential British filmmakers of all time The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema . The British directors Alfred Hitchcock , whose film Vertigo is considered by some critics as the best film of all time , and David Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all - time . Other important directors including Charlie Chaplin , Michael Powell , Carol Reed , Edgar Wright , Christopher Nolan , and Ridley Scott . Many British actors have achieved international fame and critical success , including : Julie Andrews , Richard Burton , Michael Caine , Colin Firth , Gary Oldman , Ben Kingsley , Ian McKellen , Liam Neeson , Charlie Chaplin , Sean Connery , Vivien Leigh , David Niven , Laurence Olivier , Peter Sellers , Kate Winslet , Anthony Hopkins , and Daniel Day - Lewis . Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in the United Kingdom , including two of the highest - grossing film franchises ( Harry Potter and James Bond ) . Ealing Studios has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world . Despite a history of important and successful productions , the industry has often been characterised by a debate about its identity and the level of American and European influence . British producers are active in international co-productions and British actors , directors and crew feature regularly in American films . Many successful Hollywood films have been based on British people , stories or events , including Titanic , The Lord of the Rings , Pirates of the Caribbean . In 2009 , British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7 % globally and 17 % in the United Kingdom . UK box - office takings totalled £ 944 million in 2009 , with around 173 million admissions . The British Film Institute has produced a poll ranking of what it considers to be the 100 greatest British films of all time , the BFI Top 100 British films . The annual British Academy Film Awards are hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Media Main article : Media of the United Kingdom Broadcasting House in London , headquarters of the BBC , the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world The BBC , founded in 1922 , is the UK 's publicly funded radio , television and Internet broadcasting corporation , and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world . It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the television licence . Other major players in the UK media include ITV plc , which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network , and News Corporation , which owns a number of national newspapers through News International such as the most popular tabloid The Sun and the longest - established daily `` broadsheet '' The Times , as well as holding a large stake in satellite broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting . London dominates the media sector in the UK : national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there , although Manchester is also a significant national media centre . Edinburgh and Glasgow , and Cardiff , are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales respectively . The UK publishing sector , including books , directories and databases , journals , magazines and business media , newspapers and news agencies , has a combined turnover of around £ 20 billion and employs around 167,000 people . In 2009 , it was estimated that individuals viewed a mean of 3.75 hours of television per day and 2.81 hours of radio . In that year the main BBC public service broadcasting channels accounted for an estimated 28.4 % of all television viewing ; the three main independent channels accounted for 29.5 % and the increasingly important other satellite and digital channels for the remaining 42.1 % . Sales of newspapers have fallen since the 1970s and in 2010 41 % of people reported reading a daily national newspaper . In 2010 , 82.5 % of the UK population were Internet users , the highest proportion amongst the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year . Philosophy Main article : British philosophy The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of ' British Empiricism ' , a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid , and ' Scottish Philosophy ' , sometimes referred to as the ' Scottish School of Common Sense ' . The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are John Locke , George Berkeley and David Hume ; while Dugald Stewart , Thomas Reid and William Hamilton were major exponents of the Scottish `` common sense '' school . Two Britons are also notable for a theory of moral philosophy utilitarianism , first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism . Other eminent philosophers from the UK and the unions and countries that preceded it include Duns Scotus , John Lilburne , Mary Wollstonecraft , Sir Francis Bacon , Adam Smith , Thomas Hobbes , William of Ockham , Bertrand Russell and A.J. `` Freddie '' Ayer . Foreign - born philosophers who settled in the UK include Isaiah Berlin , Karl Marx , Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein . Sport Main article : Sport in the United Kingdom Wembley Stadium , London , home of the England national football team , is one of the most expensive stadia ever built Major sports , including association football , tennis , rugby union , rugby league , golf , boxing , netball , rowing and cricket , originated or were substantially developed in the UK and the states that preceded it . With the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th century Victorian Britain , in 2012 , the President of the IOC , Jacques Rogge , stated ; `` This great , sports - loving country is widely recognized as the birthplace of modern sport . It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations . It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum '' . In most international competitions , separate teams represent England , Scotland and Wales . Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland usually field a single team representing all of Ireland , with notable exceptions being association football and the Commonwealth Games . In sporting contexts , the English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish / Northern Irish teams are often referred to collectively as the Home Nations . There are some sports in which a single team represents the whole of United Kingdom , including the Olympics , where the UK is represented by the Great Britain team . The 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics were held in London , making it the first city to host the games three times . Britain has participated in every modern Olympic Games to date and is third in the medal count . A 2003 poll found that football is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom . England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football , and The Football Association is the oldest of its kind , with the rules of football first drafted in 1863 by Ebenezer Cobb Morley . Each of the Home Nations has its own football association , national team and league system . The English top division , the Premier League , is the most watched football league in the world . The first - ever international football match was contested by England and Scotland on 30 November 1872 . England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland compete as separate countries in international competitions . A Great Britain Olympic football team was assembled for the first time to compete in the London 2012 Olympic Games . However , the Scottish , Welsh and Northern Irish football associations declined to participate , fearing that it would undermine their independent status -- a fear confirmed by FIFA . The Millennium Stadium of Cardiff opened for the 1999 Rugby World Cup In 2003 , rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK . The sport was created in Rugby School , Warwickshire , and the first rugby international took place on 27 March 1871 between England and Scotland . England , Scotland , Wales , Ireland , France and Italy compete in the Six Nations Championship ; the premier international tournament in the northern hemisphere . Sport governing bodies in England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland organise and regulate the game separately . If any of the British teams or the Irish team beat the other three in a tournament , then it is awarded the Triple Crown . Cricket was invented in England , and its laws were established by Marylebone Cricket Club in 1788 . The England cricket team , controlled by the England and Wales Cricket Board , is the only national team in the UK with Test status . Team members are drawn from the main county sides , and include both English and Welsh players . Cricket is distinct from football and rugby where Wales and England field separate national teams , although Wales had fielded its own team in the past . Irish and Scottish players have played for England because neither Scotland nor Ireland have Test status and have only recently started to play in One Day Internationals . Scotland , England ( and Wales ) , and Ireland ( including Northern Ireland ) have competed at the Cricket World Cup , with England reaching the finals on three occasions . There is a professional league championship in which clubs representing 17 English counties and 1 Welsh county compete . Wimbledon , the oldest Grand Slam tennis tournament , is held in Wimbledon , London every June and July The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the 1860s , before spreading around the world . The world 's oldest tennis tournament , the Wimbledon championships , first occurred in 1877 , and today the event takes place over two weeks in late June and early July . Thoroughbred racing , which originated under Charles II of England as the `` sport of kings '' , is popular throughout the UK with world - famous races including the Grand National , the Epsom Derby , Royal Ascot and the Cheltenham National Hunt Festival ( including the Cheltenham Gold Cup ) . The UK has proved successful in the international sporting arena in rowing . The UK is closely associated with motorsport . Many teams and drivers in Formula One ( F1 ) are based in the UK , and the country has won more drivers ' and constructors ' titles than any other . The UK hosted the first F1 Grand Prix in 1950 at Silverstone , the current location of the British Grand Prix held each year in July . The UK hosts legs of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing , World Rally Championship and FIA World Endurance Championship . The premier national auto racing event is the British Touring Car Championship . Motorcycle road racing has a long tradition with races such as the Isle of Man TT and the North West 200 . St Andrews , Scotland , the home of golf . The standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews in 1764 . Golf is the sixth most popular sport , by participation , in the UK . Although The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in Scotland is the sport 's home course , the world 's oldest golf course is actually Musselburgh Links ' Old Golf Course . In 1764 , the standard 18 - hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes . The oldest golf tournament in the world , and the first major championship in golf , The Open Championship , is played annually on the weekend of the third Friday in July . Rugby league originated in Huddersfield , West Yorkshire in 1895 and is generally played in Northern England . A single ' Great Britain Lions ' team had competed in the Rugby League World Cup and Test match games , but this changed in 2008 when England , Scotland and Ireland competed as separate nations . Great Britain is still retained as the full national team . Super League is the highest level of professional rugby league in the UK and Europe . It consists of 11 teams from Northern England , 1 from London , 1 from Wales and 1 from France . The ' Queensberry rules ' , the code of general rules in boxing , was named after John Douglas , 9th Marquess of Queensberry in 1867 , that formed the basis of modern boxing . Snooker is another of the UK 's popular sporting exports , with the world championships held annually in Sheffield . In Northern Ireland Gaelic football and hurling are popular team sports , both in terms of participation and spectating , and Irish expatriates in the UK and the US also play them . Shinty ( or camanachd ) is popular in the Scottish Highlands . Highland games are held in spring and summer in Scotland , celebrating Scottish and celtic culture and heritage , especially that of the Scottish Highlands . Symbols Main article : Symbols of the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man The Statue of Britannia in Plymouth . Britannia is a national personification of the UK . The flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag ( also referred to as the Union Jack ) . It was created in 1606 by the superimposition of the Flag of England on the Flag of Scotland and updated in 1801 with the addition of Saint Patrick 's Flag . Wales is not represented in the Union Flag , as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom . The possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out . The national anthem of the United Kingdom is `` God Save the Queen '' , with `` Queen '' replaced with `` King '' in the lyrics whenever the monarch is a man . Britannia is a national personification of the United Kingdom , originating from Roman Britain . Britannia is symbolised as a young woman with brown or golden hair , wearing a Corinthian helmet and white robes . She holds Poseidon 's three - pronged trident and a shield , bearing the Union Flag . Sometimes she is depicted as riding on the back of a lion . Since the height of the British Empire in the late 19th century , Britannia has often been associated with British maritime dominance , as in the patriotic song `` Rule , Britannia ! '' . Up until 2008 , the lion symbol was depicted behind Britannia on the British fifty pence coin and on the back of the British ten pence coin . It is also used as a symbol on the non-ceremonial flag of the British Army . A second , less used , personification of the nation is the character John Bull . The bulldog is sometimes used as a symbol of the United Kingdom and has been associated with Winston Churchill 's defiance of Nazi Germany . International Rankings The following are international rankings of the United Kingdom , including those measuring life quality , health care quality , stability , press freedom and income . Index Rank Countries reviewed Human Development Index 2015 14 187 Inequality adjusted Human Development Index 2015 13 150 OECD Better Life Index 2016 16 38 Legatum Prosperity Index 2015 10 142 Index of Public Integrity 2016 6 105 Democracy Index 2016 16 167 Freedom House ranking of political rights 2016 8 195 Freedom House ranking of civil liberties 2016 195 Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers report 2015 24 179 Total health expenditure per capita 2015 17 188 Fragile States Index ( Reverse ranking ) 2016 17 178 Gallup gross median household income 2013 19 131 Median equivalent adult income 2009 -- 2014 19 35 International Property Rights Index 2015 13 129 Euro health consumer index 2015 14 ( England ) 16 ( Scotland ) 35 Press Freedom Index 2016 38 180 Global Gender Gap Report 2015 20 144 World Happiness Report 2017 19 4 157 Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 10 175 Networked Readiness Index 2014 9 144 Household final consumption expenditure per capita 2016 6 Ease of doing business index 2017 7 185 Global Peace Index 2016 47 163 Globalization Index 2015 207 Logistics Performance Index 2014 160 Index of Economic Freedom 2016 10 167 Merchant Navy 10 39 Historiography Main articles : historiography of the United Kingdom and historiography of the British Empire See also United Kingdom portal England portal Northern Ireland portal Scotland portal Wales portal British Overseas Territories portal Commonwealth realms portal Outline of the United Kingdom Outline of England Outline of Northern Ireland Outline of Scotland Outline of Wales Index of United Kingdom - related articles List of venues in the United Kingdom United Kingdom -- Wikipedia book Notes Jump up ^ An alternative variant of the Royal coat of arms is used in Scotland : ( click to view image ) . Jump up ^ There is no authorised version of the national anthem as the words are a matter of tradition ; only the first verse is usually sung . No law was passed making `` God Save the Queen '' the official anthem . In the English tradition , such laws are not necessary ; proclamation and usage are sufficient to make it the national anthem . `` God Save the Queen '' also serves as the Royal anthem for certain Commonwealth realms . The words Queen , she , her , used at present ( in the reign of Elizabeth II ) , are replaced by King , he , him when the monarch is male . Jump up ^ Under the Council of Europe 's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Scots , Ulster Scots , Welsh , Cornish , Scottish Gaelic and Irish are officially recognised as regional or minority languages by the British Government for the purposes of the Charter . See also Languages of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ European Union since 1993 . Jump up ^ Some of the devolved countries , Crown dependencies and British Overseas Territories issue their own sterling banknotes or currencies , or use another nation 's currency . See List of British currencies for more information Jump up ^ This excludes some of the UK 's dependencies . See Time in the United Kingdom # British territories Jump up ^ Excludes most overseas territories Jump up ^ The . eu domain is also used , as it is shared with other European Union member states . Other TLDs are used regionally Jump up ^ Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Jump up ^ In the referendum of 23 June 2016 , a majority voted for the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Union , but the process and date for Brexit have yet to be determined . Jump up ^ The Anglo - Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . Jump up ^ Compare to section 1 of both of the 1800 Acts of Union which reads : the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall ... be united into one Kingdom , by the Name of `` The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' Jump up ^ / juː ˈnaɪtɪd ˈkɪŋdəm əv ɡreɪt ˈbrɪtən ənd ˈnɔːðən ˈaɪələnd / ( listen ) Jump up ^ / ˈbrɪtən / ( listen ) Jump up ^ Since the early twentieth century the prime minister has held the office of First Lord of the Treasury , and in recent decades has also held the office of Minister for the Civil Service . Jump up ^ Sinn Féin , an Irish republican party , also contests elections in the Republic of Ireland . Jump up ^ In 2007 -- 2008 , this was calculated to be £ 115 per week for single adults with no dependent children ; £ 199 per week for couples with no dependent children ; £ 195 per week for single adults with two dependent children under 14 ; and £ 279 per week for couples with two dependent children under 14 . Jump up ^ The 2011 Census recorded Gypsies / Travellers as a separate ethnic group for the first time . Jump up ^ In the 2011 Census , for the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the UK , the ONS includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the `` African '' category ( 29,638 people ) , which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from `` Caribbean or Black '' ( 6,540 people ) , in this `` Black or Black British '' category . The ONS note that `` the African categories used in Scotland could potentially capture White / Asian / Other African in addition to Black identities '' . Jump up ^ Berkeley is in fact Irish but was called a ' British empiricist ' due to the territory of what is now known as the Republic of Ireland being in the UK at the time References Jump up ^ `` National Anthem '' . Official web site of the British Royal Family . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 '' . Council of Europe . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philby , Charlotte ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Less religious and more ethnically diverse : Census reveals a picture of Britain today '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates -- Office for National Statistics U.K '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2011 UK censuses '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . World Economic Outlook Database . International Monetary Fund . 17 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Some data refers to IMF staff estimates but some are actual figures for the year 2015 , made on 4 October 2016 . World Economic Outlook Database - October 2016 , International Monetary Fund . Accessed on 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Great Britain in English '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England , Scotland and Wales , although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Perspectives 2016 : The UK in a European context '' . Office for National Statistics . 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The British Monarchy , What is constitutional monarchy ? . Retrieved 17 July 2013 Jump up ^ CIA , The World Factbook . Retrieved 17 July 2013 Jump up ^ The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time , 1950 - 2030 , World Urbanization Prospects , the 2014 revision , Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries within a country '' . Prime Minister 's Office . 10 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2008 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Devolution of powers to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland '' . United Kingdom Government . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament , members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives , known as the devolved administrations ... 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If this can be equated with a treaty , it could be argued that the forthcoming distribution of power between Westminster and Belfast has similarities with divisions specified in the written constitutions of federal states ... Although the Agreement makes the general proviso that Westminster 's ' powers to make legislation for Northern Ireland ' remains ' unaffected ' , without an explicit categorical reference to reserved matters , it may be more difficult than in Scotland or Wales for devolved powers to be repatriated . The retraction of devolved powers would not merely entail consultation in Northern Ireland backed implicitly by the absolute power of parliamentary sovereignty but also the renegotiation of an intergovernmental agreement . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty ( act ) of the Union of Parliament 1706 '' . Scottish History Online . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UK Supreme Court judges sworn in '' . BBC News . 1 October 2009 . 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Jump up ^ History of Tennis International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Wimbledon : From birth of lawn tennis to modern marvels '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of British Motorsport and Motor Racing at Silverstone -- The 1950s '' . Silverstone.co.uk . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Forrest L. Richardson ( 2002 ) . `` Routing the Golf Course : The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey '' . p. 46 . John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ `` Tracking the Field '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos MORI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Links plays into the record books '' . BBC News . 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship -- More Scottish than British '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ardener , Shirley ( 2007 ) . Professional identities : policy and practice in business and bureaucracy . New York : Berghahn . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 054 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Rugby League World Cup 2008 '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( 20 August 1995 ) . `` 100 years of rugby league : From the great divide to the Super era '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2006 ). ŷ Queensbury Rules , Britannica Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 22 January 2007 ) . `` China in Ding 's hands '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gould , Joe ( 10 April 2007 ) . `` The ancient Irish sport of hurling catches on in America '' . Columbia News Service . Columbia Journalism School . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shinty '' . Scottish Sport . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport in Scotland '' . Scotland.org . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh dragon call for Union flag '' . BBC News . 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Britannia on British Coins '' . Chard . Retrieved 25 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Baker , Steve ( 2001 ) . Picturing the Beast . University of Illinois Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07030 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Legatum Prosperity Index - 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Index of Public Integrity '' . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2016 '' . The Economist Intelligence Unit . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Rankings 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers report '' ( PDF ) . savethechildren.org . Jump up ^ `` Euro Health Consumer Index : 2015 Report '' ( PDF ) . healthpowerhouse.com . Jump up ^ http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2017/ Jump up ^ `` Networked Readiness Index '' . weforum.org . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.PC.KD?year_high_desc=true Further reading Hitchens , Peter ( 2000 ) . The Abolition of Britain : From Winston Churchill to Princess Diana . Second ed . San Francisco , Calif. : Encounter Books . xi , 332 pp. ISBN 1 - 893554 - 18 - X . Lambert , Richard S. ( 1964 ) . The Great Heritage : A History of Britain for Canadians . House of Grant , 1964 ( and earlier editions and printings ) . External links Find more aboutUnited Kingdomat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Government Official website of HM Government Official website of the British Monarchy Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom statistics The official site of the British Prime Minister 's Office General information United Kingdom from the BBC News `` United Kingdom '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the united kingdom located on the world map	[ "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) and colloquially Great Britain (GB) or simply Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.[11] Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland.[note 9] Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants.[12] Together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union (EU).[note 10][13]" ]	[ "off the north-western coast of the European mainland" ]
-5621852135853243595	Come Back When You Grow Up	Come Back When You Grow Up - Wikipedia Come Back When You Grow Up Jump to : navigation , search `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' Single by Bobby Vee and The Strangers from the album Come Back When You Grow Up B - side `` Swahili Serenade '' Released June 9 , 1967 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 15 Label Liberty Records 55982 Songwriter ( s ) Martha Sharp Producer ( s ) Dallas Smith Bobby Vee and The Strangers singles chronology `` Here Today '' ( 1966 ) `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' ( 1967 ) `` Beautiful People '' ( 1967 ) `` Here Today '' ( 1966 ) `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' ( 1967 ) `` Beautiful People '' ( 1967 ) `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' is a song written by Martha Sharp and performed by Bobby Vee and The Strangers . The song was a comeback for the 24 year - old Vee , and it reached # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967 . The song appeared on his 1967 album , Come Back When You Grow Up . The song was produced by Dallas Smith and arranged by William Hood . The song was ranked # 15 on Billboard magazine 's Top Hot 100 songs of 1967 . A slightly longer version from the album features a brief instrumental introduction before Vee comes in , while on the single version , the song begins with Vee 's singing . Other versions ( edit ) Johnny Tillotson recorded a version which was included on his 1967 album `` Here I am '' . Los Freddy 's released a version entitled `` Cuando Seas Mujer '' on their 1968 , Mató Mi Corazon . Leif Garrett released a version as a single in 1976 , which did not chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bobby Vee , `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' Chart Positions Retrieved February 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bobby Vee , Come Back When You Grow Up Retrieved February 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bobby Vee , `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' single release Retrieved February 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1967 '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Bobby Vee Singles `` Devil or Angel '' `` Rubber Ball '' `` More Than I Can Say '' `` How Many Tears '' `` Take Good Care of My Baby '' `` Run to Him '' `` Please Do n't Ask About Barbara '' `` Sharing You '' `` Punish Her '' `` A Forever Kind of Love '' `` The Night Has a Thousand Eyes '' `` Charms '' `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' `` Medley : My Girl / Hey Girl '' B - sides `` Everyday '' Leif Garrett Albums Leif Garrett Feel the Need Same Goes for You Ca n't Explain My Movie of You The Leif Garrett Collection F8 Three Sides of ... Singles `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' `` Surfin ' USA '' `` Runaround Sue '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` The Wanderer '' `` I Was Made for Dancin ' '' `` Sheila '' `` Feel the Need '' `` When I Think of You '' `` Memorize Your Number '' `` I Was Looking for Someone to Love '' `` You Had to Go and Change on Me '' `` New York City Nights '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` Runaway Rita '' This 1960s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Back_When_You_Grow_Up&oldid=779302172 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1967 singles 1976 singles Bobby Vee songs Leif Garrett songs Liberty Records singles 20th Century Fox Records singles 1960s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2017 , at 03 : 54 . About Wikipedia	who sang the song come back when you grow up girl	[]	[]
-2243950400821889699	Colorado River	Colorado River - wikipedia Colorado River Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Colorado River ( disambiguation ) . Colorado River The Colorado River at Horseshoe Bend , Arizona , a few miles below Glen Canyon Dam Countries United States , Mexico States Colorado , Utah , Arizona , Nevada , California , Baja California , Sonora Tributaries - left Fraser River , Blue River , Eagle River , Roaring Fork River , Gunnison River , Dolores River , San Juan River , Little Colorado River , Bill Williams River , Gila River - right Green River , Dirty Devil River , Escalante River , Kanab River , Virgin River , Hardy River Cities Glenwood Springs , CO , Grand Junction , CO , Moab , UT , Page , AZ , Bullhead City , AZ , Lake Havasu City , AZ , Yuma , AZ , San Luis Rio Colorado , SON Source La Poudre Pass - location Rocky Mountains , Colorado , United States - elevation 10,184 ft ( 3,104 m ) - coordinates 40 ° 28 ′ 20 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 34 '' W / 40.47222 ° N 105.82611 ° W / 40.47222 ; - 105.82611 Mouth Gulf of California - location Colorado River Delta , Baja California -- Sonora , Mexico - elevation 100 ft ( 30 m ) - coordinates 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W / 31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083 Coordinates : 31 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 114 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W / 31.90000 ° N 114.95083 ° W / 31.90000 ; - 114.95083 Length 1,450 mi ( 2,334 km ) Basin 246,000 sq mi ( 637,137 km ) Discharge for mouth ( average virgin flow ) , max and min at Topock , AZ , 300 mi ( 480 km ) from the mouth - average 22,500 cu ft / s ( 637 m / s ) - max 384,000 cu ft / s ( 10,900 m / s ) - min 422 cu ft / s ( 12 m / s ) Map of the Colorado River basin Wikimedia Commons : Colorado River The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Rio Grande ) . The 1,450 - mile - long ( 2,330 km ) river drains an expansive , arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states . Starting in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado , the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona -- Nevada border , where it turns south toward the international border . After entering Mexico , the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora . Known for its dramatic canyons , whitewater rapids , and eleven U.S. National Parks , the Colorado River and its tributaries are a vital source of water for 40 million people . The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams , reservoirs , and aqueducts , which in most years divert its entire flow for agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply . Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power , and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West . Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the river , which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s . Beginning with small bands of nomadic hunter - gatherers , Native Americans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years . Between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago , the watershed was home to large agricultural civilizations -- considered some of the most sophisticated indigenous North American cultures -- which eventually declined due to a combination of severe drought and poor land use practices . Most native peoples that inhabit the region today are descended from other groups that settled there beginning about 1,000 years ago . Europeans first entered the Colorado Basin in the 16th century , when explorers from Spain began mapping and claiming the area , which became part of Mexico upon its independence in 1821 . Early contact between Europeans and Native Americans was generally limited to the fur trade in the headwaters and sporadic trade interactions along the lower river . After most of the Colorado River basin became part of the U.S. in 1846 , much of the river 's course was still the subject of myths and speculation . Several expeditions charted the Colorado in the mid-19th century -- one of which , led by John Wesley Powell , was the first to run the rapids of the Grand Canyon . American explorers collected valuable information that was later used to develop the river for navigation and water supply . Large - scale settlement of the lower basin began in the mid - to late - 19th century , with steamboats providing transportation from the Gulf of California to landings along the river that linked to wagon roads to the interior . Starting in the 1860s , gold and silver strikes drew prospectors to parts of the upper Colorado River basin . Large engineering works began around the start of the 20th century , with major guidelines established in a series of international and U.S. interstate treaties known as the `` Law of the River '' . The U.S. federal government was the main driving force behind the construction of dams and aqueducts , although many state and local water agencies were also involved . Most of the major dams were built between 1910 and 1970 ; the system keystone , Hoover Dam , was completed in 1935 . The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world , with every drop of its water fully allocated . The environmental movement in the American Southwest has opposed the damming and diversion of the Colorado River system because of detrimental effects on the ecology and natural beauty of the river and its tributaries . During the construction of Glen Canyon Dam , environmental organizations vowed to block any further development of the river , and a number of later dam and aqueduct proposals were defeated by citizen opposition . As demands for Colorado River water continue to rise , the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Major tributaries 2 Discharge 3 Watershed 4 Geology 5 History 5.1 Indigenous peoples 5.2 Early explorers 5.3 Exploration and navigation below Fort Yuma , 1850 -- 54 5.4 Exploration and navigation above Fort Yuma , 1851 -- 1887 5.5 Powell 's expeditions , 1869 -- 1871 5.6 American settlement 5.6. 1 Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy 6 Engineering and development 6.1 Lower Basin development , 1930s -- 50s 6.2 Upper Basin development , 1950s -- 1970s 6.3 Pacific Southwest Water Plan 6.4 Environmental impacts 6.4. 1 Minute 319 6.5 Uncertain future 7 Wildlife and plants 8 Recreation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Works cited 13 Further reading 14 External links Course ( edit ) Main article : Course of the Colorado River The Kawuneeche Valley , near the headwaters of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain National Park The Colorado begins at La Poudre Pass in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado , at just under 2 miles ( 3 km ) above sea level . After a short run south , the river turns west below Grand Lake , the largest natural lake in the state . For the first 250 miles ( 400 km ) of its course , the Colorado carves its way through the mountainous Western Slope , a sparsely populated region defined by the portion of the state west of the Continental Divide . As it flows southwest , it gains strength from many small tributaries , as well as larger ones including the Blue , Eagle and Roaring Fork rivers . After passing through De Beque Canyon , the Colorado emerges from the Rockies into the Grand Valley , a major farming and ranching region where it meets one of its largest tributaries , the Gunnison River , at Grand Junction . Most of the upper river is a swift whitewater stream ranging from 200 to 500 feet ( 60 to 150 m ) wide , the depth ranging from 6 to 30 feet ( 2 to 9 m ) , with a few notable exceptions , such as the Blackrocks reach where the river is nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) deep . In a few areas , such as the marshy Kawuneeche Valley near the headwaters and the Grand Valley , it exhibits braided characteristics . Arcing northwest , the Colorado begins to cut across the eponymous Colorado Plateau , a vast area of high desert centered at the Four Corners of the southwestern United States . Here , the climate becomes significantly drier than that in the Rocky Mountains , and the river becomes entrenched in progressively deeper gorges of bare rock , beginning with Ruby Canyon and then Westwater Canyon as it enters Utah , now once again heading southwest . Farther downstream it receives the Dolores River and defines the southern border of Arches National Park , before passing Moab and flowing through `` The Portal '' , where it exits the Moab Valley between a pair of 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) sandstone cliffs . In Utah , the Colorado flows primarily through the `` slickrock '' country , which is characterized by its narrow canyons and unique `` folds '' created by the tilting of sedimentary rock layers along faults . This is one of the most inaccessible regions of the continental United States . Below the confluence with the Green River , its largest tributary , in Canyonlands National Park , the Colorado enters Cataract Canyon , named for its dangerous rapids , and then Glen Canyon , known for its arches and erosion - sculpted Navajo sandstone formations . Here , the San Juan River , carrying runoff from the southern slope of Colorado 's San Juan Mountains , joins the Colorado from the east . The Colorado then enters northern Arizona , where since the 1960s Glen Canyon Dam near Page has flooded the Glen Canyon reach of the river , forming Lake Powell for water supply and hydroelectricity generation . Colorado River in the Grand Canyon seen from Pima Point , near Hermit 's Rest In Arizona , the river passes Lee 's Ferry , an important crossing for early explorers and settlers and since the early 20th century the principal point where Colorado River flows are measured for apportionment to the seven U.S. and two Mexican states in the basin . Downstream , the river enters Marble Canyon , the beginning of the Grand Canyon , passing under the Navajo Bridges on a now southward course . Below the confluence with the Little Colorado River , the river swings west into Granite Gorge , the most dramatic portion of the Grand Canyon , where the river cuts up to one mile ( 1.6 km ) into the Colorado Plateau , exposing some of the oldest visible rocks on Earth , dating as long ago as 2 billion years . The 277 miles ( 446 km ) of the river that flow through the Grand Canyon are largely encompassed by Grand Canyon National Park and are known for their difficult whitewater , separated by pools that reach up to 110 feet ( 34 m ) in depth . At the lower end of Grand Canyon , the Colorado widens into Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the continental United States , formed by Hoover Dam on the border of Arizona and Nevada . Situated southeast of metropolitan Las Vegas , the dam is an integral component for management of the Colorado River , controlling floods and storing water for farms and cities in the lower Colorado River basin . Below the dam the river passes under the Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge -- which at nearly 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the water is the highest concrete arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere -- and then turns due south towards Mexico , defining the Arizona -- Nevada and Arizona -- California borders . Satellite view of the Colorado River valley near Yuma , Arizona ; the Mexico -- United States border runs from left to right just below center . After leaving the confines of the Black Canyon , the river emerges from the Colorado Plateau into the Lower Colorado River Valley ( LCRV ) , a desert region dependent on irrigation agriculture and tourism and also home to several major Indian reservations . The river widens here to a broad , moderately deep waterway averaging 500 to 1,000 feet ( 150 to 300 m ) wide and reaching up to ⁄ mile ( 400 m ) across , with depths ranging from 8 to 60 feet ( 2 to 20 m ) . Before channelization of the Colorado in the 20th century , the lower river was subject to frequent course changes caused by seasonal flow variations . Joseph C. Ives , who surveyed the lower river in 1861 , wrote that `` the shifting of the channel , the banks , the islands , the bars is so continual and rapid that a detailed description , derived from the experiences of one trip , would be found incorrect , not only during the subsequent year , but perhaps in the course of a week , or even a day . '' The LCRV is one of the most densely populated areas along the river , and there are numerous towns including Bullhead City , Arizona , Needles , California , and Lake Havasu City , Arizona . Here , many diversions draw from the river , providing water for both local uses and distant regions including the Salt River Valley of Arizona and metropolitan Southern California . The last major U.S. diversion is at Imperial Dam , where over 90 percent of the river 's remaining flow is moved into the All - American Canal to irrigate California 's Imperial Valley , the most productive winter agricultural region in the United States . Colorado River as it exits the United States into Mexico beneath the San Luis Colorado - Colonia Miguel Aléman Bridge ( September 2009 ) Below Imperial Dam , only a small portion of the Colorado River makes it beyond Yuma , Arizona , and the confluence with the intermittent Gila River -- which carries runoff from western New Mexico and most of Arizona -- before defining about 24 miles ( 39 km ) of the Mexico -- United States border . At Morelos Dam , the entire remaining flow of the Colorado is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , among Mexico 's most fertile agricultural lands . Below San Luis Río Colorado , the Colorado passes entirely into Mexico , defining the Baja California -- Sonora border ; in most years , the stretch of the Colorado between here and the Gulf of California is dry or a trickle formed by irrigation return flows . The Hardy River provides most of the flow into the Colorado River Delta , a vast alluvial floodplain covering about 3,000 square miles ( 7,800 km ) of northwestern Mexico . A large estuary is formed here before the Colorado empties into the Gulf about 75 miles ( 120 km ) south of Yuma . Before 20th - century development dewatered the lower Colorado , a major tidal bore was present in the delta and estuary ; the first historical record was made by the Croatian missionary in Spanish service Father Ferdinand Konščak on July 18 , 1746 . During spring tide conditions , the tidal bore -- locally called El Burro -- formed in the estuary about Montague Island in Baja California and propagated upstream . Major tributaries ( edit ) The San Juan River near Mexican Hat , Utah The Green River at Mineral Bottom , just north of Canyonlands National Park Main article : List of tributaries of the Colorado River The Colorado is joined by over 25 significant tributaries , of which the Green River is the largest by both length and discharge . The Green takes drainage from the Wind River Range of west - central Wyoming , from Utah 's Uinta Mountains , and from the Rockies of northwestern Colorado . The Gila River is the second longest and drains a greater area than the Green , but has a significantly lower flow because of a more arid climate and larger diversions for irrigation and cities . Both the Gunnison and San Juan rivers , which derive most of their water from Rocky Mountains snowmelt , contribute more water than the Gila did naturally . Statistics of the Colorado 's longest tributaries Name State Length Watershed Discharge References mi km mi km cfs m / s Green River UT 730 1,170 48,100 125,000 6,048 171.3 Gila River AZ 649 1,044 58,200 151,000 247 7.0 San Juan River UT 383 616 24,600 64,000 2,192 62.1 Little Colorado River AZ 356 573 26,500 69,000 424 12.0 Dolores River UT 250 400 4,574 11,850 633 17.9 Gunnison River CO 164 264 7,930 20,500 2,570 73 Virgin River NV 160 260 13,020 33,700 239 6.8 Discharge ( edit ) In its natural state , the Colorado River poured about 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) into the Gulf of California each year , amounting to an average flow rate of 22,500 cubic feet per second ( 640 m / s ) . Its flow regime was not at all steady -- indeed , `` prior to the construction of federal dams and reservoirs , the Colorado was a river of extremes like no other in the United States . '' Once , the river reached peaks of more than 100,000 cubic feet per second ( 2,800 m / s ) in the summer and low flows of less than 2,500 cubic feet per second ( 71 m / s ) in the winter annually . At Topock , Arizona , about 300 miles ( 480 km ) upstream from the Gulf , a maximum historical discharge of 384,000 cubic feet per second ( 10,900 m / s ) was recorded in 1884 and a minimum of 422 cubic feet per second ( 11.9 m / s ) was recorded in 1935 . In contrast , the regulated discharge rates on the lower Colorado below Hoover Dam rarely exceed 35,000 cubic feet per second ( 990 m / s ) or drop below 4,000 cubic feet per second ( 110 m / s ) . Annual runoff volume has ranged from a high of 22.2 million acre feet ( 27.4 km ) in 1984 to a low of 3.8 million acre feet ( 4.7 km ) in 2002 , although in most years only a small portion of this flow , if any , reaches the Gulf . Annual Colorado River discharge volumes at Lee 's Ferry between 1895 and 2004 Between 85 and 90 percent of the Colorado River 's discharge originates in snowmelt , mostly from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming . The three major upper tributaries of the Colorado -- the Gunnison , Green , and San Juan -- alone deliver almost 9 million acre feet ( 11 km ) per year to the main stem , mostly from snowmelt . The remaining 10 to 15 percent comes from a variety of sources , principally groundwater base flow and summer monsoon storms . The latter often produces heavy , highly localized floods on lower tributaries of the river , but does not often contribute significant volumes of runoff . Most of the annual runoff in the basin occurs with the melting of Rocky Mountains snowpack , which begins in April and peaks during May and June before exhausting in late July or early August . Flows at the mouth have steadily declined since the beginning of the 20th century , and in most years after 1960 the Colorado River has run dry before reaching the sea . Irrigation , industrial , and municipal diversions , evaporation from reservoirs , natural runoff , and likely climate change have all contributed to this substantial reduction in flow , threatening the future water supply . For example , the Gila River -- formerly one of the Colorado 's largest tributaries -- contributes little more than a trickle in most years due to use of its water by cities and farms in central Arizona . The average flow rate of the Colorado at the northernmost point of the Mexico -- United States border ( NIB , or Northerly International Boundary ) is about 2,060 cubic feet per second ( 58 m / s ) , 1.49 million acre feet ( 1.84 km ) per year -- less than a 10th of the natural flow -- due to upstream water use . Below here , all of the remaining flow is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , leaving a dry riverbed from Morelos Dam to the sea that is supplemented by intermittent flows of irrigation drainage water . There have been exceptions , however , namely in the early to mid-1980s , when the Colorado once again reached the sea during several consecutive years of record - breaking precipitation and snowmelt . In 1984 , so much excess runoff occurred that some 16.5 million acre feet ( 20.4 km ) , or 22,860 cubic feet per second ( 647 m / s ) , poured into the sea . ( show ) Discharge of the Colorado River at selected locations Gage Discharge ( average ) Discharge ( max ) Drainage area Period of record Ref cfs m / s cfs m / s mi km Grand Lake , CO 62.7 1.78 976 27.6 63.9 166 1953 -- 2010 Dotsero , CO 2,095 59.3 22,200 630 4,390 11,400 1941 -- 2011 Cisco , UT 7,181 203.3 125,000 3,500 24,100 62,000 1895 -- 2010 Lee 's Ferry , AZ 14,800 420 300,000 8,500 107,800 279,000 1895 -- 2010 Davis Dam , AZ -- NV 14,180 402 116,000 3,300 169,300 438,000 1905 -- 2010 Parker Dam , AZ -- CA 11,990 340 42,400 1,200 178,500 462,000 1935 -- 2010 Laguna Dam , AZ -- CA 1,693 47.9 30,900 870 184,600 478,000 1971 -- 2010 NIB ( near Andrade , CA ) 2,059 58.3 40,600 1,150 238,700 618,000 1950 -- 2010 ( show ) Monthly discharge of the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry Month Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May Jun . Jul . Aug . Sep . Oct . Nov . Dec . Discharge cfs 9,650 9,740 10,500 16,000 28,000 32,800 18,300 13,200 10,900 9,530 9,620 9,440 m / s 273.3 275.8 297.3 453.1 792.9 928.8 518.2 373.8 308.7 269.9 272.4 267.3 The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) operates or has operated 46 stream gauges to measure the discharge of the Colorado River , ranging from the headwaters near Grand Lake to the Mexico -- U.S. border . The tables at right list data associated with eight of these gauges . River flows as gauged at Lee 's Ferry , Arizona , about halfway along the length of the Colorado and 16 miles ( 26 km ) below Glen Canyon Dam , are used to determine water allocations in the Colorado River basin . The average discharge recorded there was approximately 14,800 cubic feet per second ( 420 m / s ) , 10.72 million acre feet ( 13.22 km ) per year , from 1921 to 2010 . This figure has been heavily affected by upstream diversions and reservoir evaporation , especially after the completion of the Colorado River Storage Project in the 1970s . Prior to the completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1964 , the average discharge recorded between 1912 and 1962 was 17,850 cubic feet per second ( 505 m / s ) , 12.93 million acre feet ( 15.95 km ) per year . Watershed ( edit ) Colorado River at the Coyote Valley Trail head , Kawuneeche Valley The drainage basin or watershed of the Colorado River encompasses 246,000 square miles ( 640,000 km ) of southwestern North America , making it the seventh largest on the continent . About 238,600 square miles ( 618,000 km ) , or 97 percent of the watershed , is in the United States . The river and its tributaries drain most of western Colorado and New Mexico , southwestern Wyoming , eastern and southern Utah , southeastern Nevada and California , and nearly all of Arizona . The areas drained within Baja California and Sonora are very small and do not contribute measurable runoff . Most of the basin is arid , defined by the Sonoran and Mojave deserts and the expanse of the Colorado Plateau , although significant expanses of forest are found in the Rocky Mountains ; the Kaibab , Aquarius , and Markagunt plateaus in southern Utah and northern Arizona ; the Mogollon Rim through central Arizona ; and other smaller mountain ranges and sky islands . Elevations range from sea level at the Gulf of California to 14,321 feet ( 4,365 m ) at the summit of Uncompahgre Peak in Colorado , with an average of 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) across the entire basin . Climate varies widely across the watershed . Mean monthly high temperatures are 25.3 ° C ( 77.5 ° F ) in the upper basin and 33.4 ° C ( 92.1 ° F ) in the lower basin , and lows average − 3.6 and 8.9 ° C ( 25.5 and 48.0 ° F ) , respectively . Annual precipitation averages 6.5 inches ( 164 mm ) , ranging from over 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) in some areas of the Rockies to just 0.6 inches ( 15 mm ) along the Mexican reach of the river . The upper basin generally receives snow and rain during the winter and early spring , while precipitation in the lower basin falls mainly during intense but infrequent summer thunderstorms brought on by the North American Monsoon . The river in western Colorado , with the California Zephyr running alongside As of 2010 , approximately 12.7 million people lived in the Colorado River basin . Phoenix in Arizona and Las Vegas in Nevada are the largest metropolitan areas in the watershed . Population densities are also high along the lower Colorado River below Davis Dam , which includes Bullhead City , Lake Havasu City , and Yuma . Other significant population centers in the basin include Tucson , Arizona ; St. George , Utah ; and Grand Junction , Colorado . Colorado River basin states are among the fastest - growing in the U.S. ; the population of Nevada alone increased by about 66 percent between 1990 and 2000 as Arizona grew by some 40 percent . The Colorado River basin shares drainage boundaries with many other major watersheds of North America . The Continental Divide of the Americas forms a large portion of the eastern boundary of the watershed , separating it from the basins of the Yellowstone River and the Platte River -- both tributaries of the Missouri River -- on the northeast , and from the headwaters of the Arkansas River on the east . Both the Missouri and Arkansas rivers are part of the Mississippi River system . Further south , the Colorado River basin borders on the Rio Grande drainage , which along with the Mississippi flows to the Gulf of Mexico , as well as a series of endorheic ( closed ) drainage basins in southwestern New Mexico and extreme southeastern Arizona . For a short stretch , the Colorado watershed meets the drainage basin of the Snake River , a tributary of the Columbia River , in the Wind River Range of western Wyoming . Southwest of there , the northern divide of the Colorado watershed skirts the edge of the Great Basin , bordering on the closed drainage basins of the Great Salt Lake and the Sevier River in central Utah , and other closed basins in southern Utah and Nevada . To the west in California , the Colorado River watershed borders on those of small closed basins in the Mojave Desert , the largest of which is the Salton Sea drainage north of the Colorado River Delta . On the south , the watersheds of the Sonoyta , Concepción , and Yaqui rivers , all of which drain to the Gulf of California , border that of the Colorado . Geology ( edit ) As recently as the Cretaceous period about 100 million years ago , much of western North America was still part of the Pacific Ocean . Tectonic forces from the collision of the Farallon Plate with the North American Plate pushed up the Rocky Mountains between 50 and 75 million years ago in a mountain - building episode known as the Laramide orogeny . The Colorado first formed as a west - flowing stream draining the southwestern portion of the range , and the uplift also diverted the Green River , once a tributary of the Mississippi River , west towards the Colorado . About 30 to 20 million years ago , volcanic activity related to the orogeny led to the Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare - up , which created smaller formations such as the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona and deposited massive amounts of volcanic ash and debris over the watershed . The Colorado Plateau first began to rise during the Eocene , between about 55 and 34 million years ago , but did not attain its present height until about 5 million years ago , about when the Colorado River established its present course into the Gulf of California . The time scale and sequence over which the river 's present course and the Grand Canyon were formed is uncertain . Before the Gulf of California was formed around 12 to 5 million years ago by faulting processes along the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates , the Colorado flowed west to an outlet on the Pacific Ocean -- possibly Monterey Bay on the Central California coast , and may have played a role in the formation of the Monterey submarine canyon . Crustal extension in the Basin and Range Province began about 20 million years ago and the modern Sierra Nevada began forming about 10 million years ago , eventually diverting the Colorado southwards towards the Gulf . As the Colorado Plateau continued to rise between 5 and 2.5 million years ago , the river maintained its ancestral course ( as an antecedent stream ) and began to cut the Grand Canyon . Antecedence played a major part in shaping other peculiar geographic features in the watershed , including the Dolores River 's bisection of Paradox Valley in Colorado and the Green River 's cut through the Uinta Mountains in Utah . Remnants of basalt flows from the Uinkaret volcanic field are seen here descending into the Grand Canyon , where they dammed the Colorado over 10 times in the past 2 million years . Sediments carried from the plateau by the Colorado River created a vast delta made of more than 10,000 cubic miles ( 42,000 km ) of material that walled off the northernmost part of the gulf in approximately 1 million years . Cut off from the ocean , the portion of the gulf north of the delta eventually evaporated and formed the Salton Sink , which reached about 260 feet ( 79 m ) below sea level . Since then the river has changed course into the Salton Sink at least three times , transforming it into Lake Cahuilla , which at maximum size flooded up the valley to present - day Indio , California . The lake took about 50 years to evaporate after the Colorado resumed flowing to the Gulf . The present - day Salton Sea can be considered the most recent incarnation of Lake Cahuilla , though on a much smaller scale . Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago , massive flows of basalt from the Uinkaret volcanic field in northern Arizona dammed the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon . At least 13 lava dams were formed , the largest of which was more than 2,300 feet ( 700 m ) high , backing the river up for nearly 500 miles ( 800 km ) to present - day Moab , Utah . The lack of associated sediment deposits along this stretch of the Colorado River , which would have accumulated in the impounded lakes over time , suggests that most of these dams did not survive for more than a few decades before collapsing or being washed away . Failure of the lava dams caused by erosion , leaks and cavitation caused catastrophic floods , which may have been some of the largest ever to occur in North America , rivaling the late - Pleistocene Missoula Floods of the northwestern United States . Mapping of flood deposits indicate that crests as high as 700 feet ( 210 m ) passed through the Grand Canyon , reaching peak discharges as great as 17 million cubic feet per second ( 480,000 m / s ) . History ( edit ) Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Navajo woman and child , photographed by Ansel Adams , c. 1944 Pueblos and cliff dwellings such as this one in New Mexico were inhabited by people of the Colorado River basin between 2,000 and 700 years ago . The first humans of the Colorado River basin were likely Paleo - Indians of the Clovis and Folsom cultures , who first arrived on the Colorado Plateau about 12,000 years ago . Very little human activity occurred in the watershed until the rise of the Desert Archaic Culture , which from 8,000 to 2,000 years ago constituted most of the region 's human population . These prehistoric inhabitants led a generally nomadic lifestyle , gathering plants and hunting small animals ( though some of the earliest peoples hunted larger mammals that became extinct in North America after the end of the Pleistocene epoch ) . Another notable early group was the Fremont culture , whose peoples inhabited the Colorado Plateau from 2,000 to 700 years ago . The Fremont were likely the first peoples of the Colorado River basin to domesticate crops and construct masonry dwellings ; they also left behind a large amount of rock art and petroglyphs , many of which have survived to the present day . Beginning in the early centuries A.D. , Colorado River basin peoples began to form large agriculture - based societies , some of which lasted hundreds of years and grew into well - organized civilizations encompassing tens of thousands of inhabitants . The Ancient Puebloan ( also known as Anasazi or Hisatsinom ) people of the Four Corners region were descended from the Desert Archaic culture . The Puebloan people developed a complex distribution system to supply drinking and irrigation water in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico . The Puebloans dominated the basin of the San Juan River , and the center of their civilization was in Chaco Canyon . In Chaco Canyon and the surrounding lands , they built more than 150 multi-story pueblos or `` great houses '' , the largest of which , Pueblo Bonito , is composed of more than 600 rooms . The Hohokam culture was present along the middle Gila River beginning around 1 A.D. Between 600 and 700 A.D. they began to employ irrigation on a large scale , and did so more prolifically than any other native group in the Colorado River basin . An extensive system of irrigation canals was constructed on the Gila and Salt rivers , with various estimates of a total length ranging from 180 to 300 miles ( 290 to 480 km ) and capable of irrigating 25,000 to 250,000 acres ( 10,000 to 101,000 ha ) . Both civilizations supported large populations at their height ; the Chaco Canyon Puebloans numbered between 6,000 and 15,000 and estimates for the Hohokam range between 30,000 and 200,000 . These sedentary peoples heavily exploited their surroundings , practicing logging and harvesting of other resources on a large scale . The construction of irrigation canals may have led to a significant change in the morphology of many waterways in the Colorado River basin . Prior to human contact , rivers such as the Gila , Salt and Chaco were shallow perennial streams with low , vegetated banks and large floodplains . In time , flash floods caused significant downcutting on irrigation canals , which in turn led to the entrenchment of the original streams into arroyos , making agriculture difficult . A variety of methods were employed to combat these problems , including the construction of large dams , but when a megadrought hit the region in the 14th century A.D. the ancient civilizations of the Colorado River basin abruptly collapsed . Some Puebloans migrated to the Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico and south - central Colorado , becoming the predecessors of the Hopi , Zuni , Laguna and Acoma people in western New Mexico . Many of the tribes that inhabited the Colorado River basin at the time of European contact were descended from Puebloan and Hohokam survivors , while others already had a long history of living in the region or migrated in from bordering lands . Native American names for the Colorado River Maricopa : ' Xakxwet Mohave : ' Aha Kwahwat Havasupai : Ha Ŧay Gʼam / Sil Gsvgov Yavapai : ʼHakhwata The Navajo were an Athabaskan people who migrated from the north into the Colorado River basin around 1025 A.D. They soon established themselves as the dominant Native American tribe in the Colorado River basin , and their territory stretched over parts of present - day Arizona , New Mexico , Utah and Colorado -- in the original homelands of the Puebloans . In fact , the Navajo acquired agricultural skills from the Puebloans before the collapse of the Pueblo civilization in the 14th century . A profusion of other tribes have made a continued , lasting presence along the Colorado River . The Mohave have lived along the rich bottomlands of the lower Colorado below Black Canyon since 1200 A.D. They were fishermen -- navigating the river on rafts made of reeds to catch Gila trout and Colorado pikeminnow -- and farmers , relying on the annual floods of the river rather than irrigation to water their crops . Ute peoples have inhabited the northern Colorado River basin , mainly in present - day Colorado , Wyoming and Utah , for at least 2,000 years , but did not become well established in the Four Corners area until 1500 A.D. The Apache , Cocopah , Halchidhoma , Havasupai , Hualapai , Maricopa , Pima , and Quechan are among many other groups that live along or had territories bordering on the Colorado River and its tributaries . Beginning in the 17th century , contact with Europeans brought significant changes to the lifestyles of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin . Missionaries sought to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity -- an effort sometimes successful , such as in Father Eusebio Francisco Kino 's 1694 encounter with the `` docile Pimas of the Gila Valley ( who ) readily accepted Father Kino and his Christian teachings '' . The Spanish introduced sheep and goats to the Navajo , who came to rely heavily on them for meat , milk and wool . By the mid-16th century , the Utes , having acquired horses from the Spanish , introduced them to the Colorado River basin . The use of horses spread through the basin via trade between the various tribes and greatly facilitated hunting , communications and travel for indigenous peoples . More warlike groups such as the Utes and Navajos often used horses to their advantage in raids against tribes that were slower to adopt them , such as the Goshutes and Southern Paiutes . Two Mohave warriors beside the Colorado River in 1871 The gradual influx of European and American explorers , fortune seekers and settlers into the region eventually led to conflicts that forced many Native Americans off their traditional lands . After the acquisition of the Colorado River basin from Mexico in the Mexican -- American War in 1846 , U.S. military forces commanded by Kit Carson forced more than 8,000 Navajo men , women and children from their homes after a series of unsuccessful attempts to confine their territory , many of which were met with violent resistance . In what is now known as the Long Walk of the Navajo , the captives were marched from Arizona to Fort Sumner in New Mexico , and many died along the route . Four years later , the Navajo signed a treaty that moved them onto a reservation in the Four Corners region that is now known as the Navajo Nation . It is the largest Native American reservation in the United States , encompassing 27,000 square miles ( 70,000 km ) with a population of over 180,000 as of 2000 . The Mohave were expelled from their territory after a series of minor skirmishes and raids on wagon trains passing through the area in the late 1850s , culminating in an 1859 battle with American forces that concluded the Mohave War . In 1870 , the Mohave were relocated to a reservation at Fort Mojave , which spans the borders of Arizona , California and Nevada . Some Mohave were also moved to the 432 - square - mile ( 1,120 km ) Colorado River Indian Reservation on the Arizona -- California border , originally established for the Mohave and Chemehuevi people in 1865 . In the 1940s , some Hopi and Navajo people were also relocated to this reservation . The four tribes now form a geopolitical body known as the Colorado River Indian Tribes . Water rights of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin were largely ignored during the extensive water resources development carried out on the river and its tributaries in the 19th and 20th centuries . The construction of dams has often had negative impacts on tribal peoples , such as the Chemehuevi when their riverside lands were flooded after the completion of Parker Dam in 1938 . Ten Native American tribes in the basin now hold or continue to claim water rights to the Colorado River . The U.S. government has taken some actions to help quantify and develop the water resources of Native American reservations . The first federally funded irrigation project in the U.S. was the construction of an irrigation canal on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in 1867 . Other water projects include the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project , authorized in 1962 for the irrigation of lands in part of the Navajo Nation in north - central New Mexico . The Navajo continue to seek expansion of their water rights because of difficulties with the water supply on their reservation ; about 40 percent of its inhabitants must haul water by truck many miles to their homes . In the 21st century , they have filed legal claims against the governments of Arizona , New Mexico and Utah for increased water rights . Some of these claims have been successful for the Navajo , such as a 2004 settlement in which they received a 326,000 - acre - foot ( 402,000 ML ) allotment from New Mexico . Early explorers ( edit ) During the 16th century , the Spanish began to explore and colonize western North America . An early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold , or `` Cibola '' , rumored to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest . According to a United States Geological Survey publication , it is likely that Francisco de Ulloa was the first European to see the Colorado River when in 1536 he sailed to the head of the Gulf of California . Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 's 1540 -- 1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold , but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west , he sent García López de Cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it . With the guidance of Hopi Indians , Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon . Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon , assuming the width of the Colorado River at 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) and estimating 300 - foot ( 91 m ) - tall rock formations to be the size of a man . After failing at an attempt to descend to the river , they left the area , defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather . Coronado Sets Out To The North , by Frederic Remington , c. 1905 In 1540 , Hernando de Alarcón and his fleet reached the mouth of the river , intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado 's expedition . Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present - day California -- Arizona border . Coronado never reached the Gulf of California , and Alarcón eventually gave up and left . Melchior Díaz reached the delta in the same year , intending to establish contact with Alarcón , but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz 's arrival . Díaz named the Colorado River Rio del Tizon ( `` Firebrand River '' ) after seeing a practice used by the local natives for warming themselves . The name Tizon lasted for the next 200 years , while the name Rio Colorado ( `` Red River '' ) was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River , possibly the Verde River , circa 1720 . The first known map to label the main stem as the Colorado was drawn by French cartographer Jacques - Nicolas Bellin in 1743 . During the 18th and early 19th centuries , many Americans and Spanish believed in the existence of the Buenaventura River , purported to run from the Rocky Mountains in Utah or Colorado to the Pacific Ocean . The name Buenaventura was given to the Green River by Silvestre Vélez de Escalante as early as 1776 , but Escalante did not know that the Green drained to the Colorado . Many later maps showed the headwaters of the Green and Colorado rivers connecting with the Sevier River ( Rio San Ysabel ) and Utah Lake ( Lake Timpanogos ) before flowing west through the Sierra Nevada into California . Mountain man Jedediah Smith reached the lower Colorado by way of the Virgin River canyon in 1826 . Smith called the Colorado the `` Seedskeedee '' , as the Green River in Wyoming was known to fur trappers , correctly believing it to be a continuation of the Green and not a separate river as others believed under the Buenaventura myth . John C. Frémont 's 1843 Great Basin expedition proved that no river traversed the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada , officially debunking the Buenaventura myth . Exploration and navigation below Fort Yuma , 1850 -- 54 ( edit ) Between 1850 and 1854 the U.S. Army explored the lower reach of the Colorado River from the Gulf of California , looking for the river to provide a less expensive route to supply the remote post of Fort Yuma . First in November 1850 to January 1851 , by its transport schooner , Invincible under Captain Alfred H. Wilcox and then by its longboat commanded by Lieutenant George Derby . Later Lieutenant Derby , in his expedition report , recommended that a shallow draft sternwheel steamboat would be the way to send supplies up river to the fort . The next contractors George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Benjamin M. Hartshorne , brought two barges and 250 tons of supplies arriving at the river 's mouth in February 1852 , on the United States transport schooner Sierra Nevada under Captain Wilcox . Poling the barges up the Colorado , the first barge sank with its cargo a total loss . The second was finally , after a long struggle poled up to Fort Yuma , but what little it carried was soon consumed by the garrison . Subsequently , wagons again were sent from the fort to haul the balance of the supplies overland from the estuary through the marshes and woodlands of the Delta . At last Derby 's recommendation was heeded and in November 1852 , the Uncle Sam , a 65 - foot long side - wheel paddle steamer , built by Domingo Marcucci , became the first steamboat on the Colorado River . It was brought by the schooner Capacity from San Francisco to the delta by the next contractor to supply the fort , Captain James Turnbull . It was assembled and launched in the estuary , 30 miles above the mouth of the Colorado River . Equipped with only a 20 - horsepower engine , the Uncle Sam could only carry 35 tons of supplies , taking 15 days to make the first 120 - mile trip . It made many trips up and down the river , taking four months to finish carrying the supplies for the fort , improving its time up river to 12 days . Negligence caused it to sink at its dock below Fort Yuma , and was then washed away before it could be raised , in the spring flood of 1853 . Turnbull in financial difficulty , disappeared . Nevertheless , he had shown the worth of steamboats to solve Fort Yuma 's supply problem . George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Hartshorne and a new partner Captain Alfred H. Wilcox ( formerly of the Invincible and Sierra Nevada ) , formed George A. Johnson & Company and obtained the next contract to supply the fort . Johnson and his partners , all having learned lessons from their failed attempts ascending the Colorado and with the example of the Uncle Sam , brought the parts of a more powerful side - wheel steamboat , the General Jesup , with them to the mouth of the Colorado from San Francisco . There it was reassembled at a landing in the upper tidewater of the river and reached Fort Yuma , January 18 , 1854 . This new boat , capable of carrying 50 tons of cargo , was very successful making round trips from the estuary to the fort in only four or five days . Costs were cut from $200 to $75 per ton . Exploration and navigation above Fort Yuma , 1851 -- 1887 ( edit ) Lithograph of Fort Yuma , c. 1875 Lorenzo Sitgreaves led the first Corps of Topographical Engineers mission across northern Arizona to the Colorado River ( near modern Bullhead City , Arizona ) , and down its east bank to the river crossings of the Southern Immigrant Trail at Fort Yuma in 1851 . The second Corps of Topographical Engineers expedition passed along and crossed the Colorado was the 1853 - 1854 Pacific Railroad Survey expedition along the 35th parallel north from Oklahoma to Los Angeles , led by Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple . George A. Johnson was instrumental in getting the support for Congressional funding a military expedition up the river . With those funds Johnson expected to provide the transportation for the expedition but was angry and disappointed when the commander of the expedition Lt. Joseph Christmas Ives rejected his offer of one of his steamboats . Before Ives could finish reassembling his steamer in the delta , George A. Johnson set off from Fort Yuma on December 31 , 1857 , conducting his own exploration of the river above the fort in his steamboat General Jesup . He ascended the river in twenty one days as far as the first rapids in Pyramid Canyon , over 300 miles ( 480 km ) above Fort Yuma and 8 miles ( 13 km ) above the modern site of Davis Dam . Running low on food he turned back . He as he returned he encountered Lieutenant Ives , Whipple 's assistant , who was leading an expedition to explore the feasibility of using the Colorado River as a navigation route in the Southwest . Ives and his men used a specially built steamboat , the shallow - draft U.S.S. Explorer , and traveled up the river as far as Black Canyon . He then took a small boat up beyond the canyon to Fortification Rock and Las Vegas Wash . After experiencing numerous groundings and accidents and having been inhibited by low water in the river , Ives declared : `` Ours has been the first , and will doubtless be the last , party of whites to visit this profitless locality . It seems intended by nature that the Colorado River , along the greater portion of its lonely and majestic way , shall be forever unvisited and undisturbed . '' Until 1866 , El Dorado Canyon was the actual head of navigation on the Colorado River . In that year Captain Robert T. Rogers , commanding the steamer Esmeralda with a barge and ninety tons of freight , reached Callville , Nevada , on October 8 , 1866 . Callville remained the head of navigation on the river until July 7 , 1879 , when Captain J.A. Mellon in the Gila left El Dorado Canyon landing , steamed up through the rapids in Black Canyon , making record time to Callville and tied up overnight . Next morning he to steamed up through the rapids in Boulder Canyon to reach the mouth of the Virgin River at Rioville July 8 , 1879 . From 1879 to 1887 , Rioville , Nevada was the high water Head of Navigation for the steamboats and the mining company sloop Sou'Wester that carried the salt needed for the reduction of silver ore from there to the mills at El Dorado Canyon . Powell 's expeditions , 1869 -- 1871 ( edit ) Up until the mid-19th century , long stretches of the Colorado and Green rivers between Wyoming and Nevada remained largely unexplored due to their remote location and dangers of navigation . Because of the dramatic drop in elevation of the two rivers , there were rumors of huge waterfalls and violent rapids , and Native American tales strengthened their credibility . In 1869 , one - armed Civil War veteran John Wesley Powell led an expedition from Green River Station in Wyoming , aiming to run the two rivers all the way down to St. Thomas , Nevada , near present - day Hoover Dam. Powell and nine men -- none of whom had prior whitewater experience -- set out in May . After braving the rapids of the Gates of Lodore , Cataract Canyon and other gorges along the Colorado , the party arrived at the mouth of the Little Colorado River , where Powell noted down arguably the most famous words ever written about the Grand Canyon of the Colorado : Marble Canyon , one of the many gorges that Powell 's expedition traversed We are now ready to start on our way down the Great Unknown . Our boats , tied to a common stake , are chafing each other , as they are tossed by the fretful river . They ride high and buoyant , for their loads are lighter than we could desire . We have but a month 's rations remaining . The flour has been re-sifted through the mosquito net sieve ; the spoiled bacon has been dried , and the worst of it boiled ; the few pounds of dried apples have been spread in the sun , and re-shrunken to their normal bulk ; the sugar has all melted , and gone on its way down the river ; but we have a large sack of coffee . The lighting of the boats has this advantage : they will ride the waves better , and we shall have little to carry when we make a portage . We are three - quarters of a mile in the depths of the earth , and the great river shrinks into insignificance , as it dashes its angry waves against the walls and cliffs , that rise to the world above ; they are but puny ripples , and we but pigmies , running up and down the sands , or lost among the boulders . We have an unknown distance yet to run ; an unknown river yet to explore . What falls there are , we know not ; what rocks beset the channel , we know not ; what walls rise over the river , we know not ; Ah , well ! we may conjecture many things . The men talk as cheerfully as ever ; jests are bandied about freely this morning ; but to me the cheer is somber and the jests are ghastly . -- John Wesley Powell 's journal , August 1869 On August 28 , 1869 , three men deserted the expedition , convinced that they could not possibly survive the trip through the Grand Canyon . They were killed by Native Americans after making it to the rim of the canyon ; two days later , the expedition ran the last of the Grand Canyon rapids and reached St. Thomas . Powell led a second expedition in 1871 , this time with financial backing from the U.S. government . The explorers named many features along the Colorado and Green rivers , including Glen Canyon , the Dirty Devil River , Flaming Gorge , and the Gates of Lodore . In what is perhaps a twist of irony , modern - day Lake Powell , which floods Glen Canyon , is also named for their leader . American settlement ( edit ) The steamboat Mohave No. 2 at Yuma , c. 1876 Starting in the latter half of the 19th century , the lower Colorado below Black Canyon became an important waterway for steamboat commerce . In 1852 , the Uncle Sam was launched to provide supplies to the U.S. Army outpost at Fort Yuma . Although this vessel accidentally foundered and sank early in its career , commercial traffic quickly proliferated because river transport was much cheaper than hauling freight over land . Navigation on the Colorado River was dangerous because of the shallow channel and flow variations , so the first sternwheeler on the river , the Colorado of 1855 , was designed to carry 60 short tons ( 54 t ) while drawing less than 2 feet ( 0.6 m ) of water . The tidal bore of the lower Colorado also presented a major hazard ; in 1922 , a 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) - high wave swamped a ship bound for Yuma , killing between 86 and 130 people . Steamboats quickly became the principal source of communication and trade along the river until competition from railroads began in the 1870s , and finally the construction of dams along the lower river in 1909 , none of which had locks to allow the passage of ships . During the Manifest Destiny era of the mid-19th century , American pioneers settled many western states but generally avoided the Colorado River basin until the 1850s . Under Brigham Young 's grand vision for a `` vast empire in the desert '' , ( the State of Deseret ) Mormon settlers were among the first whites to establish a permanent presence in the watershed , Fort Clara or Fort Santa Clara , in the winter of 1855 - 1856 along the Santa Clara River , tributary of the Virgin River . In the lower Colorado mining was the primary spur to economic development , copper mining in southwestern New Mexico Territory the 1850s then the Mohave War and a gold rush on the Gila River in 1859 , the El Dorado Canyon Rush in 1860 and Colorado River Gold Rush in 1862 . In 1860 , anticipating the American Civil War , the Mormons established a number of settlements to grow cotton along the Virgin River in Washington County , Utah . From 1863 to 1865 , Mormon colonists founded St. Thomas and other colonies on the Muddy and Virgin rivers in northwestern Arizona Territory , ( now Clark County , Nevada ) . Stone 's Ferry was established by these colonists on the Colorado at the mouth of the Virgin River to carry their produce on a wagon road to the mining districts of Mohave County , Arizona to the south . Also , in 1866 , a steamboat landing was established at Callville , intended as an outlet to the Pacific Ocean via the Colorado River , for Mormon settlements in the Great Basin . These settlements reached a peak population of about 600 before being abandoned in 1871 , and for nearly a decade these valleys became a haven for outlaws and cattle rustlers . One Mormon settler Daniel Bonelli , remained , operating the ferry and began mining salt in nearby mines , bring it in barges , down river to El Dorado Canyon where it was used to process silver ore . From 1879 to 1887 , Colorado Steam Navigation Company steamboats carried the salt , operating up river in the high spring flood waters , through Boulder Canyon , to the landing at Rioville at the mouth of the Virgin River . From 1879 to 1882 the Southwestern Mining Company , largest in El Dorado Canyon , brought in a 56 - foot sloop the Sou'Wester that sailed up and down river carrying the salt in the low water time of year until it was wrecked in the Quick and Dirty Rapids of Black Canyon . John D. Lee , date and photographer unknown . He established a permanent ferry across the Colorado . Mormons founded settlements along the Duchesne River Valley in the 1870s , and populated the Little Colorado River valley later in the century , settling in towns such as St. Johns , Arizona . They also established settlements along the Gila River in central Arizona beginning in 1871 . These early settlers were impressed by the extensive ruins of the Hohokam civilization that previously occupied the Gila River valley , and are said to have `` envisioned their new agricultural civilization rising as the mythical phoenix bird from the ashes of Hohokam society '' . The Mormons were the first whites to develop the water resources of the basin on a large scale , and built complex networks of dams and canals to irrigate wheat , oats and barley in addition to establishing extensive sheep and cattle ranches . One of the main reasons the Mormons were able to colonize Arizona was the existence of Jacob Hamblin 's ferry across the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry ( then known as Pahreah Crossing ) , which began running in March 1864 . This location was the only section of river for hundreds of miles in both directions where the canyon walls dropped away , allowing for the development of a transport route . John Doyle Lee established a more permanent ferry system at the site in 1870 . One reason Lee chose to run the ferry was to flee from Mormon leaders who held him responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre , in which 120 emigrants in a wagon train were killed by a local militia disguised as Native Americans . Even though it was located along a major travel route , Lee 's Ferry was very isolated , and there Lee and his family established the aptly named Lonely Dell Ranch . In 1928 , the ferry sank , resulting in the deaths of three men . Later that year , the Navajo Bridge was completed at a point 5 miles ( 8 km ) downstream , rendering the ferry obsolete . Gold strikes from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries played a major role in attracting settlers to the upper Colorado River basin . In 1859 , a group of adventurers from Georgia discovered gold along the Blue River in Colorado and established the mining boomtown of Breckenridge . During 1875 , even bigger strikes were made along the Uncompahgre and San Miguel rivers , also in Colorado , and these led to the creation of Ouray and Telluride , respectively . Because most gold deposits along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries occur in lode deposits , extensive mining systems and heavy machinery were required to extract them . Mining remains a substantial contributor to the economy of the upper basin and has led to acid mine drainage problems in some regional streams and rivers . Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy ( edit ) Prior to 1921 , the upper Colorado River above the confluence with the Green River in Utah had assumed various names . Fathers Dominguez and Escalante named it Rio San Rafael in 1776 . Through the mid-1800s , the river between Green River and the Gunnison River was most commonly known as the Grand River . The river above the junction with the Gunnison River , however , was known variously as the Bunkara River , the North Fork of the Grand River , the Blue River , and the Grand River . The latter name did not become consistently applied until the 1870s . In 1921 , U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor of Colorado petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River . Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an `` abomination '' . On July 25 , the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over the objections of representatives from Wyoming , Utah , and the USGS , which noted that the Green River was much longer and had a larger drainage basin above its confluence with the Grand River , although the Grand contributed a greater flow of water . Engineering and development ( edit ) Glen Canyon Dam ( right ) forms Lake Powell , the second - largest reservoir on the Colorado River with a capacity of more than 24.3 million acre feet ( 3.00 × 10 m ) . The Colorado River is the sole source of water for the Imperial Valley in southern California , one of the most productive agricultural regions in the U.S. The Colorado River flowing into Lake Mead See also : International Boundary and Water Commission , Dams in the Colorado River system , and Colorado River Compact Today , between 36 and 40 million people depend on the Colorado River 's water for agricultural , industrial and domestic needs . Southern Nevada Water Authority called the Colorado River one of the `` most controlled , controversial and litigated rivers in the world '' . Over 29 major dams and hundreds of miles of canals serve to supply thirsty cities , provide irrigation water to some 4 million acres ( 1.6 million hectares ) , and meet peaking power demands in the Southwest , generating more than 12 billion kWh of hydroelectricity each year . Often called `` America 's Nile '' , the Colorado is so carefully managed -- with basin reservoirs capable of holding four times the river 's annual flow -- that each drop of its water is used an average of 17 times in a single year . One of the earliest water projects in the Colorado River basin was the Grand Ditch , a 16 - mile ( 26 km ) diversion canal that sends water from the Never Summer Mountains , which would naturally have drained into the headwaters of the Colorado River , to bolster supplies in Colorado 's Front Range Urban Corridor . Constructed primarily by Japanese and Mexican laborers , the ditch was considered an engineering marvel when completed in 1890 , delivering 17,700 acre feet ( 21,800 ML ) across the Continental Divide each year . Because roughly 75 percent of Colorado 's precipitation falls west of the Rocky Mountains while 80 percent of the population lives east of the range , more of these interbasin water transfers , locally known as transmountain diversions , followed . While first envisioned in the late 19th century , construction on the Colorado - Big Thompson Project ( C - BT ) did not begin until the 1930s . The C - BT now delivers more than 11 times the Grand Ditch 's flow from the Colorado River watershed to cities along the Front Range . Meanwhile , large - scale development was also beginning on the opposite end of the Colorado River . In 1900 , entrepreneurs of the California Development Company ( CDC ) looked to the Imperial Valley of southern California as an excellent location to develop agriculture irrigated by the waters of the river . Engineer George Chaffey was hired to design the Alamo Canal , which split off from the Colorado River near Pilot Knob , curved south into Mexico , and dumped into the Alamo River , a dry arroyo which had historically carried flood flows of the Colorado into the Salton Sink . With a stable year - round flow in the Alamo River , irrigators in the Imperial Valley were able to begin large - scale farming , and small towns in the region started to expand with the influx of job - seeking migrants . By 1903 , more than 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ) in the valley were under cultivation , supporting a growing population of 4,000 . It was not long before the Colorado River began to wreak havoc with its erratic flows . In autumn , the river would drop below the level of the canal inlet , and temporary brush diversion dams had to be constructed . In early 1905 , heavy floods destroyed the headworks of the canal , and water began to flow uncontrolled down the canal towards the Salton Sink . On August 9 , the entire flow of the Colorado swerved into the canal and began to flood the bottom of the Imperial Valley . In a desperate gamble to close the breach , crews of the Southern Pacific Railroad , whose tracks ran through the valley , attempted to dam the Colorado above the canal , only to see their work demolished by a flash flood . It took seven attempts , more than $3 million , and two years for the railroad , the CDC , and the federal government to permanently block the breach and send the Colorado on its natural course to the gulf -- but not before part of the Imperial Valley was flooded under a 45 - mile - long ( 72 km ) lake , today 's Salton Sea . After the immediate flooding threat passed , it was realized that a more permanent solution would be needed to rein in the Colorado . Lower basin development , 1930s -- 50s ( edit ) In 1922 , six U.S. states in the Colorado River basin signed the Colorado River Compact , which divided half of the river 's flow to both the Upper Basin ( the drainage area above Lee 's Ferry , comprising parts of Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming and a small portion of Arizona ) and the Lower Basin ( Arizona , California , Nevada , and parts of New Mexico and Utah ) . Each was given rights to 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 km ) of water per year , a figure believed to represent half of the river 's minimum flow at Lee 's Ferry . This was followed by a U.S. -- Mexico treaty in 1944 , allocating 1.5 million acre feet ( 1.9 km ) of Colorado River water to the latter country per annum . Arizona refused to ratify the Colorado River Compact in 1922 because it feared that California would take too much of the lower basin allotment ; in 1944 a compromise was reached in which Arizona would get a firm allocation of 2.8 million acre feet ( 3.5 km ) , but only if California 's 4.4 - million - acre - foot ( 5.4 km ) allocation was prioritized during drought years . These and nine other decisions , compacts , federal acts and agreements made between 1922 and 1973 form what is now known as the Law of the River . Hoover Dam releasing water in 1998 On September 30 , 1935 , the United States Bureau of Reclamation ( USBR ) completed Hoover Dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River . Behind the dam rose Lake Mead , the largest artificial lake in the U.S. , capable of holding more than two years of the Colorado 's flow . The construction of Hoover was a major step towards stabilizing the lower channel of the Colorado River , storing water for irrigation in times of drought , and providing much - needed flood control as part of a program known as the Boulder Canyon Project . Hoover was the tallest dam in the world at the time of construction and also had the world 's largest hydroelectric power plant . Flow regulation from Hoover Dam opened the doors for rapid development on the lower Colorado River ; Imperial and Parker dams followed in 1938 , and Davis Dam was completed in 1950 . Completed in 1938 some 20 miles ( 32 km ) above Yuma , Imperial Dam diverts nearly all of the Colorado 's flow into two irrigation canals . The All - American Canal , built as a permanent replacement for the Alamo Canal , is so named because it lies completely within the U.S. , unlike its ill -- fated predecessor . With a capacity of over 26,000 cubic feet per second ( 740 m / s ) , the All - American is the largest irrigation canal in the world , supplying water to 500,000 acres ( 2,000 km ) of California 's Imperial Valley . Because the valley 's warm and sunny climate lends to a year - round growing season in addition to the large water supply furnished by the Colorado , the Imperial Valley is now one of the most productive agricultural regions in North America . In 1957 , the USBR completed a second canal , the Gila Gravity Main Canal , to irrigate about 110,000 acres ( 450 km ) in southwestern Arizona with Colorado River water as part of the Gila Project . Colorado River water allocations Amount ( MAF ) Share United States 15.0 90.9 % CA 4.4 26.7 % CO 3.88 23.5 % AZ 2.8 17.0 % UT 1.72 10.4 % WY 1.05 6.4 % NM 0.84 5.1 % NV 0.3 1.8 % Mexico 1.5 9.1 % Total 16.5 100 % The Lower Basin states also sought to develop the Colorado for municipal supplies . Central Arizona initially relied on the Gila River and its tributaries through projects such as the Theodore Roosevelt and Coolidge Dams -- completed in 1911 and 1928 , respectively . Roosevelt was the first large dam constructed by the USBR and provided the water needed to start large - scale agricultural and urban development in the region . The Colorado River Aqueduct , which delivers water nearly 250 miles ( 400 km ) from near Parker Dam to 10 million people in the Los Angeles metropolitan area , was completed in 1941 . The San Diego Aqueduct branch , whose initial phase was complete by 1947 , furnishes water to nearly 3 million people in San Diego and its suburbs . The Las Vegas Valley of Nevada experienced rapid growth in part due to Hoover Dam construction , and Las Vegas had tapped a pipeline into Lake Mead by 1937 . Nevada officials , believing that groundwater resources in the southern part of the state were sufficient for future growth , were more concerned with securing a large amount of the dam 's power supply than water from the Colorado ; thus they settled for the smallest allocation of all the states in the Colorado River Compact . Upper basin development , 1950s -- 1970s ( edit ) Through the early decades of the 20th century , the Upper Basin states , with the exception of Colorado , remained relatively undeveloped and used little of the water allowed to them under the Colorado River Compact . Water use had increased significantly by the 1950s , and more water was being diverted out of the Colorado River basin to the Front Range corridor , the Salt Lake City area in Utah , and the Rio Grande basin in New Mexico . Such projects included the Roberts Tunnel , completed in 1956 , which diverts 63,000 acre feet ( 78,000 ML ) per year from the Blue River to the city of Denver , and the Fryingpan - Arkansas Project , which delivers 69,200 acre feet ( 85,400 ML ) from the Fryingpan River to the Arkansas River basin each year . Without the addition of surface water storage in the upper basin , there was no guarantee that the upper basin states would be able to use the full amount of water given to them by the compact . There was also the concern that drought could impair the upper basin 's ability to deliver the required 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 × 10 m ) past Lee 's Ferry per year as stipulated by the compact . A 1956 act of Congress cleared the way for the USBR 's Colorado River Storage Project ( CRSP ) , which entailed the construction of large dams on the Colorado , Green , Gunnison and San Juan Rivers . The initial blueprints for the CRSP included two dams on the Green River within Dinosaur National Monument 's Echo Park Canyon , a move criticized by both the U.S. National Park Service and environmentalist groups such as the Sierra Club . Controversy reached a nationwide scale , and the USBR dropped its plans for the Dinosaur dams in exchange for a dam at Flaming Gorge and a raise to an already - proposed dam at Glen Canyon . The famed opposition to Glen Canyon Dam , the primary feature of the CRSP , did not build momentum until construction was well underway . This was primarily because of Glen Canyon 's remote location and the result that most of the American public did not even know of the existence of the impressive gorge ; the few who did contended that it had much greater scenic value than Echo Park . Sierra Club leader David Brower fought the dam both during the construction and for many years afterwards until his death in 2000 . Brower strongly believed that he was personally responsible for the failure to prevent Glen Canyon 's flooding , calling it his `` greatest mistake , greatest sin '' . Pacific Southwest water Plan ( edit ) Agricultural and urban growth in Arizona eventually outstripped the capacity of local rivers ; these concerns were reflected in the creation of a Pacific Southwest Water Plan in the 1950s , which aimed to build a project that would permit Arizona to fully utilize its 2.8 - million - acre - foot ( 3.5 km ) allotment of the river . The Pacific Southwest Water Plan was the first major proposal to divert water to the Colorado Basin from other river basins -- namely , from the wetter northwestern United States . It was intended to boost supplies for the Lower Basin states of Arizona , California and Nevada as well as Mexico , thus allowing the Upper Basin states to retain native Colorado River flows for their own use . Although there was still a surplus of water in the Colorado Basin during the mid-20th century , the Bureau of Reclamation predicted , correctly , that eventually population growth would outstrip the available supply and require the transfer of water from other sources . The original version of the plan proposed to divert water from the Trinity River in northern California to reduce Southern California 's dependence on the Colorado , allowing more water to be pumped , by exchange , to central Arizona . Because of the large amount of power that would be required to pump Colorado River water to Arizona , the CAP originally included provisions for hydroelectric dams at Bridge Canyon and Marble Canyon , which would have flooded large portions of the Colorado within the Grand Canyon and dewatered much of the remainder . When these plans were publicized , the environmental movement -- still reeling from the Glen Canyon controversy -- successfully lobbied against the project . As a result , the Grand Canyon dams were removed from the CAP agenda , the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park were extended to preclude any further development in the area , and the pumping power was replaced by the building of the coal - fired Navajo Generating Station near Page , Arizona , in 1976 . The resulting Central Arizona Project ( CAP ) irrigates more than 830,000 acres ( 3,400 km ) and provides municipal supplies to over 5 million people from Phoenix to Tucson using water from the Colorado River . Environmental Impacts ( edit ) The Colorado was named for the reddish color caused by its natural sediment loads , but damming the river has caused it to acquire a clear green hue as seen here in lower Glen Canyon . Historically , the Colorado transported from 85 to 100 million short tons ( 77,000,000 to 91,000,000 t ) of sediment or silt to the Gulf of California each year -- second only to the Mississippi among North American rivers . This sediment nourished wetlands and riparian areas along the river 's lower course , particularly in its 3,000 - square - mile ( 7,800 km ) delta , once the largest desert estuary on the continent . Currently , the majority of sediments carried by the Colorado River are deposited at the upper end of Lake Powell , and most of the remainder ends up in Lake Mead . Various estimates place the time it would take for Powell to completely fill with silt at 300 to 700 years . Dams trapping sediment not only pose damage to river habitat but also threaten future operations of the Colorado River reservoir system . Reduction in flow caused by dams , diversions , water for thermoelectric power stations , and evaporation losses from reservoirs -- the latter of which consumes more than 15 percent of the river 's natural runoff -- has had severe ecological consequences in the Colorado River Delta and the Gulf of California . Historically , the delta with its large freshwater outflow and extensive salt marshes provided an important breeding ground for aquatic species in the Gulf . Today 's desiccated delta , at only a fraction of its former size , no longer provides suitable habitat , and populations of fish , shrimp and sea mammals in the gulf have seen a dramatic decline . Since 1963 , the only times when the Colorado River has reached the ocean have been during El Niño events in the 1980s and 1990s . Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality . Salinity is one of the major issues and also leads to the corrosion of pipelines in agricultural and urban areas . The lower Colorado 's salt content was about 50 parts per million ( ppm ) in its natural state , but by the 1960s , it had increased to well over 2000 ppm . By the early 1970s , there was also serious concern about salinity caused by salts leached from local soils by irrigation drainage water , which were estimated to add 10 million short tons ( 9,100,000 t ) of excess salt to the river per year . The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act was passed in 1974 , mandating conservation practices including the reduction of saline drainage . The program reduced the annual load by about 1.2 million short tons ( 1,100,000 t ) , but salinity remains an ongoing issue . In 1997 , the USBR estimated that saline irrigation water caused crop damages exceeding $500 million in the U.S. and $100 million in Mexico . Further efforts have been made to combat the salt issue in the lower Colorado , including the construction of a desalination plant at Yuma . In 2011 , the seven U.S. states agreed upon a `` Plan of Implementation '' , which aims to reduce salinity by 644,000 short tons ( 584,000 t ) per year by 2030 . In 2013 , the Bureau of Reclamation estimated that around $32 million was spent each year to prevent around 1.2 million tons of salt from entering and damaging the Colorado River . Agricultural runoff containing pesticide residues has also been concentrated in the lower river in greater amounts . Toxins derived from pesticides have led to fish kills ; six of these events were recorded between 1964 and 1968 alone . The pesticide issue is even greater in streams and water bodies near agricultural lands irrigated by the Imperial Irrigation District with Colorado River water . In the Imperial Valley , Colorado River water used for irrigation overflows into the New and Alamo rivers and into the Salton Sea . Both rivers and the sea are among the most polluted bodies of water in the United States , posing dangers not only to aquatic life but to contact by humans and migrating birds . Pollution from agricultural runoff is not limited to the lower river ; the issue is also significant in upstream reaches such as Colorado 's Grand Valley , also a major center of irrigated agriculture . Large dams such as Hoover and Glen Canyon typically release water from lower levels of their reservoirs , resulting in stable and relatively cold year - round temperatures in long reaches of the river . The Colorado 's average temperature once ranged from 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) at the height of summer to near freezing in winter , but modern flows through the Grand Canyon , for example , rarely deviate significantly from 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) . Changes in temperature regime have caused declines of native fish populations , and stable flows have enabled increased vegetation growth , obstructing riverside habitat . These flow patterns have also made the Colorado more dangerous to recreational boaters ; people are more likely to die of hypothermia in the colder water , and the general lack of flooding allows rockslides to build up , making the river more difficult to navigate . Minute 319 ( edit ) In the 21st century , there has been renewed interest in restoring a limited water flow to the delta . In November 2012 , the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement , known as Minute 319 , permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years , thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used . In addition to renovating irrigation canals in the Mexicali Valley to reduce leakage , this will make about 45,000 acre feet ( 56,000,000 m ) per year available for release to the delta on average . The water will be used to provide both an annual base flow and a spring `` pulse flow '' to mimic the river 's original snowmelt - driven regime . The first pulse flow , an eight - week release of 105,000 acre feet ( 130,000,000 m ) , was initiated on March 21 , 2014 , with the aim of revitalising 2,350 acres ( 950 hectares ) of wetland . This pulse reached the sea on May 16 , 2014 , marking the first time in 16 years that any water from the Colorado flowed into the ocean , and was hailed as `` an experiment of historic political and ecological significance '' and a landmark in U.S. -- Mexican cooperation in conservation . The pulse will be followed by the steady release of 52,000 acre feet ( 64,000,000 m ) over the following three years , just a small fraction of its average flow before damming . Uncertain Future ( edit ) `` ( The Colorado is ) a ' deficit ' river , as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse . '' -- Marc Reisner , in Cadillac Desert When the Colorado River Compact was drafted in the 1920s , it was based on barely 30 years of streamflow records that suggested an average annual flow of 17.5 million acre feet ( 21.6 km ) past Lee 's Ferry . Modern studies of tree rings revealed that those three decades were probably the wettest in the past 500 to 1,200 years and that the natural long - term annual flow past Lee 's Ferry is probably closer to 13.5 million acre feet ( 16.7 km ) , as compared to the natural flow at the mouth of 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) . This has resulted in more water being allocated to river users than actually flows through the Colorado . Droughts have exacerbated the issue of water over-allocation , including the Texas drought of the 1950s , which saw several consecutive years of notably low water and has often been used in planning for `` a worst - case scenario '' . Lake Mead in 2010 , showing the `` bathtub ring '' left behind by low water levels The most severe drought on record began in the early 21st century , in which the river basin produced normal or above - average runoff in only four years between 2000 and 2012 . Major reservoirs in the basin dropped to historic lows , with Lake Powell falling to just one - third of capacity in early 2005 , the lowest level on record since 1969 , when the reservoir was still in the process of filling . The watershed is experiencing a warming trend , which is accompanied by earlier snowmelt and a general reduction in precipitation . A 2004 study showed that a 1 -- 6 percent decrease of precipitation would lead to runoff declining by as much as 18 percent by 2050 . Average reservoir storage declined by at least 32 percent , further crippling the region 's water supply and hydropower generation . A study by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2008 predicted that both Lake Mead and Lake Powell stand an even chance of dropping to useless levels or `` dead pool '' by 2021 if current drying trends and water usage rates continue . In late 2010 , Lake Mead dropped to just 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the first `` drought trigger '' elevation , a level at which Arizona and Nevada would have to begin rationing water as delineated by the Colorado River Compact . Despite above - average runoff in 2011 that raised the immense reservoir more than 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) , record drought conditions returned in 2012 and 2013 . Reservoir levels were low enough at the beginning of water year 2014 that the Bureau of Reclamation cut releases from Lake Powell by 750,000 acre feet ( 930,000,000 m ) -- the first such reduction since the 1960s , when Lake Powell was being filled for the first time . This resulted in Lake Mead dropping to its lowest recorded level since 1937 , when it was first being filled . Rapid development and economic growth further complicate the issue of a secure water supply , particularly in the case of California 's senior water rights over those of Nevada and Arizona : in case of a reduction in water supply , Nevada and Arizona would have to endure severe cuts before any reduction in the California allocation , which is also larger than the other two combined . Although stringent water conservation measures have been implemented , the threat of severe shortfalls in the Colorado River basin continues to increase each year . After a much lower - than - average snowpack in the 2018 water year , Bureau of Reclamation officials projected the odds of an official shortage declaration in 2020 at 52 percent , in 2021 at 64 percent , and in 2022 at 68 percent . Wildlife and plants ( edit ) Further information : List of flora of the Lower Colorado River Valley The Colorado River and its tributaries often nourish extensive corridors of riparian growth as they traverse the arid desert regions of the watershed . Although riparian zones represent a relatively small proportion of the basin and have been affected by engineering projects and river diversion in many places , they have the greatest biodiversity of any habitat in the basin . The most prominent riparian zones along the river occur along the lower Colorado below Davis Dam , especially in the Colorado River Delta , where riparian areas support 358 species of birds despite the reduction in freshwater flow and invasive plants such as tamarisk ( salt cedar ) . Reduction of the delta 's size has also threatened animals such as jaguars and the vaquita porpoise , which is endemic to the gulf . Human development of the Colorado River has also helped to create new riparian zones by smoothing the river 's seasonal flow , notably through the Grand Canyon . Heavily forested banks of the Colorado River near Topock , Arizona More than 1,600 species of plants grow in the Colorado River watershed , ranging from the creosote bush , saguaro cactus , and Joshua trees of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts to the forests of the Rocky Mountains and other uplands , composed mainly of ponderosa pine , subalpine fir , Douglas - fir and Engelmann spruce . Before logging in the 19th century , forests were abundant in high elevations as far south as the Mexico -- U.S. border , and runoff from these areas nourished abundant grassland communities in river valleys . Some arid regions of the watershed , such as the upper Green River valley in Wyoming , Canyonlands National Park in Utah and the San Pedro River valley in Arizona and Sonora , supported extensive reaches of grassland roamed by large mammals such as buffalo and antelope as late as the 1860s . Near Tucson , Arizona , `` where now there is only powder - dry desert , the grass once reached as high as the head of a man on horse back '' . Rivers and streams in the Colorado basin were once home to 49 species of native fish , of which 42 were endemic . Engineering projects and river regulation have led to the extinction of four species and severe declines in the populations of 40 species . Bonytail chub , razorback sucker , Colorado pikeminnow , and humpback chub are among those considered the most at risk ; all are unique to the Colorado River system and well adapted to the river 's natural silty conditions and flow variations . Clear , cold water released by dams has significantly changed characteristics of habitat for these and other Colorado River basin fishes . A further 40 species that occur in the river today , notably the brown trout , were introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries , mainly for sport fishing . Recreation ( edit ) A rafting party on the Colorado River Famed for its dramatic rapids and canyons , the Colorado is one of the most desirable whitewater rivers in the United States , and its Grand Canyon section -- run by more than 22,000 people annually -- has been called the `` granddaddy of rafting trips '' . Grand Canyon trips typically begin at Lee 's Ferry and take out at Diamond Creek or Lake Mead ; they range from one to eighteen days for commercial trips and from two to twenty - five days for private trips . Private ( noncommercial ) trips are extremely difficult to arrange because the National Park Service limits river traffic for environmental purposes ; people who desire such a trip often have to wait more than 10 years for the opportunity . Several other sections of the river and its tributaries are popular whitewater runs , and many of these are also served by commercial outfitters . The Colorado 's Cataract Canyon and many reaches in the Colorado headwaters are even more heavily used than the Grand Canyon , and about 60,000 boaters run a single 4.5 - mile ( 7.2 km ) section above Radium , Colorado , each year . The upper Colorado also includes many of the river 's most challenging rapids , including those in Gore Canyon , which is considered so dangerous that `` boating is not recommended '' . Another section of the river above Moab , known as the Colorado `` Daily '' or `` Fisher Towers Section '' , is the most visited whitewater run in Utah , with more than 77,000 visitors in 2011 alone . The rapids of the Green River 's Gray and Desolation Canyons and the less difficult `` Goosenecks '' section of the lower San Juan River are also frequently traversed by boaters . Eleven U.S. national parks -- Arches , Black Canyon of the Gunnison , Bryce Canyon , Canyonlands , Capitol Reef , Grand Canyon , Mesa Verde , Petrified Forest , Rocky Mountain , Saguaro , and Zion -- are in the watershed , in addition to many national forests , state parks , and recreation areas . Hiking , backpacking , camping , skiing , and fishing are among the multiple recreation opportunities offered by these areas . Fisheries have declined in many streams in the watershed , especially in the Rocky Mountains , because of polluted runoff from mining and agricultural activities . The Colorado 's major reservoirs are also heavily traveled summer destinations . Houseboating and water - skiing are popular activities on Lakes Mead , Powell , Havasu , and Mojave , as well as Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah and Wyoming , and Navajo Reservoir in New Mexico and Colorado . Lake Powell and surrounding Glen Canyon National Recreation Area received more than two million visitors per year in 2007 , while nearly 7.9 million people visited Lake Mead and the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in 2008 . Colorado River recreation employs some 250,000 people and contributes $26 billion each year to the Southwest economy . See also ( edit ) Arizona portal California portal Colorado portal Mexico portal Nevada portal New Mexico portal Utah portal Wyoming portal Colorado River Delta Colorado Desert List of Colorado River rapids and features List of largest reservoirs in the United States List of longest rivers of Mexico List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) London Bridge ( Lake Havasu City ) Moab uranium mill tailings pile Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Green River , Utah , 117.6 miles ( 189.3 km ) upstream from the mouth . The stream gauge here measures flow from an area of 44,850 square miles ( 116,200 km ) , representing about 93.2 percent of the basin . Jump up ^ Before large irrigation and municipal diversions , the Gila River discharged about 1.3 million acre feet ( 1.6 × 10 m ) per year , equating a flow of nearly 2,000 cubic feet per second ( 57 m / s ) . Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Bluff , Utah , located about 113.5 miles ( 182.7 km ) above the confluence with the Colorado . The gauge measures flow from an area of 23,000 square miles ( 60,000 km ) , about 93.5 percent of the basin . Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Littlefield , Arizona , about 66 miles ( 106 km ) from the confluence with the Colorado , and also upstream of the confluence with its major tributary , the Muddy River . The gauge measures flow from an area of 5,090 square miles ( 13,200 km ) , about 39.1 percent of the total basin . Jump up ^ NIB = `` Northerly International Boundary '' , or the point at which the Colorado begins to form the Mexico -- U.S. border , south of Yuma . Also note that the SIB ( `` Southerly International Boundary '' ) is the point at which the Colorado ceases to form the border and passes entirely into Mexico . Jump up ^ American population ( 9.7 million ) calculated from statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and the State of Colorado . The population in Mexico is about 3 million . Jump up ^ The average discharge of the Colorado ( Grand ) River at Cisco , Utah , about 97 miles ( 156 km ) upstream from the Green River confluence , is 7,181 cubic feet per second ( 203.3 m / s ) ; between here and the confluence , only a few small , intermittent tributaries join the river . The Green River has an average discharge of 6,048 cubic feet per second ( 171.3 m / s ) as measured at Green River , Utah , about 117.6 miles ( 189.3 km ) above the confluence ; below here the only major tributary is the San Rafael River , which contributes an average of 131 cubic feet per second ( 3.7 m / s ) , resulting in a total of 6,169 cubic feet per second ( 174.7 m / s ) , still significantly lower than the discharge of the Colorado at their confluence . Jump up ^ 1 MAF = 1 million acre feet ( 1.2 km ) Jump up ^ The discrepancy between the natural flow at Lee 's Ferry ( 13.5 million acre - feet / 16.65 km ) and the gauged flow between 1921 and 2010 ( 10.7 million acre - feet / 13.22 km ) is mostly due to water diversions above Lee 's Ferry and evaporation from reservoirs , especially Lake Powell . Jump up ^ Dead pool refers to the lowest lake level at which water can be released through the dam . For example , Lake Mead 's `` dead '' capacity is about 2 million acre feet ( 2.5 km ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . February 8 , 1980 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kammerer , J.C. ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nowak , Kenneth C. ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Stochastic Streamflow Simulation at Interdecadal Time Scales and Implications to Water Resources Management in the Colorado River Basin '' ( PDF ) . Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems . University of Colorado . p. 114 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiltshire , Gilbert & Rogers 2010 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09424000 on the Colorado River near Topock , AZ -- Daily Data '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . February 14 , 1935 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Compact and Lees Ferry '' . Colorado River Streamflow : A Paleo Perspective . Western Water Assessment . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waterman , Jonathan ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Where the Colorado Runs Dry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Valley '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1995 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Henry F. ; Anderson , Craig A. ( November 28 , 2003 ) . `` Precipitation Trends and Water Consumption in the Southwestern United States '' . Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Postel , Sandra ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` A Sacred Reunion : The Colorado River Returns to the Sea '' . National Geographic . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La Poudre Pass '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . October 13 , 1978 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lindberg 2009 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 490 . ^ Jump up to : Pitlick , John ; Cress , Robert ( March 2000 ) . `` Longitudinal Trends in Channel Characteristics of the Colorado River and Implications for Food - Web Dynamics '' ( PDF ) . University of Colorado . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Fall River Pass , Colorado quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Westwater , Utah quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Affected Environment '' ( PDF ) . Remediation of the Moab Uranium Mill Tailings , Grand and San Juan Counties , Utah Final Environmental Impact Statement . Moab , Utah , UMTRA Project . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rigby , J. Keith ; Hamblin , W. Kenneth ; Matheny , Ray ; Welsh , Stanley L. ( 1971 ) . `` Guidebook to the Colorado River Part 3 : Moab to Hite , Utah through Canyonlands National Park '' ( PDF ) . Brigham Young University Geology Studies Volume 18 -- Part 2 . Brigham Young University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Van Cott 1990 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Van Cott 1990 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers '' . Canyonlands National Park . U.S. National Park Service . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Powell '' . Colorado River Storage Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . November 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rusho , W.L. ( 1992 ) . `` Lee 's Ferry , Arizona '' . Utah History Encyclopedia . University of Utah . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona : Geology Fieldnotes '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Luna B . `` The Rapids and the Pools -- Grand Canyon '' ( PDF ) . Geological Survey Professional Paper 669 -- D. U.S. Geological Survey . p. 133 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoover Dam Frequently Asked Questions and Answers : Lake Mead '' . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . December 2008 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Dam Bypass Is 2012 OCEA Winner ; OPAL Lifetime Achievement Recipients Honored ; Pankow , Michel Awards Presented '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Colorado River Indian Tribes Reservation ( C.R.I.T. ) Quick Facts '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Cooperative Extension . University of Arizona . August 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix J : Mainstem Impacts Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Draft Environmental Impact Statement : Allocation of Water Supply and Long - Term Contract Execution , Central Arizona Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Blythe NE , California quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta 2007 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Alles , David L. , ed . ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Lower Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . Biology Department . Western Washington University . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting For Water In Arid Imperial Valley '' . National Public Radio . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Border Water Source of Conflict and Cooperation : What Makes Management of Border Water Resources a Challenge ? '' ( PDF ) . Arroyo . University of Arizona . 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valdes - Casillas , Carlos ; et al. ( August 1998 ) . `` Information Database and Local Outreach Program for the Restoration of the Hardy River Wetlands , Lower Colorado River Delta , Baja California and Sonora , Mexico '' . San Diego State University . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . Environmental , Ecological and Cultural Impacts of Tidal Bores , Benaks , Bonos and Burros . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Environmental Hydraulics IWEH09 , Theoretical , Experimental and Computational Solutions . University of Queensland . Jump up ^ Felger & Broyles 2007 , pp. 519 -- 520 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary , Green River Basin Water Plan '' . Wyoming State Water Plan . February 2001 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions , Subregions , Accounting Units and Cataloging Units '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 514 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , pp. 532 -- 533 . Jump up ^ `` Green River '' . Utah Rivers Council . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09315000 on the Green River at Green River , UT '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1895 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09520000 on the Gila River near Dome , AZ '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1905 -- 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The National Map Archived 2012 - 04 - 05 at WebCite . U.S. Geological Survey . Accessed February 25 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09379000 on the San Juan River near Bluff , UT '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1914 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report , Findings , and Determination Regarding the Navigability of the Little Colorado River From its Headwaters to the Confluence with the Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Navigable Stream Adjudication Commission . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09402300 on the Little Colorado River Above the Mouth near Desert View , AZ '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S Geological Survey . 1990 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fielder 2002 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09180000 on the Dolores River near Cisco , UT '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1950 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09152000 on the Gunnison River near Grand Junction , CO '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1897 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Annerino 1999 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09415000 on the Virgin River at Littlefield , AZ '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1929 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wiltshire , Gilbert & Rogers 2010 , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Leopold 1994 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ) , Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies 1996 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09421500 on the Colorado River below Hoover Dam '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1934 -- 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climatic Fluctuations , Drought , and Flow in the Colorado River Basin '' . USGS Fact Sheet 2004 - 3062 . U.S. Geological Survey . August 2004 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Preston , Ben ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Risky Business of Slicing the Pie '' . Miller -- McCune . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wahl , Kenneth L. ; Collins , Dannie L. ; Aldridge , Byron N. `` Runoff in the Upper Colorado River Basin Water Years , 1983 -- 85 , and Comparisons with Forecasts of Runoff to Lake Powell '' ( PDF ) . Western Snow Conference . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Michael J. ; Henges - Jeck , Christine ; Castillo - Moreno , Gerardo ( 2001 ) . `` A Preliminary Water Balance for the Colorado River Delta , 1992 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Arid Environments. 49 : 35 -- 48 . doi : 10.1006 / jare. 2001.0834 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Janet ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Colorado River Drought Threatens Power Production '' . The Press - Enterprise . Riverside , California . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stark , Mike ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` Study : Shortages Likely on Colorado River by 2050 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoerling , Martin ; Eischeid , Jon . `` Past Peak Water in the Southwest '' ( PDF ) . Western Water Assessment . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Shaun ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` Mines , Farms Put Gila River on Life Support : Despite Lack of Regulation , Some Trying to Restore River to Its Natural Beauty and Wonder '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09522000 on the Colorado River at Northerly International Boundary , Above Morelos Dam , Near Andrade , CA '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1950 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reclamation '' . Colorado River Water Users Association . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Niklas S. ; Wood , Andrew W. ; Voisin , Nathalie ; Lettenmaier , Dennis P. ; Palmer , Richard N. ( 2004 ) . `` The Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrology and Water Resources of the Colorado River Basin '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . Kluwer Academic Publishers . 62 ( 337 -- 363 ) : 345 . doi : 10.1023 / b : clim. 0000013684.13621. 1f . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09522200 on the Colorado River at NIB , Above Morelos Dam , AZ -- Annual Statistics '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1951 -- 1992 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09010500 on the Colorado River below Baker Gulch near Grand Lake , CO '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1953 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09070500 on the Colorado River near Dotsero , CO '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1941 -- 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09180500 on the Colorado River near Cisco , UT '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1895 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09380000 on the Colorado River at Lees Ferry , AZ '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1895 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09423000 on the Colorado River below Davis Dam , AZ -- NV '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1905 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09427520 on the Colorado River Below Parker Dam , AZ -- CA '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1935 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09429600 on the Colorado River Below Laguna Dam , AZ -- CA '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1971 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Surface - Water Annual Statistics for USA Grouped by Hydrologic Unit '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09380000 on the Colorado River at Lee 's Ferry , AZ '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1921 -- 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , pp. 483 -- 489 . Jump up ^ Baker Jr. , Malchus B. ; Ffolliott , Peter F. ( 2000 ) . `` Contributions of Watershed Management Research to Ecosystem - Based Management in the Colorado River Basin '' ( PDF ) . USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS -- P -- 13 . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , pp. 483 -- 485 . Jump up ^ Fassnacht , S.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Streamflow Predictability in the Upper Versus Lower Colorado River Sub-Basins '' ( PDF ) . Eastern Snow Conference . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Features and Dynamics of Colorado River Basin Climate '' . Colorado River Basin Water Management : Evaluating and Adjusting to Hydroclimatic Variability . National Academies Press . 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State and County QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . 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IVES , CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS , UNDER THE DIRECTION OP THE OFFICE OF EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS , A.A. HUMPHREYS , CAPTAIN TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS , IN CHARGE . BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR , GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE , WASHINGTON , 1861 ; PART I. GENERAL REPORT . Jump up ^ Dellenbaugh 1909 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 1993 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Dolnick 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Dolnick 2002 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ `` Three leave Powell 's Grand Canyon expedition '' . This Day In History . History.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historic 3D Photographs of the Second Powell Expedition ( 1871 -- 1872 ) '' . Geology of National Parks . U.S. Geological Survey . February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warburton , David L. ( May 16 , 2005 ) . `` Geology of National Parks : Glen Canyon National Recreation Area '' . Florida Atlantic University . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . 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U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mission 2012 : Clean Water '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vernieu - Presenter , William S. ( 2005 ) . `` Current Status and Trends of Lake Powell and Glen Canyon Dam Release Water Quality '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey , Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center . Grand Canyon River Guides . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoerling , Martin ; Eischeid , Jon ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Outlook for Water in the West at 2050 '' ( PDF ) . NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Climate Change Workshop . Western Water Assessment . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Eric ( January 26 , 2007 ) . `` The Colorado River 's Uncertain Future : How Climate Change May Affect Future Planning Decisions on the Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . CRWCD 49th Annual Convention . 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Jump up ^ Perry , Tony ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` As Colorado River drought worsens , water officials parley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Terrell ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Dwindling Colorado River Forces First - Ever Cuts in Lake Powell Water Releases '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brean , Henry ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Lake Mead sinks to a record low '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Water war bubbling up between California and Arizona '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Colorado River Faces Flood and Drought -- Becoming Less Reliable ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sevigny , Melissa ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Colorado River Water Shortage Could be Declared in 2020 '' . KNAU . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chow , Lorraine ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Unprecedented Colorado River Water Shortage Could Be Declared in 2020 '' . EcoWatch . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Biotic Communities of the Colorado Plateau : Riparian Areas '' . Land Use History of North America . Northern Arizona University . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ohmart , Robert D. ; Anderson , Bertin W. ; Hunter , William C. ( September 1988 ) . `` The Ecology of the Lower Colorado River from Davis Dam to the Mexico - United States International Boundary : A Community Profile '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . pp. 9 , 12 , 14 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , S.A. ; Nelson , S.M. ; Van Dooremolen , D.M. ; Eckberg , J.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Restoring Habitat for Riparian Birds in the Lower Colorado River Watershed : An Example from the Las Vegas Wash , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Arid Environments. 75 : 1182 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaridenv. 2011.06. 017 . Jump up ^ Alles , David L. ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` The Delta of the Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . Western Washington University . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schell , Robert ; King , Morgan E. `` Riparian Vegetation : Structural Diversity Benefits Birds '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Davis . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Plant and Animal Life '' . A Survey of the Recreational Resources of the Colorado River Basin . U.S. National Park Service . September 6 , 2004 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 493 . Jump up ^ `` 130 : Colorado '' . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado River Basin Fish '' . Defenders of Wildlife . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shorey , Ananda ( December 23 , 2004 ) . `` River May Be Getting More Rafters '' . Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . Associated Press . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blond , Dunford & Schulte - Peevers 2008 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` River Trips / Permits '' . Grand Canyon National Park . U.S. National Park Service . July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Melissa L. ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Rafting the Colorado River Through the Grand Canyon '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Upper Colorado Special Recreation Management Area '' . U.S. Bureau of Land Management . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recreation Fee Account Accomplishments : Colorado River ( Moab ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Land Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powell 2003 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Armstead 1997 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` National Parks of the Colorado River Basin : Water Resources , Threats and Economics '' ( PDF ) . National Parks Conservation Association . April 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Driver , Nancy E. ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Effects of Mining on Water Quality in Upper Colorado River Basin '' . National Water - Quality Assessment Program -- Upper Colorado River Basin Study Unit . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Expanded Zebra Mussel Action Plan '' ( PDF ) . Glen Canyon National Recreation Area . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Mead Proves Popular During Economic Downturn '' . Lake Mead National Recreation Area . U.S. National Park Service . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , Amy Joi ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Worst Colorado River drought in century prompts feds to cut releases from Lake Powell '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Works cited ( edit ) Annerino , John ( 1999 ) . Canyoneering : How to Explore the Canyons of the Great Southwest . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2700 - 9 . Armstead , Lloyd Dean ( 1997 ) . Whitewater Rafting in North America : More than 100 River Adventures in the United States and Canada . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 0083 - 1 . Axelrod , Alan ; Phillips , Charles ( 2008 ) . What Every American Should Know About American History : 225 Events That Shaped The Nation . Adams Media . ISBN 1 - 59869 - 428 - 6 . Barnes , Will Croft ( 1988 ) . Arizona Place Names . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 1074 - 1 . Benke , Arthur C. ; Cushing , Colbert E. ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 088253 - 1 . Billington , David P. ; Jackson , Donald C. ; Melosi , Martin V. ( 2005 ) . `` The History of Large Federal Dams : Planning , Design and Construction in the Era of Big Dams '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Blond , Becca ; Dunford , Lisa ; Schulte - Peevers , Andrea ( 2008 ) . Southwest USA . Lonely Planet Travel Guides . Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74104 - 713 - 7 . Brown , Robert Leaman ( 1972 ) . Colorado Ghost Towns -- Past and Present . Caxton Press . ISBN 0 - 87004 - 218 - 1 . Casey , Robert L. ( 2007 ) . Journey to the High Southwest : A Traveler 's Guide to Santa Fe and the Four Corners of Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 4064 - 7 . Dellenbaugh , Frederick Samuel ( 1909 ) . The Romance of the Colorado River : The Story of its Discovery in 1540 , With an Account of the Later Explorations , and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through The Line of the Great Canyons . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 645167127 . Dolnick , Edward ( 2002 ) . Down the Great Unknown : John Wesley Powell 's Journey of Discovery and Tragedy Through the Grand Canyon . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 095586 - 4 . Felger , Richard Stephen ; Broyles , Bill ( 2007 ) . Dry borders : great natural reserves of the Sonoran desert . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 818 - 9 . Fielder , John ( 2002 ) . John Fielder 's Best of Colorado . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56579 - 429 - X . Fradkin , Philip L. ( 1996 ) . A River No More : The Colorado River and the West ( 2 ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20564 - 2 . Glass , Mary Ellen ; Glass , Al ( 1983 ) . Touring Nevada : A Historic and Scenic Guide . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 074 - 5 . Gudde , Erwin G. ; Bright , William ( 2004 ) . California Place Names : The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24217 - 3 . Gupta , Avijit ( 2007 ) . Large Rivers : Geomorphology and Management . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84987 - 8 . Gupta , S.K. ( 2010 ) . Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 2397 - 0 . Ghiglieri , Michael P. ; Myers , Thomas M. ( 2001 ) . Over the Edge : Death in Grand Canyon ( 1st , tenth revision ed . ) . Flagstaff : Puma Press . ISBN 0 - 9700973 - 1 - X . Hopkins , Ralph Lee ( 2002 ) . Hiking the Southwest 's Geology : Four Corners Region . The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 169 - 7 . Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3337 - 4 . Lankford , Andrea ( 2010 ) . Ranger Confidential : Living , Working , and Dying in the National Parks . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5263 - 7 . Leuchtenburg , William Edward ( 2000 ) . American Places : Encounters with History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513026 - X . Leopold , Luna Bergere ( 1994 ) . A View of the River . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 93732 - 5 . Lindberg , Eric ( 2009 ) . Colorado Off the Beaten Path : A Guide to Unique Places . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5024 - 3 . Lingenfelter , Richard E. ( 1978 ) . Steamboats on the Colorado River , 1852 -- 1916 . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 0650 - 7 . Logan , Michael F. ( 2006 ) . Desert Cities : The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 4294 - 1 . National Research Council ( U.S. ) , Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies ( 1996 ) . River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon . National Academy Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 05448 - 6 . Nobles , Gregory H. ( 1998 ) . American Frontiers : Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 1602 - 8 . Powell , Allan Kent ( 2003 ) . The Utah Guide ( 3 ed . ) . Fulcrum Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55591 - 114 - 5 . Prisciantelli , Tom ( 2002 ) . Spirit of the American Southwest : Geology , Ancient Eras and Prehistoric People , Hiking Through Time . Sunstone Press . ISBN 0 - 86534 - 354 - 3 . Pritzker , Barry ( 1998 ) . Native Americans : An Encyclopedia of History , Culture , and Peoples . 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 836 - 7 . Reisner , Marc ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017824 - 4 . Rolle , Andrew ( 1999 ) . John Charles Fremont : Character As Destiny . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3135 - 7 . Schmidt , Jeremy ( 1993 ) . Grand Canyon National Park : A Natural History Guide . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 59932 - 6 . Van Cott , John W. ( 1990 ) . Utah Place Names : A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 345 - 4 . Wildfang , Frederic B. ( 2005 ) . Lake Havasu City . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3012 - 3 . Wiltshire , Richard L. ; Gilbert , David R. ; Rogers , Jerry R. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium : Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium , October 21 -- 22 , 2010 , Las Vegas , Nevada . ASCE Publications . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 1141 - 7 . Young , Richard A. ; Spamer , Earle E. ( 2001 ) . The Colorado River : Origin and Evolution . Grand Canyon Association . ISBN 0 - 938216 - 79 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Darrah , William Culp , Ralph V. Chamberlin , and Charles Kelly , editors . ( 2009 ) . The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871 -- 1872 : Biographical Sketches and Original Documents of the First Powell Expedition of 1869 and the Second Powell Expedition of 1871 -- 1872 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 963 - 3 . DeBuys , William ( 2011 ) . A Great Aridness : Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977892 - 8 . Fleck , Richard F. , editor . ( 2000 ) . A Colorado River Reader . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 647 - 2 . Fowler , Don D. , editor . ( 2012 ) . Cleaving an Unknown World : The Powell Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration of the Colorado Plateau . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60781 - 146 - 6 . Gregory , Herbert E. , William Culp Darrah , and Charles Kelly , editors . ( 2009 ) . The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah by the Second Powell Expedition of 1871 -- 1872 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 964 - 0 . Martin , Russell ( 1990 ) . A Story That Stands Like A Dam : Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West ( 1 ed . ) . Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0822 - 5 . Summitt , April R. ( 2013 ) . Contested Waters : An Environmental History of the Colorado River . Boulder : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60732 - 201 - 6 . Summitt , April R. ( 2013 ) Contested Waters : An Environmental History of the Colorado River External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorado River . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Colorado River Agriculture in the Colorado River Basin : Colorado River Water Users Association Colorado River Water Allocations by State : GOOD Infographics Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin : U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Irrigation Water Withdrawals in the Colorado River Basin : Pacific Institute Living Rivers : Colorado Riverkeeper Water Level Data for Major Colorado River Reservoirs : water-data.com Where the Colorado Runs Dry : The New York Times 1854 report from the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers : Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers Killing the Colorado -- ProPublica Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River&oldid=842825564 '' Categories : Colorado River Border rivers Borders of Arizona Borders of California Borders of Nevada Colorado Desert Colorado Plateau Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean Freshwater ecoregions Rivers of Eagle County , Colorado Rivers of Mesa County , Colorado International rivers of North America Rivers of Clark County , Nevada Rivers of Coconino County , Arizona Rivers of Garfield County , Utah Rivers of Grand County , Utah Rivers of Kane County , Utah Rivers of La Paz County , Arizona Rivers of Mohave County , Arizona Rivers of San Juan County , Utah Rivers of Yuma County , Arizona Mojave Desert Rivers of Arizona Rivers of Colorado Rivers of Imperial County , California Rivers of Nevada Rivers of Riverside County , California Rivers of San Bernardino County , California Rivers of Southern California Rivers of the Gulf of California Rivers of Utah Sonoran Desert Rivers of Sonora Rivers of Baja California Rocky Mountain National Park Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Featured articles Use mdy dates from June 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Maricopa - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the colorado river stop reaching the ocean	[]	[]
6941809078619452991	Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day	Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work day - wikipedia Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work day Jump to : navigation , search `` Take Your Daughter To Work Day '' redirects here . For the episode of The Office , see Take Your Daughter to Work Day ( The Office ) . Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Day is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit educational program in the United States , Canada and Australia that revolves around parents taking their children to work for one day . It is the successor to Take Our Daughters To Work Day , which was expanded to include boys in 2003 . In the U.S. , it occurs on the fourth Thursday in April every year ; in the Canadian province of Ontario , it occurs on the 1st Wednesday of November . In Sydney , Melbourne , and Brisbane Australia it occurs on January 5 , just after Christmas Break . History ( edit ) Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president , Marie C. Wilson , the Women 's foundation treasurer , Ms. Daren Ball , and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem . The first celebration took place on April 22 , 1993 , and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children , parents , schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country , in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world , to plan ahead for the annual event . The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States , and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program . Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event . In 2000 , when asked by the Minneapolis Star Tribune which activities he would propose for a national day for boys equivalent to Take Our Daughters to Work day , author Robert Bly suggested that fathers take their sons to the library and show them the books they love . Noting that women have often been excluded from the work world , Bly said , `` I think it 's just as likely now that men will be shut out of the inward world , the literature world . '' The program was officially expanded in 2003 to include boys ; however , most companies that participated in the program had , since the beginning , allowed both boys and girls to participate , usually renaming it `` Take Our Children to Work Day '' or an equivalent . The program 's official website states that the program was changed in order to provide both boys and girls with opportunities to explore careers at an age when they are more flexible in terms of gender roles . The Ms. Foundation also states that men who have hosted children have benefited from being seen as parental figures in addition to their roles as professionals , which can contribute to combating gender stereotypes as well . Prior to the inclusion of boys , the Ms. Foundation contended that the program was designed to specifically address self - esteem issues unique to girls and initially resisted pressure to include boys . Much of this pressure came from educators who did not wish to include the event in their curriculum given that their male students were not encouraged to participate . In 2007 , upon becoming its own separate foundation , the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work program was turned over to Carolyn McKecuen , a MacArthur Genius Award recipient , who took effective control as its Executive Director before relocated to Elizabeth City , North Carolina where it has remained since . Gloria Steinem continues to maintain a role with the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Foundation as a member of its board of directors . Employees , across the United States and around the world , typically invite their own children or relatives to join them at work , but the program particularly encourages employees to invite children from residential programs or shelters who may not be exposed to many adults in skilled professions today . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.daughtersandsonstowork.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=484 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . For over 21 years , the Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work ® event has been scheduled for the 18th of November ... Jump up ^ `` Find out more about the Ms. Foundation for Women ! '' . Ms. Foundation for Women . Jump up ^ `` Support - National Women 's History Museum - NWHM '' . www.nwhm.org . Jump up ^ `` One Day of ' Take a Child to Work ' Is Short on Substance : Boys are now being invited to join the formerly all - girl event . But it 's doubtful kids find our jobs worth imitating . It may be better to just share the pride of accomplishment . '' . Los Angeles Times . 1995 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official homepage Collection of articles regarding inclusion of boys as well as alternative events held prior to the Ms. Foundation event being expanded to include boys Form 17 , a short film about a bomb squad dad who brings his daughter to work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Our_Daughters_and_Sons_to_Work_Day&oldid=794611053 '' Categories : Civil awareness days Recurring events established in 1993 American culture Movable April observances Movable November observances January observances Hidden categories : Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 00 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is bring your daughter to work day	[ "Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Day is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational program in the United States, Canada and Australia that revolves around parents taking their children to work for one day.[1] It is the successor to Take Our Daughters To Work Day, which was expanded to include boys in 2003. In the U.S., it occurs on the fourth Thursday in April every year;[2] in the Canadian province of Ontario, it occurs on the 1st Wednesday of November. In Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane Australia it occurs on January 5, just after Christmas Break." ]	[ "the fourth Thursday in April every year" ]
-108500519996113528	Seafloor spreading	Seafloor spreading - wikipedia Seafloor spreading Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Age of oceanic lithosphere ; youngest ( red ) is along spreading centers . Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges , where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge . Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics . When oceanic plates diverge , tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure , although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges . At a spreading center basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed . Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers . Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone . Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is a fast , intermediate , or slow . As a general rule , fast ridges see spreading rate of more than 9 cm / year . Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 4 -- 9 cm / year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 4 cm / year . Earlier theories ( e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit ) of continental drift postulated that continents `` ploughed '' through the sea . The idea that the seafloor itself moves ( and also carries the continents with it ) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s . The theory is well accepted now , and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere , which is ductile , or plastic , and the brittle lithosphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Incipient spreading 2 Continued spreading and subduction 3 Debate and search for mechanism 4 Sea floor global topography : half - space model 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incipient spreading ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory In the general case , sea floor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass , similar to the Red Sea - East Africa Rift System today . The process starts by heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense . Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects , the area being heated becomes a broad dome ( see isostasy ) . As the crust bows upward , fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts . The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120 degree angles . These areas are named triple junctions and can be found in several places across the world today . The separated margins of the continents evolve to form passive margins . Hess ' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge . If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above , two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a ' failed rift ' . As the two active rifts continue to open , eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch . At this point basaltic oceanic crust begins to form between the separating continental fragments . When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean , the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea . The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea . The East African rift was thought to be a `` failed '' arm that was opening somewhat more slowly than the other two arms , but in 2005 the Ethiopian Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment reported that in the Afar region last September , a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters . During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and eustasy . As a result , the new sea will evaporate ( partially or completely ) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable . During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley . Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to petroleum geologists . Sea floor spreading can stop during the process , but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed , then a new ocean basin is created . The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa , but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free . South America once fit into the area of the Niger Delta . The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the triple junction . Continued spreading and subduction ( edit ) Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time . Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor , and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy . If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust , a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed . The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust . Today , the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted . However , the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean . The Pacific is also home to one of the world 's most active spreading centres ( the East Pacific Rise ) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm / yr . The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a `` textbook '' slow - spreading centre , while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading . The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced . Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins , the total capacity of the world 's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading . During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean , sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean . Debate and search for mechanism ( edit ) At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( and in other areas ) , material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other , a phenomenon first observed as continental drift . When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 , he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust . This was impossible : oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust . Accordingly , Wegener 's theory was n't taken very seriously , especially in the United States . Since then , it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading . In the 1960s , the past record of geomagnetic reversals was noticed by observing the magnetic stripe `` anomalies '' on the ocean floor . This results in broadly evident `` stripes '' from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred by looking at the data gathered from simply towing a magnetometer on the sea surface or from an aircraft . The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side . The seafloor must have originated on the Earth 's great fiery welts , like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise . The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with active margins is the weight of the cool , dense , subducting slabs that pull them along . The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be `` passive upswelling '' , which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs . This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with little friction : when part of the rug is off of the table , its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it . Sea floor global topography : half - space model ( edit ) To first approximation , sea floor global topography in areas without significant subduction can be estimated by the half - space model . In this model , the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere temperature , due to thermal expansion . Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges . The source of the lithosphere has a half - plane shape ( x = 0 , z < 0 ) and a constant temperature T. Due to its continuous creation , the lithosphere at x > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity v , which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem . The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere ( z = 0 ) is a constant T = 0 . Thus at x = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . Finally , we assume the system is at a quasi-steady state , so that the temperature distribution is constant in time , i.e. T = T ( x , z ) . By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere ( velocity v ) , which have spatial coordinate x ' = x-vt , we may write T = T ( x ' , z , t ) and use the heat equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 x ′ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ' ) ) ) where κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) is the thermal diffusivity of the mantle lithosphere . Since T depends on x ' and t only through the combination x = x ′ + v t ( \ displaystyle x = x'+ vt ) , we have : ∂ T ∂ x ′ = 1 v ⋅ ∂ T ∂ t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial x ' ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( v ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) ) Thus : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ v 2 ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ kappa ) ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) t ) ) ) We now use the assumption that v ( \ displaystyle v ) is large compared to other scales in the problem ; we therefore neglect the last term in the equation , and get a 1 - dimensional diffusion equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) ) with the initial conditions T ( t = 0 ) = T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T ( t = 0 ) = T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . The solution for z ≤ 0 ( \ displaystyle z \ leq 0 ) is given by the error function erf ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) : T ( x ′ , z , t ) = T 1 ⋅ erf ⁡ ( z 2 κ t ) ( \ displaystyle T ( x ' , z , t ) = T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ kappa t ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) . Due to the large velocity , the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible , and the height at time t ( i.e. of sea floor of age t ) can be calculated by integrating the thermal expansion over z : h ( t ) = h 0 + α e f f ∫ 0 ∞ ( T ( z ) − T 1 ) d z = h 0 − 2 π α e f f T 1 κ t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) = h_ ( 0 ) + \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( T ( z ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) dz = h_ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) T_ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ kappa t ) ) ) where α e f f ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is the effective volumetric thermal expansion coefficient , and h is the mid-ocean ridge height ( compared to some reference ) . Note that the assumption the v is relatively large is equivalently to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) is small compared to L 2 / T ( \ displaystyle L ^ ( 2 ) / T ) , where L is the ocean width ( from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelf ) and T is its age . The effective thermal expansion coefficient α e f f ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is different from the usual thermal expansion coefficient α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) due to isostasic effect of the change in water column height above the lithosphere as it expands or retracts . Both coefficients are related by : α e f f = α ⋅ ρ ρ − ρ w ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) = \ alpha \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ rho ) ( \ rho - \ rho _ ( w ) ) ) ) where ρ ∼ 3.3 g / c m 3 ( \ displaystyle \ rho \ sim 3.3 g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the rock density and ρ 0 = 1 g / c m 3 ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( 0 ) = 1g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the density of water . By substituting the parameters by their rough estimates : κ ∼ 8 ⋅ 10 − 7 ( \ displaystyle \ kappa \ sim 8 \ cdot 10 ^ ( - 7 ) ) m / s , α ∼ 4 ⋅ 10 − 5 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ sim 4 \ cdot 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) ° C and T ~ 1220 ° C ( for the Atlantic and Indian oceans ) or ~ 1120 ° C ( for the eastern Pacific ) , we have : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 350 t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) \ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 350 ( \ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the eastern Pacific Ocean , and : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 390 t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) \ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 390 ( \ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean , where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years . To get the dependence on x , one must substitute t = x / v ~ Tx / L , where L is the distance between the ridge to the continental shelf ( roughly half the ocean width ) , and T is the ocean age . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seafloor spreading . Divergent boundary Mid-ocean ridge Morley - Vine - Matthews hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Hess , H.H. ( November 1962 ) . `` History of Ocean Basins '' ( PDF ) . In A.E.J. Engel ; Harold L. James ; B.F. Leonard . Petrologic studies : a volume to honor A.F. Buddington . Boulder , CO : Geological Society of America . pp. 599 -- 620 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Elsasser , Walter M. ( 1971 ) . `` Sea - Floor Spreading as Thermal Convection '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 76 : 1101 . Bibcode : 1971JGR ... 76.1101 E . doi : 10.1029 / JB076i005p01101 . Jump up ^ Makris , J. ; Ginzburg , A. ( 1987 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Sedimentary basins within the Dead Sea and other rift zones The Afar Depression : transition between continental rifting and sea - floor spreading '' . Tectonophysics. 141 ( 1 ) : 199 -- 214 . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 87 ) 90186 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bastow , Ian D. ; Keir , Derek ; Daly , Eve ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment ( EAGLE ) : Probing the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading '' . Geological Society of America Special Papers. 478 : 51 -- 76 . doi : 10.1130 / 2011.2478 ( 04 ) . ISSN 0072 - 1077 . Jump up ^ Bhagwat , S.B. ( 2009 ) . Foundation of Geology Vol 1 . Global Vision Publishing House . p. 83 . ISBN 9788182202764 . Jump up ^ Vine , F.J. ; Matthews , D.H. ( 1963 ) . `` Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges '' . Nature . 199 : 947 -- 949 . doi : 10.1038 / 199947a0 . Jump up ^ Patriat , Philippe ; Achache , José ( 1984 ) . `` India -- Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates '' . Nature . 311 ( 5987 ) : 615 . Bibcode : 1984Natur. 311 ... 615P . doi : 10.1038 / 311615a0 . Jump up ^ Davis , E.E ; Lister , C.R.B. ( 1974 ) . `` Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . North - Holland Publishing Company . 21 : 405 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1974E&PSL ... 21 ... 405D . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 74 ) 90180 - 0 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the two scientists who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in the early 1960s	[ "Earlier theories (e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit) of continental drift postulated that continents \"ploughed\" through the sea. The idea that the seafloor itself moves (and also carries the continents with it) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s.[3] The theory is well accepted now, and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere, which is ductile, or plastic, and the brittle lithosphere.[4][clarification needed]" ]	[ "Harry Hess" ]
-1175932149988653599	Article 370 of the Constitution of India	Article 370 of the Constitution of India - Wikipedia Article 370 of the Constitution of India Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Article 370 of the Indian constitution is an article that gives autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir . The article is drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution : Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions . The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir , after its establishment , was empowered to recommend the articles of the Indian constitution that should be applied to the state or to abrogate the Article 370 altogether . After the J&K Constituent Assembly later created the state 's constitution and dissolved itself without recommending the abrogation of Article 370 , the article was deemed to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Text 3 Analysis 4 Presidential orders 4.1 Presidential order of 1950 4.2 Presidential order of 1952 4.3 Presidential order of 1954 4.4 Further presidential orders 5 Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir : Structure and limitations 6 Applicability of the Indian law to Jammu and Kashmir 7 Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 8 Implications 9 Calls for abrogation 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Purpose ( edit ) The state of Jammu and Kashmir 's original accession , like all other princely states , was on three matters : defence , foreign affairs and communications . All the princely states were invited to send representatives to India 's Constituent Assembly , which was formulating a constitution for the whole of India . They were also encouraged to set up constituent assemblies for their own states . Most states were unable to set up assemblies in time , but a few states did , in particular Saurashtra Union , Travancore - Cochin and Mysore . Even though the States Department developed a model constitution for the states , in May 1949 , the rulers and chief ministers of all the states met and agreed that separate constitutions for the states were not necessary . They accepted the Constitution of India as their own constitution . The states that did elect constituent assemblies suggested a few amendments which were accepted . The position of all the states ( or unions of states ) thus became equivalent to that of regular Indian provinces . In particular , this meant that the subjects available for legislation by the central and state governments was uniform across India . In the case of Jammu and Kashmir , the representatives to the Constituent Assembly requested that only those provisions of the Indian Constitution that corresponded to the original Instrument of Accession should be applied to the State . Accordingly , the Article 370 was incorporated into the Indian Constitution , which stipulated that the other articles of the Constitution that gave powers to the Central Government would be applied to Jammu and Kashmir only with the concurrence of the State 's constituent assembly . This was a `` temporary provision '' in that its applicability was intended to last till the formulation and adoption of the State 's constitution . However , the State 's constituent assembly dissolved itself on 25 January 1957 without recommending either abrogation or amendment of the Article 370 . Thus the Article has become a permanent feature of the Indian constitution , as confirmed by various rulings of the Supreme Court of India and the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir , the latest of which was in April 2018 . Text ( edit ) 370 . Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1 ) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution , -- ( a ) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply now in relation to the state of Jammu and Kashmir ; ( b ) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said state shall be limited to -- ( i ) those matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List which , in consultation with the Government of the State , are declared by the President to correspond to matters specified in the Instrument of Accession governing the accession of the State to the Dominion of India as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for that State ; and ( ii ) such other matters in the said Lists as , with the concurrence of the Government of the State , the President may by order specify . Explanation : For the purpose of this article , the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognized by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the Sadr - i - Riyasat ( now Governor ) of Jammu and Kashmir , acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office . ( c ) the provisions of article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation to that State ; ( d ) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify : Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph ( i ) of sub-clause ( b ) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of the State : Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued except with the concurrence of that Government . ( 2 ) If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in paragraph ( ii ) of sub-clause ( b ) of clause ( 1 ) or in the second provision to sub-clause ( d ) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened , it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon . ( 3 ) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article , the President may , by public notification , declare that this article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may specify : Provided that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause ( 2 ) shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification . Analysis ( edit ) The clause 7 of the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh declared that the State could not be compelled to accept any future Constitution of India . The State was within its rights to draft its own Constitution and to decide for itself what additional powers to extend to the Central Government . The Article 370 was designed to protect those rights . According to the constitutional scholar A.G. Noorani , the Article 370 records a ' solemn compact ' . Neither India nor the State can unilaterally amend or abrogate the Article except in accordance with the terms of the Article . Article 370 embodied six special provisions for Jammu and Kashmir : It exempted the State from the complete applicability of the Constitution of India . The State was allowed to have its own Constitution . Central legislative powers over the State were limited , at the time of framing , to the three subjects of defence , foreign affairs and communications . Other constitutional powers of the Central Government could be extended to the State only with the concurrence of the State Government . The ' concurrence ' was only provisional . It had to be ratified by the State 's Constituent Assembly . The State Government 's authority to give ' concurrence ' lasted only until the State Constituent Assembly was convened . Once the State Constituent Assembly finalised the scheme of powers and dispersed , no further extension of powers was possible . The Article 370 could be abrogated or amended only upon the recommendation of the State 's Constituent Assembly . Once the State 's Constitutional Assembly convened on 31 October 1951 , the State Government 's power to give ` concurrence ' lapsed . After the Constituent Assembly dispersed on 17 November 1956 , adopting a Constitution for the State , the only authority provided to extend more powers to the Central Government or to accept Central institutions vanished . Noorani states that this understanding of the constitutionality of the Centre - State relations informed the decisions of India till 1957 , but that it was abandoned afterwards . In subsequent years , other provisions continued to be extended to the State with the ' concurrence ' of the State Government . Presidential orders ( edit ) In exercise of the powers conferred by clause ( 1 ) of article 370 of the Constitution , the President , with the concurrence of the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir made a series of orders . Presidential order of 1950 ( edit ) The Presidential order of 1950 , officially The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1950 , came into force on 26 January 1950 contemporaneously with the Constitution of India . It specified the subjects and articles of the Indian Constitution that corresponded to the Instrument of Accession as required by the clause b ( i ) of the Article 370 . Thirty eight subjects from the Union List were mentioned as matters on which the Union legislature could make laws for the State . Certain articles in ten of the twenty - two parts of the Indian Constitution were extended to Jammu and Kashmir , with modifications and exceptions as agreed by the state government . This order was superseded by the Presidential order of 1954 . Presidential order of 1952 ( edit ) The Presidential order of 1952 was issued on 15 November 1952 , at the request of the state government . It amended the Article 370 , replacing the phrase `` recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir '' by `` recognized by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the Sadr - i - Riyasat '' . The amendment represented the abolition of the monarchy of Jammu and Kashmir . Background : The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir was elected in 1951 and convened on 31 October 1951 . The Basic Principles committee of the Constituent Assembly recommended the abolition of the monarchy , which was unanimously approved by the Assembly on 12 June 1952 . In the same month , the Hindu - dominated Jammu Praja Parishad submitted a memorandum to the President of India demanding the full application of the Indian Constitution to the State . The Government of India summoned a delegation from Jammu and Kashmir in Delhi for discussions on the relations between the Centre and the State . After discussions , the 1952 Delhi Agreement was reached . The State 's prime minister Sheikh Abdullah was slow to implement the provisions of the Delhi Agreement . However , in August 1952 , the State Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution abolishing the monarchy and replacing the position by an elected Head of State ( called Sadar - i - Riyasat ) . Despite reservations on this piecemeal approach to adopting provisions , the Central Government acquiesced , leading to the Presidential Order of 1952 . The Legislative Assembly elected Karan Singh , who was already acting as the Prince Regent , as the new Sadar - i - Riyasat . Presidential order of 1954 ( edit ) The Presidential order of 1954 , officially The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 came into force on 14 May 1954 . Issued with the agreement of the State 's Constituent Assembly , it was a comprehensive order seeking to implement the 1952 Delhi Agreement . Arguably , it went further than the Delhi Agreement in some respects . The provisions implementing the Delhi Agreement were : Indian citizenship was extended to the ' permanent residents ' of Jammu and Kashmir ( formerly called ' state subjects ' ) . Simultaneously , the Article 35A was added to the Constitution , empowering the state legislature to legislate on the privileges of permanent residents with regard to immovable property , settlement in the state and employment . The fundamental rights of the Indian constitution were extended to the state . However , the State Legislature was empowered to legislate on preventive detention for the purpose of internal security . The State 's land reform legislation ( which acquired land without compensation ) was also protected . The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India was extended to the State . The Central Government was given power to declare national emergency in the event of external aggression . However , its power to do so for internal disturbances could be exercised only with the concurrence of the State Government . In addition , the following provisions which were not previously decided in the Delhi Agreement were also implemented : Financial relations between the Centre and the State were placed on the same footing as the other States . The State 's custom duties were abolished . Decisions affecting the disposition of the State could be made by the Central Government , but only with the consent of the State Government . Background : The State Government 's decision to abolish the monarchy led to increased agitation by the Jammu Praja Parishad , which found support among the Ladakhi Buddhists and the Hindu parties of India . In response , Sheikh Abdullah started questioning the value of Kashmir 's accession to India , leading to a loss of support among his Cabinet members . On 8 August 1953 , Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from the post of prime minister by the Sadar - i - Riyasat Karan Singh and his erstwhile deputy Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was appointed in his place . Abdullah and several of his colleagues were arrested and put in prison . The purged Constituent Assembly , with 60 of the original 75 members , unanimously adopted on 6 February 1954 , the recommendations of its Basic Principles Committee and the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Citizenship . According to the Basic Principles Committee : While preserving the internal autonomy of the State , all the obligations which flow from the fact of accession and also its elaboration as contained in the Delhi Agreement should find an appropriate place in the Constitution . The Committee is of the opinion that it is high time that finality in this respect should be reached and the relationship of the State with the Union should be expressed in clear and precise terms . The Presidential order of 1954 was issued based on these recommendations . Further Presidential orders ( edit ) In addition to these original orders , forty seven Presidential orders have been issued between 11 February 1956 and 19 February 1994 , making various other provisions of the Constitution of India applicable to Jammu and Kashmir . All these orders were issued with the ' concurrence of the Government of the State ' without any Constituent Assembly . The effect of these orders has been to extend 94 of the 97 subjects in the Union List ( the powers of the Central Government ) to the State of Jammu and Kashmir , and 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution of India . All these orders have been issued as amendments to the Presidential Order of 1954 , rather than as replacements to it , presumably because their constitutionality was in doubt . This process has been termed the ' erosion ' of the Article 370 . Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir : structure and limitations ( edit ) India 's constitution is a federal structure . The subjects for legislation are divided into a ' Union List ' , a ' State List ' and a ' Concurrent List ' . The Union List of ninety - six subjects , including defence , military and foreign affairs , major transport systems , commercial issues like banking , stock exchanges and taxes , are provided for the Union government to legislate exclusively . The State List of sixty - six items covering prisons , agriculture , most industries and certain taxes , are available for States to legislate on . The Concurrent List , on which both the Centre and States may legislate include criminal law , marriage , bankruptcy , trade unions , professions and price control . In case of conflict , the Union legislation takes precedence . The ' residual power ' , to make laws on matters not specified in the Constitution , rests with the Union . The Union may also specify certain industries , waterways , ports etc. to be ' national ' , in which case they become Union subjects . In the case of Jammu and Kashmir , the ' Union List ' and the ' Concurrent List ' were initially curtailed to the matters ceded in the Instrument of Accession , but they were later extended with the concurrence of the State Government . The ' residual power ' continues to rest with the State rather than the Union . According to the State Autonomy Committee , ninety - four of the ninety - seven items in the Union List currently apply to Jammu and Kashmir . The provisions of the Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation and preventive detention do not apply . Of the ' Concurrent List ' , twenty - six of the forty - seven items apply to Jammu and Kashmir . The items of marriage and divorce , infants and minors , transfer of property other than agricultural land , contracts and torts , bankruptcy , trusts , courts , family planning and charities have been omitted , i.e. , the State has exclusive right to legislate on those matters . The right to legislate on elections to state bodies also rests with the State . Applicability of the Indian law to Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Acts passed by Indian Parliament have been extended to Jammu and Kashmir over a period of time . All India Services Act Negotiable Instruments Act Border Security Force Act Central Vigilance Commission Act Essential Commodities Act Haj Committee Act Income Tax Act The Central Goods and Services Tax Act , 2017 Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act , 2017 The Central Laws ( Extension To Jammu And Kashmir ) Act , 1956 The Central Laws ( Extension To Jammu And Kashmir ) Act , 1968 The non-applicability of National Human Rights Commission ( NHRC ) Act by claiming recourse to Article 370 was set aside in 2010 . Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) WE , THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR , having solemnly resolved , in pursuance of the accession of this State to India which took place on the twenty sixth day of October , 1947 , to further define the existing relationship of the State with the Union of India as an integral part thereof , and to secure to ourselves -- JUSTICE , social , economic and political ; LIBERTY of thought , expression , belief , faith and worship ; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity ; and to promote among us all ; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation ; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this seventeenth day of November , 1956 , do HEREBY ADOPT , ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION . '' -- Preamble of Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir . Main article : Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Preamble and Article 3 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir states that the State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India . Article 5 states that the executive and legislative power of the State extend to all matters except those with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws for the State under the provisions of the Constitution of India . The constitution was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957 . Implications ( edit ) This article specifies that the State must concur in the application of laws , except those that pertain to Communications , Defence , Finance , and Foreign Affairs . The 1974 Indira - Sheikh accord between Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah and then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi stated , `` The State of Jammu and Kashmir which is a constituent unit of the Union of India , shall , in its relation with the Union , continue to be governed by Article 370 of the Constitution of India '' . In notifications issued as far back as 1927 and 1932 , the state created various categories of residents -- with some being called permanent residents ( PRs ) with special rights . Though the law did not discriminate between female and male PRs , an administrative rule made it clear that women could remain PRs only till marriage . After that they had to seek a fresh right to remain PRs . And if a woman married someone who was n't a J&K PR , she automatically lost her own PR status . But a 2002 high court ruling made it clear that a woman will remain a PR even after marriage to a non-PR , and enjoy all the rights of a PR . A People 's Democratic Party government , led by Mehbooba Mufti , passed a law to overturn the court judgment by introducing a Bill styled `` Permanent Residents ( Disqualification ) Bill , 2004 ' . This was not Mufti 's solo effort . Omar Abdullah 's party , the National Conference , backed this Bill and got it passed in the lower house of the assembly . But it did not ultimately see the light of day for various reasons . Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah , the state 's ' Prime Minister ' and leader of the Muslims in the Valley , found the inclusion of Article 370 in the ' Temporary and Transitional Provisions ' of the Constitution 's Part XXI unsettling . He wanted ' iron clad guarantees of autonomy ' . Suspecting that the state 's special status might be lost , Abdullah advocated independence from India , causing New Delhi to dismiss his government in 1953 , and place him under preventive detention . In December 2016 , the Supreme Court of India set aside a judgement of the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir which stated that Jammu and Kashmir had `` absolute sovereign power '' on account of Article 370 . The Supreme Court held that the state of Jammu and Kashmir has `` no vestige '' of sovereignty outside the Constitution of India and its own Constitution is subordinate to the Indian Constitution . The Court upheld the applicability of SARFAESI Act to Jammu and Kashmir as it was under the Union list of subjects for which the Indian Parliament is empowered to enact laws for the whole of India , including Jammu and Kashmir . Calls for abrogation ( edit ) In 2014 , as part of Bharatiya Janata Party manifesto for the 2014 general election , the party pledged to integrate the state of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India . After winning the elections , attempts were made by the party along with its parent organisation , the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) , for the abrogation of Article 370 . Former prince regent and Congress leader Karan Singh opined that an integral review of Article 370 was overdue and , it need to be worked on jointly with the State of Jammu and Kashmir . However , in October 2015 , the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir has ruled that the Article 370 can not be `` abrogated , repealed or even amended . '' It explained that the clause ( 3 ) of the Article conferred power to the State 's Constituent Assembly to recommend to the President on the matter of the repeal of the Article . Since the Constituent Assembly did not make such a recommendation before its dissolution in 1957 , the Article 370 has taken on the features of a `` permanent provision '' despite being titled a temporary provision in the Constitution . On 3 April 2018 , the Supreme Court of India gave a similar opinion declaring that the Article 370 has acquired a permanent status . It stated that , since the State Constituent Assembly has ceased to exist , the President of India would not be able to fulfil the mandatory provisions required for its abrogation . See also ( edit ) Article 35A of Constitution of India Kashmir conflict Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election , 2014 Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 1974 Indira -- Sheikh accord Article 356 PART XXI of Indian constitution Instrument of Accession ( Jammu and Kashmir ) Article 370 text from wikisource Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article 238 was repealed by the 7th Amendment in 1956 . Jump up ^ The explanation originally read , `` For the purpose of this article , the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the Maharaja 's Proclamation dated the fifth day of March , 1948 ; '' This was changed via Ministry of Law order No . C.O. dated 15th November 1952 stating , `` In exercise of the powers conferred by Article 370 the President , on the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State of Jammu and Kashmir , declared that as from the 17th Day of November , 1952 , the said Article 370 shall be operative with the modification that for the Explanation in Cl. ( 1 ) thereof , the following explanation is substituted namely ... ( Explanation follows ) '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Article 370 : 10 facts that you need to know : Highlights , News - India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ The importance of Article 370 , The Hindu , 15 October 2015 . PTI . `` Article 370 is permanent , rules J&K High Court '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Article 370 has acquired permanent status : Supreme Court , The Times of India , 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Menon , The Story of Integration of the Indian States 1956 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 , p. 4 ) : The representatives of Jammu and Kashmir were Sheikh Abdullah , Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg , Maulana Mohammad Saeed Masoodi and Moti Ram Bagda . They joined the Constituent Assembly on 16 June 1949 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , Introduction . Jump up ^ Article 370 , granting special status to the state , is permanent : Jammu and Kashmir High Court , The Economic Times , 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The importance of Article 370 , The Hindu , 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Amitabh Mattoo , Understanding Article 370 , The Hindu , 29 May 2014 . BJP is quiet since I explained Article 370 to Modi : Jethmalani , Deccan Herald , 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Article 370 of the Indian Constitution , Kashmir-information.com , archived from the original on 5 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India ( 1949 ) '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha Secretariat . pp. 1122 -- 1123 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , pp. 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kumar , The Constitutional and Legal Routes ( 2005 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Tillin , Asymmetric Federalism ( 2016 ) , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir ( 2012 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir ( 2012 ) , p. 196 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir ( 2012 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Chowdhary , Politics of Identity and Separatism ( 2015 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Cottrell , Kashmir : The vanishing autonomy ( 2013 ) , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir ( 2012 ) , p. 198 -- 200 , 212 . Jump up ^ Kumar , The Constitutional and Legal Routes ( 2005 ) , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir ( 2012 ) , p. 201 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir ( 2012 ) , p. 205 -- 209 . ^ Jump up to : Cottrell , Kashmir : The vanishing autonomy ( 2013 ) , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir ( 2012 ) , p. 210 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , Section 11.1 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , pp. 13 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Cottrell , Kashmir : The vanishing autonomy ( 2013 ) , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Noorani , Article 370 ( 2011 ) , Chapter 11 . Jump up ^ Cottrell , Kashmir : The vanishing autonomy ( 2013 ) , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Cottrell , Kashmir : The vanishing autonomy ( 2013 ) , p. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ `` Central Enactments Applicable To State of Jammu And Kashmir in Alphabetical Order '' ( PDF ) . 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Order extraordinaire : J&K 's immunity set aside by the NHRC '' . October 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir ( PDF ) . Official website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on National Informatics Centre , India . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is Article 370 ? Three key points '' . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rekha Chowdhary ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Kashmir vs Women '' . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 565610 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jammu and Kashmir has no vestige of sovereignty outside Constitution : Supreme Court , Financial Express , 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ No sovereignty for J&K , Supreme Court slams High Court for `` wrong '' , `` disturbing '' observations , Bar and Bench , 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BJP Manifesto for 2014 General Elections '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Omar Abdullah & Ram Madhav start war of words over Article 370 - Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2014 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Integral review of Article 370 overdue , but needs cooperation not confrontation : Congress leader Karan Singh Jump up ^ Art 370 permanent ... can not be repealed or amended : HC , The Indian Express , 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/special-status-to-j-k-article-370-not-a-temporary-provision-says-supreme-court/story-wNb5Bz0EOVIDU4NmRn537J.html Bibliography ( edit ) Chowdhary , Rekha ( 2015 ) , Jammu and Kashmir : Politics of Identity and Separatism , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 41405 - 6 Das Gupta , Jyoti Bhusan ( 2012 ) , Jammu and Kashmir , Springer , ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 Cottrell , Jill ( 2013 ) , `` Kashmir : The vanishing autonomy '' , in Yash Ghai ; Sophia Woodman , Practising Self - Government : A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions , Cambridge University Press , pp. 163 -- 199 , doi : 10.1017 / CBO9781139088206. 006 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 29235 - 2 Hassan , Khalid Wasim ( 2009 ) , History Revisited : Narratives on Political and Constitutional Changes in Kashmir ( 1947 - 1990 ) ( PDF ) , Bangalore : The Institute for Social and Economic Change , ISBN 81 - 7791 - 189 - 9 Kumar , Ashutosh ( 2005 ) , `` The Constitutional and Legal Routes '' , in Samaddar , Ranabir , The Politics of Autonomy : Indian Experiences , SAGE Publications , pp. 93 -- 113 , ISBN 9780761934530 Menon , V.P. ( 1956 ) . The Story of Integration of the Indian States ( PDF ) . Orient Longman . Noorani , A.G. ( 2011 ) , Article 370 : A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 807408 - 3 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Tillin , Louise ( 2016 ) , `` Asymmetric Federalism '' , in Sujit Choudhry ; Madhav Khosla ; Pratap Bhanu Mehta , The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution , Oxford University Press , pp. 546 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 870489 - 8 External links ( edit ) `` Full text of the article '' ( PDF ) . ( 387 KB ) `` Full text of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir '' ( PDF ) . `` The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1950 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Jammu and Kashmir . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . `` The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Jammu and Kashmir . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=846596038 '' Categories : Parts and articles of the Constitution of India History of Jammu and Kashmir Independent India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how does jammu and kashmir enjoy a special status in india	[]	[]
-8963364846889153206	Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup	Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search The Republic of Ireland have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on three occasions . They hold the all time World Cup record of most appearances , always advancing from first round . Their first appearance in the finals was in Italy at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . 1990 was also their best performance in a major championship , where they reached the quarter - finals . Contents ( hide ) 1 FIFA World Cup record 2 Republic of Ireland at Italy 1990 2.1 Group F 2.2 Knockout phase 3 Republic of Ireland at USA 1994 3.1 Group E 3.2 Knockout phase 4 Republic of Ireland at Korea / Japan 2002 4.1 Group E 4.2 Knockout phase 5 See also 6 References 7 External links FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA Position 1930 Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Did not qualify 0 6 9 3 / 3 1938 0 5 6 2 / 2 1950 6 7 2 / 3 1954 0 8 6 2 / 3 1958 6 7 2 / 3 1962 0 0 17 3 / 3 1966 0 Lost Playoff 1970 6 0 5 14 4 / 4 5 2 / 3 1978 3 / 3 1982 8 17 11 3 / 5 1986 8 5 10 4 / 5 1990 Quarter final 7th 5 0 8 5 10 2 / 5 1994 Round of 16 15th 12 7 19 6 2 / 7 1998 Did not qualify 12 5 25 11 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2002 Round of 16 12th 0 6 12 8 25 6 2 / 6 Won Playoff 2006 Did not qualify 10 5 12 5 4 / 6 12 7 13 10 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2014 10 16 17 4 / 6 Total 3 / 20 13 8 10 10 129 51 38 40 188 194 ' * Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty shootout . ( show ) FIFA World Cup History Year Round Score Result Republic of Ireland scorers 1990 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 England Draw Kevin Sheedy 73 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Draw Niall Quinn 71 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 ( 5 ) -- 0 ( 4 ) Romania Draw Quarter - finals Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Loss 1994 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Italy Win Ray Houghton 11 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 2 Mexico Loss John Aldridge 84 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Norway Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 2 Netherlands Loss 2002 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Cameroon Draw Matt Holland 52 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Germany Draw Robbie Keane 90 + 2 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 3 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Win Robbie Keane 7 ' Gary Breen 61 ' Damien Duff 87 ' Round 2 Republic of Ireland 1 ( 2 ) -- 1 ( 3 ) Spain Draw Robbie Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) Republic of Ireland at Italy 1990 ( edit ) Republic of Ireland squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup 1 Bonner 2 Morris 3 Staunton 4 McCarthy ( c ) 5 Moran 6 Whelan 7 McGrath 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Cascarino 11 Sheedy 12 O'Leary 13 Townsend 14 Hughton 15 Slaven 16 Sheridan 17 Quinn 18 Stapleton 19 Kelly 20 Byrne 21 McLoughlin 22 Peyton Coach : Charlton Group F ( edit ) Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 0 + 1 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 Egypt 0 - 1 Note : Republic of Ireland awarded second place by drawing of lots England v Republic of Ireland 11 June 1990 21 : 00 England 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Lineker 8 ' ( Report ) Sheedy 73 ' Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari Attendance : 35,238 Referee : Aron Schmidhuber ( West Germany ) Republic of Ireland v Egypt 17 June 1990 17 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt ( Report ) Stadio La Favorita , Palermo Attendance : 33,288 Referee : Marcel Van Langenhove ( Belgium ) Netherlands v Republic of Ireland 21 June 1990 21 : 00 Netherlands 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Gullit 10 ' ( Report ) Quinn 71 ' Stadio La Favorita , Palermo Attendance : 33,288 Referee : Michel Vautrot ( France ) Knockout phase ( edit ) Republic of Ireland v Romania 25 June 1990 17 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Romania italy ( Report ) ireland Penalties Sheedy Houghton Townsend Cascarino O'Leary 5 -- 4 Hagi Lupu Rotariu Lupescu Timofte Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Attendance : 31,818 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) Italy v Republic of Ireland 30 June 1990 21 : 00 Italy 1 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Schillaci 38 ' ( Report ) Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : Carlos Silva Valente ( Portugal ) Republic of Ireland at USA 1994 ( edit ) Republic of Ireland squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Bonner 2 Irwin 3 Phelan 4 Moran 5 McGrath 6 Keane 7 Townsend ( c ) 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Sheridan 11 Staunton 12 G. Kelly 13 Kernaghan 14 Babb 15 Coyne 16 Cascarino 17 McGoldrick 18 Whelan 19 McLoughlin 20 D. Kelly 21 McAteer 22 A. Kelly Coach : Charlton Group E ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Group E Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Mexico 0 Republic of Ireland 0 Italy 0 Norway 0 Italy v Republic of Ireland 18 June 1994 16 : 05 EDT Italy 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland ( Report ) Houghton 11 ' Giants Stadium , East Rutherford Attendance : 75,338 Referee : Mario van der Ende ( Netherlands ) Mexico v Republic of Ireland 24 June 1994 12 : 35 EDT Mexico 2 -- 1 Republic of Ireland García 42 ' 65 ' ( Report ) Aldridge 84 ' Citrus Bowl , Orlando Attendance : 60,790 Referee : Kurt Röthlisberger ( Switzerland ) Republic of Ireland v Norway 28 June 1994 12 : 35 EDT Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Norway ( Report ) Giants Stadium , East Rutherford Attendance : 72,404 Referee : José Torres Cadena ( Colombia ) Knockout phase ( edit ) Netherlands v Republic of Ireland 4 July 1994 12 : 05 EDT Netherlands 2 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Bergkamp 11 ' Jonk 41 ' ( Report ) Citrus Bowl , Orlando Attendance : 61,355 Referee : Peter Mikkelsen ( Denmark ) Republic of Ireland at Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Republic of Ireland squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Given 2 Finnan 3 Harte 4 Cunningham 5 Staunton ( c ) 6 Roy Keane 7 McAteer 8 Holland 9 Duff 10 Robbie Keane 11 Kilbane 12 Kinsella 13 Connolly 14 Breen 15 Dunne 16 Kiely 17 Quinn 18 G. Kelly 19 Morrison 20 O'Brien 21 Reid 22 Carsley 23 A. Kelly Coach : McCarthy Group E ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup - Group E Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Germany 0 11 + 10 7 Republic of Ireland 0 5 + 3 5 Cameroon - 1 Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 12 - 12 0 Republic of Ireland v Cameroon 1 June 2002 15 : 30 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Cameroon Holland 52 ' ( Report ) Mboma 39 ' Niigata Stadium , Niigata Attendance : 33,679 Referee : Toru Kamikawa ( Japan ) Germany v Republic of Ireland 5 June 2002 20 : 30 Germany 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Klose 19 ' ( Report ) Robbie Keane 90 + 2 ' Kashima Soccer Stadium , Kashima Attendance : 35,854 Referee : Kim Milton Nielsen ( Denmark ) Saudi Arabia v Republic of Ireland 11 June 2002 20 : 30 Saudi Arabia 0 -- 3 Republic of Ireland ( Report ) Robbie Keane 7 ' Breen 61 ' Duff 87 ' International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Attendance : 65,320 Referee : Falla N'Doye ( Senegal ) Knockout phase ( edit ) Spain v Republic of Ireland 16 June 2002 20 : 30 Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Republic of Ireland Morientes 8 ' ( Report ) Robbie Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Hierro Baraja Juanfran Valerón Mendieta 3 -- 2 Robbie Keane Holland Connolly Kilbane Finnan Suwon World Cup Stadium , Suwon Attendance : 38,926 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) See also ( edit ) Republic of Ireland at the UEFA European Football Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's Italia ' 90 squad - where are they now ? '' . RTE Sport. 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Niall Quinn : ' People can talk about the ramshackle Irish team , but we knew what the real story was ' '' . Irish Examiner. 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 24 World Cup memories we wo n't forget from Italia ' 90 '' . The 42 . 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On Second Thoughts : Italia 90 '' . Guardian . 14 October 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 11 iconic images that bring back memories of the Italia 90 good times '' . The 42 . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where are Ireland 's Italia 90 dream team now ? '' . The 42 . 16 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italia ' 90 '' . Irish Times . 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Ireland Profile at FIFA.com Ireland World Cup Record at FIFA.com Article on Ireland 's Qualification for the 1990 World Cup Article on Ireland at 1994 FIFA World Cup World Cup Record at Planet World Cup Republic of Ireland national football team Players Managers Governing body Football Association of Ireland Venues Aviva Stadium Lansdowne Road Croke Park Dalymount Park Results Complete list of matches ( 1924 -- present ) Irish Free State results ( 1924 -- 35 ) Ireland ( FAI ) results ( 1936 -- 54 ) Republic of Ireland results ( 1954 -- present ) -- 1954 -- 59 1960s 70s 80s 90s 2000s 10s Players Players Dual Ireland players Hat - trick scorers World Cup finals 1990 1994 2002 ( including Saipan incident ) World Cup record European finals 2012 2016 Euro record Other tournaments 1924 Olympic Football Tournament 1948 Olympic Football Tournament Brazil Independence Cup ( 1972 ) Kirin Cup ( 1984 ) Iceland Triangular Tournament ( 1986 ) U.S. Cup ( 1992 2000 ) Unity Cup ( 2004 ) Nations Cup ( 2011 ) Famous matches 1949 defeat of England 1995 friendly against England 2010 FIFA World Cup play - off against France Songs `` Olé , Olé , Olé '' `` Joxer Goes to Stuttgart '' `` Give It a Lash Jack '' `` Put ' Em Under Pressure '' `` Watch Your House for Ireland '' `` The Rocky Road to Poland '' Other National teams Women 's U-23 U-21 U-19 U-17 League of Ireland XI Awards FAI International Football Awards Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=812868913 '' Categories : Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Republic of Ireland national football team -- record in major tournaments Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 10 : 08 . About Wikipedia	when did ireland last qualify for the world cup	[]	[]
4648028260798643287	William Muir	William Muir - wikipedia William Muir Jump to : navigation , search For the American coach , see William Muir ( American coach ) . For other people , see William Muir ( disambiguation ) . Sir William Muir Sir William Muir by Charles McBride Sir William Muir , KCSI ( 27 April 1819 -- 11 July 1905 ) was a Scottish Orientalist , scholar of Islam , and colonial administrator , serving as Principal of the University of Edinburgh and Lieutenant Governor of the North - West Provinces of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Works , reception , and legacy 2.1 Life of Muhammad 2.2 Other works 3 Statuary 4 Family 5 Publications 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Life ( edit ) Sir William Muir 's grave , Dean Cemetery He was born at Glasgow the son of William Muir , and younger brother of John Muir . He was educated at Kilmarnock Academy , the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh , and at Haileybury College . In 1837 he entered the Bengal civil service . Muir served as secretary to the governor of the North - West Provinces , and as a member of the Agra revenue board , and during the Mutiny he was in charge of the intelligence department there . In 1865 he was made foreign secretary to the Indian Government . In 1867 Muir was knighted ( K.C.S.I. ) , and in 1868 he became lieutenant - governor of the North Western Provinces . Having been criticised for the poor relief effort during the Orissa famine of 1866 , the British began to discuss famine policy , and in 1868 Muir issued an order stating that : ... every District officer would be held personally responsible that no deaths occurred from starvation which could have been avoided by any exertion or arrangement on his part or that of his subordinates . In 1874 Muir was appointed financial member of the Viceroy 's Council , and retired in 1876 , when he became a member of the Council of India in London . James Thomason served as Muir 's mentor with respect to Imperial administration ; Muir later wrote an influential biography of Thomason . Muir had always taken an interest in educational matters , and it was chiefly through his exertions that the central college at Allahabad , known as Muir Central College , was built and endowed . Muir College later became a part of the Allahabad University . In 1884 Muir was elected president of the Royal Asiatic Society . In 1885 he was elected principal of Edinburgh University in succession to Sir Alexander Grant , and held the post till 1903 , when he retired . Muir was married to Elizabeth Huntly Wemyss ( 1822 - 1897 ) . He died in Edinburgh , and is buried in Dean Cemetery . The grave lies in the concealed lower southern terrace . Works , reception , and legacy ( edit ) Sir William Muir was an Orientalist and scholar of Islam . His chief area of expertise was the history of the time of Muhammad and the early caliphate . His chief books are A Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira ; Annals of the Early Caliphate ; The Caliphate : Its rise , decline and fall , an abridgment and continuation of the Annals , which brings the record down to the fall of the caliphate on the onset of the Mongols ; The Koran : its Composition and Teaching ; and The Mohammedan Controversy , a reprint of five essays published at intervals between 1885 and 1887 . In 1888 he delivered the Rede lecture at Cambridge on The Early Caliphate and Rise of Islam . Life of Muhammad ( edit ) Sir William Muir during the Second Anglo - Afghan War His original book `` The life of Mohammed '' was initially published 1861 in four volume tomes . Muir 's contemporary reviewers of his Life of Mahomet uniformly praised him for his knowledge of Arabic ; the only competing work in Britain at the time was a book by Harrow schoolmaster Reginald Bosworth Smith , who had no Arabic language skills . Historian Avril Powell notes that none of the contemporary reviews commented on Muir 's view that the Muslim society was stationary and incapable of reforms , perhaps because it was quietly assumed as indisputable by most of Muir 's Victorian co-nationals . Written objections to this aspect of Life could be found in the writings of Muslims living inside the Empire only after the 1857 rebellion . However , a contemporary review in The Times criticized Life for `` propagandist writing '' with Christian bias and for `` odium theologicum '' . Contemporary historian E.A. Freeman praised the book as a `` great work '' , yet questioned its conjectural methodology , particularly the `` half timid suggestion '' made by Muir that Muhammad had fallen under the influence of Satanic inspiration . Among 20th century scholars , W.M. Watt ( 1961 ) described Muir 's Life as following `` in detail the standard Muslim accounts , though not uncritically '' , and Albert Hourani ( 1989 ) declared that it `` is still not quite superseded '' . Bennett ( 1998 ) praises it as `` a detailed life of Muhammad more complete than almost any other previous book , at least in English , '' noting however that besides `` placing the facts of Muhammad 's life before both Muslim and Christian readers , Muir wanted to convince Muslims that Muhammad was not worth their allegiance . He thus combined scholarly and evangelical or missionary purposes . '' Commenting on Muir 's conjecture that Muhammad may have been affected by a Satanic influence , Clinton Bennett says that Muir `` chose to resurrect another old Christian theory '' , and quotes the following passage from Muir 's 1858 Life , vol. 2 : It is incumbent upon us to consider this question from a Christian point of view , and to ask whether the supernatural influence , which ... acted upon the soul of the Arabian prophet may not have proceeded from the Evil One ... Our belief in the power of the Evil One must lead us to consider this as at least one of the possible causes of the fall of Mahomet ... into the meshes of deception ... May we conceive that a diabolical influence and inspiration was permitted to enslave the heart of him who had deliberately yielded to the compromise with evil . In the final chapters of Life , Muir concluded that the main legacy of Islam was a negative one , and he subdivided it in `` three radical evils '' : First : Polygamy , Divorce , and Slavery strike at the root of public morals , poison domestic life , and disorganise society ; while the Veil removes the female sex from its just position and influence in the world . Second : freedom of thought and private judgment are crushed and annihilated . Toleration is unknown , and the possibility of free and liberal institutions foreclosed . Third : a barrier has been interposed against the reception of Christianity . According to Edward Said , although Muir 's Life of Mahomet and The Caliphate `` are still considered reliable monuments of scholarship '' , his work was characterized by an `` impressive antipathy to the Orient , Islam and the Arabs '' , and `` his attitude towards his subject matter was fairly put by him when he said that ' the sword of Muhammed , and the Kor'an , are the most stubborn enemies of Civilisation , Liberty , and the Truth which the world has yet known ' '' . Other works ( edit ) Muir 's later Annals was received with fewer reservations by the Times reviewer and other newspapers of the day . It was the Annals that established Muir 's reputation as a leading scholar on Islam in Britain . Nevertheless , his earlier hypercritical Life of Mahomet was used as a poster child by contemporary Muslim commentators -- especially by Indian ones connected to the movement of Syed Ahmed Khan -- to dismiss all criticism of their society emanating from Western scholars . Syed Ameer Ali went as far as to declare Muir `` Islam 's avowed enemy '' . An illustrative aspect in the evolution of Muir 's positions is his stance on the Crusades . In his writings of the 1840s , he goaded Christian scholars to verbal warfare against Muslims using aggressive crusader imagery . Fifty year later , Muir redirected the invective hitherto reserved for the Muslims to the crusading leaders and armies , and while still finding some faults with the former , he praised Saladin for knightly values . ( Muir 's anti-Catholic animus may have played a role in this too. ) Despite his later writings , Muir 's reputation as an unfair critic of Islam remained strong in Muslim circles . Powell finds that William Muir deserves much of the criticism laid by Edward Said and his followers against 19th century Western scholarship on Islam . Muir was a committed Evangelical Christian and was invited to preface many missionary biographies and memoirs , speak at conferences and to publicise Zenana missions . He wrote `` If Christianity is anything , it must be everything . It can not brook a rival , nor cease to wage war against all other faiths , without losing its strength and virtue . '' In his official capacity as principal of Edinburgh University , Muir chaired many meetings of Evangelists at the university , organised to support overseas missionary efforts , and addressed by speakers such as Henry Drummond . In India , William Muir founded the Indian Christian village Muirabad , near Allahabad . Muir was impressed with the discovery of the Apology of al - Kindy ; he lectured on it at the Royal Asiatic Society , presenting it as an important link in what he saw as a chain of notable conversions to Christianity , and later he published the translated sources . A proselytising text , Bakoorah shahiya ( Sweet First Fruits ) was published under his name as well , but this work had actually been written by a convert to Protestantism from Eastern Orthodox Christianity . In The Mohammedan Controversy , he wrote : Britain must not faint until her millions in the East abandon both the false prophet and the idol shrines and rally around that eternal truth which has been brought to light in the Gospel . Daniel Pipes investigated the origin of the phrase `` Satanic Verses '' , and concluded that despite Salman Rushdie 's claim that he had borrowed the phrase from Tabari , the earliest traceable occurrence is in Muir 's Life of Mohamet ( 1858 ) in a passage discussing `` two Satanic verses '' . The phrase does not appear in the revised edition of 1912 though . Statuary ( edit ) A marble statue by George Blackall Simmonds was erected in his honour and unveiled by the then Viceroy of India at the opening of Muir College on 8 April 1886 , and was still there in 2012 . Another was proposed for the Muslim college , but due to opposition the scheme was dropped . Family ( edit ) He was the brother of the indologist John Muir . He married Elizabeth Huntly Wemyss in 1840 ( d . 1897 ) , and had five sons and six daughters ; four of his sons served in India , and one of them , Colonel A.M. Muir ( d . 1899 ) , was Political Officer for South Baluchistan , and was acting British Resident in Nepal when he died . Publications ( edit ) The Life of Muhammad and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira Vols. 1 -- 2 published in 1858 by Smith , Elder , & Co . Vols. 3 -- 4 published in 1861 by Smith , Elder , & Co. together with a reprinting of the first two volumes ; title shortened to The Life of Muhammad . The life of Muhammad from original sources 2nd abridged one - volume ed. of the above published in 1878 , xi + errata slip , xxviii , 624 pp. London : Smith , Elder , & Co . 3rd abridged ed. published in 1894 by Smith , Elder , & Co. , ciii , 536 p . posthumously revised ed. by Thomas Hunter Weir published in 1912 as The life of Mohammad from original sources , cxix , 556 pp . The Mameluke or Slave Dynasty of Egypt , 1260 -- 1517 AD , end of the Caliphate The Caliphate : Its rise , decline and fall The Apology of al - Kindy , 1882 Annals of the Early Caliphate The Sources of Islam , A Persian Treatise , by the Rev. W. St. Clair - Tisdall , translated and abridged by W.M. 1901 . Edinburgh , T & T Clark . Records of the Intelligence Department of the Government of the North - West Provinces of India during the Mutiny of 1857 including correspondence with the supreme government , Delhi , Cawnpore , and other places . 1902 . 2 vols , Edinburgh , T & T Clark . Two Old Faiths : Essays on the Religions of the Hindus and the Mohammedans . J. Murray Mitchell and Sir William Muir. 1901 . New York : Chautauqua Press . Muhammad and Islam The Rise and Decline of Islam The Lord 's Supper : an abiding witness to the death of Christ Sweet First - Fruits . A tale of the Nineteenth Century , on the truth and virtue of the Christian Religion The Beacon of Truth ; or , Testimony of the Coran to the Truth of the Christian Religion , 1894 The Mohammedan Controversy , 1897 James Thomason , lieutenant - governor N. - W.P. , India , 1897 The Teaching of the Coran The opium revenue ( 1875 ) See also ( edit ) Orientalism Origin and development of the Qur'an Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 ^ Jump up to : Powell 2010 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India , vol . III ( 1907 ) , p. 478 Jump up ^ Powell 2010 , p. 249 ^ Jump up to : Powell 2010 , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : Powell 2010 , p. 256 Jump up ^ Powell 2010 , p. 256 and 168 both contain these quotes cited from The Times , 15 November 1883 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Powell 2010 , p. 168 citing EA Freeman , British Quarterly Review , 55 ( January 1872 ) , pp. 106 -- 119 Jump up ^ Bennett 1998 , p. 112 citing Watt , William Montgomery ( 1961 ) Muhammad -- Prophet and Statesman , Oxford University Press , p. 244 Jump up ^ Bennett 1998 , p. 112 citing Hourani , Albert ( 1989 ) Europe and the Middle East , Macmillan , p. 34 Jump up ^ Bennett 1998 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Bennett 1998 , p. 113 citing Muir 's 1858 Life , vol. 2 , p. 90f ; Bennett traces the Satanic influence theory Jump up ^ Bennett 1998 , p. 113 paraphrases Muir 's 1894 edition of Life , p. 505 , but the passage quoted here is in Muir 's own words Jump up ^ Edward W. Said ( 2006 ) . Orientalism . Penguin Books India . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Bennett 1998 , p. 117 citing Ali , Sayyid Ameer ( 1922 ) The Spirit of Islam , London : Chatto & Windus . Originally published in 1891 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Powell 2010 , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Powell 2010 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Powell 2010 , p. 262 Jump up ^ Bennett , Clinton ( 1992 ) . Victorian Images of Islam . Grey Seal Books . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Pipes 2003 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Esposito 2003 , p. 563 Jump up ^ Muir 1858 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Kuortti 1997 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Harriot Georgina Blackwood , Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava ( 1889 ) . Our viceregal life in India : selections from my journal , 1884 - 1888 . II . London : J. Murray . p. 22 . Jump up ^ http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/9872/10/Appendix%202.pdf Jump up ^ http://timesofiExtensor Digitorumndia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Restoring-past-glory-of-AUs-Vizianagram-Hall/articleshow/12614622.cms References ( edit ) Ali , Kecia ( 2014 ) . The Lives of Muhammad . Harvard University Press . p. 48ff . Ansari , K. Humayun . `` The Muslim World in British Historical Imaginations : ' Re-thinking Orientalism ' ? '' British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies ( 2011 ) 38 # 1 pp : 73 - 93 Bennett , Clinton ( 1998 ) . In search of Muhammad . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 70401 - 9 . Esposito , John L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . p. 563 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512558 - 0 . Kuortti , Joel ( 1997 ) . Place of the sacred : the rhetoric of the Satanic verses affair . Peter Lang . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 3294 - 6 . Muir , William ( 1858 ) . The life of Mahomet and history of Islam , to the era of the Hegira : with introductory chapters on the original sources for the biography of Mahomet , and on the pre-Islamite history of Arabia , Volume 2 . Smith , Elder & Co. p. 152 . Pipes , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( first edition : 1990 ) . The Rushdie affair : the novel , the Ayatollah , and the West ( 2 ed . ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0996 - 4 . Powell , Avril A. ( 2010 ) . Scottish orientalists and India : the Muir brothers , religion , education and empire . Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 579 - 0 . Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Muir , Sir William '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 958 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : William Muir Wikisource has original works written by or about : William Muir Works by William Muir at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Muir at Internet Archive Online books by Muir at `` Answering Islam Library '' Smith , George ( 1912 ) . `` Muir , William '' . In Lee , Sidney . Dictionary of National Biography , 1912 supplement . 3 . London : Smith , Elder & Co . 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-1532351367748237087	Kurt Angle	Kurt Angle - wikipedia Kurt Angle Kurt Angle Angle in August 2005 Birth name Kurt Steven Angle ( 1968 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1968 ( age 49 ) Mt . Lebanon Township , Pennsylvania , United States Residence Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States Alma mater Clarion University of Pennsylvania Spouse ( s ) Karen Smedley ( m . 1998 ; div. 2008 ) Giovanna Yannotti ( m . 2012 ) Children 5 Website kurtanglebrand.com Professional wrestling career Ring name ( s ) Kurt Angle Billed height 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) Billed weight 237 lb ( 108 kg ) Billed from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Trained by Dory Funk Jr . Tom Prichard Debut August 20 , 1998 Kurt Angle Medal record ( hide ) Men 's wrestling Representing the United States Olympic Games 1996 Atlanta Freestyle ( -- 100 kg ) World Championships 1995 Atlanta Freestyle ( -- 100 kg ) Kurt Steven Angle ( born December 9 , 1968 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor and former amateur wrestler currently signed to professional wrestling promotion WWE , where he is the on - screen general manager of the Raw brand and an occasional wrestler . While at Clarion University of Pennsylvania , Angle won numerous accolades , including being a two - time National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Heavyweight Wrestling Champion . After graduating from college , Angle won a gold medal in freestyle wrestling at the 1995 World Wrestling Championships . He then won the freestyle wrestling gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics . He is one of four people to complete an amateur wrestling Grand Slam ( Junior Nationals , NCAA , World Championships , and Olympics ) . In 2006 , he was named by USA Wrestling as the greatest shoot wrestler ever and one of the top 15 college wrestlers of all time . He was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 for his amateur accomplishments . Angle made his first appearance at a pro-wrestling event in 1996 , and signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) in 1998 . Noted for his rapid comprehension of the business , he had his debut match that August within the company 's developmental system after mere days of training , and participated in his first televised WWF storyline in March 1999 . After months of unaired matches , Angle made his televised in - ring debut in November and received his first major push in the company in February 2000 , when he held the European and Intercontinental Championships simultaneously . Four months later , he won the King of the Ring tournament and soon thereafter began pursuing the WWF Championship , which he won in October . This capped off a WWF rookie year which is considered by many to be the greatest in history . Among other accomplishments in the WWF / E , Angle has held the WWF / WWE Championship four times , the WCW Championship once , and the World Heavyweight Championship once . He is the tenth Triple Crown Champion and the fifth Grand Slam Champion ( achieving this accolade twice under both the original and current format ) in WWE history . On March 31 , 2017 , Angle was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame . After leaving WWE in 2006 , Angle joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( now Impact Wrestling ) where he became the inaugural and record six - time TNA World Heavyweight Champion , and the second Triple Crown winner in TNA history ( as well as the only one to hold all required titles at once ) . Angle is also a two - time King of the Mountain . As part of TNA , he made appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) and the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) , holding the IWGP Heavyweight Championship once . In 2013 , Angle was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame : he is the second wrestler , after Sting , to be inducted into both the WWE and TNA Halls of Fame . Between WWF / WWE , Japan and TNA , Angle has won 21 total championships . He is the only pro-wrestler in history to have won the WWE Championship , WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship , the WCW Championship , the TNA World Heavyweight Championship and the IGF 's IWGP Heavyweight Championship . Angle is also the only person to have been King of the Ring and King of the Mountain , as well as to have held both the WWE and TNA Triple Crowns . He has headlined numerous pay - per - view events for WWF / WWE and TNA , including both WrestleMania and Bound for Glory . In 2004 , the Wrestling Observer Newsletter inducted Angle into its Hall of Fame and later named him `` Wrestler of the Decade '' for the 2000s . He is considered one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time . Former opponent and industry veteran John Cena said of Angle 's legacy within WWE : `` He is , without question , the most gifted all - around performer we have ever had step into a ring . There will never be another like him . '' Contents 1 Early life 2 Amateur wrestling career 3 Professional wrestling career 3.1 Extreme Championship Wrestling ( 1996 ) 3.2 World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment 3.2. 1 Early tenure and Eurocontinental Champion ( 1998 -- 2000 ) 3.2. 2 WWF Champion ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 3.2. 3 Grand Slam winner ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 3.2. 4 Team Angle ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 3.2. 5 World Heavyweight Champion and departure ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 3.3 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling 3.3. 1 The Angle Alliance ( 2006 -- 2008 ) 3.3. 2 The Main Event Mafia ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 3.3. 3 Various feuds ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 3.3. 4 Immortal ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 3.3. 5 New Main Event Mafia ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 3.3. 6 Director of Wrestling Operations ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 3.3. 7 Final world championship reign ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3.4 New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 3.5 Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( 2012 ) 3.6 Independent circuit ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 3.7 Return to WWE 3.7. 1 Raw General Manager ( 2017 -- present ) 4 Professional wrestling style and persona 5 Acting career 5.1 Filmography 6 Other endeavors 7 Personal life 7.1 Steroid allegations 7.2 Legal issues 8 Championships and accomplishments 8.1 Amateur wrestling 8.2 Professional wrestling 9 World Championships / Olympic Games matches 10 Luchas de Apuestas record 11 Notes 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Angle was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt . Lebanon Township , Pennsylvania , the son of Jackie and David Angle . He attended Clarion University of Pennsylvania , graduating with a degree in education in 1993 . Angle has four older brothers ( one of whom , Eric , is also a wrestler ) and a sister , Le'Anne , who died in 2003 . His father , a crane operator , was killed in a construction accident when Angle was 16 , and Angle dedicated both his career and his autobiography to his father . Angle stated in an interview that , following the death of his father , he regarded his wrestling coach , David Schultz , as a paternal figure . While training Angle , Schultz was murdered in January 1996 by John Eleuthère du Pont , the sponsor of Schultz 's team of Olympic prospectives . Angle 's mother died in 2015 after a long battle with cancer . Amateur Wrestling career ( edit ) Angle started amateur wrestling at the age of seven . He attended Mt . Lebanon High School , where he won varsity letters in football and wrestling and was an All - State linebacker . He went undefeated on the freshman wrestling team at Canon - McMillan High and qualified for the state wrestling tournament his sophomore year . Angle also placed third in the state wrestling tournament as a junior and was the 1987 Pennsylvania State Wrestling Champion as a senior . Upon graduating from high school , Angle attended the Clarion University of Pennsylvania , where he continued to wrestle at an amateur level . He was a two - time National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I champion , national runner - up in 1991 , and a three - time NCAA Division I All - American . In addition , Angle was the 1987 USA Junior Freestyle champion , a two - time USA Senior Freestyle champion , and the 1988 USA International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles Junior World Freestyle champion . After graduating from college , Angle continued to wrestle . In 1995 , he won a gold medal at the FILA Wrestling World Championships in Atlanta , Georgia . Following this victory , Angle began preparing for the 1996 Summer Olympics under Dave Schultz at the Pennsylvanian Foxcatcher Club , training between eight and ten hours a day . In January 1996 , not long after Angle began training at the club , Schultz was murdered by John Eleuthère du Pont , the sponsor of Schultz 's team of Olympic prospectives . As a result , Angle quit du Pont 's team , searched for new sponsors , and joined the Dave Schultz Wrestling Club in Schultz 's memory . Angle faced further hardships while taking part in the 1996 Olympic Trials , when he suffered a severe neck injury , fracturing two of his cervical vertebrae , herniating two discs , and pulling four muscles . Nonetheless , Angle won the trials and then spent the subsequent five months resting and rehabilitating . By the Olympics , Angle was able to compete , albeit with several pain - reducing injections in his neck . In the fall of 1996 , Angle stated that he temporarily became addicted to the analgesic Vicodin after injuring his neck . He won his gold medal in the heavyweight ( 90 -- 100 kg ; 198 -- 220 lb ) weight class despite his injury , defeating the Iranian Abbas Jadidi by officials ' decision after the competitors wrestled to an eight - minute , one - one draw . The bout saw Jadidi earn a point after two minutes and 42 seconds by turning Angle , and Angle earning a point of his own with a takedown after three minutes and four seconds . The officials ' decision was protested by Jadidi . Angle dedicated the victory to Schultz 's honor . In April 2011 , Angle revealed that he was planning a comeback to amateur wrestling for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . In April 2012 , he announced he was unable to make the trials for the US team due to a knee injury , though he held an honorary title as team manager . A parody of these efforts entitled `` Olympic Trials With Kurt Angle '' appeared on the website Funny or Die . In 2016 , Angle was announced as an inductee into the International Sports Hall of Fame for his amateur wrestling accomplishments . Professional Wrestling career ( edit ) Extreme Championship Wrestling ( 1996 ) ( edit ) On October 26 , 1996 , Angle was convinced by fellow Pittsburgh native Shane Douglas to attend the taping of an Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) event named High Incident . He gave an in - ring interview and provided guest commentary during a match between Taz and Little Guido , but left the building after Raven `` crucified '' a bleeding Sandman by attaching him to a cross using barbed wire . Angle , shocked by the controversial imagery and afraid that his career prospects were going to be damaged if he was associated with the incident , threatened to sue ECW owner Paul Heyman if he was shown on television in the same broadcast as the stunt . World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment ( edit ) Early tenure and Eurocontinental Champion ( 1998 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Angle with the European and Intercontinental championship belts As a celebrated amateur wrestler , Angle had an aversion to professional wrestling , considering it `` beneath '' him . He was offered a 10 - year contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) following the 1996 Olympics , but talks fell apart when he told company chairman Vince McMahon that he would be unwilling to lose any matches . Angle 's opinion of professional wrestling changed when he began watching the WWF 's Monday Night Raw in 1998 : he observed `` world class athletes doing very athletic things '' , and developed an admiration for Stone Cold Steve Austin 's talents as an entertainer . Angle later conceded that his negative attitude toward the industry was misguided and `` stupid '' . With the WWF 's original 1996 offer now rescinded , Angle had a tryout with the company , and was signed to a five - year deal by August 1998 : the contract offer came three days after his tryout . He trained under Dory Funk Jr. , with whom the WWF had developed the Funkin ' Dojo training camp in Stamford , Connecticut , and began wrestling in front of a live audience in under a week . Angle 's first match took place within WWF developmental territory the World Wrestling Alliance ( WWA ) on August 20 , in a losing effort against his other trainer , Tom Prichard . He wrestled multiple matches for the WWA in August and September , and continued to take bookings outside of the WWF , participating in a battle royal at the National Wrestling Alliance 's ( NWA ) 50th Anniversary Show on October 24 , and performing for Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling ( PCW ) and the East Coast Wrestling Association ( ECWA ) in February 1999 . In March , Angle began wrestling regularly for the WWF 's Power Pro Wrestling ( PPW ) developmental league in Memphis , Tennessee . His first appearance on WWF television was on the March 7 episode of Sunday Night Heat , where he took part in an angle with Tiger Ali Singh . This angle involved Singh paying Angle money to blow his nose on the American flag . Angle instead blew his nose on Singh 's flag and fought him off . His first WWF match was a dark match victory over Brian Christopher on April 11 . In the following months , Angle wrestled on house shows and in other dark matches in preparation for his televised debut . He also continued to wrestle for PPW through October and on July 24 won the PPW Championship . Angle then lost the championship to Steve Bradley on August 7 . He is noted for learning the art of pro wrestling quicker than almost anyone else ; WWE executive and former opponent Triple H described Angle as `` probably the fastest guy I 've ever seen pick this business up '' , owing to `` phenomenal '' athleticism and an `` aptitude '' for the industry . After several weeks of vignettes , Angle made his televised WWF in - ring debut on November 14 at Survivor Series at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit , Michigan , defeating Shawn Stasiak . He began using The Patriot 's theme `` Medal '' ( also used once by Sgt . Slaughter ) for his ring entrance , which became associated with Angle for the rest of his career . In his initial push , he remained undefeated for several weeks , eventually losing to the debuting Tazz by passing out at the Royal Rumble . Angle 's television character was an `` American hero '' gimmick based on his gold medal win at the 1996 Summer Olympics . In his promos , Angle presented himself as a role model and stressed the need to work hard to realize one 's dreams , stressing the 3 I 's , `` Intensity , Integrity and Intelligence '' . In his promos and ring entrances , Angle always wear replicas of his gold medals around his neck . While he stood for many principles that are associated with `` good guy '' wrestlers , Angle was noticeably booed in his debut match and even the next night on Raw Is War in his match against The Godfather , which took place in his hometown of Pittsburgh . The fans in general did not react positively to his billing as the first `` real athlete '' in the WWF , which ultimately led to him being portrayed as a villain , talking down to the audience and behaving as if he thought he was better than the fans and fellow wrestlers , usually taunting them with the question of , `` Where are your gold medals ? '' Angle won both the European Championship and the Intercontinental Championship in February 2000 , billing himself as the `` Eurocontinental Champion '' . He dropped both of his titles without ever conceding a fall in a two falls Triple Threat match with Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho at WrestleMania 2000 . The match had been agreed to on Angle 's behalf by his mentor , Bob Backlund . WWF Champion ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Angle at King of the Ring in 2000 -- a tournament he eventually won Throughout mid-2000 , after aligning himself with Edge & Christian , `` Team ECK '' ( Edge , Christian , and Kurt ) feuded with Too Cool and Rikishi , with Angle defeating Rikishi in the finals of the King of the Ring tournament . He went on to feud with Triple H after a love triangle between them and Triple H 's wife , Stephanie McMahon , developed . As a change to the intended storyline of Stephanie turning on her husband and going with Angle , he lost to Triple H at Unforgiven . Before the match started , however , he bumped into a returning Stone Cold Steve Austin , who was looking for the perpetrator who ran him over at the previous year 's Survivor Series . Angle offered him his friendship and one of his gold medals , but Austin was not pleased by telling him that he would keep it in a nice safe place , to which Austin referred to `` right up his ass '' before attacking Angle and throwing his medal to the floor . Following his feud with Triple H , Angle received another push and began pursuing the WWF Championship , defeating The Rock at No Mercy , after botched interference on The Rock 's behalf from Rikishi . With his victory over The Rock , Angle became the first wrestler to have won both an Olympic Gold medal and the world championship . Angle retained the WWF Championship for the rest of the year in matches with The Undertaker at Survivor Series and in a six - man Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon . After beating Triple H at the Royal Rumble , Angle eventually lost the title to The Rock at No Way Out . Angle then feuded with Chris Benoit whom he defeated at WrestleMania X-Seven , but lost to him at Backlash in an Ultimate Submission match ; Benoit defeated Angle four falls to three in sudden - death overtime . Continuing the feud , Angle again defeated Benoit in a two out of three falls match at Judgment Day . Benoit pinned Angle after an Angle Slam in a `` Pinfalls Only '' fall , and then Angle made Benoit submit with the ankle lock in the `` Submissions Only '' fall . Angle won the third fall , a ladder match , with the help of Edge and Christian . Grand Slam winner ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Invasion and The Alliance When World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and ECW were purchased by WWF , the wrestlers from both promotions joined and formed The Alliance and invaded the WWF in mid-2001 ( dubbed as `` The Invasion '' ) . As a result , Angle became a fan favorite and began a storyline where he joined forces with WWF Champion Stone Cold Steve Austin to repel them . At Invasion , Angle and Austin captained a team of five WWF superstars against five handpicked members of the Alliance . As part of the angle , Team WWF lost to Team Alliance when Austin turned on his team to join The Alliance . At the close of the match , Austin nailed Angle with a Stone Cold Stunner , causing him to get pinned by the other team . After winning and losing the WCW Championship , WCW United States Championship and the WWF Hardcore Championship in matches with Alliance members , Angle defeated Austin in a SummerSlam rematch to win his second WWF Championship at Unforgiven . Angle dropped the title back to Austin on the October 8 , episode of Raw when WWF Commissioner William Regal joined The Alliance and cost Angle the match . As part of the storyline , Angle subsequently turned into a villain again and joined The Alliance himself ; during a WrestleMania X-Seven rematch between Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon , he interfered seemingly to aid Vince , but instead struck the members of team WWF with a steel chair . Angle , however , ultimately returned to the WWF side by enabling The Rock to defeat Austin in a `` Winner Takes All '' match between the WWF and The Alliance at Survivor Series . He remained a villain by claiming sole responsibility for the destruction of The Alliance . After dropping the WCW United States Championship to Edge , the duo were booked into a lengthy feud . During this feud , Edge helped the fans with the already started : `` You Suck ! '' chants every time Angle entered a WWE ring , usually in tune with Angle 's entrance music . The chants still follow Angle to this date ( although he has warmed up to it over time and even encourages fans to join in on the chants ) . In the course of the feud , the naturally balding Angle lost a `` hair versus hair '' match to Edge at Judgment Day , and his head was shaved bald . Angle has retained the shaved head since . Following the loss of his hair , Angle 's storyline called for him to wear a wig and insult bald people , leading to a feud with Hollywood Hogan , who stripped Angle of his wig . Angle later scored a submission victory over Hogan at King of the Ring , making him the first wrestler in WWE history to win a submission from Hogan . During 2002 , Angle routinely held open invitation challenges on SmackDown ! . Accepting one of these challenges , John Cena made his WWE televised debut , losing to Angle after a roll - up pin . In October 2002 , Angle became the fifth WWE Grand Slam Champion when he and Chris Benoit won a tournament to become the inaugural WWE Tag Team Champions at No Mercy by defeating Edge and Rey Mysterio . The match between the four men at No Mercy was named the 2002 Match of the Year by Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Their team was successful , but problematic as the two bickered constantly , with Benoit often fed up with Angle 's over-the - top antics . They made their first successful title defense by defeating Los Guerreros ( Chavo Guerrero and Eddie Guerrero ) at Rebellion . Their reign ended after they dropped the titles to Edge and Mysterio on the November 7 episode of SmackDown ! in a two - out - of - three falls match . Angle and Benoit would receive another at the Tag Team Championships in a triple threat elimination match against Edge and Mysterio and Los Guerreros at Survivor Series , but failed after they were the first team eliminated . Team Angle ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Team Angle Angle and Brock Lesnar after their WWE Championship title match at WrestleMania XIX Angle won his third WWE Championship at Armageddon , defeating Big Show with the help of Brock Lesnar . While still in his third reign , Angle began a new storyline when he gained the services of manager Paul Heyman and `` Team Angle '' . He then began feuding with Brock Lesnar , who had won the 2003 Royal Rumble match , after he claimed to be the new top superstar on SmackDown ! . Angle lost the WWE Championship in the main event of WrestleMania XIX to Lesnar , due to needing time off to recuperate from injuries . On April 11 , 2003 , Angle underwent neck surgery performed by Dr. Hae - Dong Jho to repair nerve and spinal damage , calcium buildup , bone spurs , and intervertebral disc problems . Rather than have Dr. Jho remove the afflicted discs and fuse his vertebrae together , Angle opted for a less conventional surgery where Jho removed only the spurs and selected portions of the discs . The alternative surgery reduced Angle 's rehabilitation time from one year to three months . Angle returned as a face in June . Shortly after returning , Angle defeated Lesnar and Big Show in a triple threat match at Vengeance to regain the WWE Championship for the fourth time . During this time , Lesnar seemed to become an ally to Angle . Lesnar , however , secretly worked with Vince McMahon on a plot against Angle , turning on him during a steel cage match between himself and McMahon in which Angle was the special guest referee , and stated that he never tolerated losing the belt to him at Vengeance . After retaining the championship in against Lesnar at SummerSlam by making him submit to the ankle lock , he dropped the title to Lesnar in an Iron Man match on the September 18 episode of SmackDown ! . Angle then formed a five - man team to rival Lesnar 's team at the Survivor Series , with Angle 's team coming out victorious , despite Angle being eliminated by Lesnar . Angle then got involved in a feud with Eddie Guerrero . Initially being a firm friend and ally to Eddie during the latter 's feud with his nephew Chavo , Angle turned on him when it was announced that Guerrero , not Angle , was the number one contender for the WWE Championship , thus becoming a heel once again . At No Way Out , Guerrero defeated Lesnar to win the WWE Championship , while Angle defeated John Cena and Big Show in a triple threat match to become the new number one contender . After losing to Guerrero at WrestleMania XX , Angle began to once again suffer from legitimate neck problems and went in for surgery on his neck shortly after WrestleMania and was not scheduled to return to action for some time and he was made the on - screen General Manager of SmackDown ! , with his absence from the ring attributed to injuries suffered after Big Show chokeslammed him off a ledge . Angle continued his feud with Guerrero throughout 2004 . He cost Guerrero the WWE Championship against John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield in a Texas Bull Rope match at The Great American Bash by participating in the worked finish ; Angle came down to the ring and showed a replay where JBL 's shoulder hit the corner pad before Guerrero 's hand . Angle was later fired by Vince McMahon as General Manager on the July 22 , 2004 episode of Smackdown after discovering that he was faking his handicapped status and put him in a match against Eddie Guerrero at SummerSlam ( 2004 ) at the event Angle defeated Guerrero . on the September 9 episode of SmackDown ! , Angle fought Guerrero in a lumberjack match where it ended in a no contest when a brawl broke out and Big Show returned attacking both Angle and Guerrero this led to match at No Mercy ( 2004 ) where Angle lost to Big Show . On the November 4 , 2004 , episode of SmackDown ! , taped in St. Louis , Missouri , during an unscripted segment of Tough Enough , Angle challenged the finalists to a squat thrust competition . Chris Nawrocki won the competition , and the prize Nawrocki won was a match against Angle . Angle quickly took Nawrocki down , breaking his ribs , then made him submit with a neck crank . After Angle defeated Nawrocki , Angle challenged the other finalists . Daniel Puder , an American professional mixed martial artist , accepted Angle 's challenge . Angle and Puder wrestled for position , with Angle taking Puder down , however , in the process , Puder locked Angle in a kimura lock . With Puder on his back and Angle 's arm locked in the kimura , Angle pushed Puder 's shoulders down , pinning him and one of two referees in the ring , Jim Korderas , quickly counted three to end the bout , despite the fact that Puder 's shoulders were not fully down on the mat , bridging up at two . Puder later claimed he would have snapped Angle 's arm on national television if Korderas had not ended the match . Dave Meltzer and Dave Scherer gave these following comments : It was real . If you do n't follow fighting , Puder had Angle locked in the Kimura , or keylock as Tazz called it , although Tazz did n't let on the move was fully executed . Not only was Angle not getting out of the move , but most MMA fighters would have tapped already . Angle could n't tap for obvious reasons . The ref counted a three even though Puder 's shoulders were n't fully down , trying to end the thing , because the reality was Angle would have been in surgery had it gone a few seconds longer or had Puder not given up the hold . -- Dave Meltzer As you would expect , Kurt Angle was less than happy backstage at Smackdown after almost being forced to tap out to Tough Enough contestant Daniel Puder . Downright ticked off would probably be the best way to describe his mood . The unscripted nature of the contest was the main reason that Angle was made to look so bad since Puder just reacted to the situation and could have forced Angle to submit had the referees not thought quickly and counted a pin that was n't there on Puder . -- Dave Scherer World Heavyweight Champion and departure ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Angle applies the ankle lock to Shawn Michaels In January 2005 , Angle took part in the Royal Rumble , but was eliminated by Shawn Michaels , causing Angle to return to the ring to eliminate Michaels in retaliation . After mocking Michaels by defeating his former tag team partner , Marty Jannetty , and attacking former manager , Sherri Martel , Angle defeated Michaels in an interpromotional match at WrestleMania 21 , which won the Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) Match of the Year award . He continued to feud with Michaels upon being drafted from SmackDown ! to Raw in the 2005 WWE draft lottery , losing to Michaels at Vengeance . On the July 25 , 2005 episode of Raw , Eugene took part in the `` Kurt Angle Invitational '' challenge . Angle was unable to make Eugene submit in the three - minute limit , winning his cherished Olympic gold medal ( per match stipulation ) , and starting a feud between the two . The feud culminated at SummerSlam , where Angle defeated Eugene to regain his medal . Angle later feuded with John Cena for the WWE Championship . He challenged Cena at Unforgiven , but won by disqualification , therefore not winning the title . On the October 3 WWE Homecoming episode of Raw , he wrestled rival Shawn Michaels to a 2 - 2 draw in a 30 - Minute Iron Man match , after which Michaels challenged him for a sudden death overtime , but Angle refused and walked out . He challenged Cena for the WWE Championship again in a triple threat match involving Michaels at Taboo Tuesday , but did not win , and then lost to Cena at Survivor Series . Angle after regaining his Olympic Gold Medal at SummerSlam in 2005 In early January 2006 , Angle returned to the SmackDown ! brand as a surprise entrant in a twenty - man battle royal for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship . Angle won by last eliminating Mark Henry , turning face in the process for the first time since 2004 . He retained the title against Henry at the Royal Rumble . Shortly after the match , The Undertaker made his return and challenged Angle for the title . At No Way Out , Angle retained the title against Undertaker after a controversial finish where Angle pinned Taker while locked in a triangle choke . As a result , Undertaker challenged Angle to a rematch on the March 3 episode of SmackDown ! , where Angle won by disqualification after Mark Henry interfered and attacked Undertaker . This ensured that Angle fought WrestleMania 22 as champion . Angle then began a three - way feud with 2006 Royal Rumble winner Rey Mysterio and Randy Orton ( who defeated Mysterio at No Way Out to gain entrance to the SmackDown main event at WrestleMania ) . At WrestleMania , Angle indirectly dropped the title to Mysterio in the triple threat match after Mysterio pinned Orton . On May 29 , 2006 , Angle was drafted to the newly created ECW brand . It was during this time that he acquired the nickname `` The Wrestling Machine '' , wearing a mouth guard and quickly squashing opponents . Upon coming to ECW , he issued an open challenge for One Night Stand , which was accepted by Randy Orton . Angle defeated Orton at One Night Stand , later losing to him in a rematch at Vengeance . Angle appeared sporadically on WWE television throughout mid-2006 . On August 25 , 2006 , Angle was granted an early release from his WWE contract because of health reasons . Angle stated in the Kurt Angle : Champion documentary DVD that he asked for his release from WWE because he could not take time off and was working hurt , severely on some occasions . He also stated that when he quit , WWE lost their top talent , as he was at the very top of the payroll . Angle wrestled his last match at an ECW taping on August 8 , which ended in a no - contest against Sabu . Total Nonstop action Wrestling ( edit ) The Angle Alliance ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Angle Alliance Kurt and Karen Angle watching at ringside during Impact ! Angle then went on to sign a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . The new signing was viewed by some as a promotion not having concern for the health of a wrestler . On September 24 , 2006 , during the closing segment of No Surrender , TNA President Dixie Carter announced that TNA had signed Angle to a contract , with Jim Cornette introducing video footage of Angle training in a six - sided TNA ring . On the December 28 , 2006 episode of Impact ! , this was announced as the `` Moment of the Year '' for TNA . Angle made his TNA debut on October 19 as a face , confronting Samoa Joe after Joe refused to relinquish the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt that , according to the storyline , he had stolen from Jeff Jarrett . The two men ended up fighting while Jarrett took the title back . Angle was then the special enforcer for the title vs. career match between Jarrett and Sting at Bound for Glory ; however , as part of the worked finish , he took out referee Rudy Charles and assumed the referee 's role for the rest of the match - up . Angle 's first match in TNA took place on the November 16 airing of Impact ! , where he was booked to defeat Abyss with the ankle lock and be attacked after the match by Samoa Joe . At Genesis , Angle defeated Samoa Joe , ending Joe 's undefeated streak . At Final Resolution , Angle was booked to defeat Samoa Joe in a thirty - minute Iron Man match 3 -- 2 to earn a shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Against All Odds , which he lost to Christian Cage after interference from Tomko and Scott Steiner . This led to a feud between Angle and Steiner , with Angle pinning Steiner at Destination X . After Angle defeated Steiner , he was picked to lead a team of four other wrestlers against a team of Christian Cage 's choice in a Lethal Lockdown match at April 's Lockdown . Angle chose Samoa Joe , Rhino , Sting , and Jeff Jarrett for Team Angle , while Cage chose A.J. Styles , Scott Steiner , Tomko , and Abyss . The man who gained the winning pinfall was to become the number one contender to Christian Cage 's NWA World Heavyweight Championship . Team Angle was victorious after Jeff Jarrett hit Abyss with a gimmicked guitar full of thumbtacks and allowed Sting to score the pin . Cage was set to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Sting and Angle in a triple threat match at Sacrifice . The day of the pay - per - view , the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) , the owners of the NWA World Heavyweight and the NWA World Tag Team Championships , stripped Cage of the title and Team 3D of the tag team title . NWA Executive Director Robert K. Trobich stated the reason was that Cage refused to defend the NWA Title at NWA live events . At Sacrifice , Cage , still holding the physical NWA Championship belt , defended what was billed as the `` World Heavyweight Championship '' against Angle and Sting . Angle was the victor of said contest by making Sting submit , who had technically just pinned Cage , and was announced as the new `` World Heavyweight Champion '' . The Impact ! following the event , Angle came to the ring with a new championship belt , and announced he was the new `` TNA World Heavyweight Champion '' . Afterward , Cage and Sting came to the ring and the three began to argue over who was the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion . Due to the controversial finish to their match at Sacrifice , the title was declared vacant by Cornette . A tournament was held for the title which culminated in a King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary on June 17 , 2007 . At the event , Angle became the TNA World Heavyweight Champion by defeating Cage , Samoa Joe , A.J. Styles , and Chris Harris . He then attacked Joe after denying a request for a handshake , reigniting their feud and turning heel in the process . Angle holding IGF 's version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the TNA World Heavyweight Championship belts At Victory Road , newly crowned X Division Champion Samoa Joe teamed with Kurt Angle to face TNA Tag Team Champions Team 3D , with the stipulation that if a wrestler pinned the other opponent , he won his championship . As part of the planned outcome of the match , Joe pinned Brother Ray of Team 3D to win both tag team belts , which he held by himself . On the following episode of Impact ! , Joe -- now holding the X Division and TNA World Tag Team Championships , challenged Angle -- the reigning TNA World Heavyweight and ( IGF recognized ) IWGP Heavyweight Champion , to a Winner Take All match at Hard Justice . While illustrating how he would take away everything important in Angle 's life , Joe brought Angle 's wife Karen into the fray , as she demanded a divorce . During the match , however , Karen turned on Joe and aided her husband . As part of his next push , Angle won , gaining all the championships and becoming the second Triple Crown champion in TNA and the first to hold all three titles at the same time . Including the IWGP title , this made Angle a quadruple champion ( and since Joe held the tag team titles by himself , that meant Angle 's victory gave him both tag team championship belts , meaning Angle was now in possession of five championship belts ) . Angle , however , dropped both the X Division and Tag Team Championships to Jay Lethal and Team Pacman , respectively , at No Surrender . At Bound for Glory , Angle lost the TNA World Championship to Sting , but won it back on the October 25 episode of Impact ! . Angle then joined forces with A.J. Styles and Tomko as The Angle Alliance at Turning Point against Samoa Joe , Kevin Nash , and Scott Hall . Styles had planned for Christian 's Coalition and The Angle Alliance to team up together , but Christian Cage demanded to be the leader of The Angle Alliance after Cage denied Angle 's request of being his `` lackey '' . At Final Resolution , Angle successfully defended the TNA World Heavyweight Championship against Cage due to interference from Styles and again at Against All Odds with help from Tomko . At Lockdown , Angle lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Samoa Joe after being pinned . The main event Mafia ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Main Event Mafia Angle as the `` Godfather '' of the Main Event Mafia After suffering a neck injury , Angle was out of action . In the storyline , he returned to Impact ! to ask his estranged wife Karen to reunite with him , but she declined his offer . Later that night , after Styles suffered a beating at the hands of Team 3D , Booker T , and Tomko , Angle added to the mugging by hitting Styles with a steel chair . At Slammiversery , Angle lost to Styles , being pinned after interference from Karen . At Victory Road , Angle and Team 3D won a six - man tag team Full Metal Mayhem match defeating the team of Christian Cage , Rhino , and Styles . At Hard Justice , Angle once again lost to Styles -- this time in a Last Man Standing match . The feud continued on the next episode of Impact ! , with Styles winning Angle 's gold medal in a mock amateur wrestling match . The next week Angle challenged Styles to a ladder match for the Olympic Gold Medal . As they both stood on the top of the ladder , the arena went dark and Jeff Jarrett 's music played . When the lights turned on , Styles had a guitar and performed an Acoustic Equalizer on Angle to win the match . Angle began a feud with Jarrett after No Surrender when Jarrett hit Angle with his guitar , a match that involved him , Christian Cage and Samoa Joe for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On the October 2 episode of Impact , Mick Foley announced that he was going to be the special enforcer for Angle 's match with Jarrett at Bound for Glory IV . Angle lost to Jarrett in this match , being pinned after taking the mandible claw from Foley and a guitar shot and Stroke from Jarrett . He started attacking other superstars backstage in order to get a rematch against Jarrett . On the first HD Impact ! , Angle , Booker T , Kevin Nash , and Sting started a new stable of legends called The Main Event Mafia . Scott Steiner joined the group the following week . Angle then defeated Abyss at Turning Point in a Falls Count Anywhere match . After weeks of torturing Jeff Jarrett to give him a rematch , Jarrett said that if Angle could defeat Rhino at the second Final Resolution of 2008 , with Mick Foley as the Special Enforcer , he would grant it . Angle defeated Rhino to earn a rematch with Jarrett at Genesis after Al Snow made a surprise appearance and distracted Foley for Angle to cheat . At Sacrifice , Angle lost his leadership of the Mafia to Sting because of their match 's stipulation . On June 21 at Slammiversary , Angle won the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the fourth time in a King of the Mountain match with help from Samoa Joe . On the following episode of Impact ! , Angle regained leadership of the Main Event Mafia after he and the rest of the Mafia , attacked Sting while introducing Joe as their newest member . At No Surrender , Angle lost his championship to A.J. Styles in a five - way match which also included Matt Morgan , Sting , and Hernandez . Various feuds ( 2009 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After defeating Morgan at Bound for Glory , Angle came out on the following episode of Impact ! and put over the younger talent of the company , thus leaving the Main Event Mafia and turning face once again . Afterward , he was assaulted by the debuting Desmond Wolfe , who defeated him via knockout in a street fight the following week . At Turning Point Angle defeated Wolfe in a rematch . The following month at Final Resolution Angle faced Wolfe in a `` Three Degrees of Pain '' two out of three falls match . Wolfe managed to gain the first fall by pinning Angle following the Tower of London , but Angle forced him to submit with the ankle lock to win the second fall . In the final fall , which could only be won by escaping the Six Sides of Steel , Angle managed to escape first and won the match . On the January 4 , 2010 , live , three - hour , Monday night edition of Impact ! Angle received a shot at A.J. Styles ' World Heavyweight Championship , but was defeated in the main event of the show . Two weeks later at Genesis , Angle received one last shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , but was once again defeated by Styles , who turned heel with the help of Ric Flair and nailed him with the title belt . As a result , Angle was barred from challenging for the title as long as Styles is the title holder . Due to the circumstances surrounding the loss , Hulk Hogan gave Angle another shot at Styles and the TNA World Heavyweight Championship on the January 21 episode of Impact ! , but this time he lost the match after referee Earl Hebner , who was later revealed to have been paid off by Flair , called for the bell in an incident similar to the Montreal Screwjob . Angle responded to the incident by spitting in Hogan 's face , threatening to quit TNA and go back to WWE . Angle apologized to Hogan , after being saved by him from Scott Hall and Syxx - Pac . At Against All Odds Angle took part in the 8 Card Stud Tournament to crown a new number one contender , but was defeated in the first round by Mr. Anderson , after Anderson used Angle 's dog tags to bust him open . On the following episode of Impact ! Angle promised to make Anderson suffer for disrespecting the U.S. soldiers , but was in the end once again laid out by him , effectively starting a feud between the two . At Destination X Angle defeated Anderson in a rematch . Angle and Anderson were booked in a rubber match inside a steel cage at Lockdown . On the April 5 episode of Impact ! , Anderson defeated Angle in a ladder match to win possession of the key to the cage door . At Lockdown , Angle defeated Anderson in a steel cage match and afterwards announced that he would take some time off from wrestling . Angle returned on the May 20 episode of Impact ! as a face and was ranked number two by the Championship Committee in the inaugural top 10 rankings for a World Heavyweight title shot . Angle , however , decided to take his name out of the running for a title shot and vowed to fight his way through the top 10 and earn his spot at the top of the company . At Slammiversary VIII Angle started his climb back to the top by defeating Kazarian , who was ranked number ten . Angle continued his climb , defeating Desmond Wolfe , who was ranked number nine prior to the match , on the June 24 episode of Impact ! , and D'Angelo Dinero , ranked number eight , at Victory Road . Prior to his match with Dinero , Angle announced that should he lose on his way to the top of the rankings , he would retire from professional wrestling On the July 22 episode of Impact ! Angle defeated number seven ranked Hernandez and followed that up three weeks later by defeating number six ranked A.J. Styles . On the August 19 episode of Impact ! the TNA World Heavyweight Championship was vacated and instead of continuing his climb , Angle was entered into an eight - man tournament for the title , defeating X Division Champion Douglas Williams in his first round match . At No Surrender Angle first wrestled Jeff Hardy to a twenty - minute time limit draw , after which Eric Bischoff ordered a five - minute extra time . After that and a second five - minute extra time also ended in draws , it was ruled that , due to a cut , Angle could not continue the match , ending the match in a no contest . After wrestling a draw on the September 16 episode of Impact ! , it was announced that both Angle and Hardy had advanced to the finals at Bound for Glory , to wrestle Mr. Anderson in a three - way match . Angle and Jeff Jarrett at Slammiversary IX At Bound for Glory , Angle was defeated by Hardy , when he turned heel and pinned Anderson after an interference from Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff , who then went on to form an alliance named Immortal , with Hardy , Abyss and Jeff Jarrett . On the following episode of Impact ! Angle came out to make his retirement speech , after his failed attempt to win the World Heavyweight Championship , but was interrupted by Jarrett , who announced that he had made a deal with Hogan and Bischoff in order to end Angle 's career at Bound for Glory , before attacking him , when he was restrained by TNA 's security officers Gunner and Murphy . The following week Angle returned , trying to get his hands on Bischoff and Ric Flair , before being stopped by TNA 's security officers . Angle returned three weeks later on the November 11 episode of Impact ! , saving Samoa Joe from Jeff Jarrett , Gunner and Murphy . After not appearing again for two weeks , Angle made another return on the December 2 episode of Impact ! , saving Samoa Joe from Jeff Jarrett and Abyss . On the January 6 , 2011 episode of Impact ! Angle interrupted Jarrett 's $100,000 Mixed Martial Arts Challenge and signed a contract to face him at Genesis in an MMA exhibition match , since he had promised not to wrestle again . The match was thrown out in the third round after Jarrett blinded Angle . After the match Jarrett bloodied Angle , before announcing that he was ending his mixed martial arts career and promised that his wife , Karen Jarrett ( formerly Karen Angle ) , would join the retirement party . On the January 13 episode of Impact ! Karen made her return and stopped Angle just as he was about to attack Jeff , telling him that she would not allow him to ruin their personal lives and promised to tell all about their divorce the following week . The following week Karen slapped Kurt , providing a distraction which allowed Jeff to beat him down . At the end of the show Crimson saved Angle from a beating at the hands of Immortal and Fortune . The following week Ric Flair reinstated Angle in order to place him and Crimson in a seven -- on -- two handicap match against Jarrett , James Storm , Robert Roode , Kazarian , Rob Terry , Gunner and Murphy . The match ended with Jarrett pinning Angle for the win . Afterwards , Angle was saved from another beatdown by the returning Scott Steiner . The following week Fortune turned on Immortal and aligned themselves with Angle , Crimson and Steiner . On February 13 at Against All Odds Jarrett defeated Angle in a singles match and as a result Angle was forced to walk Karen down the aisle , when she and Jarrett renewed their wedding vows on the March 3 episode of Impact ! . After the match Angle hinted at a possible retirement by leaving his wrestling boots in the ring . On March 3 , Angle proceeded to destroy the wedding set with an axe and forced wedding guest , New York Jet Bart Scott to submit with the ankle lock . On April 17 at Lockdown , Jarrett defeated Angle in an `` Ultra Male Rules '' two out of three falls steel cage match , with help from Karen . On the May 12 episode of Impact ! , Angle revealed Chyna as his backup in taking care of the Jarretts . At Sacrifice , Angle and Chyna defeated the Jarretts in a mixed tag team match . Later that same month , Angle signed a new three - year contract with TNA . With Karen out of the picture , Angle defeated Jarrett on June 12 at Slammiversary IX in what was billed as the `` final battle '' between the two to retain his Olympic gold medal and become the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . However , on the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Jarrett challenged Angle to a Parking Lot Brawl and agreed to sign a contract that would force him to move to Mexico without Angle 's children , should he lose the match . Angle ended up winning the fight after choking Jarrett with a shirt , forcing him to say `` adiós '' . Immortal ( 2011 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Immortal ( professional wrestling ) With his feud with Jarrett behind him , Angle aligned himself with Sting to feud with the rest of Immortal , including the group 's newest member , TNA World Heavyweight Champion Mr. Anderson . On the July 14 episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle helped Sting regain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Anderson . On August 7 at Hardcore Justice , Angle defeated Sting , after hitting him with a chair he snatched away from Hulk Hogan , to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the record - breaking fifth time , thus turning heel . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle explained that he did not agree with Sting , who , using the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , wanted to hand the promotion back to Dixie Carter , as he had found out that she had lied to him about not knowing of the relationship between Karen and Jeff Jarrett . When Sting confronted Angle , he was attacked by Hogan , which led to Angle revealing that Hogan had been the one who had exposed Carter 's lie to him . Angle also revealed that his goal was now to ruin Carter 's youth movement in TNA by eliminating the younger wrestlers one - by - one and started by attacking Bound for Glory Series leader Crimson after the main event , cementing his heel turn . Angle made his first televised title defense on the September 1 episode of Impact Wrestling , defeating Sting in a rematch , following interference from special enforcer Hulk Hogan and the rest of Immortal . The following week , Angle 's title match with Mr. Anderson ended in a disqualification , following interference from Immortal , which led to a three - way match between Angle , Anderson and Sting on September 11 at No Surrender , where Angle managed to retain the title , following interference from Hogan . On October 16 at Bound for Glory , Angle successfully defended the title against Bobby Roode . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Roode 's tag team partner , James Storm . Angle returned on the November 17 episode of Impact Wrestling , attacking James Storm and revealing himself as the man who had attacked and bloodied him also the previous week , costing him his match with Bobby Roode for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On December 11 at Final Resolution , Angle was defeated by Storm in a singles match . On January 8 , 2012 at Genesis , Angle defeated Storm in a rematch . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Storm defeated Angle in a number one contender 's match . Angle returned on the February 16 episode of Impact Wrestling , costing Jeff Hardy his shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . On March 18 at Victory Road , Angle defeated Hardy in a singles match , pinning him while grabbing a hold of the ring ropes . On April 15 at Lockdown , Hardy defeated Angle in a rematch , contested inside a steel cage . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle defeated A.J. Styles , following interference from Styles ' rivals Christopher Daniels and Kazarian . The following week , Angle warned the two Immortal associates never to interfere in one of his matches again . On May 13 at Sacrifice , Angle defeated Styles in a rematch , following another interference from Daniels and Kazarian . After the match , Angle made the save for Styles , chasing Daniels and Kazarian out of the ring , and becoming a face once again . On June 10 at Slammiversary , Angle and Styles defeated Daniels and Kazarian to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle entered the 2012 Bound for Glory Series , taking part in the opening gauntlet match , from which he was eliminated by Daniels . Two weeks later , Angle and Styles lost the TNA World Tag Team Championship back to Daniels and Kazarian . Angle wrestled his final match in the 2012 Bound for Glory Series on the August 30 episode of Impact Wrestling , losing to Jeff Hardy , which caused him to get eliminated from the tournament . On September 9 at No Surrender , Angle and Styles unsuccessfully challenged Daniels and Kazarian for the TNA World Tag Team Championship . Angle and Styles received another title shot against Daniels and Kazarian on October 14 at Bound for Glory , in a three - way match , which was won by Chavo Guerrero , Jr. and Hernandez . On the following episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle defeated Daniels and Styles in a three - way match to become one of four wrestlers in consideration for a shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . New main event Mafia ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) The following week , Angle was chosen as the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , but was defeated by Jeff Hardy in his title match . Afterwards , Angle was attacked by Aces & Eights . At Turning Point , Angle defeated Aces & Eights member Devon via submission , despite the rest of Aces & Eights trying to interfere . Angle continued his feud with Aces & Eights on the December 6 episode of Impact Wrestling , defeating DOC via disqualification after the rest of Aces & Eights interfered . Three days later at Final Resolution , Angle teamed with Garett Bischoff , Samoa Joe , and Wes Brisco to defeat Devon , DOC , and two masked members of Aces & Eights in an eight - man tag team match . Angle unsuccessfully challenged Devon for the TNA Television Championship on the December 20 episode of Impact Wrestling , after interference from Aces & Eights , Garett Bischoff , Samoa Joe , and Wes Brisco . On the January 3 , 2013 , episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle and Samoa Joe defeated Devon and a masked member of Aces & Eights in a steel cage tag team match . Afterwards , the returning Sting saved Angle and Joe from a beatdown from Aces & Eights before revealing the mystery member as the debuting Mike Knox . The following week , Angle was sidelined with a storyline injury after Knox hit him in the neck with a ball - peen hammer . Angle returned to in - ring action on the January 31 Impact Wrestling , defeating Aces & Eights member Mr. Anderson in a steel cage match . Afterwards , Angle 's two allies Garett Bischoff and Wes Brisco revealed themselves as members of Aces & Eights and attacked him . Angle infiltrated the Aces & Eights hideout on the February 28 Impact and managed to unmask their Vice President , but was beat down by the other members before he could reveal his identity to the cameras . Angle revealed the Vice President as D'Lo Brown on the following episode of Impact . At Lockdown , Angle was defeated by Wes Brisco in a steel cage match , following interference from Brown . Angle was defeated by Jeff Hardy in a four - way number one contenders match for the World Heavyweight Championship , which also included Magnus and Samoa Joe on the March 21 Impact Wrestling . In the following weeks , Angle continued to face Bischoff and Brisco in multiple tag team and handicap matches , that all ended with the two getting the advantage over Angle . Angle then began feuding with A.J. Styles , after Styles refused to answer Angle 's question on whether he is with TNA or the Aces & Eights which led to a brawl between the two on the May 9 episode of Impact Wrestling . On June 2 at Slammiversary XI , Angle was announced as the second inductee into the TNA Hall of Fame . Later that night , Angle defeated Styles in a singles match . On the following Impact Wrestling , Angle got into a verbal confrontation with the debuting Rampage Jackson who claimed he had to beat the best to be the best . The following week , Angle was defeated by Styles in a rematch to earn the final spot in the 2013 Bound for Glory Series . Afterward , Angle was assaulted by Aces & Eights until Jackson came out and made the save . On June 20 Angle attacked TNA World Heavyweight Champion Bully Ray at the end of the Impact episode , and revealed himself as the first member of Sting 's New Main Event Mafia . In the following weeks , Angle and Sting recruited Samoa Joe , Magnus , and Rampage Jackson as members of the New Main Event Mafia . Beginning on August 2 , Angle took a hiatus from TNA after being admitted to rehab for drug and alcohol use . Director of Wrestling Operations ( 2013 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Angle returned on the October 10 episode of Impact attacking EGO and challenged Bobby Roode to a match at Bound For Glory . The following week , Angle stated his discontentment with Roode mocking his Hall of Fame induction and told Roode he would make him tap out . Roode responded by attacking Angle with help from his faction , EGO , forcing Angle to submit to the crossface hold in a precursory act prior to their match . At the PPV Angle was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame but he refused to accept the offer as he felt he had let himself , TNA and the fans down and did n't deserve a Hall of Fame induction ceremony . He also said he would accept the offer when he feels he has earned it and he still has great things to do in TNA . Later in that night , Angle was defeated by Roode , after he landed awkwardly from a running belly - to - belly suplex . On the October 31 episode of Impact , Angle lied about gaining medical clearance as Angle suffered ( kayfabe ) convulsions during the match against Bobby Roode after a bad landing from the same move again , which resulted in referee Brian Hebner rewarding a knock out / count - out victory to Roode . After the match , he also showed signs of post-concussive amnesia . On November 5 , Angle was reported to had tested negative for the concussion , but his recurring knee injuries still required monitoring . The following week , Angle saw the New Main Event Mafia being disbanded , then he was attacked by Roode after he accused him to use his injuries to get out of the match . On November 14 , Angle won a submission match against Austin Aries in the World title tournament , but by using Roode 's finisher : the arm trap crossface , with Roode watching on at the ramp . However , Angle lost his next match against Magnus due to an interference from Roode . At Final Resolution , Angle was defeated by Roode in a 2 - out - of 3 falls match , but Angle beat Roode in a Steel Cage match at Genesis to end the feud . On February 6 , 2014 , Angle had a match against Magnus . However , he won by disqualification , when EC3 attacked him performing a leglock , which injured his knee . On February 27 , 2014 , Angle officially accepted his induction into the TNA Hall of Fame , but the ceremony was interrupted by EC3 , Angle attacked Ethan Carter III , on the next week , Angle was attacked by Ethan Carter III and severely damaged his knees , thus losing his chance to fight at Lockdown . Angle made his return on April 17 , and vowing revenge . On April 24 , after Angle defeated Rockstar Spud in a match , EC3 attacked Angle but Willow made the save . At Sacrifice Willow and Angle defeated Ethan Carter III and Rockstar Spud . In May , Angle underwent ACL repair surgery and was sidelined . On June 20 , 2014 , Angle was named Executive Director of Wrestling Operations of TNA by TNA 's Board of Directors . He announced a TNA World Heavyweight Championship rematch for the July 3 episode of Impact Wrestling between Lashley and Eric Young , and reinstated Bobby Roode , who had been indefinitely suspended by MVP . Angle also retired the TNA Television Championship , which had not been seen or defended since Abyss won it at Slammiversary 2013 . On September 18 , 2014 ( aired on October 29 due to tape delay ) , Angle refereed the TNA World Heavyweight Championship between Bobby Roode and Bobby Lashley . Angle 's contract with TNA was due to expire on September 14 , 2014 . Around this time he reached out to Vince McMahon to offer his services for a return to the WWE . Unbeknownst to him Triple H had taken over McMahon 's former duties . Angle offered to return as a part - time wrestler due to concerns of his age and health . Angle was caught off guard when WWE declined his services . It is speculated that WWE only offered a full - time contract which Angle did n't accept or WWE declined his return due to past relationship issues with him . After he was denied by WWE , he quickly signed a part - time contract with TNA Wrestling . On September 21 , 2014 , Angle 's contract with TNA expired , ending his eight - year tenure with the company . Angle teased a return to WWE , however , he was offered a full - time contract , so Angle decided to stay with TNA . Final World Championship reign ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Angle at Bound for Glory in October 2015 Angle returned to in - ring action on TNA 's debut on Destination America on January 7 , 2015 , when he stopped a brawl , but started a street fight against MVP . On January 31 , 2015 ( aired March 20 ) , Angle defeated Lashley to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for a record sixth time . He lost to Eric Young on May 1 , at Hardcore Justice , in a stretcher match with the title not on the line . He successfully retained his title against Lashley once and then again against both Lashley and Eric Young . On May 8 , Angle defeated Young to retain his title with Bully Ray as the special referee . On the May 29 episode of Impact Wrestling , he successfully retained his title once again against Eric Young , this time in a I Quit match . At Destination X , Angle defeated Rockstar Spud , who gave up the X Division Championship in order to challenge for the title . Later that night , Angle again successfully defended his title , this time against Austin Aries , who cashed in his Feast or Fired contract to allow him a title match . On the June 25 , 2015 taping of Impact Wrestling ( aired July 1 ) , Angle lost the championship to Ethan Carter III . On the July 8 episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle faced Carter in a rematch in a losing effort . On October 4 , 2015 at Bound for Glory , Angle defeated Young via ankle lock submission . On November 19 , 2015 , Angle was announced for TNA 's live debut on Pop . On the November 25 , 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling , Angle announced that he would remain with TNA until the conclusion of their Maximum Impact Tour of the UK on January 31 , 2016 , after which he would part ways with the company . Angle announced his `` Farewell Tour '' which took place on TNA 's tour of the UK . At TNA One Night Only : Live , Kurt Angle teamed with Drew Galloway in a three - way tag team match against Eli Drake and Jessie Godderz and The Wolves for their TNA World Tag Team Championship , in a losing effort . On the January 12 episode of Impact Wrestling , he defeated Drew Galloway . On the February 2 episode of Impact Wrestling , he challenged Matt Hardy for his TNA World Heavyweight Championship , but lost the match . On the February 9 episode of Impact Wrestling , he was defeated by Drew Galloway in their rematch . On the March 1st episode of Impact Wrestling , he defeated Bobby Roode . Angle 's final match was against Lashley on March 8 , 2016 which ended up in a losing effort . New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) On February 18 , 2007 , Angle made his debut in New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , teaming with former IWGP Heavyweight Champion Yuji Nagata to defeat fellow TNA wrestler Travis Tomko and fellow WWE alumnus Giant Bernard . Angle was booked to face Brock Lesnar in a champion versus champion match for the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) on June 29 , 2007 , and defeated him by submission to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . Angle then challenged Lesnar to an MMA fight . On December 19 , 2007 , Angle defended the IWGP title successfully against Kendo Kashin . On January 4 , 2008 , Angle made his third successful IWGP Heavyweight Championship defense when he defeated Yuji Nagata at the NJPW supershow Wrestle Kingdom II in Tokyo Dome by forcing Nagata to submit to the ankle lock . On February 17 , 2008 , Angle lost the IWGP title to the NJPW - recognized champion Shinsuke Nakamura in a unification match . He returned in August during the G1 Climax in two special tag matches with A.J. Styles as his main opponent . In those matches Shinsuke Nakamura and Masahiro Chono became Angle 's partners while Hiroshi Tanahashi and Shinjiro Otani became Styles ' partners . Angle 's team won both matches . He returned on January 4 , 2009 , at Wrestle Kingdom III in Tokyo Dome in a special eight - man tag match , where he , Kevin Nash , Chono , and Riki Choshu faced G.B.H. ( Giant Bernard , Karl Anderson , Takashi Iizuka and Tomohiro Ishii ) , with Angle getting the win for his team . Angle then went on to defeat Bernard in a singles match at New Japan 's ISM tour on February 15 . After Hiroshi Tanahashi retained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Nakamura in the main event , Angle challenged him for the title , which Tanahashi accepted . Tanahashi defeated Angle on April 5 at New Japan 's Resolution ' 09 to retain the title . Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Angle made his debut for Mexican promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) on August 5 , 2012 at Triplemanía XX , where he teamed up with Jeff Jarrett as Team Dorian Roldán in a hair vs. hair match , where they faced Team Joaquín Roldán ( Electroshock and L.A. Park ) , with the Roldáns ' hairs on the line . Electroshock won the match for his team by pinning Angle , forcing Dorian to have his head shaved bald . However , after the match , Angle , Jarrett and Dorian overpowered the winners and shaved Joaquín bald . Independent circuit ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) On March 20 , 2016 , Angle competed for URFight , going against former rival and fellow WWE alumnus Rey Mysterio in a losing effort in a two - falls match that saw Angle as a heel by using dirty tactics . Angle wrestled for Revolution Pro Wrestling on June 12 , where he defeated Zack Sabre Jr . On August 27 , Angle lost to Cody Rhodes at Northeast Wrestling 's Wrestling Under the Stars on August 27 in Wappingers Falls , New York . Angle defeated Joe Hendry at the October 6 What Culture Pro Wrestling ( WCPW ) tapings . On November 20 , 2016 , Angle lost to Joe Coffey at Insane Championship Wrestling 's Fear & Loathing IX . On February 12 , 2017 , Angle defeated Alberto el Patrón at WCPW True Destiny in his final match in the United Kingdom . On March 3 , 2017 Angle appeared for Northeast Wrestling in Connecticut , where he was defeated by Cody Rhodes in a steel cage match . This was his last match on the independent circuit . Return to WWE ( edit ) Raw general manager ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Angle as Raw General Manager in July 2017 On January 16 , 2017 , WWE announced that Angle would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame . On March 16 , WWE revealed that his long - time rival John Cena would induct Angle at the Hall of Fame ceremony . On the April 3 episode of Raw after WrestleMania 33 , Angle made his first WWE appearance in nearly 11 years after Mr. McMahon appointed Angle as the new general manager of Raw . On the May 29 episode of Raw , Angle was informed by Raw commentator Corey Graves about some `` scandalous information '' that was sent to him about Angle , with Angle telling Graves `` if this is true , it could ruin me '' . On the July 17 episode of Raw , Angle revealed that he had a son with a woman he dated in college . He stated that his son eventually ended up in the WWE . Angle then made the announcement that his ( on - screen ) son was Jason Jordan of American Alpha , thus moving Jordan to the Raw brand . On October 20 , WWE announced Angle 's in - ring return after 11 years , replacing Roman Reigns due to medical issues and teaming with Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins to face The Miz , Cesaro , Sheamus , Braun Strowman , and Kane in a 5 - on - 3 handicap Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs . Angle ( dressed in The Shield 's ring attire ) , Ambrose , and Rollins won the match , despite Angle having initially been taken out when Braun Strowman executed a Running Powerslam through a table on Angle . On the October 30 episode of Raw , while addressing the fans , Angle would be confronted by Raw commissioner Stephanie McMahon , where McMahon would announce that Angle would be the team captain of Team Raw at Survivor Series , adding that if Team Raw would lose , Angle would be fired . At the event , Angle would be attacked by his teammate Triple H , leading to his elimination by Shane McMahon , however , Team Raw would still go on and win the match , resulting in Angle keeping his job . Angle at WrestleMania 34 with Ronda Rousey At Elimination Chamber , Angle , along with Stephanie and Triple H , would be present when Ronda Rousey would sign her Raw contract , where Angle would bring up the confrontation that Stephanie and Triple H had with Rousey and The Rock at WrestleMania 31 and that they both want to manipulate her . This would cause Rousey to put Triple H through a table and be slapped by Stephanie before signing her contract . The following night on Raw , Angle would claim the allegations he made were false to keep his job before being attacked by Triple H. As a result , the following week , Angle scheduled himself to team with Rousey against Triple H and Stephanie in a mixed tag team match at WrestleMania 34 , which Angle and Rousey won . On April 27 at the Greatest Royal Rumble in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , Angle would compete in the 50 - man Royal Rumble match , entering at number 16 , scoring three eliminations , before being eliminated by Elias . On the August 20 episode of Raw , Stephanie McMahon would send Angle on `` vacation '' before announcing that Baron Corbin would be acting general manager in Angle 's absence . Professional Wrestling Style and persona ( edit ) Angle performing the Ankle Lock on Samoa Joe Angle 's Olympic gold medal has frequently been incorporated into his professional wrestling persona . His personality varies depending on his alignment as a hero or villain . As a hero , Angle usually performs as a role model , but as a villain , arrogantly uses his achievements to insult other people . He mixes aspects from his amateur wrestling background into his in - ring work , performing various suplexes , including the belly - to - back , German or Overhead belly - to - belly , as well as submissions , such as the Rear naked choke or the Triangle choke . He primarily performs two finishing maneuvers to end his matches : an Olympic slam , dubbed `` Angle Slam '' and an ankle lock , sometimes dubbed `` Angle Lock '' . Acting career ( edit ) Angle has expressed interest in pursuing an acting career after retiring from professional wrestling . In 2008 , he made his film debut as a racist prison deputy in the short film Chains . In 2009 , he played serial killer Brad Mayfield in the film End Game . On a third - season episode of Pros vs. Joes , he was teamed up with Jimmy Smith and Kendall Gill against the Joes . Angle appeared in the `` Car Wreck Vanish '' episode of Criss Angel Mindfreak . He played Russian MMA champion Koba ( in a non-speaking role ) in the 2011 film Warrior , and starred as town sheriff Will Logan in the film River of Darkness . On the Right After Wrestling program on Sirius Satellite Radio , Angle revealed he would become a part - time wrestler after his contract expired in 2011 to focus on Angle Foods and his acting career . In the 2013 film Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies , he plays himself as both a human and a zombie . Angle also had a small role in the 2014 cult - film Sharknado 2 : The Second One and in the 2014 romantic - comedy film Not Cool . He appeared in the film The Last Witch Hunter . He also made a cameo appearance in the movie Pain and Gain in which he brawls against Dwayne Johnson 's character in a prison fight . Angle appeared on an episode of Duck Dynasty in February 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2009 End Game Brad Mayfield 2009 Chains Deputy Short film 2011 Dylan Dog : Dead of Night Wolfgang 2011 River of Darkness Sheriff Will Logan 2011 Waking Up Crush Carlisle Short film 2011 Warrior Koba 2012 Beyond the Mat Coach Kamen 2012 Death from Above Thule 2012 Drummer for the Mob FBI Agent 2012 Olympic Trials with Kurt Angle Himself Funny or Die short 2013 Pain & Gain Benjamin Rowe 2013 Horse Cops Eli Paste 2013 Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies Himself 2014 Sharknado 2 : The Second One Fire Chief 2014 Not Cool Security Guard 2015 The Last Witch Hunter Bodyguard Television Year Title Role Notes 1997 Fox 53 Ten O'Clock News Himself Sportscaster : `` The Angle on Sports '' 2001 The Weakest Link Himself 2007 Inside MMA Himself Season 1 , episodes 10 and 11 2008 Pros vs. Joes Himself Season 3 , episode 1 2009 Criss Angel Mindfreak Himself Episode : `` Car Wreck Vanish '' 2011 Extreme Makeover : Home Edition Himself 2013 Baal Veer Himself 2016 Duck Dynasty Himself Episode : `` Van He'llsing '' 2018 OK K.O. ! Let 's Be Heroes Chip Damage ( voice ) 4 episodes Other endeavors ( edit ) In 1996 , Angle became a marketing representative for Protos Foods , the manufacturers of OSTRIM , an ostrich meat based foodstuff . In 1997 , he worked for a year as a sportscaster on Pittsburgh 's local Fox affiliate WPGH - TV . He also did a commercial for Pittsburgh - based pizza chain Pizza Outlet . Both Angle 's pizza commercial and his time on WPGH - TV would be referenced on WWE television ( the latter through the WWE Network show Ride Along ) , and his time with WPGH - TV would also make him an alumnus of WPGH - TV parent Sinclair Broadcast Group without having ever appeared for Sinclair - owned Ring of Honor . Angle is a longtime fan of MMA , and has occasionally talked about his desire to compete . UFC president Dana White stated that Angle was in talks to appear as a heavyweight contestant on the 10th season of The Ultimate Fighter , but failed the medical requirements . Angle signed with Bellator MMA on October 28 , 2015 . He attended a fan convention on November 6 , the eve of Bellator 145 , then joined the commentary booth the next night , during the Bobby Lashley vs. James Thompson match , where he teased possibly fighting for the promotion himself . Angle 's book , It 's True It 's True , was released on September 18 , 2001 . In 2008 , Angle was selected to be featured on the cover for metal band Emmure 's second album The Respect Issue where he is depicted on the front and back covers for the record as well as in the inlay . Personal life ( edit ) Angle being helped by his then - wife Karen , with their daughter watching at ringside Angle married Karen Smedley on December 19 , 1998 , In September 2008 , it was reported that Karen had filed for divorce from Kurt . They have two children together , a daughter born December 2 , 2002 and a son born October 26 , 2006 . In 2010 , it was reported that Angle was engaged to actress Giovanna Yannotti . They had their first child together , a daughter , on January 22 , 2011 . Angle and Yannotti were married on July 20 , 2012 . They had their second child together , a daughter , on December 31 , 2012 . Their third child together , a daughter , was born on November 5 , 2016 . Angle is a Christian . He is a Republican and supported Marco Rubio in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries . He is a supporter of the Pittsburgh Steelers and Pittsburgh Penguins , as well as the Scottish football club Rangers F.C. , which he signed up as a life member to the fans group Rangers First . In July 2015 , Angle underwent emergency surgery to remove fluid buildup on his spinal cord after all of his extremities went numb . A week before this emergency , he had surgery to remove a benign tumor from his neck . Steroid allegations ( edit ) On March 6 , 2007 , Sports Illustrated reported that Angle 's name was found in the client database of a Florida wellness center suspected of being a front for distributing performance enhancing drugs . The magazine alleged that Angle had received prescriptions for trenbolone ( which is not approved for human use by the FDA ) and nandrolone , both anabolic steroids . Angle responded on his official website : `` I did not improperly receive prescriptions . It is well documented that in my career I have broken vertebrae in my neck on five occasions and each time the course of treatment was under the care and supervision of my doctors . Any attempt to link me to the athletes in the current news accounts who may have improperly sought performance - enhancing drugs is without foundation '' . Angle never failed a drug test for pain pills , but he did fail a steroid test under WWE 's Wellness Policy because his prescription for nandrolone had expired . Legal issues ( edit ) Angle was arrested at his home by police in Moon , Pennsylvania on September 28 , 2007 , on a charge of driving under the influence after being reported by a woman who claimed that he almost hit her while leaving a local restaurant . Officials said Angle failed a field sobriety test , but he refused a blood test . He was charged with driving under the influence and careless driving , but he denied the charges . On September 9 , 2008 , Angle was cleared of all charges . On August 15 , 2009 , Pittsburgh - based NBC affiliate WPXI reported that Angle had been arrested . His girlfriend stated that she had filed a protection from abuse ( PFA ) order and that he was stalking her in the Robinson area . Angle was charged with `` driving while operating privilege is suspended , prohibited acts - possession , harassment and prohibited acts '' . Hygetropin , a human growth hormone , was found in his car ; Angle maintained that he had a prescription for the drug . On September 15 , a District Court Judge dropped the harassment , suspended license , and drug charges against Angle . On November 9 , 2009 , the PFA charges were dropped after he and former girlfriend Trenesha Biggers reached an agreement to avoid contact with each other . On March 25 , 2011 , Angle was arrested in Thompson , North Dakota and charged with `` being in control of a motor vehicle while intoxicated '' after failing a field sobriety test . Angle later pleaded guilty to the charges and was sentenced on April 20 to one year of unsupervised probation , a chemical dependency evaluation , a $250 fine , $225 in court fees , and a ten - day suspended sentence . Angle was arrested on September 4 , 2011 , by Virginia State Troopers for allegedly driving under the influence . Angle was placed in Warren County Jail , before posting $2,000 bail and being released in the early morning . State police revealed that Angle 's initial breath test at the scene , where he was stopped by police , showed a blood - alcohol concentration of 0.091 percent , which was above the legal limit of 0.08 percent . The test was later ruled not admissible and when a second test , taken at the police station , showed a blood - alcohol concentration of 0.06 , the DUI charge was dropped . Angle was still charged with reckless driving . On November 8 , 2011 , Angle entered a plea of no contest and was fined $1,500 . On August 2 , 2013 , Angle was again charged with driving while intoxicated in Decatur , Texas . Later that same day , Angle announced he was immediately entering a rehabilitation center . Championships and accomplishments ( edit ) Amateur wrestling ( edit ) Canadian Cup Championship Winner ( 1990 ) Collegiate / High School Clarion University Freshman of the Year ( 1988 ) Pennsylvania State Wrestling Champion ( 1987 ) International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles FILA Junior World Freestyle Champion ( 1988 ) FILA World Championships gold medal in freestyle wrestling ( 100 kg ) ( 1995 ) International Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2016 National Amateur Wrestling National Amateur Wrestling Hall of Fame ( Class of 2001 ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Division I All - American ( 1990 -- 1992 ) NCAA Division I Champion ( 1990 , 1992 ) Olympic Games Summer Olympics gold medal in freestyle wrestling ( heavyweight ) ( 1996 ) USA Wrestling USA Junior Freestyle Champion ( 1987 ) USA Senior Freestyle Champion ( 1995 , 1996 ) USA Wrestling Hall of Fame ( Class of 2001 ) Greatest Shoot Wrestler of All - Time Professional wrestling ( edit ) Cauliflower Alley Club Future Legend Award ( 2000 ) Inoki Genome Federation IWGP Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) International Wrestling Institute and Museum George Tragos / Lou Thesz Hall of Fame ( 2012 ) Special honoree ( 2015 ) Power Pro Wrestling PPW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Comeback of the Year ( 2003 ) Feud of the Year ( 2000 ) vs. Triple H Feud of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Brock Lesnar Feud of the Year ( 2007 ) vs. Samoa Joe Inspirational Wrestler of the Year ( 2001 ) Match of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Brock Lesnar in an Iron Man match on SmackDown ! on September 16 Match of the Year ( 2005 ) vs. Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania 21 Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2000 ) Most Popular Wrestler of the Year ( 2003 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2000 ) Wrestler of the Year ( 2003 ) Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2001 Rolling Stone Best Posture ( 2017 ) SoCal Uncensored Match of the Year ( 2000 ) vs. Christopher Daniels on September 13 , 2000 ( Ultimate Pro Wrestling ) Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA World Heavyweight Championship ( 6 times ) TNA World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- with Sting ( 1 ) and A.J. Styles ( 1 ) TNA X Division Championship ( 1 time ) King of the Mountain ( 2007 , 2009 ) TNA Hall of Fame ( Class of 2013 ) Second TNA Triple Crown Champion World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE WCW Championship ( 1 time ) WCW United States Championship ( 1 time ) World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) WWE Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- with Chris Benoit WWF / WWE Championship ( 4 times ) WWF European Championship ( 1 time ) WWF Hardcore Championship ( 1 time ) WWF Intercontinental Championship ( 1 time ) King of the Ring ( 2000 ) WWE Tag Team Championship Tournament ( 2002 ) -- with Chris Benoit WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2017 ) Tenth Triple Crown Champion Fifth Grand Slam Champion Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Gimmick ( 2000 ) Best on Interviews ( 2002 ) Best Technical Wrestler ( 2002 ) Feud of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Brock Lesnar Match of the Year with Chris Benoit vs. Edge and Rey Mysterio at No Mercy on October 20 , 2002 Most Improved ( 2000 ) Most Outstanding Wrestler ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Readers ' Favorite Wrestler ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Wrestler of the Year ( 2002 ) Wrestler of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ( Class of 2004 ) World Championships / Olympic Games matches ( edit ) Res . Record Opponent Score Date Event Location 1996 Olympic Games at - 100kg Win 9 -- 0 Abbas Jadidi 1 -- 1 July 31 , 1996 1996 Olympic Games Atlanta , Georgia Win 8 -- 0 Konstantin Aleksandrov 4 -- 1 Win 7 -- 0 Sagid Murtazaliev 4 -- 3 Win 6 -- 0 Wilfredo Morales 2 -- 0 July 30 , 1996 Win 5 -- 0 Dolgorsürengiin Sumyaabazar 4 -- 0 1995 World Championship at - 100kg Win 4 -- 0 Arawat Sabejew Referee Decision August 13 , 1995 1995 World Championships Atlanta , Georgia Win 3 -- 0 Oleg Ladik Referee Decision Win 2 -- 0 Josef Glazer 3 -- 0 Win 1 -- 0 Kenan Şimşek 2 -- 0 Luchas de Apuestas record ( edit ) See also : Luchas de Apuestas Winner ( wager ) Loser ( wager ) Location Event Date Notes Edge ( hair ) Kurt Angle ( hair ) Nashville , Tennessee Judgment Day May 19 , 2002 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Angle originally won both tag team championship belts from solo championship holder Samoa Joe . Sting won a four - way match to win the other share of the title , and joined Angle in his reign midway through . ^ Jump up to : Won during the Invasion storyline . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle '' . WWE . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle 's Profile '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kreikenbohm , Philip . `` Kurt Angle ( p. 16 ) '' . Cagematch.net . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milner , John ; Kamchen , Richard . `` Kurt Angle '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle '' . International Sports HOF . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angle named Greatest Shoot Wrestler of All - Time '' . WWE . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` European Championship -- Kurt Angle '' . WWE . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Superstars who have won every active title : Photos '' . WWE . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Beltrán , William ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Según el Wrestling Observer ... ¿ Quiénes son los mejores los mejores de la década ? '' ( in Spanish ) . SuperLuchas Magazine . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moser , John J ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Pro wrestling great Kurt Angle says matches at Sands Bethlehem Event Center , will be among his last and best '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hines , Martin ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Kurt Angle is wrestling for WWE on Sunday night for the first time in 11 years '' . Metro . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania Orlando '' . WWE 24 . January 28 , 2018 . 8 minutes in . WWE Network . Jump up ^ Schaefer , A.R. ( 2002 ) . Olympic Hero : Pro Wrestler Kurt Angle . Capstone Press . ISBN 978 - 0736813105 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Bio at Washington Post.com '' . WashingtonPost.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LéAnne Angle Obituary - Pittsburgh , PA - Post-Gazette.com '' . Post-Gazette.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Biography ( 1968 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . December 9 , 1968 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle , 1996 Olympic Gold Medal Wrestler Signs Multi-Year Deal With World Wrestling Federation '' . Business Wire . October 17 , 1998 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heir Sentenced Up to 30 Years For Killing of Olympic Wrestler '' . The New York Times . May 14 , 1997 . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` My Mom , My Superhero '' . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Loverro , Thom . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling ( p. 173 ) Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martinez , M. ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` Professional wrestler talks shop at West Valley Mall '' . Tri-Valley Herald . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . Harper Entertainment . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rossi , Rob . `` Grappling with addiction '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : King , Peter . `` Gripping Finish '' . SI.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : Kurt Angle planning Olympics comeback in 2012 , discusses re-signing with TNA & part - time schedule '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle on his hardest task -- making an Olympic return in 2012 '' . BBC . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's hopes of wrestling at London 2012 ended by injury '' . BBC . April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Loverro , Thom . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling ( p. 172 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle '' . Off the Record with Michael Landsberg. April 29 , 2004 . TSN . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurt Angle : Homecoming '' . WWE 24 . July 10 , 2017 . 10 -- 11 minutes in . WWE Network . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Josh ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` From mat to ring , WWE 's amateur and pro wrestling connection '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The World Wrestling Alliance in association with the World Wrestling Federation ( August 21 , 1998 ) . `` Kurt Angle vs. Shawn Stasiak '' . SummerSlam Fest ( Day 2 ) . Kurt Angle recently signed a five - year deal with the World Wrestling Federation . Jump up ^ `` Triple H '' . Stone Cold Podcast . February 2 , 2015 . 26 minutes in . WWE Network . Jump up ^ PWI Staff . Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 104 -- 105 ) . ^ Jump up to : PWI Staff . Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 105 ) ^ Jump up to : PWI Staff . Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 106 ) Jump up ^ Laurer , Joanie ( 2001 ) . If They Only Knew . ReaganBooks . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 109895 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 107 ) . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble Results '' . Prowrestlinghistory.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` No Way Out 2001 Results '' . World Wrestling Federation . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 108 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- July 26 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- July 30 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- October 22 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- November 12 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- September 10 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 109 ) Jump up ^ `` Raw -- October 8 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- October 29 , 2001 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown ! -- April 11 , 2002 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- May 23 , 2002 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Michael McAvennie ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . pp. 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Michael McAvennie ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . p. 294 . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` WWE The Yearbook : 2003 Edition '' . Pocket Books . pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- December 26 , 2002 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PWI Staff . 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 112 ) Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 112 -- 113 ) Jump up ^ `` WWE.Com statement concerning Kurt Angle 's injury . '' Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clevett , Jason ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` Angle takes Vengeance on Lesnar '' . SLAM ! Sports : Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 113 ) Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Dacts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 113 -- 114 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- September 18 , 2003 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PWI Staff . 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 114 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- March 25 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- April 15 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 115 -- 116 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- July 22 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- November 4 , 2004 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . ^ Jump up to : The PWInsider.com Staff ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` 2004 : The Year in Review '' . Pro Wrestling Insider . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reality show contestant schools Angle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Online World of Wrestling -- Wrestling Columns -- Online World of Wrestling Fan Jam 11 / 2004 -- Short Columns by Obsessed Fans '' . ^ Jump up to : 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 117 ) Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- March 17 , 2005 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SmackDown -- March 24 , 2005 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- June 13 , 2005 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 118 ) Jump up ^ `` Raw Results - July 25 , 2005 '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PWI Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated presents : 2007 Wrestling almanac & book of facts '' . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' . Kappa Publishing . p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated , May 2006 '' . Arena Reports . Kappa Publishing . May 2006 . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Brady , Hicks . `` 2006 : The year in wrestling '' . 2007 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Kappa Publications . p. 16 . 2007 Edition . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 119 ) . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 119 -- 120 ) . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- May 29 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raw -- June 5 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 121 ) . Jump up ^ Clevett , Jason . `` WWE releases Kurt Angle '' . SLAM Wrestling ! . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Angle talks about his release '' . WWE . Retrieved December 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle : Champion '' DVD . Jump up ^ `` WWE matches wrestled by Kurt Angle '' . Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling Observer Dan Wahler '' . Wrestling Observer . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( pp. 126 -- 127 ) . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Impact : Angle gets his rematch against Mr. TNA '' . SLAM ! Sports : Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impact -- October 19 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : PWI Staff . 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts . `` Wrestling 's historical cards '' ( p. 127 ) . Jump up ^ `` Impact -- November 16 , 2006 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Final Resolution 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Against All Odds 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Destination X 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lockdown 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Impact ! results -- 5 / 3 / 07 ( ' Sacrifice ' main event announced and more ) '' . WrestleView.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWA / Trobich strips TNA / Cage / Team 3D of NWA branded Championships '' . National Wrestling Alliance . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` World title picture muddied after good Sacrifice '' . SLAM ! Sports : Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 5 / 17 : Angle - Rhino , Daniels - Raven , blood , Gore , and Stomper '' . PW Torch.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . The fans chanted for Christian and Angle said he is the new TNA champion . Jump up ^ `` Slammiversary 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Victory Road 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Impact 07 -- 19 -- 07 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Impact 08 -- 02 -- 07 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Justice 2007 Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` No Surrender delivers on Angles and a new TV deal '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Angle gets stung at Bound For Glory '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` Impact : Crowning a new old champion '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 20 , 2009 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA No Surrender PPV Report 9 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Kurt Angle vs. Sting vs. Matt Morgan vs. A.J. Styles `` . PWTorch . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV Report 10 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of the second - half of the show with Styles vs. Sting `` . PWTorch . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Wilkenfield 's TNA Impact Report 10 / 22 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . PWTorch . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Impact Results -- 10 / 29 / 09 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( November 15 , 2009 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Turning Point PPV Report 11 / 15 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of . A.J. Styles vs. Samoa Joe vs. Daniels `` . PWTorch . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Final Resolution PPV Report 12 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Daniels , Angle vs. Wolfe `` . PWTorch . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact Live Report 1 / 4 : Jeff Hardy , NWO reunion , Hulk Hogan , TNA Knockout Title match , more surprises -- ongoing coverage '' . PWTorch . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Genesis PPV Report 1 / 17 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Kurt Angle , Hulk Hogan 's TNA PPV debut `` . PWTorch . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact Report 1 / 21 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . PWTorch . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Against All Odds PPV Report 2 / 14 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Samoa Joe , Nastys vs. 3D `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` Wildenfeld 's TNA Impact Report 2 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . PWTorch . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Destination X PPV Report 3 / 21 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Abyss , Ultimate X , Anderson vs. Angle `` . PWTorch . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Report 3 / 29 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV show -- cage match with Jeff Hardy , RVD , Wolfpack `` . PWTorch . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` TNA Impact Results 4 / 5 : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Hulk Hogan , Beautiful People , Lockdown hype `` . PWTorch . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Lockdown Results 4 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of PPV -- Styles vs. The Pope , Team Hogan vs. Team Flair , Angle vs. Anderson `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` TNA Impact results 5 / 20 : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of show on Spike TV including Top Ten Contenders revealed `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Slammiversary results 6 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- RVD vs. Sting , Hardy & Anderson , `` nice surprise '' `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 6 / 24 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` TNA Victory Road results 7 / 11 : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coveage of live PPV event `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Impact Results -- 7 / 1 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 7 / 22 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 8 / 12 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV `` Whole F'n Show '' ( updated ) `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 8 / 19 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 5 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA No Surrender PPV results 9 / 5 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Angle vs. Hardy , Pope vs. Anderson `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 9 / 16 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV show with Jeff Hardy vs. Kurt Angle `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10 -- 10 -- 10 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Angle vs. Anderson vs. Hardy , `` they '' reveal `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 10 / 14 : Complete `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV 's live broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 10 / 21 : Complete `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV 's live broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact results 11 / 11 : Styles vs. Stevie , Turning Point fallout , New TNA belt introduced by Hogan '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 12 / 2 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact report 1 / 06 : Complete `` virtual time '' coverage of Spike TV broadcast `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Genesis PPV results 1 / 9 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Morgan vs. Anderson # 1 contender , four title matches , RVD mystery opponent `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 1 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of post-Genesis fallout on Spike TV `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilkenfeld , Daniel ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wilkenfeld 's TNA Impact alt . perspective report 1 / 20 : Jarrett -- Angle drama sinks the ship '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 1 / 27 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Team Angle vs. Team Immortal , Anderson vs. Hardy , Flair goes nuts , Steiner returns `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 2 / 3 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact on Spike TV -- `` they '' reveal , TNA World Title match `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Against All Odds PPV results 2 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Anderson vs. Hardy , Genesis re-matches , fluid X Division situation `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 3 / 3 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact on Spike TV -- Hogan , wedding , 3 / 3 / 11 reveal , Tag Title match , retirement match , celebrities `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 17 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Lockdown PPV results 4 / 17 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live all - cage match PPV -- Sting vs. Anderson vs. RVD , Angle vs. Jarrett `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact report 5 / 12 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of big reveals , final PPV hype , battle royal main event `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Sacrifice PPV results 5 / 15 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting vs. RVD , four title matches , Chyna PPV return `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : Extensive Angle interview -- new TNA contract , near - death in match last year , why his UFC deal fell apart , Twitter battle with Orton , TNA schedule during Olympics training '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Slammiversary PPV results 6 / 12 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting vs. Anderson , Angle vs. Jarrett blow - off `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 6 / 16 : Ongoing coverage of Slammiversary fallout on Spike TV '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baxendell , Matt ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Bax 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 7 / 7 : Complete Coverage of 300th Episode , Will Mr. Anderson Join Immortal ? '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report : Ongoing live coverage of Destination X fallout , Mr. Anderson vs. Sting '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Hardcore Justice PPV results 8 / 7 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting vs. Angle , five title matches , BFG Series matches `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Impact Wrestling Results -- 8 / 11 / 11 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` Impact : Sting looks to regain title in rematch with Angle '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact report 9 / 8 : Jeff Hardy returns , Anderson gets his title rematch against Angle , No Surrender final hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA No Surrender PPV results 9 / 11 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- three - way TNA Title match , BFG Series finals `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10 / 16 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Angle - Roode , Hogan - Sting `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` TNA changes title today at TV '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 10 / 20 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage Bound for Glory fall - out , TNA World Title match `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 11 / 17 : Follow up to Turning Point , Roode and Styles match announced for Final Resolution '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Final Resolution PPV results 12 / 11 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - Styles , five title matches `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Genesis PPV results 1 / 8 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - Hardy , Angle - Storm `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McQuade , Jay ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` McQuade 's TNA Impact Wrestling report 1 / 12 : Roode - Hardy for TNA Title , Angle - Storm # 1 contender match , Bischoffs angle '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner , Scott ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Turner 's TNA Impact results 2 / 16 : World Title match opens show , Lockdown main event set , N.Y. Giants star in angle '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Victory Road PPV results 3 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Sting - Roode main event , Angle - Hardy , Storm - Ray `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Lockdown PPV results 4 / 15 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - Storm main event , Angle - Hardy , Lethal Lockdown opener `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 4 / 19 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of Lockdown fall - out , Hogan 's `` big announcement '' `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner , Scott ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Turner 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 4 / 26 : First - ever Open Fight Night , Tag Title match , Flair throws a party for Bischoff '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Sacrifice PPV results 5 / 13 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode - RVD main event , Angle - Styles , Hardy - Anderson `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Csonka , Larry ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Kurt Angle Discusses His Face Turn , Possible Retirement '' . 411mania . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 10 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Slammiversary PPV results 6 / 10 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Roode vs. Sting headlines 10th Anniv . PPV `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 6 / 14 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- TNA World Title match , Ultimate X starts the show `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Wrestling results 6 / 28 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- BFG Series , Tag Title main event `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact results 8 / 30 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- three big BFG Series matches including Styles - Joe `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA No Surrender PPV results 9 / 9 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- BFG Series finals `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Bound for Glory PPV results 10 / 14 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Aries vs. Hardy , Storm vs. Roode `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact results 10 / 18 : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live BFG PPV fall - out `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boutwell , Josh ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Impact Results -- 10 / 25 / 2012 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Turning Point PPV Results 11 / 11 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Hardy - Aries , top titles at - stake `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 12 / 6 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- Team Hardy vs. Team Roode , Knockout returns , final PPV hype `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Final Resolution PPV Results 12 / 9 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Hardy vs. Roode in the main event , Aries vs. Bully `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 12 / 20 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Champ . Thursday -- Aries vs. Hardy , 1.3. 13 reveal `` . Jump up ^ Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 1 / 3 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live show -- Sting casually returns , cage main event & unmasking ( updated w / Box Score ) . PWTorch.com ( January 3 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 1 / 10 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Sting - Knox , wedding angle , and , oh yeah , a PPV on Sunday ( updated w / Box Score ) `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 1 / 31 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact in the U.K. -- Angle - Anderson , Wes & Garett turn heel , Wes 's hair tells the story `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 2 / 28 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- TNA & Jeff Hardy return to Orlando ; Angle unmasks A&E member , but cameraman misses the shot `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 3 / 7 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- final Lockdown PPV hype `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Lockdown PPV Results 3 / 10 : Live , in - person coverage from San Antonio -- Hardy vs. Ray TNA Title match , Lethal Lockdown , more '' . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 3 / 21 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact from Chicago -- new # 1 contender to TNA Title , two title matches , Lockdown fall - out `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 3 / 28 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Open Fight Night -- Hardy vs. Anderson , more `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 4 / 4 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact featuring 10 - man tag , Ray - Brooke show - closing segment , hype for next week 's stacked show `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 4 / 18 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Styles 's in - ring return , live Impact fall - out `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 5 / 9 ( Hour 1 ) : Ongoing `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- Angle & Styles brawl , D - Lo Brown pouts , Knockouts tag match , more `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 5 / 23 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- Hogan returns home , A.J. in Aces & Eights ? , final show in current timeslot `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Slammiversary PPV Results ( Hour 3 ) : Bully vs. Sting for the TNA World Title , plus Styles vs. Angle '' . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 6 / 6 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of live Impact -- PPV fall - out , Bully vs. Hardy ladder match , Rampage Jackson debuts , more `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 6 / 13 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of BFG Series qualifiers , Sting bringing back old stable , Rampage Jackson Week 2 , more `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 6 / 20 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of semi-live Impact -- BFG Series kick - off , Open Fight Night , Sting takes out Aces & Eights , more `` . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 6 / 27 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact -- BFG Series continues , two title matches , Suicide , Joe added to Mafia , Hogan plays principal , more `` . Jump up ^ `` PWTorch.com - TNA NEWS : Impact 7 / 4 - quick & detailed results for Thursday 's Impact taped in Las Vegas '' . pwtorch.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell 's TNA Impact Results 7 / 11 : Complete `` virtual - time '' coverage of Impact from Las Vegas -- Rampage Jackson joins Mafia , Dest . X hype , BFG Series gauntlet `` . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` TNA News : Angle says he is entering rehab , issues statement on `` pivotal time '' in his life , Dixie Carter comments , plus more details on what led to DWI arrest `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` Caldwell 's TNA BFG PPV Results 10 / 20 ( Hour 2 ) : Angle vs. Roode featured match , KO Title match , ECIII debuts '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # Impact365 -- Referee Brian Hebner on what happened to Kurt Angle '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # Impact365 Exclusive Footage : Kurt Angle 's Condition After IMPACT Went Off The Air '' . Impactwrestling.com . July 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # Impact365 Medical Update on the Condition of Kurt Angle '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ World Title Tournament : Kurt Angle vs. Austin Aries ( November 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle injured by Ethan Carter during IMPACT ( March 6 , 2014 ) '' . YouTube.com . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle returns to IMPACT and wants payback ( April 17 , 2014 ) '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Kurt Angle Updte - PWInsider.com '' . pwinsider.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Wrestling Grand Prix Heavyweight Title '' . Wrestling-titles.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle beats Brock Lesnar in Japan '' . 411mania.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IGF '' . IGF . December 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Strong Style Spirit '' . Strong Style Spirit . January 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit 2008 New Japan ISM ( 1 / 27 / 08 to 2 / 17 / 08 ) '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` G1 Climax 2008 ~ Heroes of Supremacy ~ ( 8 / 9 / 08 to 8 / 17 / 08 ) '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( Results ) New Japan , 1 / 4 / 09 '' . Strong Style Spirit . January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Results ) New Japan , 2 / 15 / 09 '' . Strong Style Spirit . February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 results '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cano Vela , Eduardo ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Triplemania XX `` El día ha llegado '' ( Cobertura y resultados 5 de agosto de 2012 ) -- Máscara vs máscara : Dr. Wagner vs Máscara Año 2000 Jr . -- ¡ Kurt Angle en México ! '' ( in Spanish ) . SuperLuchas . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 27 : Angle vs Rhodes is Signed ! '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coming ... In October ... '' What Culture Wrestling . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` Kurt Angle to be inducted into WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2017 '' . WWE . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-hall-fame/wwe-hall-of-fame-2017/article/john-cena-induct-kurt-angle-wwe-hall-of-fame-2017 Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` Keller 's WWE Monday Night Raw 4 / 3 : The most remarkable opening ten minutes of Raw in history , perhaps , as crowd berates Reigns '' . PWTorch . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 7 / 17 : Reigns vs. Joe to earn Universal Title shot at Summerslam , Angle mystery revealed '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael . `` Kurt Angle & Raw Tag Team Champions Dean Ambrose & Seth Rollins vs. Intercontinental Champion The Miz , Cesaro , Sheamus , Braun Strowman & Kane ( 5 - on - 3 Handicap Tables , Ladders and Chairs Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE TLC 2017 live review : Kurt Angle , Dean Ambrose , and Seth Rollins vs. Braun Strowman , Kane , The Miz , Sheamus , and Cesaro in a TLC match , AJ Styles vs. Finn Balor , Asuka debuts , Alexa Bliss vs. Mickie James for the Raw Women 's Championship '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.pwmania.com/wwe-wrestlemania-34-results-april-8-2018 Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` SmackDown Results -- 3 / 31 / 06 -- Kansas City , MO ( Build for WM22 ... ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1374846/ Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Wrestles Kevin Nash Down a River of Darkness '' . Dreadcentral.com . October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wrestler horror River of Darkness wraps ; exclusive first photos Archived October 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle talks about future '' . Sirius Radio 98 . The Score Satellite Radio . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthew Sampson ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS : Olympic gold medalist Kurt Angle to fight ' Balveer ' ? Photo Gallery , Picture News Gallery '' . The Indian Express . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , it 's true ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thomas Chamberlin ( February 2001 ) . `` It 's True : He 's a Real American Hero '' . Wrestling Digest . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Agostino , David ( August 12 , 2005 ) . `` A grateful Angle comments on hometown reception '' . WWE . Retrieved September 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2864bf Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n1ZKXOc6Gg Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle , yes that Kurt Angle , has revealed that he could end up taking MMA fight '' , by Darragh Murphy , SportsJoe.ie . Jump up ^ `` e Respect Issue ( Behind the Scenes ) Featuring Kurt Angle '' . TheDoublejShow . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Angle biography '' . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( September 18 , 2001 ) . It 's true , It 's True ( Hardcover ed . ) . HarperEntertainment . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039327 - 0 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Wed . update ; Lesnar - Couture tickets ; wrestling couple splitting ; Foley TNA news , ratings notes '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Magee , Bob ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` As I See It 10 / 8 : Tick , tick ... boom '' . WrestleView . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` TNA News : Kurt Angle reportedly engaged to young model '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Thurs . update : Lots of TV tonight , Hall of Famer expects child soon , Ratings good and bad , Scoring '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Giovanna Yanotti , the actress / fiance of Kurt Angle , announced today that the couple is expecting their first child . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sat . update : Angle rushed home from European tour , fiance labor induced , Team RKO put back together '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Kurt Angle rushed back to Pittsburgh from the European tour last night when he got a phone call that his pregnant fiance , actress Giovanna Yannotti , had been rushed to the hospital with extremely high blood pressure and passed out . The doctors felt it necessary to induce labor and she gave birth to Giuliana Marie Angle , a 5.5 pound 18 inch long baby . The baby is said to be doing well , although she is about three weeks premature . At last word , the mother was still in intensive care with doctors today attempting to get her blood pressure under control . Jump up ^ Nemer , Roy ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` TNA star Kurt Angle getting married today '' . WrestleView . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanna Angle 's Twitter Account '' . January 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle welcomes birth of new daughter '' . Pro Wrestling Insider . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurt Angle ( @ RealKurtAngle ) ( 18 May 2014 ) . `` Sunday . Prayer day . Church day . We go , not for Our needs , but to celebrate HIM ! # Sacrifice '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ # MyComeback 3 . YouTube . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pro wrestler Kurt Angle goes to the mat for Rubio '' . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : The Mixed Martial Arts And Crafts Of Kurt Angle '' . Big Lead Sports . July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Angle sends a message to Rangers First members . Rangers First . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Fox Sports . `` Kurt Angle undergoes emergency surgery after losing feeling in extremities '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Chiari . `` Kurt Angle Hospitalized : Updates on TNA Star 's Recovery from Surgery '' . Bleacher Report . Just one week after undergoing a successful operation to remove a benign tumor from his neck , TNA star Kurt Angle was rushed to the hospital for emergency surgery to remove fluid buildup on his spinal cord . Jump up ^ Llosa , Luis Fernando ; L. Jon Wertheim ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Inside the Steroid Sting '' . SI.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Angle , Kurt ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Angle responds '' . Kurt Angle 's Official Website . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestler Kurt Angle Continues to Deny Using Steroids for Performance Enhancement '' . Steroids.info . September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Wrestles DUI , Careless Driving Charges '' . WPXI.com . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle not guilty of DUI in Moon Township '' . WTAE - TV . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestler Kurt Angle Arrested '' . WPXI . August 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Protection Order Against Wrestler Kurt Angle Dismissed '' . WTAE Pittsburgh . November 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : TMZ reports Kurt Angle arrested Friday morning on intoxication charge following TNA house show '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle Arrested for Being Drunk in a Car '' . TMZ.com . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of North Dakota vs. Kurt Steven Angle '' . North Dakota Courts Records Inquiry . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Angle News : Kurt Angle sentenced for reckless driving following March arrest , new information on arrest '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Kurt Angle sentenced for reckless driving arrest '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking -- Kurt Angle arrested Sunday '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . September 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` TMZ : Kurt Angle arrested for DWI on Sunday '' . WrestleView . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mayhew , Kaitlin . `` Wrestler 's initial BAC result was 0.091 percent '' . The Northern Virginia Daily . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Wed. , update : Angle charges taken down , White talks legend future , MSG tickets Foley , Flair & Edge '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` TNA News : Judge rules in Kurt Angle reckless driving case -- Angle fined , avoids jail time , more details on arrest revealed '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` TNA News : Breaking -- Kurt Angle arrested on DWI after Impact '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle and Don Curtis to enter Hall of Fame '' . WCFCourier . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle reception set for 2015 National Pro Wrestling HOF '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Title '' . Wrestling Titles . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` PWI Awards '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . Kappa Publishing Group . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 500 for 2001 '' . Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Kenny . `` WWE Wrestler of the Year : The Miz '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern California Match of the Year '' . SoCal Uncensored . Jump up ^ `` TNA World Tag Team Title '' . Wrestling Titles . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Total Nonstop Action Wrestling official title history '' . TNA Wrestling . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WCW World Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Title History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Heavyweight Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Tag Team Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WWE World Heavyweight Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` European Championshipweb '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Championship History '' . WWE . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Adam ( November 2004 ) . Adam Copeland on Edge . WWE Books . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 8347 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) `` 2007 Wrestling Almanac & Book of Facts '' . Wrestling 's Historical Cards . Kappa Publishing . 2007 . `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated , May 2006 '' . Arena Reports . Kappa Publishing . May 2006 . Angle , Kurt ( 2002 ) . It 's True ! It 's True ! . HarperEntertainment . ISBN 0 - 06 - 109893 - 0 . Loverro , Thom ( 2006 ) . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling . WWE Books . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 1058 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kurt Angle . 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-2853723646681882729	List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1999	List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1999 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1999 Santana 's `` Smooth '' was the longest - running single of 1999 , topping the chart for 10 consecutive weeks . The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical sales and airplays . There were 15 singles that topped the chart this year . The first of these , `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Celine Dion , spent two weeks at the top , concluding a six - week run that had begun in December 1998 . During the year , 12 acts had achieved a first U.S. number - one single , including : Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Destiny 's Child , Enrique Iglesias , Jennifer Lopez , and Jay - Z . The longest running number - one single is `` Smooth '' by Santana featuring Rob Thomas , which attained 12 weeks at number - one . Ten of those weeks were logged in 1999 and two additional weeks were logged in 2000 . Contents 1 Chart history 2 See also 3 References 4 Additional sources Chart history Pop singer Cher earned her 4th number - one single when `` Believe '' topped the chart . Pop singer Christina Aguilera earned her first U.S. number - one single , `` Genie in a Bottle '' . Pop singer Britney Spears earned her first U.S. number - one peak with `` ... Baby One More Time '' . Singer Ricky Martin earned his first U.S. number - one single with `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . Key Indicates best - performing single of 1999 Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 2 `` I 'm Your Angel '' R. Kelly and Céline Dion January 9 January 16 `` Have You Ever ? '' Brandy January 23 January 30 `` ... Baby One More Time '' Britney Spears February 6 February 13 `` Angel of Mine '' Monica February 20 February 27 March 6 March 13 `` Believe '' Cher March 20 March 27 April 3 April 10 `` No Scrubs '' TLC April 17 April 24 May 1 May 8 `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' Ricky Martin May 15 May 22 May 29 June 5 June 12 `` If You Had My Love '' Jennifer Lopez June 19 June 26 July 3 July 10 July 17 `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' Destiny 's Child July 24 `` Wild Wild West '' Will Smith featuring Dru Hill and Kool Moe Dee July 31 `` Genie in a Bottle '' Christina Aguilera August 7 August 14 August 21 August 28 September 4 `` Bailamos '' Enrique Iglesias September 11 September 18 `` Unpretty '' TLC September 25 October 2 October 9 `` Heartbreaker '' Mariah Carey featuring Jay - Z October 16 October 23 `` Smooth '' Santana featuring Rob Thomas October 30 November 6 November 13 November 20 November 27 December 4 December 11 December 18 December 25 See also 1999 in music List of number - one hits ( United States ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1999 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1999 References Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 2 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 9 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 16 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 23 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 30 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 6 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 13 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 20 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 27 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 6 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 13 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 20 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 27 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 3 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 10 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 17 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 24 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 1 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 8 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 15 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 22 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 29 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 5 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 12 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 19 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 26 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 3 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 10 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 17 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 24 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 31 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 7 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 14 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 21 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 28 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Still ' Larger Than Life ' On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1999 - 08 - 19 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 4 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 11 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 18 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 25 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 2 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 9 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Scores 14th No. 1 Single '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1999 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 16 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 23 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 30 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 6 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 13 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 20 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 27 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 4 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 11 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 18 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 25 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Top - ten singles Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1999&oldid=826585969 '' Categories : 1999 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 23 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was number one on 21st march 1999	[ "\n\nIssue Date\n\nSong\n\nArtist(s)\n\nReference\n\n\nJanuary 2\n\n\"I'm Your Angel\"\n\nR. Kelly and Céline Dion\n\n[1]\n\n\nJanuary 9\n\n[2]\n\n\nJanuary 16\n\n\"Have You Ever?\"\n\nBrandy\n\n[3]\n\n\nJanuary 23\n\n[4]\n\n\nJanuary 30\n\n\"...Baby One More Time\"\n\nBritney Spears\n\n[5]\n\n\nFebruary 6\n\n[6]\n\n\nFebruary 13\n\n\"Angel of Mine\"\n\nMonica\n\n[7]\n\n\nFebruary 20\n\n[8]\n\n\nFebruary 27\n\n[9]\n\n\nMarch 6\n\n[10]\n\n\nMarch 13\n\n\"Believe\"\n\nCher\n\n[11]\n\n\nMarch 20\n\n[12]\n\n\nMarch 27\n\n[13]\n\n\nApril 3\n\n[14]\n\n\nApril 10\n\n\"No Scrubs\"\n\nTLC\n\n[15]\n\n\nApril 17\n\n[16]\n\n\nApril 24\n\n[17]\n\n\nMay 1\n\n[18]\n\n\nMay 8\n\n\"Livin' la Vida Loca\"\n\nRicky Martin\n\n[19]\n\n\nMay 15\n\n[20]\n\n\nMay 22\n\n[21]\n\n\nMay 29\n\n[22]\n\n\nJune 5\n\n[23]\n\n\nJune 12\n\n\"If You Had My Love\"\n\nJennifer Lopez\n\n[24]\n\n\nJune 19\n\n[25]\n\n\nJune 26\n\n[26]\n\n\nJuly 3\n\n[27]\n\n\nJuly 10\n\n[28]\n\n\nJuly 17\n\n\"Bills, Bills, Bills\"\n\nDestiny's Child\n\n[29]\n\n\nJuly 24\n\n\"Wild Wild West\"\n\nWill Smith featuring Dru Hill and Kool Moe Dee\n\n[30]\n\n\nJuly 31\n\n\"Genie in a Bottle\"\n\nChristina Aguilera\n\n[31]\n\n\nAugust 7\n\n[32]\n\n\nAugust 14\n\n[33]\n\n\nAugust 21\n\n[34]\n\n\nAugust 28\n\n[35][36]\n\n\nSeptember 4\n\n\"Bailamos\"\n\nEnrique Iglesias\n\n[37]\n\n\nSeptember 11\n\n[38]\n\n\nSeptember 18\n\n\"Unpretty\"\n\nTLC\n\n[39]\n\n\nSeptember 25\n\n[40]\n\n\nOctober 2\n\n[41]\n\n\nOctober 9\n\n\"Heartbreaker\"\n\nMariah Carey featuring Jay-Z\n\n[42][43]\n\n\nOctober 16\n\n[44]\n\n\nOctober 23\n\n\"Smooth\"\n\nSantana featuring Rob Thomas\n\n[45]\n\n\nOctober 30\n\n[46]\n\n\nNovember 6\n\n[47]\n\n\nNovember 13\n\n[48]\n\n\nNovember 20\n\n[49]\n\n\nNovember 27\n\n[50]\n\n\nDecember 4\n\n[51]\n\n\nDecember 11\n\n[52]\n\n\nDecember 18\n\n[53]\n\n\nDecember 25\n\n[54]\n" ]	[ "\"Believe\"" ]
-6120363535606441586	7th arrondissement of Paris	7th arrondissement of Paris - wikipedia 7th arrondissement of Paris Jump to : navigation , search 7th arrondissement of Paris French municipal arrondissement View over the 7th arrondissement , dominated by the Eiffel Tower , and the Invalides . Paris and its closest suburbs Country France Region Île - de-France Department Paris Commune Paris Government Mayor Rachida Dati Area Total 4.09 km ( 1.58 sq mi ) Population ( 8 March 1999 census ) Total 56,985 Estimate ( 2005 ) 55,400 Density 14,000 / km ( 36,000 / sq mi ) ^ ( p ) Population sans doubles comptes : single count of residents of multiple communes ( e.g. students and military personnel ) . The 20 arrondissements of Paris 17th 18th 19th 8th 9th 10th 11th 20th 16th 2nd 3rd 1st 4th 12th River Seine 7th 6th 5th 13th 15th 14th The 7th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements ( administrative districts ) of the capital city in France . It includes some of the major tourist attractions of Paris , such as the Eiffel Tower and the Hôtel des Invalides ( Napoléon 's resting place ) , and a concentration of such world - famous museums as the Musée d'Orsay , Musée Rodin , and the Musée du quai Branly . Situated on the Rive Gauche -- the `` Left '' , or Southern , bank of the River Seine -- this central arrondissement , which includes the historical aristocratic neighbourhood of Faubourg Saint - Germain , contains a number of French national institutions , among them the French National Assembly and numerous government ministries . It is also home to many foreign diplomatic embassies , some of them occupying outstanding Hôtels particuliers . The arrondissement has been home to the French upper class since the 17th century , when it became the new residence of French highest nobility . The district has been so fashionable within the French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg -- referring to the ancient name of the current 7th arrondissement -- has been used to describe French nobility ever since . The 7th arrondissement of Paris and Neuilly - sur - Seine form the most affluent and prestigious residential area in France . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demography 3.1 Historical population 3.2 Immigration 4 Cityscape 5 Places of interest 6 Art and industry 7 Economy 8 Education 9 Government 10 Sport 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Construction of Hôtel de Salm , 1787 . Paris , Musée Carnavalet . Exposition Universelle in 1889 , the entrance arch is known as the Eiffel Tower During the 17th century , French high nobility started to move from the central Marais , the then - aristocratic district of Paris where nobles used to build their urban mansions ( see Hotel de Soubise ) , to the clearer , less populated and less polluted Faubourg Saint - Germain . The district became so fashionable within the French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg has been used to describe French nobility ever since . The oldest and most prestigious families of the French nobility built outstanding residences in the area , such as the Hôtel Matignon , the Hôtel de Salm , and the Hôtel Biron . After the Revolution many of these mansions , offering magnificent inner spaces , many receptions rooms and exquisite decoration , were confiscated and turned into national institutions . The French expression `` les ors de la Republique '' ( literally `` the golds of the Republic '' ) , referring to the luxurious environment of the national palaces ( outstanding official residences and priceless works of art ) , comes from that time . During the Restauration , the Faubourg recovered its past glory as the most exclusive high nobility district of Paris and was the political heart of the country , home to the Ultra Party . After the Fall of Charles X , the district lost most of its political influence but remained the center of the French upper class ' social life . During the 19th century , the arrondissement hosted no less than five Universal Exhibitions ( 1855 , 1867 , 1878 , 1889 , 1900 ) that have immensely impacted its cityscape . The Eiffel Tower and the Orsay building have been built for these Exhibitions ( respectively in 1889 and 1900 ) . Geography ( edit ) The land area of the arrondissement is 4.088 km2 ( 1.578 sq. miles , or 1,010 acres ) . Demography ( edit ) The 7th arrondissement attained its peak population in 1926 when it had 110,684 inhabitants . Because it is the location of so many French government bodies , this arrondissement has never been as densely populated as some of the others . In 1999 , the population was 56,985 , while the arrondissement provided 76,212 jobs . Historical population ( edit ) Year ( of French censuses ) Population Density ( inh . per km2 ) 1872 78,553 19,206 1926 ( peak year ) 110,684 27,075 1954 104,412 25,529 1962 99,584 24,360 1968 87,811 21,480 74,250 18,163 1982 67,461 16,502 62,939 15,396 1999 56,985 13,940 2009 57,442 14,045 Immigration ( edit ) Place of birth of residents of the 7th arrondissement in 1999 Born in Metropolitan France Born outside Metropolitan France 78.3 % 21.7 % Born in Overseas France Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth EU - 15 immigrants Non-EU - 15 immigrants 0.5 % 4.9 % 7.4 % 8.9 % This group is made up largely of former French settlers , such as pieds - noirs in Northwest Africa , followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth ( such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies ) , and to a lesser extent foreign - born children of French expatriates . Note that a foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999 , so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria , when Algeria was an integral part of France , is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics . An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth . Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France , but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics . On the other hand , persons born in France with foreign citizenship ( the children of immigrants ) are not listed as immigrants . Cityscape ( edit ) Champ - de-Mars view from the top of the Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower St. Louis Chapel of the Hôtel des Invalides view from avenue de Breteuil Inside Hôtel des Invalides 's Chapel View of rue de Solferino from the Léopold - Sédar - Senghor bridge The Seine and the 7th arrondissement as seen from the Eiffel Tower Typical Parisian architecture in the 7th arrondissement Places of interest ( edit ) Important places include : French National Assembly Eiffel Tower Hôtel Matignon Hôtel de Boisgelin ( Rue de Varenne , Paris ) , historic building , home to the Italian embassy in Paris . Champ de Mars Musée d'Orsay École Militaire Hôtel des Invalides Musée du quai Branly Musée national de la Légion d'Honneur et des Ordres de Chevalerie Musée Maillol Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération Musée Rodin Musée Valentin Haüy Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris ( Sciences Po ) Art and industry ( edit ) Musée du quai Branly Musée national de la Légion d'Honneur et des Ordres de Chevalerie Musée Maillol Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération Musée Rodin Musée Valentin Haüy National Horticultural Society of France Economy ( edit ) Air Liquide , Alcatel - Lucent , and Valode & Pistre have their head offices in this arrondissement . Education ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Public and private high schools : Lycée Victor - Duruy ( fr ) Établissement La Rochefoucauld ( fr ) Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin ( fr ) Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci , an Italian international school , maintains two campuses in the arrondissement . The American University of Paris , a private liberal arts university , maintains several buildings near the Quai d'Orsay . Government ( edit ) The Ministry of Agriculture , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of National Education have their head offices in the arrondissement . Sport ( edit ) The arrondissement hosted the equestrian events for the 1900 Summer Olympics . See also ( edit ) Paris portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Balzac explains the very specific Faubourg 's aristocratic way of life in his novel La Duchesse de Langeais Jump up ^ Drouin , Olivier ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Les 80 communes où se concentrent les plus hauts revenus '' . Capital.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hotels particuliers Jump up ^ `` Legal notice . '' Air Liquide . Retrieved on 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatel - Lucent Fact Sheet Archived 2010 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 17 August 2011 `` Headquarters 3 av . Octave Gréard 75007 Paris , France '' Jump up ^ Valode & Pistre ( in English ) - Select `` Contact '' . Valode & Pistre . Retrieved on 2 July 2010 . `` 115 rue du Bac 75007 PARIS - FRANCE Jump up ^ `` L'OFFERTA FORMATIVA ITALIANA NELLA CIRCOSCRIZIONE CONSOLARE DI PARIGI . '' Italian Consulate in Paris . Retrieved on 19 October 2015 . `` Amministrazione , Scuola Media e Liceo Scientifico 12 rue Sédillot - 75007 Parigi '' and `` Scuola Elementare 3 bis Avenue de Villars - 75007 Parigi '' - See map Jump up ^ `` University History The American University of Paris '' . www.aup.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mentions légales . '' Ministry of Agriculture . 8 June 2007 . Retrieved on 6 May 2011 . `` Ministère de l'Agriculture , de l'Alimentation , de la Pêche , de la Ruralité et de l'Aménagement du territoire 78 , rue de Varenne - 75349 Paris 07 SP '' Jump up ^ `` à propos du site - mentions légales - crédits . '' Ministry of National Education . Retrieved on 6 May 2011 . `` Ministère de l'éducation nationale , de la jeunesse et de la vie associative Secrétariat général - Délégation à la communication 110 rue de Grenelle 75007 Paris '' Jump up ^ 1900 Summer Olympics official report Archived 2008 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... p. 16 . Accessed 14 November 2010 . ( in French ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris 7e arrondissement . 7th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage 7th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Faubourg Saint - Germain Quartier du Gros - Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans - Reliefs Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine Musée Maillol Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération Musée du quai Branly Musée Rodin Musée Valentin Haüy Pont de l'Alma Pont des Invalides Taipei Representative Office in France Paris Métro stations Assemblée Nationale Champ de Mars Duroc École Militaire Invalides La Tour - Maubourg Rue du Bac Saint - François - Xavier Ségur Sèvres -- Babylone Solférino Vaneau Varenne Paris RER stations Invalides City of Paris Arrondissements 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th Airports Charles de Gaulle Orly Architecture Bridges Culture Cycling Vélib ' Economy Education History ( timeline ) Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museums Music Tallest buildings Syndrome Religion Archdiocese Squares Topography Transport Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourism Paris Metropolitan Area Île - de-France France Venues of the 1900 Summer Olympics 7th arrondissement of Paris Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Boulogne - Billancourt Compiègne Croix - Catelan Stadium Le Havre Meulan - en - Yvelines Neuilly - sur - Seine Puteaux Satory Seine Tuileries Garden Vélodrome de Vincennes Olympic venues in equestrian 1900 : 7th arrondissement of Paris 1912 : Fältrittklubben , Liljeholmen , Lindarängen , Östermalms IP , Stockholm Olympic Stadium 1920 : Olympisch Stadion 1924 : Hippodrome d'Auteuil , Stade de Colombes 1928 : Hilversum , Olympic Stadium 1932 : Olympic Stadium , Riviera Country Club , Westchester 1936 : Döberitz , Mayfield , Olympic Stadium 1948 : Aldershot , Empire Stadium , Tweseldown Racecourse 1952 : Laakso , Olympic Stadium , Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall , Tali Race Track 1956 : Lill - Jansskogen , Olympic Stadium , Ulriksdal 1960 : Piazza di Siena , Pratoni del Vivaro 1964 : Karuizawa , National Stadium 1968 : Avándaro Golf Club , Campo Marte , Estadio Olímpico Universitario 1972 : Dressage Facility Nymphenburg , Olympiastadion , Riding Facility , Riem 1976 : Olympic Equestrian Centre , Bromont , Olympic Stadium 1980 : Grand Arena , Trade Unions ' Equestrian Complex 1984 : Fairbanks Ranch Country Club , Santa Anita Park 1988 : Olympic Stadium , Seoul Equestrian Park 1992 : Club Hípic El Montayá , Real Club de Polo de Barcelona 1996 : Georgia International Horse Park 2000 : Sydney International Equestrian Centre 2004 : Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre 2008 : Hong Kong Equestrian Venues 2012 : Greenwich Park 2016 : Olympic Equestrian Centre 2020 : Central Breakwater , Baji Koen 2024 : Palace of Versailles 2028 : Sepulveda Dam Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 33 '' N 2 ° 18 ′ 46 '' E / 48.85917 ° N 2.31278 ° E / 48.85917 ; 2.31278 GND : 4453207 - 6 BNF : cb11975580c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_arrondissement_of_Paris&oldid=813284534 '' Categories : 7th arrondissement of Paris 1900 Summer Olympic venues Olympic equestrian venues Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles to be expanded from October 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the district of south paris on the left bank of the seine	[]	[]
-2419884429073858670	Queen of the South (TV series)	Queen of the South ( TV series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( TV series ) Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on June 21 , 2018 . On October 1 , 2018 , it was announced that the USA Network had renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 3.3 Awards and nominations 4 Broadcast 5 Source Material 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza , a poor woman from Sinaloa , Mexico who becomes a wealthy woman by building a drug empire Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifañio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifañio Vargas ' right - hand man ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifañio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Yancey Arias as Alberto Cortez ( season 3 , recurring season 2 ) Idalia Valles as Isabela Vargas daughter of Camila and Epifañio Vargas Recurring ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe , Camila 's lawyer who is killed in season 2 by his boss in the firm . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 1 - 3 ) Alfonso Herrera as Javier Jimenez ( season 3 ) Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra ( season 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto ( Pilot ) '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 While working as a money changer in Sinaloa , Mexico , Teresa Mendoza falls for drug dealer Güero . His murder a year later forces Teresa and her friend Brenda to flee from Güero 's former cartel . They are separated during their escape ; Brenda remains in Mexico while Teresa ends up in Dallas , Texas . `` Cuarenta Minutos ( Forty Minutes ) '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 Teresa must prove her worth to Camila Vargas , who rescued Teresa in Mexico but now holds her captive in Dallas . Epifañio Vargas continues hunting for Teresa . In Mexico , Brenda tries to hide from the cartel . `` Estrategia de Entrada ( Entry Strategy ) '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 Camila tests Teresa 's loyalty on a major drug operation . Camila makes a move to take over Epifañio 's cartel . Teresa impresses Camila with skills she picked up as a money changer in Sinaloa . Brenda plots her escape from Mexico while hiding from the cartel sicarios . `` Lirio de los Valles ( Lily of the Valley ) '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 Teresa 's first solo drug run turns deadly . Epifañio realizes Teresa is in Dallas with Camila . Camila tries to win over her estranged husband 's associates . Brenda and Tony make an escape to Dallas . 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . ( One Soul . One Map . Two Futures . ) '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 Teresa is tasked with infiltrating a wild party at a rival drug boss ' estate . After witnessing a horrific event , Teresa advances her escape plans . Needing money to survive , Brenda discovers a business opportunity right outside her hotel . In Mexico , Cesar betrays Camila , revealing Camila 's operation to Epifañio . 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla ( Deception as the Rule ) '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 Teresa 's delivery route puts her in touch with Russell , an immigration lawyer . Epifañio tips off the DEA about Camila 's incoming shipment from Colombia . Caught in the DEA 's trap , Teresa and James must race to escape downtown Dallas before law enforcement blockades shut down all roads . Realizing her cocaine supply is dangerously low , Camila grows desperate . Brenda 's burgeoning drug enterprise creates a rift between her and her son Tony . 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro ( The Bird Man ) '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 Epifañio ensures his latest shipment to Camila is also intercepted by the DEA . Taking advantage of Camila 's recent shortages , a rival cartel begins encroaching on Camila 's territory . Teresa visits the immigration lawyer . To pay back the Colombians for their seized shipment and ensure future shipments , Camila sends James and Teresa to retrieve a stash of savings . They 're attacked , but Teresa believes she knows who ordered the ambush . Brenda decides to sell more than just cocaine . 8 8 `` Billete de Magia ( Magic Ticket ) '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 Out of cocaine and desperate to supply her most demanding customers , Camila attempts a risky heist . Teresa goes undercover as a hotel maid , and must make a choice that will change her forever . Brenda and her crew try making crystal meth . 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar ( Take Everything You Can Carry ) '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 Camila assures her partners and local distributors that she is back in business and done with Epifañio . A man from Florida comes to avenge his brothers ' deaths , not knowing Camila is responsible . Camila orders Maria , the hotel maid , killed . Still wracked with guilt , Teresa disobeys Camila and helps Maria escape . To recover a valuable piece of evidence and potential blackmail material , Teresa travels with Maria through the underground tunnel to Mexico . 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra ( This Thing That is Ours ) '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 In Mexico , Teresa is met by Maria 's irate relatives , who complicate her plans to retrieve Güero 's notebook . After the failed attempt to kill Birdman , a member of the rival Jimenez cartel , Camila returns home to Mexico in order to protect her life . Epifañio vouches for Birdman 's safety to protect Camila . James hunts down Teresa . Brenda severs ties with her street dealers . 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno ( Point of No Return ) '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 Teresa returns to Texas with Güero 's notebook . Despite Epifañio 's previous promises to the Jimenez cartel , Camila orders Birdman killed . Brenda tries selling the notebook to Birdman ; she is present when James kills Birdman but escapes unseen and unharmed . Following an entry in Güero 's notebook that they believe is a cash storage location , Teresa and Brenda return to Mexico . Camila visits Don Manuel Jimenez and offers to break a Jimenez lieutenant out of jail as reparation for Birdman 's death . 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil ( Five Hundred Thousand ) '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 The coordinates lead Teresa and Brenda to a shocking find . Teresa and Brenda risk everything to extort money from Epifañio 's men . James leads the attempt to extract a Jimenez cartel lieutenant from a DEA safe house . As the governor 's election draws near and public scrutiny around Epifañio increases , Camila takes irreversible steps to overtake Epifañio 's empire . 13 13 `` Cicatriz ( Scar ) '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Epifañio retaliates against Camila 's takeover in an unexpected way . Teresa escapes Epifañio 's imprisonment , killing one of Epifañio 's sicarios and forcing a second sicario , Pote , to drive to El Limpiador 's ranch to rescue Brenda . Pote learns about Epifañio 's actions on the radio . Realizing that Teresa saved his life by taking him prisoner , Pote renounces Epifañio and swears lifelong allegiance to Teresa . Camila and James meet Teresa and Pote on El Limpiador 's ranch . Hidden in nearby weeds , a DEA photographer captures images as Teresa makes an offer to Camila . In a field office , another agent receives the photographs , and asks a surprising source to identify the conversation 's four participants . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo ( The Body of Christ ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 To become Camila 's partner , Teresa uses the information from Güero 's notebook to broker a deal with an eccentric gun smuggler . Camila struggles to rebuild her empire . Epifañio unwillingly takes on a new partner he may not be able to control . 15 `` Dios y el Abogado ( God and the Lawyer ) '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 To get the cash necessary to restart her business , Camila sets her sights on a high - stakes cartel horse race , but old enemies threaten to tear everything apart . Teresa is torn between joy and disgust when she encounters a ghost from her past . Pote warns Teresa that Camila is using expensive gifts and high - society events to distract Teresa . The DEA attempts to force Camila 's lawyer to cooperate . 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo ( A Pact With the Devil ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 A flashback reveals what happened to Güero three months prior . Teresa and James come face - to - face with a group of American border vigilantes while attempting to destroy Epifañio 's drug smuggling tunnels . Camila meets with her new lawyer . Güero escapes from DEA surveillance in order to speak with Teresa alone . 17 `` El Beso de Judas ( The Kiss of Judas ) '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 Teresa 's loyalties are tested when she and James are ordered to hunt down and kill a DEA mole . A wedding in Sinaloa brings together Camila , Epifañio , and Jimenez . A song reveals Epifañio 's past to Isabella . 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia ( The Birth of Bolivia ) '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 Teresa , James and Güero travel to Bolivia in search of a new cocaine supplier : the mysterious and dangerous narco - cult leader El Santo . An old flame and a soldier waging a personal vendetta complicate their hunt . 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte ( The Road of Death ) '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 Captured by narco - cult leader El Santo , Teresa embarks on a spiritual journey . The line between reality and illusion blur , with hallucinations leading to real - world consequences . Buena muerte , Teresita . 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe ( The Price of Faith ) '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 With their payment deadline looming , Teresa and Camila search for a new cocaine distributor , but Epifañio threatens their plans . Epifañio becomes concerned when El Santo 's symbol is found near his sleeping daughter . 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar ( Siphon Out the Sea ) '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 After an elusive drug distributor refuses to accept Camila 's business , Camila sends Teresa , Pote , James , and Güero to Chicago to give Devon Finch 's tastemaker a mind - changing sample of their coke . After capturing James , a DEA agent witnesses Cortez ' brutal methods . A heated telephone disagreement between Epifañio and Camila has lasting consequences for Epifañio . 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre ( Only the Love of A Mother ) '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 Camila and Teresa meet with Devon Finch to negotiate a deal , unaware they 're being followed . An uncharacteristic blunder forces Camila and Teresa to run from hit men , but the experience deepens their bond . Still shaken by his health scare , Epifañio offers Boaz a proposal during a funeral in Sinaloa . 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos ( Send in the Clowns ) '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 Epifañio plans to leave the cartel world for good , and insists on some fiery revenge as part his retirement . When Teresa competes with James for Camila 's trust , she begins to question everything . Kelly Ann , the wife of Camila 's lawyer , searches through her husband 's documents for evidence to incriminate Camila , but finds something that changes Teresa 's life . Battle lines are drawn and Teresa goes on the run to flee Camila . 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma ( The Dark Night of the Soul ) '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 With Teresa and Kelly Ann on the run , James 's loyalties are put to the test . An oversight enables Agent Loya to track down the two fugitives . After a showdown with hired guns , Teresa realizes the time for running is over . 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren ( All Hours Hurt ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 With Camila in jail , Teresa aims to take over her business . Teresa recruits a street gang to help her steal the remaining cocaine and cash that Camila has stored . El Santo dispatches an assassin to ensure Teresa either pays or dies . Camila 's transfer to a maximum - security prison is interrupted . The sins of the father haunt Epifañio as Isabella and her friends go missing . 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata ( The Last Hour Kills ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Camila and Epifañio realize Isabela hid a clue to her whereabouts in the ransom video . Teresa gets a nasty surprise when she goes to collect Devon Finch 's payment for the cocaine . James realizes Camila no longer needs him . And in a dramatic final showdown between Teresa and Camila , a shocking sacrifice causes the two women to realize only one queen can reign . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` La Ermitaña ( The Hermit ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 301 1.24 While hiding in Malta , Spain from now - Governor Camila Vargas , Teresa has begun building a drug empire of her own in Europe . Isabella 's engagement to Kique Jimenez moves forward . Teresa strikes a deal with a dangerous , but technologically advanced , money launderer . 28 `` El Colgado ( The Hanged Man ) '' David Boyd Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 302 1.02 While running from the sicarios Camila sent to Malta , an old acquaintance of Teresa 's reemerges offering help , but his true intentions are unclear . Pote 's loyalty to Teresa costs him everything he values . In Mexico , Cortez convinces Boaz Jimenez to add heroin to his cocaine shipments without Camila 's knowledge , and without giving her a cut of the profits . Camila opens Casa Para Los Niños Orphanage . 29 `` Reina de Oros ( Queen of Gold ) '' David Grossman Ryan O'Nan July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 303 1.02 Teresa puts her life and her developing empire on the line when she attempts to rescue girls being trafficked by her new European business partner and money launderer . Camila allies herself with the DEA in an attempt to use their resources against Teresa . James and Pote are involved in a not - bank - robbery . 30 `` La Fuerza ( The Force ) '' Darren Grant Mark Valadez July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 304 1.22 Fleeing Europe , Teresa looks to starts anew in Phoenix , Ariz . Before she can , she must deal with a commission of cartel bosses and a corrupt local sheriff . Kelly Ann helps Teresa find a headquarters to start her mail order cocaine business . Boaz Jimenez makes an attempt on Camila 's life . 31 5 `` El Juicio ( The Judgement ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Jorge A. Reyes July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 305 1.12 An old enemy lays siege to Teresa 's new Phoenix property -- a winery that serves as a front for cocaine processing -- and Teresa 's crew is on their own when La Comisión refuses to help . James questions Lil T 's loyalty . Teresa finds passion with an old friend , before her past catches up to her . 32 6 `` Los Enamorados ( The Lovers ) '' Rebecca Rodriguez Dailyn Rodriguez & Fernanda Coppel July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 306 1.09 Teresa tries to escape her captors with the help of an unexpected ally . James and Pote confront Pecas . Despite her mother 's instructions , Isabella visits Teresa in captivity . Teresa faces the loss of someone that has been with her since the beginning . 33 7 `` Reina de Espadas ( Queen of Swords ) '' Meera Menon Tony Puryear August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 307 1.09 Still processing a deeply personal tragedy , Teresa battles a mutiny within her own ranks . Taza tries to convince La Comisión to honour their prior deal with Teresa . Pecas continues to balance La Comisión and Camila , but a bloody message is sent to inform him his time playing both sides is running out . Kique becomes the latest pawn in Cortez 's game . 34 8 `` El Carro ( The Car ) '' Ben Hernadez Bray Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 308 1.05 Frustrated at La Comisión 's multiple betrayals , Teresa makes a deal with the devil in a bold move to take over drug distribution in Phoenix . Pecas uses Lil T and Tonto to deliver a deadly reply to Teresa 's previous threat . King George and Bilal realize their luck has run out . After seeing Kique 's body , Isabella joins force with Cortez . 35 9 `` El Diablo ( The Devil ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Story by : Dailyn Rodriguez & Mark Valadez Teleplay by : Mark Valadez August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 309 1.19 Teresa uses Kelly Ann 's high - society connections to contact an ambitious politician . Pote and James attempts to turn Bedoya of La Comisión against Pecas and the others . George tries to barter for his and Bilal 's freedom , but realizes Cortez has prevented Bilal from ever being free again . Kelly Ann begins to dip into Teresa 's cocaine stash . Isabella betrays Camila . 36 10 `` La Muerte ( Death ) '' David Boyd Story by : Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan Teleplay by : Ryan O'Nan August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 310 1.14 The narco - cult leader El Santo summons all his high - level distributors , including Teresa , to Bolivia . A Judas is among his ranks , and El Santo will not rest until they are found and killed . Teresa risks her life to prove her loyalty , but loyalty only goes so far . 37 11 `` Diez de Copas ( Ten of Cups ) '' Nick Copus Fernanda Coppel August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 311 1.18 Teresa and Pote hunt for a mole inside the operation and gain a valuable piece of technology . With Camila on the run , flashbacks reveal how Camila and Epifañio first met . Teresa severs ties with Lil T. A terrible choice must be made as damning evidence reveals the mole as someone Teresa holds dear . 38 12 `` Justicia ( Justice ) '' Laura Belsey Dailyn Rodriguez & Ryan O'Nan September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) 312 1.14 With her Bolivian cocaine connection destroyed , Teresa makes a deal with her sworn enemy . Cortez is targeted . Teresa tries freeing a friend from his cage . Camila is trusted with a once - traitorous piece of technology , though it 's uncertain if she 's aware of its presence . 39 13 `` El Mundo ( The World ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Natalie Chaidez & Benjamin Daniel Lobato September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 313 1.22 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 10 : 00 pm 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 1.39 September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1.35 1.22 0.39 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 1.25 August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 1.33 1.16 0.38 Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.24 September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 1.22 1.13 0.37 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2017 Imagen Awards Best Supporting Actor - Television Peter Gadiot Won Best Primetime Television Series - Drama Queen of the South Nominated Best Actress - Television Alice Braga Nominated Best Actor - Television Joaquim de Almeida Nominated Best Supporting Actress - Television Veronica Falcon Nominated 2018 WIN Awards Film or Show Written By a Woman Natalie Chaidez Won Drama Series Queen Of the South Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . German TV channel DMAX is showing the series since June 14 , 2017. . Source material ( edit ) Pérez - Reverte , author of the novel , has stated that a great source of inspiration were mexican drug ballads , country - polka songs that tell the stories about real life mexican drug lords . One of the real life characters that inspired the novel is Sandra Ávila Beltrán , known as the Queen of the Pacific , famous for being one of the first female drug traffickers to reach the level of `` Boss '' in the Mexican cartels , a place usually reserved for men . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne On Collaboration , Moroder 's Legacy & ' Scarface ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . 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Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Dean Massey Joins ' Nashville ' ; Joaquim de Almeida In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' : Yancey Arias Upped To Series Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rafael Amaya talks about his role in the Queen of the South series '' . People en Español . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cordero , Rosy ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Star Alfonso Herrera Joins USA Network 's ' Queen of the South ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Shubham ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Queen of the South Season 4 : Release Date , Cast , Trailer , Spoilers & News '' . thecinemaholic . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . 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Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ KG , imfernsehen GmbH & Co. , Queen of the South ( in German ) , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 Jump up ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/10/04/index.php?section=sociedad&article=048o1soc Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2015/02/08/54d71e0e22601ded2e8b456d.html Jump up ^ http://www.unionjalisco.mx/articulo/2018/07/16/espectaculos/la-mujer-que-inspiro-la-reina-del-sur Jump up ^ https://www.debate.com.mx/show/La-narco-mas-famosa-llega-a-Estados-Unidos-20160622-0013.html Jump up ^ http://www.sinembargo.mx/20-05-2018/3420275 Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/16/mexico-drug-cartels-famous-female-leader-sandra-avila External links ( edit ) Official website Queen of the South on IMDb USA Network original programming Current American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja ( since 2017 ) Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Miz & Mrs. ( since 2018 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) The Purge ( since 2018 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Talk Stoop ( since 2009 ) Unsolved ( since 2018 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) WWE Tribute to the Troops ( since 2005 ) Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show The Hitchhiker Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E Highlander : The Animated Series The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver The Savage Dragon Silk Stalkings Street Fighter Strip Poker The Superman / Batman Adventures Swamp Thing Ultraforce USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science Wing Commander Academy World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. 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Eyewitness Fairly Legal Falling Water First Impressions Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Playing House Rush Satisfaction Shooter Sirens WWE Tough Enough Upcoming Second City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_South_(TV_series)&oldid=863639027 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American action television series American crime drama television series American television series based on telenovelas English - language television programs Serial drama television series USA Network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Universal Television Television shows filmed in Texas Television shows set in Dallas Television shows set in Costa Rica Television shows set in Spain American thriller television series Films about Mexican drug cartels Works about Mexican drug cartels Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 01 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	queen of the south season 3 episode 12 air date	[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)271\"La Ermitaña (The Hermit)\"David BoydNatalie ChaidezJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)3011.24[45]\nWhile hiding in Malta, Spain from now-Governor Camila Vargas, Teresa has begun building a drug empire of her own in Europe. Isabella's engagement to Kique Jimenez moves forward. Teresa strikes a deal with a dangerous, but technologically advanced, money launderer.\n282\"El Colgado (The Hanged Man)\"David BoydBenjamin Daniel LobatoJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)3021.02[46]\nWhile running from the sicarios Camila sent to Malta, an old acquaintance of Teresa's reemerges offering help, but his true intentions are unclear. Pote's loyalty to Teresa costs him everything he values. In Mexico, Cortez convinces Boaz Jimenez to add heroin to his cocaine shipments without Camila's knowledge, and without giving her a cut of the profits. Camila opens Casa Para Los Niños Orphanage.\n293\"Reina de Oros (Queen of Gold)\"David GrossmanRyan O'NanJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)3031.02[47]\nTeresa puts her life and her developing empire on the line when she attempts to rescue girls being trafficked by her new European business partner and money launderer. Camila allies herself with the DEA in an attempt to use their resources against Teresa. James and Pote are involved in a not-bank-robbery.\n304\"La Fuerza (The Force)\"Darren GrantMark ValadezJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)3041.22[48]\nFleeing Europe, Teresa looks to starts anew in Phoenix, Ariz. Before she can, she must deal with a commission of cartel bosses and a corrupt local sheriff. Kelly Ann helps Teresa find a headquarters to start her mail order cocaine business. Boaz Jimenez makes an attempt on Camila's life.\n315\"El Juicio (The Judgement)\"Eduardo SanchezJorge A. ReyesJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)3051.12[49]\nAn old enemy lays siege to Teresa's new Phoenix property — a winery that serves as a front for cocaine processing — and Teresa's crew is on their own when La Comisión refuses to help. James questions Lil T's loyalty. Teresa finds passion with an old friend, before her past catches up to her.\n326\"Los Enamorados (The Lovers)\"Rebecca RodriguezDailyn Rodriguez & Fernanda CoppelJuly 26, 2018 (2018-07-26)3061.09[50]\nTeresa tries to escape her captors with the help of an unexpected ally. James and Pote confront Pecas. Despite her mother's instructions, Isabella visits Teresa in captivity. Teresa faces the loss of someone that has been with her since the beginning.\n337\"Reina de Espadas (Queen of Swords)\"Meera MenonTony PuryearAugust 2, 2018 (2018-08-02)3071.09[51]\nStill processing a deeply personal tragedy, Teresa battles a mutiny within her own ranks. Taza tries to convince La Comisión to honour their prior deal with Teresa. Pecas continues to balance La Comisión and Camila, but a bloody message is sent to inform him his time playing both sides is running out. Kique becomes the latest pawn in Cortez's game.\n348\"El Carro (The Car)\"Ben Hernadez BrayBenjamin Daniel LobatoAugust 9, 2018 (2018-08-09)3081.05[52]\nFrustrated at La Comisión's multiple betrayals, Teresa makes a deal with the devil in a bold move to take over drug distribution in Phoenix. Pecas uses Lil T and Tonto to deliver a deadly reply to Teresa's previous threat. King George and Bilal realize their luck has run out. After seeing Kique's body, Isabella joins force with Cortez.\n359\"El Diablo (The Devil)\"Eduardo SanchezStory by : Dailyn Rodriguez & Mark Valadez Teleplay by : Mark ValadezAugust 16, 2018 (2018-08-16)3091.19[53]\nTeresa uses Kelly Ann's high-society connections to contact an ambitious politician. Pote and James attempts to turn Bedoya of La Comisión against Pecas and the others. George tries to barter for his and Bilal's freedom, but realizes Cortez has prevented Bilal from ever being free again. Kelly Ann begins to dip into Teresa's cocaine stash. Isabella betrays Camila.\n3610\"La Muerte (Death)\"David BoydStory by : Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan Teleplay by : Ryan O'NanAugust 23, 2018 (2018-08-23)3101.14[54]\nThe narco-cult leader El Santo summons all his high-level distributors, including Teresa, to Bolivia. A Judas is among his ranks, and El Santo will not rest until they are found and killed. Teresa risks her life to prove her loyalty, but loyalty only goes so far.\n3711\"Diez de Copas (Ten of Cups)\"Nick CopusFernanda CoppelAugust 30, 2018 (2018-08-30)3111.18[55]\nTeresa and Pote hunt for a mole inside the operation and gain a valuable piece of technology. With Camila on the run, flashbacks reveal how Camila and Epifañio first met. Teresa severs ties with Lil T. A terrible choice must be made as damning evidence reveals the mole as someone Teresa holds dear.\n3812\"Justicia (Justice)\"Laura BelseyDailyn Rodriguez & Ryan O'NanSeptember 6, 2018 (2018-09-06)3121.14[56]\nWith her Bolivian cocaine connection destroyed, Teresa makes a deal with her sworn enemy. Cortez is targeted. Teresa tries freeing a friend from his cage. Camila is trusted with a once-traitorous piece of technology, though it's uncertain if she's aware of its presence.\n3913\"El Mundo (The World)\"Eduardo SanchezNatalie Chaidez & Benjamin Daniel LobatoSeptember 13, 2018 (2018-09-13)3131.22[57]" ]	[ "September 6, 2018" ]
-2971389577969142732	Big Brother Naija	Big Brother Naija - wikipedia Big Brother Naija Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Big Brother Naija , formerly known as Big Brother Nigeria , is a reality TV show based on the Big Brother TV series in which 12 contestants live in an isolated house and compete for a large cash prize worth $100000 at the end of the show by avoiding being evicted by viewers . The first season of the show first aired on DStv Channel 37 from March 5 to June 4 , 2006 . The voting results are verified by the auditing company of Alexander - Forbes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season 1 1.1 Nominations Table 1.2 Notes 2 Season 2 3 Season 3 4 External links Season 1 ( edit ) Big Brother Nigeria Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( show ) Housemates Name Entered Exited Katung Day 23 Day 92 Francisca Day 1 Day 92 Ify Day 1 Day 92 Sandy Day 23 Day 92 Frank Day 1 Day 78 Joseph Day 1 Day 71 Helen Day 1 Day 64 Ebuka Day 1 Day 57 Gideon Day 1 Day 50 Maureen Day 1 Day 43 Joan Day 1 Day 36 Chinedu Day 1 Day 29 Yinka Day 1 Day 22 Ichemeta Day 1 Day 15 Winner Evicted The first season of the show first aired on DStv Channel 37 from March 5 to June 4 , 2006 . In a twist to the game , two new contestants were introduced on Day 23 , much to the excitement of the remaining house mates . Ebuka , the most popular house mate for several weeks into the show and widely believed to emerge winner was the seventh house mate to be evicted ; many viewers blame the Joe 's Fan Club ( JFC ) for his eviction . Joe himself was soon evicted from the show . Big Brother added another twist to the game on day 79 by cancelling the day 's scheduled nominations and making the house mates believe they will instead be evicted based on their performances on assigned tasks while in reality no more evictions were held and viewers began voting for the winner who turned out to be 26 - year - old Katung Aduwak . Nominations Table ( edit ) Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 13 Final Nominations received Katung Not in House Exempt Ebuka , Frank Frank , Helen Frank , Sandy Helen , Sandy No Nominations Frank , Sandy Winner ( Day 92 ) 6 Francisca Ichemeta , Ify Gideon , Ify Chinedu , Joseph Joan , Joseph Gideon , Ify Gideon , Helen Frank , Ify Helen , Katung No Nominations Frank , Sandy Runner - up ( Day 92 ) 12 Ify Chinedu , Ichemeta Chinedu , Joan Chinedu , Joan Francisca , Joan Francisca , Maureen Francisca , Gideon Ebuka , Joseph Frank , Fransisca No Nominations Frank , Sandy Third place ( Day 92 ) 21 Sandy Not in House Exempt Gideon , Maureen Francisca , Gideon Ebuka , Ify Fransisca , Ify No Nominations Fransisca , Ify Fourth place ( Day 92 ) 11 Frank Francisca , Ichemeta Francisca , Joseph Chinedu , Francisca Helen , Joan Francisca , Maureen Fransisca , Gideon Ebuka , Katung Katung , Sandy No Nominations Ify , Sandy Evicted ( Day 78 ) 13 Joseph Chinedu , Yinka Frank , Yinka Chinedu , Helen Frank , Joan Frank , Maureen Ebuka , Gideon Frank , Ify Helen , Sandy No Nominations Evicted ( Day 71 ) 20 Helen Ichemeta , Joseph Chinedu , Yinka Chinedu , Ify Gideon , Ify Ify , Joseph Ify , Katung Joseph , Katung Joseph , Katung Evicted ( Day 64 ) 10 Ebuka Ichemeta , Yinka Helen , Joseph Helen , Joseph Ify , Marureen Ify , Joseph Joseph , Sandy Ify , Joseph Evicted ( Day 57 ) Gideon Ichemeta , Yinka Francisca , Joseph Francisca , Joseph Francisca , Joan Joseph , Sandy Fransisca , Joseph Evicted ( Day 50 ) 12 Maureen Ichemeta , Yinka Francisca , Yinka Chinedu , Ify Fransisca , Ify Ify , Sandy Evicted ( Day 43 ) 9 Joan Ichemeta , Helen Gideon , Ify Gidoen , Joseph Gideon , Maureen Evicted ( Day 36 ) 8 Chinedu Ify , Maureen Maureen , Yinka Joseph , Maureen Evicted ( Day 29 ) 10 Yinka Gideon , Joan Joseph , Maureen Evicted ( Day 22 ) 9 Ichemeta Frank , Yinka Evicted ( Day 15 ) 8 Notes none none none Against public vote Ichemeta , Yinka Francisca , Joseph , Yinka Chinedu , Joseph Fransisca , Ify , Joan Ify , Maureen Fransisca , Gideon Ebuka , Frank , Ify , Joseph Helen , Katung , Sandy Fransisca , Ify , Joseph , Katung , Sandy Frank , Sandy Ify , Fransisca , Katung , Sandy Evicted Ichemeta 57.2 % to evict Yinka 61.4 % to evict Chinedu 71.5 % to evict Joan 45.7 % to evict Maureen 51.9 % to evict Gideon 56.4 % to evict Ebuka 38.4 % to evict Helen 58.4 % to evict Joseph 31.2 % to evict Frank 57.4 % to evict Sandy 9.4 % to win Ify 12.7 % to win Fransisca 26.6 % to win Katung 51.3 % to win Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : As new Housemates , Katung and Sandy were exempt from the nominations process this week ^ Note 2 : There were no nominations this week . All Housemates faced the public vote , except fr Frank , who won safety in a task . ^ Note 3 : During the final week , the public voted to win , rather than to evict . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Naija ( season 2 ) The second season of Big Brother Nigeria ( entitled Big Brother Naija ) premiered 11 years after the first season . Efe Ejeba emerged winner of the second season in 2017 . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : Big Brother Naija ( season 3 ) Miracle Igbokwe from Imo State emerged winner of the third season in 2018 . External links ( edit ) Big Brother Nigeria Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Digital Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Marathi Malayalam Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Celebrity Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life Coordinates : 8 ° 53 ′ 06 '' N 7 ° 36 ′ 09 '' E / 8.88507 ° N 7.60254 ° E / 8.88507 ; 7.60254 Big Brother Nigeria Season 1 Hosts Michelle Dede ( season 1 ) Olisa Adibua ( season 1 ) Ebuka Obi - Uchendu ( season 2 ) Finalists Winners Katung Aduwak ( season 1 ) Efe Ejeba ( season 2 ) Runners - up Francisca Owumi ( season 1 ) Bisola Aiyeola ( season 2 ) Related programming Big Brother Africa Big Brother All Stars Big Brother South Africa Big Brother in Africa Big Brother Africa 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Regional South Africa Angola Nigeria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_Naija&oldid=840868032 '' Categories : 2006 Nigerian television seasons Big Brother ( TV series ) Nigerian reality television series 2006 Nigerian television series debuts 2006 Nigerian television series endings 2000s Nigerian television series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 17 : 57 . About Wikipedia	who is the winner of big brother naija	[]	[]
6567326830872671919	Jane Wyatt	Jane Wyatt - wikipedia Jane Wyatt Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jane Wyman . Jane Wyatt Wyatt from the trailer for Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Jane Waddington Wyatt ( 1910 - 08 - 12 ) August 12 , 1910 Mahwah , New Jersey , U.S. October 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 20 ) ( aged 96 ) Bel Air , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Resting place San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles Occupation Actress Years active 1931 -- 1996 Spouse ( s ) Edgar Bethune Ward ( m . 1935 ; his death 2000 ) Children Jane Waddington Wyatt ( August 12 , 1910 -- October 20 , 2006 ) was an American actress . She starred in a number of Hollywood films , but is likely best known for her role as the housewife and mother Margaret Anderson on the CBS and NBC television comedy series , Father Knows Best , and as Amanda Grayson , the human mother of Spock on the science - fiction television series Star Trek . Wyatt was a three - time Emmy Award - winner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Genealogy 3 Education 4 Stage and film 5 Television 6 Personal life 7 Death 8 Partial filmography 9 Radio appearances 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Jane Waddington Wyatt was born on August 12 , 1910 , in Mahwah , New Jersey , but raised in Manhattan . Her father , Christopher Billopp Wyatt , Jr. , was a Wall Street investment banker , and her mother , the former Euphemia Van Rensselaer Waddington , was a drama critic for the Catholic World . Both of her parents were Roman Catholic converts . Wyatt had two sisters and a brother . Genealogy ( edit ) One of her ancestors , Rufus King , was a signatory to the United States Constitution , a U.S. Senator and ambassador , and the Federalist candidate in the 1816 United States presidential election . Wyatt was a descendant , on her father 's side , of British Royal Navy Captain Christopher Billopp , as well as a distant cousin of Eleanor Roosevelt and the poet Harry Crosby , through their shared descent from Philip Livingston , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . Education ( edit ) While in New York City , Wyatt attended Miss Chapin 's School , where she had roles as Joan of Arc and as Shylock She later attended two years of Barnard College . After leaving Barnard , she joined the apprentice school of the Berkshire Playhouse at Stockbridge , Massachusetts , where for six months she played a variety of roles . Stage and film ( edit ) One of her first jobs on Broadway was as understudy to Rose Hobart in a production of Trade Winds -- a career move that cost her her listing in the New York Social Register ( she later was relisted upon her marriage ) . Receiving favorable notices on Broadway and celebrated for her understated beauty , Wyatt made the transition from stage to screen and was placed under contract by Universal Pictures . She made her film debut in 1934 in One More River . In arguably her most famous film role , she co-starred as Ronald Colman 's character 's love interest in Frank Capra 's Columbia Pictures film Lost Horizon ( 1937 ) . Of her experience in Lost Horizon , she noted in an article in the St. Anthony Messenger newsletter : During the war , they cut out all the pacifist parts of the film -- the High Lama talking about peace in the world . All that was cut because they were trying to inspire those G.I. 's to get out there and go `` bang ! bang ! bang ! '' which sort of ruined the film . Other film appearances included Gentleman 's Agreement with Gregory Peck , None but the Lonely Heart with Cary Grant , Boomerang with Dana Andrews , and Our Very Own with Farley Granger . Wyatt co-starred in the crime dramas Pitfall and House by the River , and with Randolph Scott in a Western , Canadian Pacific . She played the wife of Gary Cooper in the war story Task Force . Her film career suffered due to her outspoken opposition to Senator Joseph McCarthy , the chief figure in the anti-Communist investigations of that era , and was temporarily derailed for having assisted in hosting a performance by the Bolshoi Ballet during the Second World War , though it was at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Wyatt returned to her roots on the New York stage for a time and appeared in such plays as Lillian Hellman 's The Autumn Garden , opposite Fredric March . Television ( edit ) For many people , Wyatt is best remembered as Margaret Anderson on Father Knows Best , which aired from 1954 to 1960 . She played opposite Robert Young as the devoted wife and mother of the Anderson family in the Midwestern town of Springfield . This role won Wyatt consecutive Emmy Awards in 1958 , 1959 and 1960 for best actress in a comedy series . After Father Knows Best , Wyatt guest - starred in several other series . On June 13 , 1962 , she was cast in the lead in `` The Heather Mahoney Story '' on NBC 's Wagon Train . In 1963 , she portrayed Kitty McMullen in `` Do n't Forget to Say Goodbye '' on the ABC drama , Going My Way , with Gene Kelly and Leo G. Carroll , a series about the Catholic priesthood in New York City . In 1965 , Wyatt was cast as Anne White in `` The Monkey 's Paw -- A Retelling '' on CBS 's The Alfred Hitchcock Hour . Wyatt portrayed Amanda Grayson , Spock 's mother and Ambassador Sarek 's ( Mark Lenard ) wife , in the 1967 episode `` Journey to Babel '' of the original NBC series , Star Trek , and the 1986 film Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home . Wyatt was once quoted as saying her fan mail for these two appearances in this role exceeded that of Lost Horizon . In 1969 , she made a guest appearance on Here Come the Brides , but did not have any scenes with Mark Lenard , who was starring on the show as sawmill owner Aaron Stemple . In 1976 , she guest - starred in an episode of Gibbsville , and she appeared as Anna , mother of the Virgin Mary , in the 1978 television film The Nativity . Late in her career , she appeared in a recurring role in the 1980s medical drama St. Elsewhere , as Katherine Auschlander , wife of hospital administrator Dr. Daniel Auschlander ( Norman Lloyd ) . Personal life ( edit ) Wyatt was married to investment broker Edgar Bethune Ward from November 9 , 1935 , until his death on November 8 , 2000 , just one day short of the couple 's 65th wedding anniversary . The couple met in the late 1920s when both were weekend houseguests of Franklin D. Roosevelt at Hyde Park , New York . They had two sons , Christopher and Michael . Ward later converted to the Catholic faith of his wife . Wyatt suffered a mild stroke in the 1990s , but recovered well . She remained in relatively good health for the rest of her life . Death ( edit ) Jane Wyatt died on October 20 , 2006 , at her home in Bel - Air , California , aged 96 . She was interred at San Fernando Mission Cemetery , next to her husband . Wyatt is survived by her sons , Christopher and Michael Ward ( according to an obituary in The Washington Post , a third son died in infancy in the early 1940s ) , three grandchildren , and five great - grandchildren . Partial filmography ( edit ) One More River ( 1934 ) -- Dinny Cherrell Great Expectations ( 1934 ) -- Estella We 're Only Human ( 1935 ) -- Sally Rogers The Luckiest Girl in the World ( 1936 ) -- Pat Duncan Lost Horizon ( 1937 ) -- Sondra Girl from God 's Country ( 1940 ) -- Anne Webster Kisses for Breakfast ( 1941 ) -- Laura Anders Hurricane Smith ( 1941 ) -- Joan Bradley Weekend for Three ( 1941 ) -- Ellen Army Surgeon ( 1942 ) -- Elizabeth `` Beth '' Ainsley The Navy Comes Through ( 1942 ) -- Myra Mallory Buckskin Frontier ( 1943 ) -- Vinnie Marr The Kansan ( 1943 ) -- Eleanor Sager None but the Lonely Heart ( 1944 ) -- Aggie Hunter Strange Conquest ( 1946 ) -- Dr. Mary Palmer The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) -- Marta Jordan Boomerang ( 1947 ) -- Madge Harvey Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) -- Jane Pitfall ( 1948 ) -- Sue Forbes No Minor Vices ( 1948 ) -- Miss Darlington Bad Boy ( 1949 ) -- Mrs. Maud Brown Canadian Pacific ( 1949 ) -- Dr. Edith Cabot Task Force ( 1949 ) -- Mary Morgan House by the River ( 1950 ) -- Marjorie Byrne Our Very Own ( 1950 ) -- Mrs. Fred ( Lois ) Macaulay My Blue Heaven ( 1950 ) -- Janet Pringle The Man Who Cheated Himself ( 1950 ) -- Lois Frazer Criminal Lawyer ( 1951 ) -- Maggie Powell Interlude ( 1957 ) -- Prue Stubbins The Two Little Bears ( 1961 ) -- Anne Davis See How They Run ( 1964 , TV Movie ) -- Augusta Flanders Never Too Late ( 1965 ) -- Grace Kimbrough Weekend of Terror ( 1970 , TV movie ) -- Sister Frances Treasure of Matecumbe ( 1976 ) -- Aunt Effie Amelia Earhart ( 1976 , TV movie ) -- Amy Earhart The Nativity ( 1978 , TV movie ) -- Anna Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) -- Amanda Grayson Amityville 4 : The Evil Escapes ( 1989 , TV Movie ) -- Alice Leacock Radio appearances ( edit ) Year Program Episode / source 1952 Family Theater Pas de Deux 1952 Hollywood Sound Stage Boomerang 1953 Theatre Guild on the Air A Square Peg Biography portal New Jersey portal New York City portal Los Angeles portal California portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal Christianity portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jane Wyatt , Stage Star , In ' Great Expectations ' '' . The Mason City Globe - Gazette . December 10 , 1934 . p. 7 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Jane Wyatt '' , Hollywood Walk of Fame , Hollywood Chamber of Commerce , California . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : McManus , Margaret ( October 19 , 1958 ) . `` Television World '' . The San Bernardino County Sun . p. 22 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Jane Wyatt : About This Interview '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Katz , Ephraim ( 1979 ) . The Film Encyclopedia : The Most Comprehensive Encyclopedia of World Cinema in a Single Volume . Perigee Books . ISBN 0 - 399 - 50601 - 2 . P. 1250 . Jump up ^ `` Star trek : The original series 2.05 b - Journey to Babel '' . Cinematic Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.today.com/id/15379626/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/actress-jane-wyatt-dies/ Jump up ^ Kirby , Walter ( February 10 , 1952 ) . `` Better Radio Programs for the Week '' . The Decatur Daily Review . p. 38 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Kirby , Walter ( February 24 , 1952 ) . `` Better Radio Programs for the Week '' . The Decatur Daily Review . p. 38 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Kirby , Walter ( March 15 , 1953 ) . `` Better Radio Programs for the Week '' . The Decatur Daily Review . p. 46 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jane Wyatt . Jane Wyatt on IMDb Jane Wyatt at the Internet Broadway Database Jane Wyatt at the TCM Movie Database Jane Wyatt at AllMovie Jane Wyatt at Find a Grave Jane Wyatt at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Jane Wyatt : Representative of American Liberalism ; article by Norman Markowitz , politicalaffairs.net ; accessed February 2 , 2014 . `` ' Father Knows Best ' mother Wyatt dead at 96 '' , CNN.com ; accessed February 2 , 2014 . Jane Wyatt interview video at the Archive of American Television ( hide ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Gertrude Berg ( 1950 ) Imogene Coca ( 1951 ) Lucille Ball ( 1952 ) Eve Arden ( 1953 ) Lucille Ball ( 1955 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1956 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1957 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1959 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1960 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1961 ) Shirley Booth ( 1962 ) Shirley Booth ( 1963 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1964 ) No Award ( 1965 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1966 ) Lucille Ball ( 1967 ) Lucille Ball ( 1968 ) Hope Lange ( 1969 ) Hope Lange ( 1970 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1971 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1972 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1973 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1974 ) Valerie Harper ( 1975 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1976 ) Bea Arthur ( 1977 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1978 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1979 ) Cathryn Damon ( 1980 ) Isabel Sanford ( 1981 ) Carol Kane ( 1982 ) Shelley Long ( 1983 ) Jane Curtin ( 1984 ) Jane Curtin ( 1985 ) Betty White ( 1986 ) Rue McClanahan ( 1987 ) Bea Arthur ( 1988 ) Candice Bergen ( 1989 ) Candice Bergen ( 1990 ) Kirstie Alley ( 1991 ) Candice Bergen ( 1992 ) Roseanne Barr ( 1993 ) Candice Bergen ( 1994 ) Candice Bergen ( 1995 ) Helen Hunt ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Helen Hunt ( 1998 ) Helen Hunt ( 1999 ) Patricia Heaton ( 2000 ) Patricia Heaton ( 2001 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2002 ) Debra Messing ( 2003 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2006 ) America Ferrera ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Toni Collette ( 2009 ) Edie Falco ( 2010 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2011 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2012 -- 17 ) VIAF : 46962641 LCCN : n78057984 ISNI : 0000 0001 1471 9882 GND : 1062093399 SUDOC : 059070544 BNF : cb14045628s ( data ) BNE : XX1774527 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Wyatt&oldid=826277579 '' Categories : 1910 births 2006 deaths American Roman Catholics Actresses from New Jersey Actresses from New York City American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Barnard College alumni Disease - related deaths in California Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Mahwah , New Jersey Chapin School ( Manhattan ) alumni Schuyler family Van Rensselaer family Gracie - King family 20th - century American actresses Burials at San Fernando Mission Cemetery California Democrats New York ( state ) Democrats New Jersey Democrats Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 06 : 31 . 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2988132748497423779	Pearl Jam 2018 Tour	Pearl Jam 2018 tour - wikipedia Pearl Jam 2018 tour Pearl Jam 2018 Tour World tour by Pearl Jam Promotional poster Start date March 13 , 2018 End date September 4 , 2018 Legs No. of shows 5 in South America ( 1 cancelled ) 15 in Europe 7 in North America 27 in total Pearl Jam concert chronology Pearl Jam 2016 North America Tour ( 2016 ) Pearl Jam 2018 Tour ( 2018 ) The Pearl Jam 2018 Tour was a concert tour by the American rock band Pearl Jam . The tour consisted of twenty - seven shows , with five in South America , fifteen in Europe and seven in North America . It was the band 's first tour following their North American tour that finished in August 2016 . The South American shows took place in March 2018 and were part of the Lollapalooza festival . The band also played their own headlining shows at the Movistar Arena , Chile and the Maracanã Stadium , Brazil . The European shows started at the Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam on June 12 and concluded at the NOS Alive Festival in Lisbon on July 14 , 2018 . On March 30 , 2018 , a second show at the Ziggo Dome was announced . In January 2018 , the band announced two shows at Safeco Field in Seattle , billed as the `` Home Shows '' , with proceeds to benefit regional homelessness programs . It was the first time in five years since the band last played in their hometown . Later the same month , five more dates were announced in North America , under the name of the `` Away Shows '' . The band used the show at Washington -- Grizzly Stadium in Missoula , Montana to promote their Rock2Vote campaign to encourage young people to vote . Contents 1 Tour 1.1 South America 1.2 Europe 1.3 North America 2 Tour dates 3 Band members 4 References Tour ( edit ) South America ( edit ) Prior to the first shows in South America , Pearl Jam released a new song , `` Ca n't Deny Me '' , which is taken from their forthcoming album . The tour started on March 13 , 2018 , with a show at the Movistar Arena in Santiago , Chile . At the opening show of the tour , the band played their new song for the first time , dedicating it to the victims of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting . They also played the song `` Come Back '' in memory of Chris Cornell who died the previous year . Pearl Jam 's show on March 18 , 2018 , at the Lollapalooza festival in Argentina , was cancelled due to severe weather . At the final show in South America , in Brazil , Pearl Jam were joined onstage with Perry Farrell , frontman of Jane 's Addiction and co-founder of Lollapalooza , to play the Jane 's Addiction track `` Mountain Song '' . Europe ( edit ) The European tour started with two shows at the Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam , with the band paying tribute to Anthony Bourdain and Chris Cornell . The tour continued with an appearance at the Pinkpop Festival , also in the Netherlands . The next scheduled dates were two sold out nights at the O2 Arena in London , England . However , after playing the first show , Eddie Vedder lost his voice , and the second night was postponed until July 17 . It was the first time that the band had postponed a show for this reason . The tour continued , with Pearl Jam playing at the i - Days Festival in Milan , Italy on June 22 . They played two further shows in Italy , in Padua and Rome . The show in Rome saw the band cover several songs , including `` Comfortably Numb '' by Pink Floyd , `` Eruption '' by Van Halen and `` Black Diamond '' by Kiss , with drummer Matt Cameron on vocals for the latter . The European tour continued with several more arena shows , with Pearl Jam covering `` Help ! '' by the Beatles at the gig in Prague , and they were joined onstage with J Mascis of Dinosaur Jr. to cover Neil Young 's `` Rockin ' in the Free World '' in Berlin . Following the arena shows , the band played three festival dates : the Werchter Festival in Beglium , the Mad Cool Festival in Spain , and the NOS Alive Festival in Portugal . The European leg concluded on July 17 , 2018 , with the rescheduled date at London 's O2 Arena . The Donald Trump baby balloon was on display outside the venue prior to and during the gig . North America ( edit ) The American leg started on August 8 , 2018 , with a concert at Safeco Field in the band 's hometown of Seattle , as part of project across the city to tackle homelessness . At the first show in Seattle , the band covered `` We 're Going to Be Friends '' by the White Stripes . At the second Seattle show , Pearl Jam covered the Chris Cornell song `` Missing '' , which was written for the Singles Soundtrack . The band were also joined onstage with Kim Thayil of Soundgarden , along with Mark Arm and Steve Turner from Mudhoney . The two shows raised more than $11 million to help with homelessness in the city . The next show was at the Washington -- Grizzly Stadium in Missoula on August 13 , where Pearl Jam promoted the Rock2Vote campaign , to get young people voting . The poster for the gig featured an image of Donald Trump 's corpse being pecked at by a bald eagle outside the White House . It drew some controversy , with the Republican candidate for the Senate election in Montana , Matt Rosendale , calling it `` disgusting and reprehensible '' . The next two dates of the tour were at Wrigley Field , Chicago . At the first night , the band covered `` Rebel Rebel '' by David Bowie , and were later joined onstage with Dennis Rodman . Writing for the Chicago Sun - Times , Selena Fragassi said that `` Pearl Jam shows remain some of the most unpredictable and eclectic live performances '' . As per the show at Wrigley Field on the 2013 tour , the second night in Chicago suffered a rain delay during Pearl Jam 's set . The band were able to return to the stage to complete the show , which included the first ever live performance of the song `` Evil Little Goat '' , an outtake from their debut album Ten . The tour concluded with two sold - out shows at Fenway Park in Boston . At the first show , the song `` Out of My Mind '' , an outtake from Vitalogy , was played for the first time in nine years . The Boston Herald 's Jed Gottlieb said that the band `` seemed to pluck sublime rock , unafraid of real emotion from nowhere , and thrill the stadium '' . Tour dates ( edit ) Frontman Eddie Vedder at the O2 Arena , London on June 18 , 2018 Guitarist Mike McCready at the O2 Arena , London on June 18 , 2018 Guitarist Stone Gossard at the Stadio Euganeo , Padua on June 24 , 2018 Drummer Matt Cameron at the O2 Arena , Prague on July 1 , 2018 List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , tickets sold , amount of available tickets and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Attendance Revenue Leg 1 - South America March 13 , 2018 Santiago Chile Movistar Arena -- -- March 16 , 2018 O'Higgins Park N / A N / A March 18 , 2018 Buenos Aires Argentina Hipódromo de San Isidro ( Cancelled due to severe weather ) March 21 , 2018 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Maracanã Stadium 42,664 / 43,000 $3,324,380 March 24 , 2018 São Paulo Autódromo José Carlos Pace N / A N / A Leg 2 - Europe June 12 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome -- -- June 13 , 2018 June 15 , 2018 Landgraaf Megaland N / A N / A June 18 , 2018 London United Kingdom The O2 Arena 18,539 / 19,221 $1,669,400 June 19 , 2018 June 22 , 2018 Milan Italy Arena Expo N / A N / A June 24 , 2018 Padua Stadio Euganeo -- -- June 26 , 2018 Rome Stadio Olimpico -- -- July 1 , 2018 Prague Czech Republic O2 Arena -- -- July 3 , 2018 Kraków Poland Tauron Arena -- -- July 5 , 2018 Berlin Germany Waldbühne -- -- July 7 , 2018 Werchter Belgium Werchter Festivalpark N / A N / A July 10 , 2018 Barcelona Spain Palau Sant Jordi -- -- July 12 , 2018 Madrid Espacio Mad Cool N / A N / A July 14 , 2018 Lisbon Portugal Passeio Marítimo de Algés July 17 , 2018 London England The O2 Arena 18,171 / 19,572 $1,632,820 Leg 3 - North America August 8 , 2018 Seattle United States Safeco Field -- -- August 10 , 2018 August 13 , 2018 Missoula Washington -- Grizzly Stadium -- -- August 18 , 2018 Chicago Wrigley Field -- -- August 20 , 2018 September 2 , 2018 Boston Fenway Park -- -- September 4 , 2018 Total 79,374 / 81,793 $6,626,600 Notes These concerts are part of the Lollapalooza festival . This concert is part of the Pinkpop Festival . This concert is part of the i - Days Festival . This concert is part of the Werchter Festival . This concert is part of the Mad Cool Festival . This concert is part of the NOS Alive Festival . This concert was originally scheduled to take place on June 19 . Band members ( edit ) Pearl Jam Jeff Ament -- bass guitar Stone Gossard -- rhythm guitar Mike McCready -- lead guitar Eddie Vedder -- lead vocals , guitar Matt Cameron -- drums Additional musicians Boom Gaspar -- Hammond B3 and keyboards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` See Pearl Jam at Lollapalooza in South America '' . Pearl Jam . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam announce UK and Europe 2018 tour '' . NME . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Announce North American Spring and Summer Tour '' . Rolling Stone . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Pearl Jam Tour Announcement '' . Pearl Jam . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam , Red Hot Chili Peppers , and More to Play Lollapalooza Chile , Argentina , and Brasil in 2018 '' . Billboard . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam + Red Hot Chili Peppers Lead 2018 Lollapalooza Concerts in Chile , Argentina + Brazil '' . Loudwire . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro , Brasil Show Date Added '' . Pearl Jam . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Add Big Show To Tour , Alice In Chains Announce Massive Show With STP '' . Alternative Nation . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam announce details of a European tour '' . Joe.ie . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Announce 2018 European Tour '' . Spin . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Amsterdam Show Added '' . Pearl Jam . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam geeft in juni extra concert in Ziggo Dome '' ( in Dutch ) . Artiesten Nieuws . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam brings ' Home Shows ' to Seattle to fight homelessness '' . Meaww . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Announce First Seattle Shows in Five Years '' . Spin . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Announce Seattle Stadium ' Home Shows ' to Fight Homelessness '' . Rolling Stone . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Detail Short Summer Stadium Tour '' . Rolling Stone . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Aims To Tap Into Youth Movement With Montana Show '' . Billboard. April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam launching Rock2Vote voting campaign in Montana '' . Rock107. April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Song `` Ca n't Deny Me '' Out Now `` . Pearl Jam . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam confirm release of new album '' . Consequence of Sound . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a new Pearl Jam album on the way '' . NME . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam en Chile : como en casa '' ( in Spanish ) . Publimetro . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pearl Jam Dedicate ' Ca n't Deny Me ' Live Debut to Parkland Students '' . Rolling Stone . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Play First Show in Nearly Two Years : Set List and Video '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Comunicado oficial : el tercer día del festival se cancela por severas condiciones climáticas '' ( in Spanish ) . Lollapalooza . March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lollapalooza Argentina 2018 Cancels Final Day Over Severe Weather '' . Pitchfork . March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pearl Jam Cover Grunge Classic With Perry Farrell '' . Alternative Nation . March 25 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam pay tribute to Anthony Bourdain during opening night of tour '' . NME . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pearl Jam Pay Tribute to Anthony Bourdain and the Spade Family in Amsterdam '' . Spin . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Pays Tribute to Chris Cornell in Amsterdam With Classic T - Shirts '' . Billboard . June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pinkpop 2018 '' . Festival Info . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam , 02 Arena , London -- power chords and propulsive beats '' . Financial Times . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Postpone London Performance After Eddie Vedder Loses Voice '' . Loudwire . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam reschedule cancelled London show '' . NME . June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam cancel O2 Arena show after Eddie Vedder loses voice '' . NME . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Vedder 's wife wears `` Yes We All Care . Y Do n't U ? '' jacket at Pearl Jam concert `` . Consequence of Sound . June 23 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Padova , Pearl Jam vs Trump : `` gli daremo un calcio nelle palle '' '' ( in Italian ) . Vvox . June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Il concerto da record dei Pearl Jam a Roma '' ( in Italian ) . Onstage . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Concerti , Pearl Jam : la scaletta del concerto allo stadio Olimpico di Roma '' ( in Italian ) . Rockol . June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Vedder Covers The Beatles ' ' Help ! ' at Pearl Jam Show in Prague '' . Billboard . July 5 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pearl Jam Perform With Dinosaur Jr . Singer J Mascis '' . Alternative Nation . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam + MC50 Reunite Soundgarden Pair Onstage for ' Kick Out the Jams ' at Rock Werchter '' . Loudwire . July 8 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam rock for freedom and equality in the free world at Mad Cool 2018 '' . NME . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jack White joins Pearl Jam on stage in Portugal '' . Consequence of Sound . July 15 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Trump Balloon Takes Flight Outside Pearl Jam Show in London '' . Billboard . July 18 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Use Trump Baby Balloon at London Show '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . July 18 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Honor Seattle Roots at ' Home Shows ' Kickoff '' . Rolling Stone . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam cover The White Stripes ' `` We 're Going to Be Friends '' at first Seattle concert in five years `` . Consequence of Sound . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pearl Jam Cover Chris Cornell 's `` Missing '' `` . Pitchfork . August 11 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam cover Chris Cornell and Tom Petty at Seattle Home Away show '' . Consequence of Sound . August 11 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pearl Jam Cover Chris Cornell 's ' Missing ' at Seattle Stadium Gig '' . Rolling Stone . August 11 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam raise 11 million dollars for Seattle 's homeless population '' . Consequence of Sound . August 12 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam rocks Missoula 's vote , the great ' equalizer ' '' . Missoula Current . August 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam under fire for poster depicting Donald Trump 's rotting corpse '' . NME . August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam poster from Missoula show ignites online controversy '' . KPAX . August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Pearl Jam Cover David Bowie 's ' Rebel Rebel ' at Chicago 's Wrigley Field '' . Rolling Stone . August 19 , 2018 . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman crashes Pearl Jam 's Chicago concert to talk politics '' . Fox News . August 19 , 2018 . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam as eclectic as always in triumphant , emotional Wrigley Field return '' . Chicago Sun - Times . August 19 , 2018 . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Forced To Clear Field At Wrigley Field Due To Weather Concerns '' . CBS Chicago . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Debut Incredible New Ten Song For First Time '' . Alternative Nation . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live Review : Pearl Jam Keep Tradition Alive at Chicago 's Wrigley Field ( 8 / 18 , 8 / 20 ) '' . Consequence of Sound . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam brings the heat at Fenway '' . The Boston Globe . September 3 , 2018 . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam 's Fenway shows by the numbers '' . Telegram.com . September 5 , 2018 . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam cover Buffalo Tom 's `` Taillights Fade '' at Fenway Park `` . Consequence of Sound . September 3 , 2018 . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam delivers gem of a show at Fenway Park '' . The Boston Herald . September 4 , 2018 . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boxscore leg 1 : `` Earnings & Attendance From ' Lollapalooza Brasil ' , Pearl Jam , Judas Priest , Motionless In White , Etc . Shows '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boxscore leg 2 : `` Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Pearl Jam Jeff Ament Matt Cameron Stone Gossard Mike McCready Eddie Vedder Additional personnel Boom Gaspar Former members Dave Abbruzzese Matt Chamberlain Jack Irons Dave Krusen Studio albums Ten Vs . Vitalogy No Code Yield Binaural Riot Act Pearl Jam Backspacer Lightning Bolt Live albums Live on Two Legs Official Bootlegs Live at Benaroya Hall Live in NYC 12 / 31 / 92 Live at Easy Street Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 Live at Lollapalooza 2007 Live on Ten Legs Pearl Jam Twenty 9.11. 2011 Toronto , Canada Let 's Play Two Compilations Lost Dogs Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) Pearl Jam Twenty Extended plays Merkin Ball Videos Single Video Theory Touring Band 2000 Live at the Showbox Live at the Garden Vote for Change ? 2004 Immagine in Cornice Pearl Jam Twenty Let 's Play Two Singles `` Alive '' `` Even Flow '' `` Jeremy '' `` Oceans '' `` Go '' `` Daughter '' `` Animal '' `` Dissident '' `` Spin the Black Circle '' `` Not for You '' `` Immortality '' `` I Got Id '' `` Who You Are '' `` Hail , Hail '' `` Off He Goes '' `` Given to Fly '' `` Wishlist '' `` Nothing as It Seems '' `` Light Years '' `` I Am Mine '' `` Save You '' `` Love Boat Captain '' `` Man of the Hour '' `` World Wide Suicide '' `` Life Wasted '' `` Gone '' `` The Fixer '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Amongst the Waves '' `` Crown of Thorns '' `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Sirens '' `` Ca n't Deny Me '' Other songs `` Once '' `` Black '' `` Porch '' `` State of Love and Trust '' `` Breath '' `` Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town '' `` Glorified G '' `` W.M.A. `` Rearviewmirror '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Tremor Christ '' `` Better Man '' `` Nothingman '' `` Corduroy '' `` I Got Id '' `` Red Mosquito '' `` In Hiding '' `` Do the Evolution '' `` Grievance '' `` Thumbing My Way '' `` You Are '' `` 1⁄2 Full '' `` Brother '' Tours Mookie Blaylock 1991 United States Tour 1991 United States Tour Ten Tour Lollapalooza 1992 1993 European and North American Tour Vs. Tour Vitalogy Tour No Code Tour Yield Tour Binaural Tour Riot Act Tour Vote for Change 2005 North American and Latin American Tour 2006 World Tour 2007 European Tour 2008 United States Tour Backspacer Tour Pearl Jam Twenty Tour 2012 Tour Lightning Bolt Tour 2015 Latin America Tour 2016 North America Tour 2018 Tour Related articles Articles Discography Band members Awards and nominations Monkeywrench Records Pearl Jam Radio Bands Green River Soundgarden Bad Radio Mother Love Bone Temple of the Dog Brad Hater Wellwater Conspiracy Hovercraft Mad Season Red Hot Chili Peppers Three Fish The Rockfords RNDM Albums Mirror Ball Bayleaf Into the Wild Tone Ukulele Songs Water on the Road Moonlander Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Jam_2018_Tour&oldid=863432481 '' Categories : 2018 concert tours Pearl Jam concert tours Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 18 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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-8732373728652764726	Washington, D.C.	Washington , D.C. - Wikipedia Washington , D.C. Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the capital of the United States . For the state on the U.S. West Coast , see Washington ( state ) . For other uses , see United States capital ( disambiguation ) , Washington ( disambiguation ) , and Columbia District . Washington , D.C. Federal district District of Columbia Clockwise from top right : United States Capitol , Washington Monument , the White House , Smithsonian Institution Building , Lincoln Memorial and Washington National Cathedral Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Main article : Nicknames of Washington , D.C. Motto : Justitia Omnibus ( English : Justice for All ) Location of Washington , D.C. , in the contiguous United States and in relation to Maryland and Virginia . Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W / 38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W / 38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Country United States Approved 1790 Organized 1801 Consolidated 1871 Granted limited self - government 1973 Named for George Washington Government Mayor Muriel Bowser ( D ) D.C. Council Council members ( show ) Phil Mendelson ( D ) , Chairman Anita Bonds ( D ) , At ‐ large David Grosso ( I ) , At ‐ large Robert White ( D ) , At ‐ large Elissa Silverman ( I ) , At ‐ large Brianne Nadeau ( D ) , Ward 1 Jack Evans ( D ) , Ward 2 Mary Cheh ( D ) , Ward 3 Brandon Todd ( D ) , Ward 4 Kenyan McDuffie ( D ) , Ward 5 Charles Allen ( D ) , Ward 6 Vincent C. Gray ( D ) , Ward 7 Trayon White ( D ) , Ward 8 U.S. House Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) , Delegate ( At - large ) Area Federal district 68.34 sq mi ( 177.0 km ) Land 61.05 sq mi ( 158.1 km ) Water 7.29 sq mi ( 18.9 km ) Highest elevation 409 ft ( 125 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2016 estimate ) Federal district 681,170 Rank 22nd , U.S. as of 2015 incorporated places estimate Density 11,158 / sq mi ( 4,308 / km ) Metro 6,097,684 ( 6th , U.S. ) CSA 9,625,360 ( 4th , U.S. ) Demonym Washingtonian Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP code ( s ) 20001 - 20098 , 20201 - 20599 Area code ( s ) 202 Website www.dc.gov Washington , D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as `` Washington '' , `` the District '' , or simply `` D.C. '' , is the capital of the United States . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . Named in honor of President George Washington , the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 681,170 as of July 2016 . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's population to more than one million during the workweek . The Washington metropolitan area , of which the District is the principal city , has a population of over 6 million , the sixth - largest metropolitan statistical area in the country . The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District , including the Congress , President , and Supreme Court . Washington is home to many national monuments and museums , which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall . The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations , trade unions , non-profit organizations , lobbying groups , and professional associations . A locally elected mayor and a 13 ‐ member council have governed the District since 1973 . However , the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws . D.C. residents elect a non-voting , at - large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives , but the District has no representation in the Senate . The District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Retrocession and the Civil War 1.3 Growth and redevelopment 1.4 Civil rights and home rule era 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Demographics 4.1 Crime 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Historic sites and museums 6.2 Arts 6.3 Sports 7 Media 8 Government and politics 8.1 Politics 8.2 Budgetary issues 8.3 Voting rights debate 8.4 Sister cities 9 Education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Utilities 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History Further information : History of Washington , D.C. and Timeline of Washington , D.C. Various tribes of the Algonquian - speaking Piscataway people ( also known as the Conoy ) inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century . One group known as the Nacotchtank ( also called the Nacostines by Catholic missionaries ) maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present - day District of Columbia . Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people , some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks , Maryland . In his Federalist No. 43 , published January 23 , 1788 , James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety . Five years earlier , a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia . Known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security . Article One , Section Eight , of the Constitution permits the establishment of a `` District ( not exceeding ten miles square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States '' . However , the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital . In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790 , Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state 's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the Southern United States . Foundation Map of the District of Columbia in 1835 , prior to the retrocession On July 9 , 1790 , Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington , who signed the bill into law on July 16 . Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia , the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles ( 16 km ) on each side , totaling 100 square miles ( 259 km ) . Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory : the port of Georgetown , Maryland , founded in 1751 , and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , founded in 1749 . During 1791 -- 92 , Andrew Ellicott and several assistants , including a free African American astronomer named Benjamin Banneker , surveyed the borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones at every mile point . Many of the stones are still standing . A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac , to the east of Georgetown . On September 9 , 1791 , the three commissioners overseeing the capital 's construction named the city in honor of President Washington . The federal district was named Columbia , which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time . Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the District and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government . Further , the unincorporated area within the District was organized into two counties : the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west . After the passage of this Act , citizens living in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia , which therefore ended their representation in Congress . Ford 's Theatre in the 19th century , site of the 1865 assassination of President Lincoln On August 24 -- 25 , 1814 , in a raid known as the Burning of Washington , British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812 . The Capitol , Treasury , and White House were burned and gutted during the attack . Most government buildings were repaired quickly ; however , the Capitol was largely under construction at the time and was not completed in its current form until 1868 . Retrocession and the Civil War See also : District of Columbia retrocession and Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War In the 1830s , the District 's southern territory of Alexandria went into economic decline partly due to neglect by Congress . The city of Alexandria was a major market in the American slave trade , and pro-slavery residents feared that abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the District , further depressing the economy . Alexandria 's citizens petitioned Virginia to take back the land it had donated to form the District , through a process known as retrocession . The Virginia General Assembly voted in February 1846 to accept the return of Alexandria and on July 9 , 1846 , Congress agreed to return all the territory that had been ceded by Virginia . Therefore , the District 's current area consists only of the portion originally donated by Maryland . Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians , the Compromise of 1850 outlawed the slave trade in the District , although not slavery itself . The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 led to expansion of the federal government and notable growth in the District 's population , including a large influx of freed slaves . President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862 , which ended slavery in the District of Columbia and freed about 3,100 enslaved persons , nine months prior to the Emancipation Proclamation . In 1868 , Congress granted the District 's African American male residents the right to vote in municipal elections . Growth and redevelopment Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool during the 1963 March on Washington By 1870 , the District 's population had grown 75 % from the previous census to nearly 132,000 residents . Despite the city 's growth , Washington still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation . Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital further west , but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider such a proposal . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 , which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia . President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 . Shepherd authorized large - scale projects that greatly modernized Washington , but ultimately bankrupted the District government . In 1874 , Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three - member Board of Commissioners . The city 's first motorized streetcars began service in 1888 and generated growth in areas of the District beyond the City of Washington 's original boundaries . Washington 's urban plan was expanded throughout the District in the following decades . Georgetown was formally annexed by the City of Washington in 1895 . However , the city had poor housing conditions and strained public works . Washington was the first city in the nation to undergo urban renewal projects as part of the `` City Beautiful movement '' in the early 1900s . Increased federal spending as a result of the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings , memorials , and museums in Washington . World War II further increased government activity , adding to the number of federal employees in the capital ; by 1950 , the District 's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents . Civil Rights and home Rule era The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1961 , granting the District three votes in the Electoral College for the election of president and vice president , but still no voting representation in Congress . After the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , on April 4 , 1968 , riots broke out in the District , primarily in the U Street , 14th Street , 7th Street , and H Street corridors , centers of black residential and commercial areas . The riots raged for three days until more than 13,600 federal troops stopped the violence . Many stores and other buildings were burned ; rebuilding was not completed until the late 1990s . In 1973 , Congress enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act , providing for an elected mayor and 13 - member council for the District . In 1975 , Walter Washington became the first elected and first black mayor of the District . On September 11 , 2001 , terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and deliberately crashed the plane into the Pentagon in nearby Arlington , Virginia . United Airlines Flight 93 , believed to be destined for Washington , D.C. , crashed in Pennsylvania when passengers tried to recover control of the plane from hijackers . Geography Main article : Geography of Washington , D.C. Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Alexandria Arlington Clarke Fairfax Fairfax County Falls Church Fauquier Loudoun Manassas Manassas Park Prince William Spotsylvania Stafford Fredericksburg Warren Washington Jefferson Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV Metropolitan Statistical Area The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through the Georgetown neighborhood . Washington , D.C. , is located in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. East Coast . Due to the District of Columbia retrocession , the city has a total area of 68.34 square miles ( 177.0 km ) , of which 61.05 square miles ( 158.1 km ) is land and 7.29 square miles ( 18.9 km ) ( 10.67 % ) is water . The District is bordered by Montgomery County , Maryland , to the northwest ; Prince George 's County , Maryland , to the east ; and Arlington and Alexandria , Virginia , to the south and west . The south bank of the Potomac River forms the District 's border with Virginia and has two major tributaries : the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . Tiber Creek , a natural watercourse that once passed through the National Mall , was fully enclosed underground during the 1870s . The creek also formed a portion of the now - filled Washington City Canal , which allowed passage through the city to the Anacostia River from 1815 until the 1850s . The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal starts in Georgetown and was used during the 19th century to bypass the Little Falls of the Potomac River , located at the northwest edge of Washington at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . The highest natural elevation in the District is 409 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington . The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River . The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L Streets NW . Contrary to the urban legend , Washington was not built on a reclaimed swamp , but wetlands did cover areas along the water . The District has 7,464 acres ( 30.21 km ) of parkland , about 19 % of the city 's total area and the second - highest percentage among high - density U.S. cities . The National Park Service manages most of the 9,122 acres ( 36.92 km ) of city land owned by the U.S. government . Rock Creek Park is a 1,754 - acre ( 7.10 km ) urban forest in Northwest Washington , which extends 9.3 miles ( 15.0 km ) through a stream valley that bisects the city . Established in 1890 , it is the country 's fourth - oldest national park and is home to a variety of plant and animal species including raccoon , deer , owls , and coyotes . Other National Park Service properties include the C&O Canal National Historical Park , the National Mall and Memorial Parks , Theodore Roosevelt Island , Columbia Island , Fort Dupont Park , Meridian Hill Park , Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens , and Anacostia Park . The D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the city 's 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) of athletic fields and playgrounds , 40 swimming pools , and 68 recreation centers . The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates the 446 - acre ( 1.80 km ) U.S. National Arboretum in Northeast Washington . Climate See also : List of Maryland hurricanes ( 1950 -- present ) and List of tornadoes of Washington , D.C. The National Cherry Blossom Festival is celebrated around the city each spring . Washington is in the northern part of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen : Cfa ) However , under the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Winters are usually chilly with light snow , and summers are hot and humid . The District is in plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown , and zone 7b elsewhere in the city , indicating a humid subtropical climate . Spring and fall are mild to warm , while winter is chilly with annual snowfall averaging 15.5 inches ( 39 cm ) . Winter temperatures average around 38 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) from mid-December to mid-February . Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 79.8 ° F ( 26.6 ° C ) and average daily relative humidity around 66 % , which can cause moderate personal discomfort . The combination of heat and humidity in the summer brings very frequent thunderstorms , some of which occasionally produce tornadoes in the area . Blizzards affect Washington on average once every four to six years . The most violent storms are called `` nor'easters '' , which often affect large sections of the East Coast . From January 27 to 28 , 1922 , the city officially received 28 inches ( 71 cm ) of snowfall , the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885 . According to notes kept at the time , the city received between 30 and 36 inches ( 76 and 91 cm ) from a snowstorm on January 1772 . Hurricanes ( or their remnants ) occasionally track through the area in late summer and early fall , but are often weak by the time they reach Washington , partly due to the city 's inland location . Flooding of the Potomac River , however , caused by a combination of high tide , storm surge , and runoff , has been known to cause extensive property damage in the neighborhood of Georgetown . Precipitation occurs throughout the year . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 6 , 1918 , and on July 20 , 1930 . while the lowest recorded temperature was − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) on February 11 , 1899 , during the Great Blizzard of 1899 . During a typical year , the city averages about 37 days at or above 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) and 64 nights at or below freezing . Climate data for Washington , D.C. ( Reagan National Airport ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1871 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 95.2 ( 35.1 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 79.5 ( 26.4 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 39.1 ( 3.9 ) 46.9 ( 8.3 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 39.8 ( 4.3 ) 58.21 ( 14.56 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 12.9 ( − 10.6 ) 16.6 ( − 8.6 ) 22.9 ( − 5.1 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 18.2 ( − 7.7 ) 9.9 ( − 12.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 33 ( 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 52 ( 11 ) 49 ( 9 ) 36 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.99 ( 101.3 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.93 ( 74.4 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 39.74 ( 1,009.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 5.7 ( 14.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 15.4 ( 39.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 9.0 10.5 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.3 8.2 8.3 7.7 8.6 9.7 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.0 2.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.5 8.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 62.1 60.5 58.6 58.0 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.3 69.7 67.4 64.7 64.1 64.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.6 151.8 204.0 228.2 260.5 283.2 280.5 263.1 225.0 203.6 150.2 133.0 2,527.7 Percent possible sunshine 48 50 55 57 59 64 62 62 60 59 50 45 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Cityscape See also : Streets and highways of Washington , D.C. ; Neighborhoods in Washington , D.C. ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. L'Enfant Plan for the federal capital city Washington , D.C. , is a planned city . In 1791 , President Washington commissioned Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant , a French - born architect and city planner , to design the new capital . He enlisted Scottish surveyor Alexander Ralston helped layout the city plan . The L'Enfant Plan featured broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles , providing room for open space and landscaping . He based his design on plans of cities such as Paris , Amsterdam , Karlsruhe , and Milan that Thomas Jefferson had sent to him . L'Enfant's design also envisioned a garden - lined `` grand avenue '' approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in length and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide in the area that is now the National Mall . L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 President Washington dismissed L'Enfant in March 1792 due to conflicts with the three commissioners appointed to supervise the capital 's construction . Andrew Ellicott , who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city , was then tasked with completing the design . Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans , including changes to some street patterns , L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city . By the early 1900s , L'Enfant's vision of a grand national capital had become marred by slums and randomly placed buildings , including a railroad station on the National Mall . Congress formed a special committee charged with beautifying Washington 's ceremonial core . What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901 and included re-landscaping the Capitol grounds and the National Mall , clearing slums , and establishing a new citywide park system . The plan is thought to have largely preserved L'Enfant's intended design . The construction of the 12 - story Cairo Apartment Building in 1894 spurred the city 's first building height restrictions . By law , Washington 's skyline is low and sprawling . The federal Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 allows buildings that are no taller than the width of the adjacent street , plus 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) . Despite popular belief , no law has ever limited buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or the 555 - foot ( 169 m ) Washington Monument , which remains the District 's tallest structure . City leaders have criticized the height restriction as a primary reason why the District has limited affordable housing and traffic problems caused by urban sprawl . The District is divided into four quadrants of unequal area : Northwest ( NW ) , Northeast ( NE ) , Southeast ( SE ) , and Southwest ( SW ) . The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building . All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location and house numbers generally correspond with the number of blocks away from the Capitol . Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east -- west streets named with letters ( e.g. , C Street SW ) , north -- south streets with numbers ( e.g. , 4th Street NW ) , and diagonal avenues , many of which are named after states . The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north ( renamed Florida Avenue in 1890 ) , Rock Creek to the west , and the Anacostia River to the east . Washington 's street grid was extended , where possible , throughout the District starting in 1888 . Georgetown 's streets were renamed in 1895 . Some streets are particularly noteworthy , such as Pennsylvania Avenue , which connects the White House to the Capitol and K Street , which houses the offices of many lobbying groups . Washington hosts 177 foreign embassies , constituting approximately 297 buildings beyond the more than 1,600 residential properties owned by foreign countries , many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row . Architecture The White House ranked second on the AIA 's `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' in 2007 . The architecture of Washington varies greatly . Six of the top 10 buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' 2007 ranking of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' are in the District of Columbia : the White House ; the Washington National Cathedral ; the Thomas Jefferson Memorial ; the United States Capitol ; the Lincoln Memorial ; and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , gothic , and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six structures and many other prominent edifices in Washington . Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building . Outside downtown Washington , architectural styles are even more varied . Historic buildings are designed primarily in the Queen Anne , Châteauesque , Richardsonian Romanesque , Georgian revival , Beaux - Arts , and a variety of Victorian styles . Rowhouses are especially prominent in areas developed after the Civil War and typically follow Federalist and late Victorian designs . Georgetown 's Old Stone House was built in 1765 , making it the oldest - standing original building in the city . Founded in 1789 , Georgetown University features a mix of Romanesque and Gothic Revival architecture . The Ronald Reagan Building is the largest building in the District with a total area of approximately 3.1 million square feet ( 288,000 m ) . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Washington , D.C. Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 8,144 -- 1810 15,471 90.0 % 1820 23,336 50.8 % 1830 30,261 29.7 % 1840 33,745 11.5 % 1850 51,687 53.2 % 1860 75,080 45.3 % 1870 131,700 75.4 % 1880 177,624 34.9 % 1890 230,392 29.7 % 1900 278,718 21.0 % 1910 331,069 18.8 % 1920 437,571 32.2 % 1930 486,869 11.3 % 1940 663,091 36.2 % 1950 802,178 21.0 % 1960 763,956 − 4.8 % 1970 756,510 − 1.0 % 1980 638,333 − 15.6 % 1990 606,900 − 4.9 % 2000 572,059 − 5.7 % 601,723 5.2 % Est. 2016 681,170 13.2 % Source : Note : The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the District 's population was 681,170 on July 1 , 2016 , an 13.2 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The increase continues a growth trend since 2000 , following a half - century of population decline . The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010 . According to data from 2010 , commuters from the suburbs increase the District 's daytime population to over one million people . If the District were a state it would rank 49th in population , ahead of Vermont and Wyoming . Row houses on Logan Circle The Washington Metropolitan Area , which includes the District and surrounding suburbs , is the sixth - largest metropolitan area in the United States with an estimated 6 million residents in 2014 . When the Washington area is included with Baltimore and its suburbs , the Baltimore -- Washington Metropolitan Area had a population exceeding 9.5 million residents in 2014 , the fourth - largest combined statistical area in the country . According to 2016 Census Bureau data , the population of Washington , D.C. , was 47.7 % Black or African American , 44.6 % White ( 36.4 % non-Hispanic White ) , 4.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native , and 0.2 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander . Individuals from two or more races made up 2.7 % of the population . Hispanics of any race made up 10.9 % of the District 's population . Map of racial distribution in Washington , D.C. , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) Washington has had a significant African American population since the city 's foundation . African American residents composed about 30 % of the District 's total population between 1800 and 1940 . The black population reached a peak of 70 % by 1970 , but has since steadily declined due to many African Americans moving to the surrounding suburbs . Partly as a result of gentrification , there was a 31.4 % increase in the non-Hispanic white population and an 11.5 % decrease in the black population between 2000 and 2010 . About 17 % of D.C. residents were age 18 or younger in 2010 ; lower than the U.S. average of 24 % . However , at 34 years old , the District had the lowest median age compared to the 50 states . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 81,734 immigrants living in Washington , D.C. Major sources of immigration include El Salvador , Vietnam , and Ethiopia , with a concentration of Salvadorans in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood . Researchers found that there were 4,822 same - sex couples in the District of Columbia in 2010 ; about 2 % of total households . Legislation authorizing same - sex marriage passed in 2009 and the District began issuing marriage licenses to same - sex couples in March 2010 . A 2007 report found that about one - third of District residents were functionally illiterate , compared to a national rate of about one in five . This is attributed in part to immigrants who are not proficient in English . As of 2011 , 85 % of D.C. residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language . Half of residents had at least a four - year college degree in 2006 . D.C. residents had a personal income per capita of $55,755 ; higher than any of the 50 states . However , 19 % of residents were below the poverty level in 2005 , higher than any state except Mississippi . Of the District 's population , 17 % is Baptist , 13 % is Catholic , 6 % is Evangelical Protestant , 4 % is Methodist , 3 % is Episcopalian / Anglican , 3 % is Jewish , 2 % is Eastern Orthodox , 1 % is Pentecostal , 1 % is Buddhist , 1 % is Adventist , 1 % is Lutheran , 1 % is Muslim , 1 % is Presbyterian , 1 % is Mormon , and 1 % is Hindu . Over 90 % of D.C. residents have health insurance coverage , the second - highest rate in the nation . This is due in part to city programs that help provide insurance to low - income individuals who do not qualify for other types of coverage . A 2009 report found that at least 3 % of District residents have HIV or AIDS , which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) characterizes as a `` generalized and severe '' epidemic . Crime Main article : Crime in Washington , D.C. Crime in Washington , D.C. , is concentrated in areas associated with poverty , drug abuse , and gangs . A 2010 study found that 5 % of city blocks accounted for over one - quarter of the District 's total crime . The more affluent neighborhoods of Northwest Washington are typically safe , but reports of violent crime increase in poorer neighborhoods generally concentrated in the eastern portion of the city . Approximately 60,000 residents are ex-convicts . Washington was often described as the `` murder capital '' of the United States during the early 1990s . The number of murders peaked in 1991 at 479 , but the level of violence then began to decline significantly . By 2012 , Washington 's annual murder count had dropped to 88 , the lowest total since 1961 . The murder rate has since risen from that historic low , though it remains close to half the rate of the early 2000s . In 2016 , the District 's Metropolitan Police Department tallied 135 homicides , a 53 % increase from 2012 but a 17 % decrease from 2015 . Many neighborhoods such as Columbia Heights and Logan Circle are becoming safer and vibrant . However , incidents of robberies and thefts have remained higher in these areas because of increased nightlife activity and greater numbers of affluent residents . Even still , citywide reports of both property and violent crimes have declined by nearly half since their most recent highs in the mid-1990s . On June 26 , 2008 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in District of Columbia v. Heller that the city 's 1976 handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment . However , the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control ; laws requiring firearm registration remain in place , as does the city 's assault weapon ban . In addition to the District 's own Metropolitan Police Department , many federal law enforcement agencies have jurisdiction in the city as well ; most visibly the U.S. Park Police , founded in 1791 . Economy See also : Category : Companies based in Washington , D.C. and Category : Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Washington has a growing , diversified economy with an increasing percentage of professional and business service jobs . The gross state product of the District in 2010 was $103.3 billion , which would rank it No. 34 compared to the 50 states . The gross product of the Washington Metropolitan Area was $435 billion in 2014 , making it the sixth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Between 2009 and 2016 , GDP per capita in Washington , D.C has consistently ranked on the very top among US states . In 2016 , at $160,472 , its GDP per capita is almost three times as high as that of Massachusetts , which ranked second place in the country . As of June 2011 , the Washington Metropolitan Area had an unemployment rate of 6.2 % ; the second - lowest rate among the 49 largest metro areas in the nation . The District of Columbia itself had an unemployment rate of 9.8 % during the same time period . Eastern Market on Capitol Hill houses food vendors and artisan stalls . In 2012 , the federal government accounted for about 29 % of the jobs in Washington , D.C. This is thought to immunize Washington to national economic downturns because the federal government continues operations even during recessions . Many organizations such as law firms , independent contractors ( both defense and civilian ) , non-profit organizations , lobbying firms , trade unions , industry trade groups , and professional associations have their headquarters in or near D.C. to be close to the federal government . Tourism is Washington 's second largest industry . Approximately 18.9 million visitors contributed an estimated $4.8 billion to the local economy in 2012 . The District also hosts nearly 200 foreign embassies and international organizations such as the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organization of American States , the Inter-American Development Bank , and the Pan American Health Organization . In 2008 , the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington employed about 10,000 people and contributed an estimated $400 million annually to the local economy . The District has growing industries not directly related to government , especially in the areas of education , finance , public policy , and scientific research . Georgetown University , George Washington University , Washington Hospital Center , Children 's National Medical Center and Howard University are the top five non-government - related employers in the city as of 2009 . According to statistics compiled in 2011 , four of the largest 500 companies in the country were headquartered in the District . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Washington was ranked as having the 12th most competitive financial center in the world , and fifth most competitive in the United States ( after New York City , San Francisco , Chicago , and Boston ) . Culture Historic Sites and museums See also : List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. ; National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington , D.C. ; and List of museums in Washington , D.C. The Lincoln Memorial had over six million visitors in 2012 . The National Mall is a large , open park in downtown Washington between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol . Given its prominence , the mall is often the location of political protests , concerts , festivals , and presidential inaugurations . The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Pier are near the center of the mall , south of the White House . Also on the mall are the National World War II Memorial at the east end of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool , the Korean War Veterans Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Directly south of the mall , the Tidal Basin features rows of Japanese cherry blossom trees that originated as gifts from the nation of Japan . The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial , George Mason Memorial , Jefferson Memorial , Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , and the District of Columbia War Memorial are around the Tidal Basin . The National Archives houses thousands of documents important to American history including the Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the Bill of Rights . Located in three buildings on Capitol Hill , the Library of Congress is the largest library complex in the world with a collection of over 147 million books , manuscripts , and other materials . The United States Supreme Court Building was completed in 1935 ; before then , the court held sessions in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol . The Smithsonian Institution operates 19 museums and the National Zoo , all free to the public . The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation 's official museums and galleries in Washington , D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian and its collections open to the public free of charge . The Smithsonian 's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013 . The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall . Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are : the National Air and Space Museum ; the National Museum of African Art ; the National Museum of American History ; the National Museum of the American Indian ; the Sackler and Freer galleries , which both focus on Asian art and culture ; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; the Arts and Industries Building ; the S. Dillon Ripley Center ; and the Smithsonian Institution Building ( also known as `` The Castle '' ) , which serves as the institution 's headquarters . The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building , near Washington 's Chinatown . The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House . Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include : the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington ; the National Postal Museum near Union Station ; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park . The National Gallery of Art is on the National Mall near the Capitol and features works of American and European art . The gallery and its collections are owned by the U.S. government but are not a part of the Smithsonian Institution . The National Building Museum , which occupies the former Pension Building near Judiciary Square , was chartered by Congress and hosts exhibits on architecture , urban planning , and design . There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia , which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts ; the Corcoran Gallery of Art , the largest private museum in Washington ; and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle , the first museum of modern art in the United States . Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum , the O Street Museum Foundation , the International Spy Museum , the National Geographic Society Museum , and the Marian Koshland Science Museum . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits , documentation , and artifacts related to the Holocaust . Arts Main articles : Theater in Washington , D.C. and Music of Washington , D.C. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on the Potomac River Mural of Duke Ellington on U Street Washington , D.C. , is a national center for the arts . The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra , the Washington National Opera , and the Washington Ballet . The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States . The historic Ford 's Theatre , site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as museum . The Marine Barracks near Capitol Hill houses the United States Marine Band ; founded in 1798 , it is the country 's oldest professional musical organization . American march composer and Washington - native John Philip Sousa led the Marine Band from 1880 until 1892 . Founded in 1925 , the United States Navy Band has its headquarters at the Washington Navy Yard and performs at official events and public concerts around the city . Washington has a strong local theater tradition . Founded in 1950 , Arena Stage achieved national attention and spurred growth in the city 's independent theater movement that now includes organizations such as the Shakespeare Theatre Company , Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company , and the Studio Theatre . Arena Stage opened its newly renovated home in the city 's emerging Southwest waterfront area in 2010 . The GALA Hispanic Theatre , now housed in the historic Tivoli Theatre in Columbia Heights , was founded in 1976 and is a National Center for the Latino Performing Arts . The U Street Corridor in Northwest D.C. , known as `` Washington 's Black Broadway '' , is home to institutions like the Howard Theatre , Bohemian Caverns , and the Lincoln Theatre , which hosted music legends such as Washington - native Duke Ellington , John Coltrane , and Miles Davis . Washington has its own native music genre called go - go ; a post-funk , percussion - driven flavor of rhythm and blues that was popularized in the late 1970s by D.C. band leader Chuck Brown . The District is an important center for indie culture and music in the United States . The label Dischord Records , formed by Ian MacKaye , was one of the most crucial independent labels in the genesis of 1980s punk and eventually indie rock in the 1990s . Modern alternative and indie music venues like The Black Cat and the 9 : 30 Club bring popular acts to the U Street area . Sports Main article : Sports in Washington , D.C. The Capital One Arena in Chinatown Washington is one of 13 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men 's sports and is home to one major professional women 's team . The Washington Wizards ( National Basketball Association ) , the Washington Capitals ( National Hockey League ) , and the Washington Mystics ( Women 's National Basketball Association ) , play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown . Nationals Park , which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008 , is home to the Washington Nationals ( Major League Baseball ) . D.C. United ( Major League Soccer ) plays at RFK Stadium . The Washington Redskins ( National Football League ) play at FedExField in nearby Landover , Maryland . Current D.C. teams have won a combined ten professional league championships : the Washington Redskins have won five ; D.C. United has won four ; and the Washington Wizards ( then the Washington Bullets ) have won a single championship . Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington include : the Washington Kastles ( World TeamTennis ) ; the Washington D.C. Slayers ( USA Rugby League ) ; the Baltimore Washington Eagles ( U.S. Australian Football League ) ; the D.C. Divas ( Independent Women 's Football League ) ; and the Potomac Athletic Club RFC ( Rugby Super League ) . The William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Rock Creek Park hosts the Citi Open . Washington is also home to two major annual marathon races : the Marine Corps Marathon , which is held every autumn , and the Rock ' n ' Roll USA Marathon held in the spring . The Marine Corps Marathon began in 1976 and is sometimes called `` The People 's Marathon '' because it is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money to participants . The District 's four NCAA Division I teams , American Eagles , George Washington Colonials , Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison , have a broad following . The Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Capital One Arena . From 2008 to 2012 , the District hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium , called the Military Bowl . The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network , Comcast SportsNet ( CSN ) , based in Bethesda , Maryland . Media Main article : Media in Washington , D.C. See also : List of newspapers in Washington , D.C. and List of television shows set in Washington , D.C. Washington 's Newspaper Row on Pennsylvania Avenue in 1874 Washington , D.C. , is a prominent center for national and international media . The Washington Post , founded in 1877 , is the oldest and most - read local daily newspaper in Washington . It is probably most notable for its coverage of national and international politics and for exposing the Watergate scandal . `` The Post '' , as it is popularly called , had the sixth - highest readership of all news dailies in the country in 2011 . The Washington Post Company also publishes a daily free commuter newspaper called the Express , which summarizes events , sports and entertainment , as well as the Spanish - language paper El Tiempo Latino . Another popular local daily is The Washington Times , the city 's second general interest broadsheet and also an influential paper in political circles . The alternative weekly Washington City Paper also have substantial readership in the Washington area . Some community and specialty papers focus on neighborhood and cultural issues , including the weekly Washington Blade and Metro Weekly , which focus on LGBT issues ; the Washington Informer and The Washington Afro American , which highlight topics of interest to the black community ; and neighborhood newspapers published by The Current Newspapers . Congressional Quarterly , The Hill , Politico and Roll Call newspapers focus exclusively on issues related to Congress and the federal government . Other publications based in Washington include the National Geographic magazine and political publications such as The Washington Examiner , The New Republic and Washington Monthly . The Washington Metropolitan Area is the ninth - largest television media market in the nation , with two million homes , approximately 2 % of the country 's population . Several media companies and cable television channels have their headquarters in the area , including C - SPAN ; Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) ; Radio One ; the National Geographic Channel ; Smithsonian Networks ; National Public Radio ( NPR ) ; Travel Channel ( in Chevy Chase , Maryland ) ; Discovery Communications ( in Silver Spring , Maryland ) ; and the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) ( in Arlington , Virginia ) . The headquarters of Voice of America , the U.S. government 's international news service , is near the Capitol in Southwest Washington . Government and politics Main article : Government of Washington , D.C. Politics Mayoral election results Year Democratic Republican 82.5 % 79,065 3.7 % 3,501 1978 70.2 % 68,354 28.1 % 27,366 1982 81.0 % 95,007 14.1 % 16,502 1986 61.4 % 79,142 32.8 % 42,354 1990 86.2 % 140,011 11.5 % 18,653 56.0 % 102,884 41.9 % 76,902 1998 66.2 % 92,504 30.2 % 42,280 2002 60.6 % 79,841 34.5 % 45,407 2006 89.7 % 98,740 6.1 % 6,744 74.2 % 97,978 2014 54.5 % 96,666 Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1964 85.5 % 169,796 14.5 % 28,801 1968 81.8 % 139,566 18.2 % 31,012 1972 78.1 % 127,627 21.6 % 35,226 1976 81.6 % 137,818 16.5 % 27,873 1980 74.9 % 130,231 13.4 % 26,218 1984 85.4 % 180,408 13.7 % 29,009 82.6 % 159,407 14.3 % 27,590 84.6 % 192,619 9.1 % 20,698 85.2 % 158,220 9.3 % 17,339 2000 85.2 % 171,923 9.0 % 18,073 89.0 % 202,970 9.3 % 21,256 2008 92.5 % 245,800 6.5 % 17,367 2012 90.9 % 267,070 7.3 % 21,381 2016 90.5 % 282,830 4.1 % 12,723 See also : District of Columbia home rule ; List of mayors of Washington , D.C. ; and List of District of Columbia symbols The John A. Wilson Building houses the offices of the mayor and council of the District of Columbia . Article One , Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress `` exclusive jurisdiction '' over the city . The District did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act . The Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor , currently Muriel Bowser , and the thirteen - member Council of the District of Columbia . However , Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs . Each of the city 's eight wards elects a single member of the council and residents elect four at - large members to represent the District as a whole . The council chair is also elected at - large . There are 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions ( ANCs ) elected by small neighborhood districts . ANCs can issue recommendations on all issues that affect residents ; government agencies take their advice under careful consideration . The Attorney General of the District of Columbia , currently Karl Racine , is elected to a four - year term . Washington , D.C. , observes all federal holidays and also celebrates Emancipation Day on April 16 , which commemorates the end of slavery in the District . The flag of Washington , D.C. , was adopted in 1938 and is a variation on George Washington 's family coat of arms . Budgetary issues The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget , which must be approved by Congress . The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city 's high percentage of tax - exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District 's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year . Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system ; however , analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance . The city 's local government , particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry , was criticized for mismanagement and waste . During his administration in 1989 , The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the District had `` the worst city government in America . '' In 1995 , at the start of Barry 's fourth term , Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending . Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 and oversaw a period of urban renewal and budget surpluses . The District regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board 's operations were suspended . Voting Rights debate See also : District of Columbia voting rights and Political party strength in Washington , D.C. The United States Congress has ultimate authority over the District . The District is not a state and therefore has no voting representation in the Congress . D.C. residents elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives , currently Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D - D.C. At - Large ) , who may sit on committees , participate in debate , and introduce legislation , but can not vote on the House floor . The District has no official representation in the United States Senate . Neither chamber seats the District 's elected `` shadow '' representative or senators . Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam , which also have non-voting delegates , D.C. , residents are subject to all federal taxes . In the financial year 2012 , D.C. , residents and businesses paid $20.7 billion in federal taxes ; more than the taxes collected from 19 states and the highest federal taxes per capita . A 2005 poll found that 78 % of Americans did not know that residents of the District of Columbia have less representation in Congress than residents of the 50 states . Efforts to raise awareness about the issue have included campaigns by grassroots organizations and featuring the city 's unofficial motto , `` Taxation Without Representation '' , on D.C. vehicle license plates . There is evidence of nationwide approval for D.C. voting rights ; various polls indicate that 61 to 82 % of Americans believe that D.C. should have voting representation in Congress . Despite public support , attempts to grant the District voting representation , including the D.C. statehood movement and the proposed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment , have been unsuccessful . Opponents of D.C. voting rights propose that the Founding Fathers never intended for District residents to have a vote in Congress since the Constitution makes clear that representation must come from the states . Those opposed to making D.C. a state claim that such a move would destroy the notion of a separate national capital and that statehood would unfairly grant Senate representation to a single city . Sister cities Washington , D.C. , has fourteen official sister city agreements . Listed in the order each agreement was first established , they are : Bangkok , Thailand ( 1962 , renewed 2002 ) ; Dakar , Senegal ( 1980 , renewed 2006 ) ; Beijing , China ( 1984 , renewed 2004 ) ; Brussels , Belgium ( 1985 , renewed 2002 ) ; Athens , Greece ( 2000 ) ; Paris , France ( 2000 as a friendship and cooperation agreement , renewed 2005 ) ; Pretoria , South Africa ( 2002 , renewed 2008 ) ; Seoul , South Korea ( 2006 ) ; Accra , Ghana ( 2006 ) ; Sunderland , United Kingdom ( 2006 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 2011 ) ; Ankara , Turkey ( 2011 ) ; Brasília , Brazil ( 2013 ) ; and Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( 2013 ) . Each of the listed cities is a national capital except for Sunderland , which includes the town of Washington , the ancestral home of George Washington 's family . Paris and Rome are each formally recognized as a `` partner city '' due to their special one sister city policy . Education See also : List of colleges and universities in Washington , D.C. and List of parochial and private schools in Washington , D.C. Founders Library at Howard University , an historically black university District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) operates the city 's 123 public schools . The number of students in DCPS steadily decreased for 39 years until 2009 . In the 2010 -- 11 school year , 46,191 students were enrolled in the public school system . DCPS has one of the highest - cost yet lowest - performing school systems in the country , both in terms of infrastructure and student achievement . Mayor Adrian Fenty 's administration made sweeping changes to the system by closing schools , replacing teachers , firing principals , and using private education firms to aid curriculum development . The District of Columbia Public Charter School Board monitors the 52 public charter schools in the city . Due to the perceived problems with the traditional public school system , enrollment in public charter schools has steadily increased . As of fall 2010 , D.C. , charter schools had a total enrollment of about 32,000 , a 9 % increase from the prior year . The District is also home to 92 private schools , which enrolled approximately 18,000 students in 2008 . The District of Columbia Public Library operates 25 neighborhood locations including the landmark Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Library . Private universities include American University ( AU ) , the Catholic University of America ( CUA ) , Gallaudet University , George Washington University ( GW ) , Georgetown University ( GU ) , Howard University , the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , and Trinity Washington University . The Corcoran College of Art and Design provides specialized arts instruction and other higher - education institutions offer continuing , distance and adult education . The University of the District of Columbia ( UDC ) is a public university providing undergraduate and graduate education . D.C. residents may also be eligible for a grant of up to $10,000 per year to offset the cost of tuition at any public university in the country . The District is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children 's National Medical Center , as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland . In addition , the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington , Georgetown , and Howard universities . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in Washington , D.C. Metro Center is the transfer station for the Red , Orange , Silver , and Blue Metrorail lines . There are 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of streets , parkways , and avenues in the District . Due to the freeway revolts of the 1960s , much of the proposed interstate highway system through the middle of Washington was never built . Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) , the nation 's major east coast highway , therefore bends around the District to form the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway . A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region 's public transportation infrastructure instead . The interstate highways that continue into Washington , including I - 66 and I - 395 , both terminate shortly after entering the city . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) operates the Washington Metro , the city 's rapid transit system , as well as Metrobus . Both systems serve the District and its suburbs . Metro opened on March 27 , 1976 and , as of July 2014 , consists of 91 stations and 117 miles ( 188 km ) of track . With an average of about one million trips each weekday , Metro is the second - busiest rapid transit system in the country . Metrobus serves over 400,000 riders each weekday and is the nation 's fifth - largest bus system . The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system , which connects commercial areas within central Washington . Union Station is a transportation hub for passengers on Amtrak , commuter rail lines , and the Washington Metro . Union Station is the city 's main train station and services approximately 70,000 people each day . It is Amtrak 's second - busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes . Maryland 's MARC and Virginia 's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station . Following renovations in 2011 , Union Station became Washington 's primary intercity bus transit center . Three major airports serve the District . Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across the Potomac River from downtown Washington in Arlington , Virginia and primarily handles domestic flights . Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport , 26.3 miles ( 42.3 km ) west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia . Baltimore - Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is 31.7 miles ( 51.0 km ) northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County , Maryland . According to a 2010 study , Washington - area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays , which tied with Chicago for having the nation 's worst road congestion . However , 37 % of Washington - area commuters take public transportation to work , the second - highest rate in the country . An additional 12 % of D.C. commuters walked to work , 6 % carpooled , and 3 % traveled by bicycle in 2010 . A 2011 study by Walk Score found that Washington was the seventh-most walkable city in the country with 80 % of residents living in neighborhoods that are not car dependent . An expected 32 % increase in transit usage within the District by 2030 has spurred construction of a new DC Streetcar system to interconnect the city 's neighborhoods . Construction has also started on an additional Metro line that will connect Washington to Dulles airport . The District is part of the regional Capital Bikeshare program . Started in 2010 , it is currently one of the largest bicycle sharing systems in the country with over 4,351 bicycles and more than 395 stations all provided by PBSC Urban Solutions . By 2012 , the city 's network of marked bicycle lanes covered 56 miles ( 90 km ) of streets . Utilities Processing facilities at Dalecarlia Reservoir , the city 's primary storage basin of drinking water . The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority ( i.e. WASA or D.C. Water ) is an independent authority of the D.C. government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in Washington . WASA purchases water from the historic Washington Aqueduct , which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The water , sourced from the Potomac River , is treated and stored in the city 's Dalecarlia , Georgetown , and McMillan reservoirs . The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1 million people in the District and Virginia , including Arlington , Falls Church , and a portion of Fairfax County . The authority also provides sewage treatment services for an additional 1.6 million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties . Pepco is the city 's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the District and suburban Maryland . An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington . As a result , all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington , and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street . A plan announced in 2013 would bury an additional 60 miles ( 97 km ) of primary power lines throughout the District . Washington Gas is the city 's natural gas utility and serves over one million customers in the District and its suburbs . Incorporated by Congress in 1848 , the company installed the city 's first gas lights in the Capitol , the White House , and along Pennsylvania Avenue . See also Washington , D.C. portal Book : Washington , D.C. Arts and culture of Washington , D.C. Category : People from Washington , D.C. Index of Washington , D.C. - related articles Outline of Washington , D.C. Notes Jump up ^ By 1790 , the Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts from the Revolutionary War . The Northern states had not , and wanted the federal government to take over their outstanding liabilities . Southern Congressmen agreed to the plan in return for establishing the new national capital at their preferred site on the Potomac River . Jump up ^ The Residence Act allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as the Anacostia River . However , Washington shifted the federal territory 's borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the District 's southern tip . In 1791 , Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site , including territory ceded by Virginia . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Washington , D.C. were kept at 24th and M Streets NW from January 1871 to June 1945 , and at Reagan National since July 1945 . Jump up ^ Until 1890 , the Census Bureau counted the City of Washington , Georgetown , and unincorporated portions of Washington County as three separate areas . The data provided in this article from before 1890 are calculated as if the District of Columbia were a single municipality as it is today . Population data for each city prior to 1890 are available . Jump up ^ These figures count adherents , meaning all full members , their children , and others who regularly attend services . In all of the District , 55 % of the population is adherent to any particular religion . Jump up ^ Independents David Catania and Carol Schwartz , both former Republicans , garnered 61,388 and 12,327 votes or 34.6 % and 7.0 % , respectively . References Jump up ^ David Robinson BA ( Hons ) , PGCE , FRGS , FRMetS . `` Demonyms for people from the USA '' . www.geography-site.co.uk . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Addis.com : : `` Demonym '' `` . addis.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts District of Columbia '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 -- United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau . 2015 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Robert L. ; Mary Elizabeth Chambers ( 1977 ) . `` Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley '' ( PDF ) . The George Washington University . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . `` The Federalist No. 43 '' . The Independent Journal . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Washington Becomes The Capital '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 89 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown Historic District '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandria 's History '' . Alexandria Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . pp. 76 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia '' . BoundaryStones.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 101 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know D.C. '' . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Moves to Washington '' . United States Senate . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saving History : Dolley Madison , the White House , and the War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Mark David ( Spring -- Summer 2004 ) . `` The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia , 1801 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Washington History . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. : 54 -- 82 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States . Chicago : G. & C.W. Sherwood . pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Compromise of 1850 '' . Library of Congress . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Walter Fairleigh ( 1909 ) . The government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : John Byrne & Co. pp. 40 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending Slavery in the District of Columbia '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . 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Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About DC Circulator '' . DC Circulator . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Amtrak Fact Sheet FY 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station gets new bus depot '' . WJLA - TV . November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Halsey III , Ashley ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Washington area tied with Chicago for traffic congestion , study finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are top transit users '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Commuting Characteristics by Sex '' . 2010 American Community Survey . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. among top 10 most walkable cities '' . WTOP . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History -- DC Streetcar '' . District Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles Metrorail Project Overview '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Bike - Share Washington DC / Arlington PBSC '' . PBSC Solutions Urbanes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Program '' . District Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Aqueduct System '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . District of Columbia Washington and Sewer Authority . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Pepco '' . January 5 , 2014 . Pepco . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. streetcar project may get hung up on overhead wires '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Plan to bury D.C. 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1736387345137949004	ISO 14000	ISO 14000 - wikipedia ISO 14000 Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations ( a ) minimize how their operations ( processes , etc . ) negatively affect the environment ( i.e. , cause adverse changes to air , water , or land ) ; ( b ) comply with applicable laws , regulations , and other environmentally oriented requirements ; and ( c ) continually improve in the above . The current version of ISO 14001 is ISO 14001 : 2015 which was published in September 2015 . ISO 14000 is similar to ISO 9000 quality management in that both pertain to the process of how a product is produced , rather than to the product itself . As with ISO 9001 , certification is performed by third - party organizations rather than being awarded by ISO directly . The ISO 19011 and ISO 17021 audit standards apply when audits are being performed . The requirements of ISO 14001 are an integral part of the European Union 's Eco-Management and Audit Scheme ( EMAS ) . EMAS 's structure and material requirements are more demanding , mainly concerning performance improvement , legal compliance , and reporting duties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brief history of environmental management systems 2 Development of the ISO 14000 series 3 ISO 14001 standard 3.1 Basic principles and methodology 3.1. 1 Plan : establish objectives and processes required 3.1. 2 Do : implement the processes 3.1. 3 Check : measure and monitor the processes and report results 3.1. 4 Act : take action to improve performance of EMS based on results 3.1. 5 Continual Improvement Process ( CI ) 3.2 Benefits 3.3 Conformity Assessment 4 ISO 14001 and EMAS 4.1 Complementarities and differences 4.2 ISO 14001 use in supply chains 5 List of ISO 14000 series standards 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Brief history of environmental management systems ( edit ) See also : Environmental Management System In 1992 , BSI Group published the world 's first environmental management systems standard , BS 7750 . Prior to this , environmental management had been part of larger systems such as Responsible Care . BS 7750 supplied the template for the development of the ISO 14000 series in 1996 , by the International Organization for Standardization , which has representation from committees all over the world ( ISO ) ( Clements 1996 , Brorson & Larsson , 1999 ) . As of 2017 , there are more than 300,000 certifications to ISO 14001 in 171 countries around the world . Development of the ISO 14000 series ( edit ) The ISO 14000 family includes most notably the ISO 14001 standard , which represents the core set of standards used by organizations for designing and implementing an effective Environmental Management System ( EMS ) . Other standards included in this series are ISO 14004 , which gives additional guidelines for a good EMS , and more specialized standards dealing with specific aspects of environmental management . The major objective of the ISO 14000 series of norms is `` to promote more effective and efficient environmental management in organizations and to provide useful and usable tools -- ones that are cost - effective , system - based , ( and ) flexible , and reflect the best organizations and the best organizational practices available for gathering , interpreting , and communicating environmentally relevant information '' . ISO 14000 series is based on a voluntary approach to environmental regulation ( Szymanski & Tiwari 2004 ) . The series includes the ISO 14001 standard , which provides guidelines for the establishment or improvement of an EMS . The standard shares many common traits with its predecessor , ISO 9000 , the international standard of quality management ( Jackson 1997 ) , which served as a model for its internal structure ( National Academy Press 1999 ) , and both can be implemented side by side . As with ISO 9000 , ISO 14000 acts both as an internal management tool and as a way of demonstrating a company 's environmental commitment to its customers and clients ( Boiral 2007 ) . Prior to the development of the ISO 14000 series , organizations voluntarily constructed their own EMSs , but this made comparisons of environmental effects between companies difficult ; therefore , the universal ISO 14000 series was developed . An EMS is defined by ISO as : `` part of the overall management system , that includes organizational structure , planning activities , responsibilities , practices , procedures , processes , and resources for developing , implementing , achieving , and maintaining the environmental policy '' ( ISO 1996 cited in Federal Facilities Council Report 1999 ) . ISO 14001 standard ( edit ) ISO 14001 sets out the criteria for an Environmental Management System ( EMS ) . It does not state requirements for environmental performance , but maps out a framework that a company or organization can follow to set up an effective EMS . It can be used by any organization that wants to improve resource efficiency , reduce waste , and drive down costs . Using ISO 14001 can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved . ISO 14001 can also be integrated with other management functions and assists companies in meeting their environmental and economic goals . ISO 14001 , as with other ISO 14000 standards , is voluntary ( IISD 2010 ) , with its main aim to assist companies in continually improving their environmental performance , while complying with any applicable legislation . Organizations are responsible for setting their own targets and performance measures , with the standard serving to assist them in meeting objectives and goals and in the subsequent monitoring and measurement of these ( IISD 2010 ) . The standard can be applied to a variety of levels in the business , from organizational level , right down to the product and service level ( RMIT university ) . Rather than focusing on exact measures and goals of environmental performance , the standard highlights what an organization needs to do to meet these goals ( IISD 2010 ) . ISO 14001 is known as a generic management system standard , meaning that it is relevant to any organization seeking to improve and manage resources more effectively . This includes : single - site to large multi-national companies high - risk companies to low - risk service organizations manufacturing , process , and the service industries , including local governments all industry sectors including public and private sectors original equipment manufacturers and their suppliers . All standards are periodically reviewed by ISO to ensure they still meet market requirements . The current version is ISO 14001 : 2015 . After the revision has been published , certified organizations get a three - year transition period to adapt their environmental management system to the new edition of the standard . The new version of ISO 14001 is focusing on the improvement of environmental performance rather than to improve the management system itself . The new ISO 14001 : 2015 standard has been published and includes several new updates all aimed at making environmental management more comprehensive and relevant to the supply chain . One of the main updates is to consider environmental impacts during the life cycle -- although there is no requirement to actually complete a life cycle analysis . In addition the commitments of top management and the methods of evaluating compliance have also been strengthened . Another significant change has been the linking of ISO 14001 to the general management system structure , introduced in 2015 , called the High Level Structure . Both ISO 9001 and 14001 use this same structure making implementation and auditing more uniform . The new standard also requires the holder of the certificate to specify risks and opportunities and how to address them . Basic principles and methodology ( edit ) The PDCA cycle These are based on the well - known Plan - Do - Check - Act ( PDCA ) cycle . Plan : establish objectives and processes required ( edit ) Prior to implementing ISO 14001 , an initial review or gap analysis of the organization 's processes and products is recommended , to assist in identifying all elements of the current operation and , if possible , future operations , that may interact with the environment , termed `` environmental aspects '' ( Martin 1998 ) . Environmental aspects can include both direct , such as those used during manufacturing , and indirect , such as raw materials ( Martin 1998 ) . This review assists the organization in establishing their environmental objectives , goals , and targets , which should ideally be measurable ; helps with the development of control and management procedures and processes ; and serves to highlight any relevant legal requirement , which can then be built into the policy ( Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand 2004 ) . Do : implement the processes ( edit ) During this stage , the organization identifies the resources required and works out those members of the organization responsible for the EMS ' implementation and control ( Martin 1998 ) . This includes establishing procedures and processes , although only one documented procedure is specified related to operational control . Other procedures are required to foster better management control over elements such as documentation control , emergency preparedness and response , and the education of employees , to ensure that they can competently implement the necessary processes and record results ( Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand 2004 ) . Communication and participation across all levels of the organization , especially top management , is a vital part of the implementation phase , with the effectiveness of the EMS being dependent on active involvement from all employees . Check : measure and monitor the processes and Report results ( edit ) During the `` check '' stage , performance is monitored and periodically measured to ensure that the organization 's environmental targets and objectives are being met ( Martin 1998 ) . In addition , internal audits are conducted at planned intervals to ascertain whether the EMS meets the user 's expectations and whether the processes and procedures are being adequately maintained and monitored ( Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand 2004 ) . Act : take action to improve performance of EMS based on results ( edit ) After the checking stage , a management review is conducted to ensure that the objectives of the EMS are being met , the extent to which they are being met , and that communications are being appropriately managed ; and to evaluate changing circumstances , such as legal requirements , in order to make recommendations for further improvement of the system ( Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand 2004 ) . These recommendations are incorporated through continual improvement : plans are renewed or new plans are made , and the EMS moves forward . Continual improvement process ( CI ) ( edit ) ISO 14001 encourages a company to continually improve its environmental performance . Apart from the obvious -- the reduction in actual and possible negative environmental impacts -- this is achieved in three ways : Expansion : More and more business areas get covered by the implemented EMS . Enrichment : More and more activities , products , processes , emissions , resources , etc. get managed by the implemented EMS . Upgrading : An improvement of the structural and organizational framework of the EMS , as well as an accumulation of know - how in dealing with business - environmental issues . Overall , the CI concept expects the organization to gradually move away from merely operational environmental measures towards a strategic approach on how to deal with environmental challenges . Benefits ( edit ) ISO 14001 was developed primarily to assist companies with a framework for better management control that can result in reducing their environmental impacts . In addition to improvements in performance , organizations can reap a number of economic benefits including higher conformance with legislative and regulatory requirements ( Sheldon 1997 ) by adopting the ISO standard . By minimizing the risk of regulatory and environmental liability fines and improving an organization 's efficiency ( Delmas 2009 ) , benefits can include a reduction in waste , consumption of resources , and operating costs . Secondly , as an internationally recognized standard , businesses operating in multiple locations across the globe can leverage their conformance to ISO 14001 , eliminating the need for multiple registrations or certifications ( Hutchens 2010 ) . Thirdly , there has been a push in the last decade by consumers for companies to adopt better internal controls , making the incorporation of ISO 14001 a smart approach for the long - term viability of businesses . This can provide them with a competitive advantage against companies that do not adopt the standard ( Potoki & Prakash , 2005 ) . This in turn can have a positive impact on a company 's asset value ( Van der Deldt , 1997 ) . It can lead to improved public perceptions of the business , placing them in a better position to operate in the international marketplace ( Potoki & Prakash 1997 ; Sheldon 1997 ) . The use of ISO 14001 can demonstrate an innovative and forward - thinking approach to customers and prospective employees . It can increase a business 's access to new customers and business partners . In some markets it can potentially reduce public liability insurance costs . It can serve to reduce trade barriers between registered businesses ( Van der Deldt , 1997 ) . There is growing interest in including certification to ISO 14001 in tenders for public - private partnerships for infrastructure renewal . Evidence of value in terms of environmental quality and benefit to the taxpayer has been shown in highway projects in Canada . Conformity assessment ( edit ) ISO 14001 can be used in whole or in part to help an organization ( for - profit or not - for - profit ) better manage its relationship with the environment . If all the elements of ISO 14001 are incorporated into the management process , the organization may opt to prove that it has achieved full alignment or conformity with the international standard , ISO 14001 , by using one of four recognized options . These are : make a self - determination and self - declaration , or seek confirmation of its conformance by parties having an interest in the organization , such as customers , or seek confirmation of its self - declaration by a party external to the organization , or seek certification / registration of its EMS by an external organization . ISO does not control conformity assessment ; its mandate is to develop and maintain standards . ISO has a neutral policy on conformity assessment . One option is not better than the next . Each option serves different market needs . The adopting organization decides which option is best for them , in conjunction with their market needs . Option 1 is sometimes incorrectly referred to as `` self - certify '' or `` self - certification '' . This is not an acceptable reference under ISO terms and definitions , for it can lead to confusion in the market . The user is responsible for making their own determination . Option 2 is often referred to as a customer or 2nd - party audit , which is an acceptable market term . Option 3 is an independent third - party process by an organization that is based on an engagement activity and delivered by specially trained practitioners . This option was based on an accounting procedure branded as the EnviroReady Report , which was created to help small - and medium - sized organizations . Its development was originally based on the Canadian Handbook for Accountants ; it is now based on an international accounting standard . The fourth option , certification , is another independent third - party process , which has been widely implemented by all types of organizations . Certification is also known in some countries as registration . Service providers of certification or registration are accredited by national accreditation services such as UKAS in the UK . ISO 14001 and EMAS ( edit ) In 2010 , the latest EMAS Regulation ( EMAS III ) entered into force ; the scheme is now globally applicable , and includes key performance indicators and a range of further improvements . As of December 2016 , more than 4,500 organisations and approximately 7,800 sites are EMAS registered . Complementarities and differences ( edit ) ISO 14001 's environmental management system requirements are very similar to those of EMAS . Additional requirements for EMAS include : stricter requirements on the measurement and evaluation of environmental performance against objectives and targets . government supervision of the environmental verifiers strong employee involvement ; EMAS organisations acknowledge that active employee involvement is a driving force and a prerequisite for continuous and successful environmental improvements . environmental core indicators creating multi-annual comparability within and between organisations mandatory provision of information to the general public registration by a public authority . ISO 14001 use in supply chains ( edit ) There are many reasons that ISO 14001 should be potentially attractive to supply chain managers , including the use of the voluntary standard to guide the development of integrated systems , its requirement for supply chain members in industries such as automotive and aerospace , the potential of pollution prevention leading to reduced costs of production and higher profits , its alignment with the growing importance of corporate social responsibility , and the possibility that an ISO - registered system may provide firms with a unique environmental resource , capabilities , and benefits that lead to competitive advantage . Emerging areas of research are starting to address the use of this standard to show that ISO 14001 registration can be leveraged across the supply chain for competitive advantage . By looking at ISO 14001 registered firms , information from the study compared different amounts of integration and sustainability in the supply chain . Several research propositions and an empirical framework posit the impacts of ISO 14001 on supply chain design . The propositions include : ISO registration leading to more proactive environmental management including process and performance measurement related to sustainability across a supply chain ; That ISO - registered plants with formal environmental management systems will have higher levels of communication required between OEMs and Tier I suppliers ; ISO - registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants in their supply chain will have higher levels of waste reduction and cost efficiency than nonregistered plants ; ISO - registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants in the supply chain will have sustainable practices and projects with better ROI than nonregistered firms ; ISO - registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants will have higher levels of customer relationship management and will be positively associated with greater expansion opportunities and image than non-registered plants ; ISO - registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants will have fewer issues with employee health and reduced numbers of safety incidents than nonregistered plants ; ISO - registered plants with a direct relationship to other registered plants will have a strong positive relationship between formal communication , training , monitoring / control systems , and firm performance ; and ISO - registered plants with a direct relationship to other registered plants will have higher levels of involvement and communication , which will be positively related to more internal and external integration with supply chain members . List of ISO 14000 series standards ( edit ) ISO 14001 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use ISO 14004 Environmental management systems - General guidelines on implementation ISO 14006 Environmental management systems - Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign ISO 14015 Environmental assessment of sites and organizations ISO 14020 series ( 14020 to 14025 ) Environmental labels and declarations ISO 14030 discusses post-production environmental assessment ISO 14031 Environmental performance evaluation -- Guidelines ISO 14040 series ( 14040 to 14049 ) , Life Cycle Assessment , LCA , discusses pre-production planning and environment goal setting . ISO 14046 sets guidelines and requirements for water footprint assessments of products , processes , and organizations . Includes only air and soil emissions that impact water quality in the assessment . A water footprint assessment can assist in : assessing the magnitude of potential environmental impacts related to water ; identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts associated with products at various stages in their life cycle as well as processes and organizations ; strategic risk management related to water ; facilitating water efficiency and optimization of water management at product , process and organizational levels ; informing decision - makers in industry , government or non-governmental organizations of their potential environmental impacts related to water ( e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning , priority setting , product or process design or redesign , decisions about investment of resources ) ; providing consistent and reliable information , based on scientific evidence for reporting water footprint results . A water footprint assessment alone is insufficient to be used to describe the overall potential environmental impacts of products , processes or organizations . The water footprint assessment according to this International Standard can be conducted and reported as a stand - alone assessment , where only impacts related to water are assessed , or as part of a life cycle assessment , where consideration is given to a comprehensive set of environmental impacts and not only impacts related to water . In this International Standard , the term `` water footprint '' is only used when it is the result of an impact assessment . The specific scope of the water footprint assessment is defined by the users of this International Standard in accordance with its requirements . ISO 14046 2014 , Environmental Management - Water Footprint - Principles , Requirements , and Guidelines ISO 14050 terms and definitions ISO 14062 Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development ( 2002 ) ISO 14063 environmental communication guidelines and examples ( 2006 ) ISO 14064 measuring , quantifying , and reducing greenhouse gas emissions ISO 19011 specifies one audit protocol for both 14000 and 9000 series standards together See also ( edit ) EMAS Environmental economics Environmental Management System International Organisation for Standardisation ISO 26000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ About BSI - History Jump up ^ `` ISO 14000 family - Environmental management '' . ISO . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ISO 14000 essentials Jump up ^ `` ISO 14001 - Environmental Management '' . ISO . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ ISO 14000 Revision International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 Jump up ^ Gastl , R : CIP in Environmental Management , an abstract of Gastl , R : Kontinuierliche Verbesserung im Umweltmanagement , 2nd Edition , 2009 , vdf , Zurich Switzerland . Jump up ^ ( Source : ISO 14001 : 2004 , Clause 1 : Scope c ) Jump up ^ Reference : ISO / IEC 17000 : 2004 ( E / F / R ) Jump up ^ Curkovic , S , and Sroufe , R.P. , `` Using ISO 14001 to Promote a Sustainable Supply Chain Strategy , '' accepted , International Journal of Business Strategy and the Environment , Vol. 20 , No. 2 , 71 - 93 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.iso.org Further reading ( edit ) Boiral , O. ( 2007 ) . `` Corporate Greening Through ISO 14001 : A Rational Myth ? '' . Organization Science . 18 : 127 . doi : 10.1287 / orsc. 1060.0224 . Brorson , T & Larsson , G 1999 , Environmental Management : How to Implement an Environmental Management System within a Company or Other Organization , EMS AB , Stockholm . Burden , L. 2010 , How to up the EMS ante , < http://www.environmentalmanagementsystem.com.au/iso-14001-environmental-management-systems.html > Clements , R.B 1996 , Complete Guide to ISO 14000 , Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River . Corbett , Charles J. ; Kirsch , David A. ( 2009 ) . `` International Diffusion of Iso 14000 Certification '' . Production and Operations Management . 10 ( 3 ) : 327 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1937 - 5956.2001. tb00378. x . Delmas , Magali ( 2009 ) . `` Erratum to `` Stakeholders and Competitive Advantage : The Case of ISO 14001 '' `` . Production and Operations Management . 13 ( 4 ) : 398 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1937 - 5956.2004. tb00226. x . Delmas , Magali ; Montiel , Ivan ( 2009 ) . `` Greening the Supply Chain : When is Customer Pressure Effective ? '' . Journal of Economics & Management Strategy . 18 : 171 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 9134.2009. 00211. x . Federal Facilities Council Report 1999 , Environmental Management Systems and ISO 14001 , National Academy Press , Washington DC . Gastl , R 2009 , CIP in Environmental Management , English management summary of : Gastl , R 2009 , Kontinuierliche Verbesserung im Umweltmanagement - die KVP - Forderung der ISO 14001 in Theorie und Unternehmenspraxis , 2nd Edition , vdf , Zurich - Switzerland , envirocip.com Hutchens , S , Using ISO 9001 or ISO 14001 to Gain a Competitive Advantage , Intertek white paper , viewed 10 September 2010 , intertek.com Jackson , Suzan L. ( 1997 ) . `` Monitoring and measurement systems for implementing ISO 14001 '' . Environmental Quality Management . 6 ( 3 ) : 33 . doi : 10.1002 / tqem. 3310060306 . International Institute for Sustainable Development ( IISD ) 2010 , ISO 14001 , viewed 26 August 2010 , iisd.org ISO 2007 , The ISO survey of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Certifications : 16th cycle , ISO , Geneva . The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications 2011 : viewed 7 Jan 2013 http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref1686 Martin , R 1998 , ISO 14001 Guidance Manual , National Centre for environmental decision - making research : Technical report , viewed 23 August 2010 , usistf.org Potoski , Matthew ; Prakash , Aseem ( 2005 ) . `` Green Clubs and Voluntary Governance : ISO 14001 and Firms ' Regulatory Compliance '' . American Journal of Political Science . 49 ( 2 ) : 235 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0092 - 5853.2005. 00120. x . RMIT University , Encyclopedia : ISO 14000 series , viewed 29 August 2010 , rglobal.rmit.edu.au Sheldon C. 1997 , ISO 14001 and Beyond : Environmental Management Systems in the Real World , Prentice Hall , New York . Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand 2004 , Environmental management systems -- Requirements with guidance for use . Szymanski * , Michal ; Tiwari , Piyush ( 2004 ) . `` ISO 14001 and the Reduction of Toxic Emissions '' . The Journal of Policy Reform . 7 : 31 . doi : 10.1080 / 1384128042000219717 . Van Der Veldt , Danja ( 1997 ) . `` Case studies of ISO 14001 : A new business guide for global environmental protection '' . Environmental Quality Management . 7 : 1 . doi : 10.1002 / tqem. 3310070102 . Nemati , Mehdi ; Zheng , Yuqing ; Hu , Wuyang ( 2016 ) . `` ISO - 14001 Standard and Firms ' Environmental Performance : Evidence from the US Transportation Equipment Manufacturers '' . Agricultural and Applied Economics Association . ( url = http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/235645/2/Nemati_Zheng_Hu_ISO-14001%20Standard%20and%20Firms%20Environmental%20Performance%20Evidence%20from%20the%20U.S.%20Transportation%20Equipment%20Manufacturers.pdf ) External links ( edit ) ISO 14000 essentials ISO standards by standard number List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards 1 -- 9999 5 6 7 9 16 31 - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 269 302 306 428 518 519 639 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 646 690 732 764 843 898 965 1000 1004 1007 1073 - 1 1413 1538 1745 2014 2015 2022 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2709 2711 2788 2848 2852 3029 3103 3166 - 1 - 2 - 3 3297 3307 3602 3864 3901 3977 4031 4157 4217 4909 5218 5428 5775 5776 5800 5964 6166 6344 6346 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 7001 7002 7098 7185 7200 7498 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 8000 8178 8217 8571 8583 8601 8632 8652 8691 8807 8820 - 5 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 8 - I - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 8879 9000 / 9001 9075 9126 9293 9241 9362 9407 9506 9529 9564 9594 9660 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000 -- 19999 10005 10006 10007 10116 10118 - 3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10303 - 11 - 21 - 22 - 28 - 238 10383 10487 10585 10589 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11898 11940 ( - 2 ) 11941 11941 ( TR ) 11992 12006 12182 12207 12234 - 2 13211 - 1 - 2 13216 13250 13399 13406 - 2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 - 2 - 3 - 6 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 14 - 17 - 20 14644 14649 14651 14698 14750 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 - 3 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 - 2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 WIP 15930 16023 16262 16612 - 2 16750 16949 ( TS ) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17799 18000 18004 18014 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 ( - 1 - 2 ) 19114 19115 19125 19136 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 : 2014 19752 19757 19770 19775 - 1 19794 - 5 19831 20000 + 20000 20022 20121 20400 21000 21047 21500 21827 : 2002 22000 23270 23271 23360 24517 24613 24617 24707 25178 25964 26000 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001 : 2005 27001 : 2013 27002 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199 - 2 29500 30170 31000 32000 38500 40500 42010 55000 80000 - 1 - 2 - 3 Category Social and environmental accountability Ethics and principles Aarhus Convention Corporate accountability / behaviour / social responsibility Ethical banking Ethical code Extended producer responsibility Organizational ethics Organizational justice Principles for Responsible Investment Social responsibility Stakeholder theory Sullivan principles Transparency ( behavioral social ) UN Global Compact Social accounting Double bottom line Ethical Positioning Index Higg Index Impact assessment ( environmental equality social ) ISO 26000 Genuine progress indicator OHSAS 18001 Performance indicator SA8000 Social return on investment Whole - life cost Environmental accounting Carbon accounting Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Emission inventory Environmental full - cost accounting / impact assessment / management system / profit - and - loss account ISO 14000 ISO 14031 : 1999 Life - cycle assessment Pollutant release and transfer register Sustainability accounting / measurement / metrics and indices / standards and certification / supply chain Toxics Release Inventory Triple bottom line Reporting Global Reporting Initiative GxP guidelines Sustainability reporting Auditing Community - based monitoring Environmental ( certification ) Fair trade ( certification ) ISO 19011 Related Bangladesh Accord Benefit corporation Child labour Community interest company Conflict of interest Disasters Disinvestment Eco-labeling Environmental pricing reform Environmental , social and corporate governance Ethical consumerism Euthenics Health impact assessment Market governance mechanism Product certification Public participation Social enterprise Socially responsible investing Stakeholder ( engagement ) Supply chain management Environment portal Category Commons Organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_14000&oldid=795175340 '' Categories : ISO standards Environmental standards Environmental certification Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the iso 14000 series contains two types of standards	[]	[]
-7108662274409454830	Lion	Lion - wikipedia Lion Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lion ( disambiguation ) . Lion Temporal range : Pleistocene -- Present PreЄ Є Pg ↓ A male Southern African lion photographed in Kruger National Park , South Africa A Southern African lioness photographed in Etosha National Park , Namibia Conservation status Vulnerable ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Suborder : Feliformia Family : Felidae Genus : Panthera Species : P. leo Binomial name Panthera leo ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies see Subspecies P. l. leo ( Sensu stricto ) P. l. atrox P. l. europaea P. l. melanochaita ( Sensu stricto ) P. l. sinhaleyus P. l. spelaea P. l. vereshchagini Distribution of Panthera leo in Africa and Eurasia , in the past and present . Distribution of lions in India : The Gir Forest and surrounding areas in Gujarat comprise the last natural range of wild Asiatic lions . Synonyms Felis leo Linnaeus , 1758 The lion ( Panthera leo ) is a species in the family Felidae and a member of the genus Panthera . It is considered to be the second - largest living cat species after the tiger . It has pronounced sexual dimorphism ; males are larger than females and have prominent manes . The mane of the male lion is the most recognisable feature of the species . Once widepsread throughout North America , Eurasia and Africa , lions currently inhabit scattered populations in Sub-Saharan Africa and one population in western India . It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1996 , as populations in African range countries declined by about 43 % since the early 1990s . Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas . Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood , habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern . The Asiatic lion and the West African lion are listed as Endangered and Critically Endangered respectively . The lion typically inhabits grasslands and savannahs , but is absent in dense forest . It is usually more diurnal than other big cats , but when persecuted adapts to being active at night and at twilight . A lion pride consists of a few adult males , related females and cubs . Prides vary in size and composition from three to 20 adult lions , depending on habitat and prey availability . The lion is an apex and keystone predator . Females cooperate when hunting and prey mostly on large ungulates , including antelope , deer , buffalo , zebras and even giraffes . The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture . Cultural depictions of lions are known from the Upper Paleolithic period , with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France dated to 17,000 years ago , through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred . It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings , on national flags , and in contemporary films and literature . Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire , and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late 18th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Lion subspecies 2.2 Phylogenetic research 2.3 Classification 2.4 Fossil lions 2.5 Dubious lion subspecies 2.6 Hybrids 3 Evolution 4 Characteristics 4.1 Mane 4.2 Colour variations 5 Behaviour 5.1 Group organisation 5.2 Hunting and diet 5.2. 1 Predator competition 5.2. 2 Man - eating 5.3 Reproduction and life cycle 5.4 Health 5.5 Communication 6 Distribution and habitat 6.1 Africa 6.2 Eurasia 7 Population and conservation status 7.1 In captivity 7.2 Baiting and taming 8 Cultural significance 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Cited texts 11 External links Etymology The lion 's name , similar in many Romance languages , is derived from the Latin leo , and the Ancient Greek λέων ( leon ) . The Hebrew word לָבִיא ( lavi ) may also be related . It was one of the species originally described by Linnaeus , who gave it the name Felis leo , in his eighteenth - century work , Systema Naturae . Taxonomy Two cladograms proposed for Panthera . The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 and 2009 studies , while the lower one is based on the 2010 and 2011 studies . The lion 's closest relatives are the other species of the genus Panthera : the tiger , snow leopard , jaguar , and leopard . Results of phylogenetic studies published in 2006 and 2009 indicated that the jaguar and the lion belong to one sister group , which diverged about 2.06 million years ago . Results of later studies published in 2010 and 2011 indicate that the leopard and the lion belong to the same sister group , which diverged 1.95 -- 3.10 million years ago . The lion and the snow leopard diverged about 2.1 million years ago . Lion subspecies Range map showing lion subspecies that were considered valid in the late 20th century Following Carl Linnaeus 's first descriptions of the species , 26 lion specimens were described and proposed as subspecies between the mid 18th and mid 20th centuries , of which 11 were recognised as valid in 2005 . They were distinguished on the basis of appearance , size and colour of mane . As these characteristics vary highly between individuals , most of these forms were probably not true subspecies , especially as they were often based upon museum material with `` striking , but abnormal '' morphological characteristics . Based on morphology of 58 lion skulls in three European museums , the subspecies krugeri , nubica , persica , and senegalensis were assessed distinct ; but bleyenberghi overlapped with senegalensis and krugeri . The Asiatic lion persica was the most distinctive , and the Cape lion had characteristics allying it more with P. l. persica than the other sub-Saharan lions . Until 2016 , eight subspecies were accepted and considered valid . Phylogenetic Research Early phylogenetic research was focused on lions from eastern and southern parts of Africa , and already showed that they can possibly be divided in two main clades : one to the west of the Great Rift Valley and the other to the east . Lions in eastern Kenya are genetically much closer to lions in Southern Africa than to lions in the Aberdare National Park in western Kenya . In a subsequent study , tissue and bone samples of 32 lion specimens in museums were used . Results indicated that lions form three phylogeographic groups , one each in North Africa and Asia , in Central Africa and in Southern Africa . Samples of 53 lions , both wild and captive individuals , from 15 countries were used for phylogenetic analysis . Results showed little genetic diversity between lions from Asia , West and Central Africa , whereas lions from East Africa were genetically closer to lions from Southern Africa . Results of another phylogeographic study indicate that southeastern Ethiopia , western Somalia and northern Kenya are genetic admixture regions between lions from Central Africa and Southern Africa , and that lions in the northern part of Central Africa are genetically closer to lions in North and West Africa , and those in the southern part of Central Africa closer to lions in Southern Africa . The majority of lions kept in zoos are hybrids of different subspecies . Approximately 77 % of the captive lions registered by the International Species Information System are of unknown origin . Nonetheless , they might carry genes that are extinct in the wild , and might be therefore important to maintain overall genetic variability of the lion . It is thought that those lions , imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century , were mainly either Barbary lions from North Africa or lions from the Cape . Classification Between 2008 and 2016 , IUCN Red List assessors for lions used only two subspecific names , P. l. leo for African lion populations and P. l. persica for the Asiatic lion population . In 2017 , the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group assigned the lion populations in Asia and West , Central and North Africa to P. l. leo , and those in Southern and East Africa to P. l. melanochaita . The following table is based on the classification of the species Panthera leo provided in Mammal Species of the World . It also reflects the classification used by IUCN Red List assessors and the revision by the Cat Classification Task Force : Subspecies Description Image North African lion ( P. l. leo ) ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) , syn . P. l. nubica ( de Blainville , 1843 ) , P. l. somaliensis ( Noack , 1891 ) This is the nominate lion subspecies . In North Africa , lions are regionally extinct in the wild due to excessive hunting ; the last known Barbary lion was killed in Morocco in 1942 . Small groups of lions may have survived until the 1960s . A few captive lions are likely from North Africa , particularly the 90 individuals descended from the Moroccan Royal collection at Rabat Zoo . It is genetically more closely related to the Asiatic lion than to lions in East and Southern Africa . In Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Morocco and Tunisia , lions are regionally extinct . Asiatic lion ( P. l. leo ) formerly ( P. l. persica ) ( Meyer , 1826 ) Today , the Asiatic lion population survives only in India 's state of Gujarat and is listed as Endangered . Until the late 19th century , its historical range included eastern Turkey , Iran , the former Sind Province to Central India . The Indian population recovered from the brink of extinction to 411 individuals in 2010 . It is protected in the Gir National Park and four protected areas in the region . Results of phylogeographic studies suggest that its ancestors split from lions in Sub-Saharan Africa between 203 and 74 thousand years ago . Its closest relatives are North African and West African lions . West African lion ( P. l. leo ) formerly ( P. l. senegalensis ) ( Meyer , 1826 ) , syn . P. l. kamptzi ( Matschie , 1900 ) The type specimen originated in Senegal . This population has been listed as Critically Endangered in 2015 and survives in West Africa from Senegal , Burkina Faso , Benin to Niger and Nigeria . It is possibly extinct in Mauritania , Mali , Ghana , Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , Gambia , Guinea - Bissau , Sierra Leone and Togo . Central African lion ( P. l. leo ) formerly P. l. azandica ( Allen , 1924 ) The type specimen was a male lion from northeastern Belgian Congo . The population occurs in the northeastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda . It is locally extinct in Rwanda . Cape lion ( P. l. melanochaita ) ( Smith , 1842 ) The type specimen originated at the Cape of Good Hope . The population lived in the Cape Province and Natal , South Africa . East African lion ( P. l. melanochaita ) , ( P. l. leo ) formerly P. l. massaica ( Neumann , 1900 ) , syn . P. l. sabakiensis ( Lönnberg , 1910 ) , P. l. roosevelti ( Heller , 1914 ) ; P. l. nyanzae ( Heller , 1914 ) ; P. l. hollisteri ( Allen ) , 1924 ) P. l. webbiensis ( Zukowsky , 1964 ) Several type specimen were described from East African range countries . In East Africa , lion populations occur in Ethiopia , Kenya , Somalia , South Sudan , Tanzania and Uganda , but are regionally extinct in Djibouti , Egypt and Eritrea . Southern African lion ( P. l. melanochaita ) ( P. l. leo ) formerly P. l. bleyenberghi ( Lönnberg , 1914 ) , P. l. krugeri ( Roberts , 1929 ) , syn . P. l. vernayi ( Roberts , 1948 ) Several type specimen were described from Southern African range countries . In Southern Africa lions occur in Namibia , Angola and northern Botswana . In the southwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , they are considered regionally extinct . Fossil lions Cave lions in the Chauvet Cave , France Additional lion subspecies , or sister species to the modern lion , existed in prehistoric times : Bone fragments classified under Panthera leo fossilis were excavated in Germany , United Kingdom , Italy and Czech Republic , and are estimated at between 680,000 and 600,000 years old . It was larger than today 's African lions , reaching sizes comparable to the American cave lion and slightly larger than the Upper Pleistocene European cave lion . Bone fragments classified under Panthera leo spelaea were excavated in Spain , France , Italy , Belgium , Germany , Poland , Czech Republic , and Hungary , and are estimated at between 109,000 and 14,000 years old . This lion - like cat occurred in Eurasia about 300,000 to 10,000 years ago , and is known as the European cave lion , Eurasian cave lion , or Upper Pleistocene European cave lion . It is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings , ivory carvings , and clay busts , which show it with protruding ears , tufted tails , and faint tiger - like stripes . A few had a ruff or primitive mane around their necks , possibly indicating males , but many scenes show hunting behavior . P. l. atrox or P. atrox , known as the American lion or American cave lion , existed in the Americas from Canada to Peru in the Pleistocene Epoch until about 10,000 years ago . This form is a sister clade of P. l. spelaea , and likely arose when an early P. l. spelaea population became isolated south of the North American continental ice sheet about 0.34 Mya . It is among the largest purported lion subspecies to have existed , its body length is estimated to have been 1.6 -- 2.5 m ( 5.2 -- 8.2 ft ) . Dubious lion subspecies P. l. youngi or Panthera youngi , flourished 350,000 years ago . Its relationship to the extant lion subspecies is obscure , and it probably represents a distinct species . P. l. vereshchagini , the Beringian cave lion of Yakutia ( Russia ) , Alaska ( United States ) , and the Yukon Territory ( Canada ) , has been considered a subspecies separate from P. l. spelaea on morphological grounds . However , mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained from cave lion fossils from Europe and Alaska were indistinguishable . A cylinder seal from Elam ( now Iran ) featuring an Elamite adaptation of the Babylonian theme of the lion hunt . 800 -- 600 BC . Underbelly hair is visible . Now at the Walters Art Museum . P. l. mesopotamica was described on the basis of a relief from the Neo-Assyrian Period , about 1000 -- 600 BC , in ancient Mesopotamia . P. l. europaea , known as the European lion , was probably identical with Panthera leo persica or Panthera leo spelea . It became extinct around 100 AD due to persecution and over-exploitation . It inhabited the Balkans , the Italian Peninsula , southern France , and the Iberian Peninsula . It was a very popular object of hunting among ancient Romans and Greeks . P. l. maculatus , known as the Marozi or spotted lion , sometimes is thought to be a distinct subspecies , but may be an adult lion that has retained its juvenile spotted pattern . If it was a subspecies in its own right , rather than a small number of aberrantly coloured individuals , it has been extinct since 1931 . A less likely identity is a natural leopard - lion hybrid commonly known as a leopon . Hybrids Further information : Panthera hybrid , Liger , and Tigon Play media Video of lioness and her cubs in the wild , South Africa Lions have been known to breed with tigers ( most often the Siberian and Bengal tigers ) to create hybrids called ' ligers ' and ' tiglons ' ( or ' tigons ' ) . They also have been crossed with leopards to produce leopons . Such hybrid breeding is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conserving species and subspecies . Hybrids are still bred in private menageries and in zoos in China . The liger is a cross between a male lion and a tigress . Because the growth - inhibiting gene from the female tiger mother is absent , the growth - promoting gene passed on by the male lion father is unimpeded by a regulating gene and the resulting ligers grow far larger than either parent . They share physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species ( spots and stripes on a sandy background ) . Male ligers are sterile , but female ligers often are fertile . Males have about a 50 % chance of having a mane , but if they grow them , their manes will be modest : around 50 % the size of a pure lion mane . Ligers are much bigger than normal lions and tigers , typically 3.65 m ( 12.0 ft ) in length , and can weigh up to 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) . The less common tiglon or tigon is a cross between a lioness and a male tiger . In contrast to ligers , tigons are often relatively small in comparison to their parents , because of reciprocal gene effects . Evolution The lion evolved in Africa between 1 million and 800,000 years ago , from where it spread throughout the Holarctic region . The earliest fossil record in Europe was found near Pakefield in the United Kingdom and is about 680,000 years old . From this lion the late Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion probably derived about 300,000 years ago . Fossil remains found in the Cromer Forest Bed suggest that it was of a gigantic size and represented a lineage that was genetically isolated and highly distinct from lions in Africa and Asia . It was distributed throughout Europe , across Siberia and into western Alaska , via the Beringian landmass . The gradual formation of dense forest likely caused the decline of its geographic range near the end of the Late Pleistocene . Frequently encountered lion bones in cave deposits from Eemian times suggest that the cave lion survived in the Balkans and Asia Minor . There was probably a continuous population extending into India . Fossil lion remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in West Bengal . It became extinct about 10,000 years ago at the end of the last glacial period without mitochondrial descendants on other continents . A fossil carnassial found in the Batadomba Cave indicates that Panthera leo sinhaleyus inhabited Sri Lanka during the late Pleistocene , and is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago . This subspecies was described by Deraniyagala in 1939 . It is distinct from the contemporary lion . The modern lion probably originated in East and Southern Africa about 100,000 years ago . During the last glacial maximum until about 20,000 years ago , it was likely distributed throughout most of Southern and Central Africa , and expanded its range northwards during the early Holocene about 10,000 to 4,000 years ago . Characteristics Male and female lion A male Southern African lion in the area of Okonjima , Namibia Female lion in Okonjima Lions are muscular , deep - chested felids with short , rounded heads , reduced necks and round ears . Of the living , non-hybrid felids , the lion is second only to the tiger in length and weight . Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger , although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened , with a slightly shorter postorbital region and broader nasal openings than that of a tiger . However , due to the amount of skull variation in the two species , usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species . Lion colouration varies from light buff to silverly gray , to yellowish red and dark brown . The underparts are generally lighter and cubs are born with dark spots on their body . The spots fade as lions reach adulthood , although faint spots often may still be seen on the legs and underparts . Lions are the only members of the cat family to display obvious sexual dimorphism . Males are more robust than females , have broader heads and a prominent mane , which grows downward and backward and covers most of the head , neck , shoulders , and chest . The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow , rust , and black hairs . The most distinctive characteristic shared by both females and males is that the tail ends in a dark , hairy tuft . In some lions , the tuft conceals a hard `` spine '' or `` spur '' , approximately 5 mm long , formed of the final sections of tail bone fused together . The lion is the only felid to have a tufted tail -- the function of the tuft and spine are unknown . Absent at birth , the tuft develops around 5 ⁄ months of age and is readily identifiable at 7 months . A skeletal mount of an African lion attacking a common eland on display at The Museum of Osteology , Oklahoma City The lion and tiger are the tallest felid species at the shoulder , besides the biggest . The typical weight range of lions is indicated as 150 to 250 kg ( 331 to 551 lb ) for males and 120 to 182 kg ( 265 to 401 lb ) for females . The size of adult lions varies across their range , with those from the Southern African populations in Zimbabwe , the Kalahari and Kruger Park averaging from 187.5 to 193.3 kg ( 413 to 426 lb ) for males and from 124.2 to 139.8 kg ( 274 to 308 lb ) for females , compared to 174.9 kg ( 386 lb ) and 119.5 kg ( 263 lb ) for male and female lions respectively in East Africa . Measurements of head - body lengths in males range from 170 to 298 cm ( 5 ft 7 in to 9 ft 9 in ) . tail lengths of 90 -- 105 cm ( 2 ft 11 in -- 3 ft 5 in ) . Head - body lengths of females range from 140 to 175 cm ( 4 ft 7 in to 5 ft 9 in ) , tail lengths of 70 -- 100 cm ( 2 ft 4 in -- 3 ft 3 in ) . The frequently cited maximum head and body length of 250 cm ( 8 ft 2 in ) fits rather to extinct Pleistocene forms , like the American lion , with even large modern lions measuring several centimetres less in length . Record measurements from hunting records are supposedly a total length of nearly 3.6 m ( 12 ft ) for a male lion shot near Mucusso National Park in southern Angola in October 1973 . A male shot in 1936 outside Hectorspruit in eastern Transvaal Province , South Africa , weighed 313 kg ( 690 lb ) . Another notably large male lion was shot near Mount Kenya and weighed 272 kg ( 600 lb ) . There are also reports of large Asiatic lions . Mane During agonistic confrontations with other lions , the mane makes the lion appear larger The mane of male lions starts growing when they are about one year old . Mane colour varies , and darkens with age . Research results indicate that environmental factors such as average ambient temperature influence the mane 's colour and size . Mane length apparently signals fighting success in male -- male relationships . Darker - maned individuals may have longer reproductive lives and higher offspring survival , although they suffer in the hottest months of the year . The presence , absence , colour , and size of the mane is associated with genetic precondition , sexual maturity , climate , and testosterone production ; the rule of thumb is the darker and fuller the mane , the healthier the lion . In the Serengeti National Park , female lions favour males as mates with dense , dark manes . The main purpose of the mane is thought to protect the lion 's neck and throat in territorial fights with rivals . Scientists once thought that distinct subspecies could be justified by morphology , including the size of the mane . Morphology was used to identify subspecies such as the Barbary lion and Cape lion , which had the thickest , most extensive manes amongst wild lions . The cooler ambient temperature in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane . Thus the mane is not an appropriate marker for identifying subspecies . The males of the Asiatic subspecies , however , are characterised by sparser manes than average African lions . In the area of Pendjari National Park , almost all West African males are maneless or have very weak manes . Maneless male African lions have also been reported from Senegal , from Sudan 's Dinder National Park , and from Tsavo East National Park in Kenya . The original male white lion from Timbavati was also maneless . The testosterone hormone has been linked to mane growth ; therefore , castrated lions often have minimal to no mane , as the removal of the gonads inhibits testosterone production . Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported from northern Botswana . Cave paintings of extinct European cave lions almost exclusively show hunting animals with no manes . Some suggest this as evidence that the males of this species were maneless , however , since the hunting usually involved groups of lionesses , this presumption remains unproven . In the Chauvet cave , there is a sketchy drawing of two maneless lions , appearing to be walking side by side . One is mostly obscured behind the other , with the former being larger than the latter , and shown with a scrotum . Colour variations White lions owe their colouring to a recessive allele The white lion is not a distinct subspecies , but a special morph with a genetic condition , leucism , that causes paler colouration akin to that of the white tiger ; the condition is similar to melanism , which causes dark skin . They are not albinos , but have normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin . White lion individuals occasionally have been encountered in and around Kruger National Park and the adjacent Timbavati Private Game Reserve in eastern South Africa , but are more commonly found in captivity , where breeders deliberately select them . The unusual cream colour of their coats is caused by a recessive allele . Reportedly , they have been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during canned hunts . A melanistic Asiatic lion has been described from Khuzestan , Iran , by Austen Henry Layard . According to Layard it was dark brown in color , with nearly black patches . Behaviour Adult male lion stretching in Etosha National Park , Namibia Lions spend much of their time resting and are inactive for about 20 hours per day . Although lions can be active at any time , their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising , grooming , and defecating . Intermittent bursts of activity follow through the night hours until dawn , when hunting most often takes place . They spend an average of two hours a day walking and 50 minutes eating . Group organisation An East African lioness ( left ) and two males at Masai Mara , Kenya Tree - climbing lions of Ishasha , Queen Elizabeth National Park , Uganda Of all wild cat species , the lion is the most social cat , living in groups of related individuals with their offspring . Such a group is called a pride . Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females . Membership only changes with the births and deaths of lionesses , although some females do leave and become nomadic . Although extremely large prides , consisting of up over 30 individuals , have been observed , the average pride consists of around fifteen lions ; including several adult females , up to four males ( known as a coalition if more than one ) and their cubs of both sexes . The sole exception to this pattern is the Tsavo lion pride which always has just one adult male . Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around 2 -- 3 years of age . The second organisational behaviour is labeled nomads , who range widely and move about sporadically , either singularly or in pairs . Pairs are more frequent among related males who have been excluded from their birth pride . Note that a lion may switch lifestyles ; nomads may become residents and vice versa . Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile , although pride females in estrous may allow nomad males to approach them . The area a pride occupies is called a pride area , whereas that by a nomad is a range . The males associated with a pride tend to stay on the fringes , patrolling their territory . Why sociality -- the most pronounced in any cat species -- has developed in lionesses is the subject of much debate . Increased hunting success appears an obvious reason , but this is less than sure upon examination : coordinated hunting does allow for more successful predation but also ensures that non-hunting members reduce per capita calorific intake ; however , some take a role raising cubs , who may be left alone for extended periods of time . Members of the pride regularly tend to play the same role in hunts and hone their skills . The health of the hunters is the primary need for the survival of the pride , and they are the first to consume the prey at the site it is taken . Other benefits include possible kin selection ( better to share food with a related lion than with a stranger ) , protection of the young , maintenance of territory , and individual insurance against injury and hunger . Both males and females defend the pride against intruders , but the male lion is better - suited for this purpose due to its stockier , more powerful build . Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders , while others lag behind . Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride . Those lagging behind may provide other valuable services to the group . An alternative hypothesis is that there is some reward associated with being a leader who fends off intruders , and the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses . The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship to the pride from outside males who attempt to take over their relationship with the pride . Asiatic lion prides differ from African prides in group composition . Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males forming a loose pride . Pairs of males rest and feed together , and display marking behaviour at the same sites . Females associate with up to 12 females forming a stronger pride together with their cubs . They share large carcasses among each other , but seldom with males . Female and male lions associate only when mating . Coalitions of males hold a territory for a longer time than single lions . Males in coalitions of three to four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy with one male dominating the others . Dominant males mate more frequently than their coalition partners . During a study carried out between December 2012 and December 2016 , three females were observed switching mating partners in favour of the dominant male . Hunting and diet A lion 's teeth are typical of a carnivore East African lioness in a burst of speed while hunting in the Serengeti Four lionesses catching a cape buffalo in the Serengeti Lions are generalist hypercarnivores and usually hunt in groups . Their prey consists mainly of mammals , particularly ungulates , with a preference for wildebeest , zebras , buffalo , gemsbok , and giraffes in Africa and chital , sambar deer , nilgai , wild boar , chinkara and chousingha in India . African lions prefer prey weighing 190 -- 550 kg ( 420 -- 1,210 lb ) . They generally avoid fully grown adult elephants , hippopotamuses and rhinoceroses , as well as very small prey like dik - dik , hyrax , hare and vervet monkey . However , Thomson 's gazelles may be hunted and warthogs are often taken depending on availability , despite being below the preferred weight range . In many areas , a small number of species may make up around three - fourths of the lion 's diet . In Serengeti National Park , wildebeest , zebras and gazelle are the majority of prey . In Kruger National Park , giraffes are the most common prey . In Manyara Park , Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62 % of the lion 's diet . In the Okavango Delta , with its strong seasonal changes in prey , up to eight species may make up three quarters of a lion 's diet . Occasionally adult hippopotamus are taken at Gorongosa National Park and calves are commonly hunted at Virunga National Park . In addition to size , the aquatic nature of hippos makes them normally unavailable as prey . The lions of Savuti , Botswana , have adapted to hunting young elephants during the dry season , and a pride of 30 lions has been recorded killing individuals between the ages of four and eleven years . Lions also attack domestic livestock and in India cattle contribute significantly to their diet . Unusual prey items include porcupines and small reptiles . Lions will kill other predators such as leopards , cheetahs , and hyenas , but they seldom devour them . Young lions first display stalking behaviour around three months of age , although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old . They begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two . Single lions are capable of bringing down prey like zebra and wildebeest , which can be twice their own weight , while hunting larger prey like giraffes and buffalo alone is too much of a risk . Cooperative - hunting lions are usually successful . In prides , lionesses do most of the hunting . In typical hunts , each lioness has a favoured position in the group , either stalking prey on the `` wing '' then attacking , or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing prey in flight from other lionesses . Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting . However , some evidence suggests that pride males are just as successful as females ; they are solo hunters who ambush prey in small bush . Lions are not particularly known for their stamina -- for instance , a lioness ' heart makes up only 0.57 % of her body weight ( a male 's is about 0.45 % of his body weight ) , whereas a hyena 's heart is close to 1 % of its body weight . Thus , they only run fast in short bursts , and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack . They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility ; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night . In addition , since lions are such ambush hunters , humans farming in the vicinity have recently found that lions are easily discouraged if they think their prey has spotted them . To protect their cattle from such attacks with that knowledge in mind , farmers have found that all that they have to do is simply paint eyes on the hindquarters of each cow , which is usually enough for hunting lions to think they are spotted and move to easier prey . The attack is short and powerful ; they attempt to catch the victim with a fast rush and final leap . The prey usually is killed by strangulation , which can cause cerebral ischemia or asphyxia ( which results in hypoxemic , or `` general '' , hypoxia ) . The prey also may be killed by the lion enclosing the animal 's mouth and nostrils in its jaws ( which would also result in asphyxia ) . Prey is typically eaten at the location of the hunt , although large prey is sometimes dragged into cover . Lions tend to squabble over a kill , particularly the males . When food is scarce , cubs tend to suffer the most but otherwise all pride members can eat their fill , including old and crippled ones which can live on leftovers . There is more sharing of larger kills . An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of meat per day , a male about 7 kg ( 15 lb ) . A lion may gorge itself and eat up to 30 kg ( 66 lb ) in one sitting ; if it is unable to consume all the kill it will rest for a few hours before consuming more . On a hot day , the pride may retreat to shade leaving a male or two to stand guard . Lions will defend their kills from scavengers like vultures and hyenas . Lions scavenge on carrion when the opportunity arises . They scavenge animals either dead from natural causes like diseases , or were killed by other predators , and keep a constant lookout for circling vultures , being keenly aware that they indicate an animal dead or in distress . In fact , most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed upon are killed by the hyenas instead of the lions . Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet . Predator competition Lion attacked by spotted hyenas in Sabi Sand Game Reserve , South Africa African lions and spotted hyenas occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion in the areas where they coexist . A review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6 % . Lions typically ignore spotted hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are being harassed by the hyenas , while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions whether there is food or not . Lions seize the kills of spotted hyenas : in the Ngorongoro crater , it is common for lions to subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas , causing the hyenas to increase their kill rate . On the other hand , in Northern Botswana 's Chobe National Park , the situation is reversed : hyenas frequently challenge lions and steal their kills : they obtain food from 63 % of all lion kills . When confronted on a kill by lions , spotted hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30 -- 100 m ( 98 -- 328 ft ) until the lions have finished , but they are also bold enough to feed alongside lions , and even force the lions off a kill . The two species may attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason . Lion predation can account for up to 71 % of hyena deaths in Etosha . Spotted hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their territories . Experiments on captive spotted hyenas revealed that specimens with no prior experience with lions act indifferently to the sight of them , but will react fearfully to the scent . The size of male lions allows them occasionally to confront hyenas in otherwise evenly matched brawls and so to tip the balance in favour of the lions . Lioness stealing a kill from an African leopard in Kruger National Park , South Africa Lions tend to dominate smaller felids such as African cheetahs and leopards where they co-occur , stealing their kills and killing their cubs and even adults when given the chance . The cheetah in particular has a 50 % chance of losing its kill to lions or other predators . Lions are major killers of cheetah cubs , accounting for up to 78.2 % of predator - killed juveniles in one study . Cheetahs avoid their competitors using different temporal ( time ) and spatial ( habitat ) niches . Leopards are able to take refuge in trees ; however , lionesses will occasionally be successful in climbing to retrieve leopard kills . Similarly , lions dominate African wild dogs , not only taking their kills but also preying on young and ( rarely ) adult dogs . Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant . However , there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs . African lions may also conflict with Nile crocodiles . Depending on the size of the crocodile and the lion , either can lose kills or carrion to the other . Lions have been known to kill crocodiles venturing onto land , while the reverse is true for lions entering waterways , as evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs . As for the Indian lion , sympatric predators include the Indian leopard , mugger crocodile , Golden jackal and striped hyena . Man - eating Main article : Man - eater While lions do not usually hunt people , some ( usually males ) seem to seek out human prey ; one well - publicised case includes the Tsavo maneaters , where 28 officially recorded railway workers building the Kenya - Uganda Railway were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge over the Tsavo River in Kenya in 1898 . The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals ' predatory behaviour . The lions were larger than normal , lacked manes , and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay . The infirmity theory , including tooth decay , is not favoured by all researchers ; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man - eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents , prey depletion in human - dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans . In their analysis of Tsavo and general man - eating , Kerbis Peterhans and Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injured animals may be more prone to man - eating , but that the behaviour is `` not unusual , nor necessarily ' aberrant ' '' where the opportunity exists ; if inducements such as access to livestock or human corpses are present , lions will regularly prey upon human beings . The authors note that the relationship is well - attested among other pantherines and primates in the paleontological record . The lion 's proclivity for man - eating has been systematically examined . American and Tanzanian scientists report that man - eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005 . At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period -- a number far exceeding the more famed `` Tsavo '' incidents of a century earlier . The incidents occurred near Selous National Park in Rufiji District and in Lindi Province near the Mozambican border . While the expansion of villagers into bush country is one concern , the authors argue that conservation policy must mitigate the danger because , in this case , conservation contributes directly to human deaths . Cases in Lindi have been documented where lions seize humans from the center of substantial villages . Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the full moon ( when there was less moonlight ) were a strong indicator of increased night attacks on people . The Tsavo Man - Eaters on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois , the United States of America Author Robert R. Frump wrote in The Man - eaters of Eden that Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park at night in South Africa are attacked and eaten by the lions ; park officials have conceded that man - eating is a problem there . Frump believes thousands may have been killed in the decades after apartheid sealed the park and forced the refugees to cross the park at night . For nearly a century before the border was sealed , Mozambicans had regularly walked across the park in daytime with little harm . Packer estimates more than 200 Tanzanians are killed each year by lions , crocodiles , elephants , hippos , and snakes , and that the numbers could be double that amount , with lions thought to kill at least 70 of those . Packer has documented that between 1990 and 2004 , lions attacked 815 people in Tanzania , killing 563 . Packer and Ikanda are among the few conservationists who believe western conservation efforts must take account of these matters not just because of ethical concerns about human life , but also for the long term success of conservation efforts and lion preservation . A man - eating lion was killed by game scouts in Southern Tanzania in April 2004 . It is believed to have killed and eaten at least 35 people in a series of incidents covering several villages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region . Dr Rolf D. Baldus , the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator , commented that it was likely that the lion preyed on humans because it had a large abscess underneath a molar that was cracked in several places . He further commented that `` This lion probably experienced a lot of pain , particularly when it was chewing . '' GTZ is the German development cooperation agency and has been working with the Tanzanian government on wildlife conservation for nearly two decades . As in other cases this lion was large , lacked a mane , and had a tooth problem . The `` All - Africa '' record of man - eating generally is considered to be not Tsavo , but incidents in the early 1930s through the late 1940s in what was then Tanganyika ( now Tanzania ) . George Rushby , game warden and professional hunter , eventually dispatched the pride , which over three generations is thought to have killed and eaten 1,500 to 2,000 people in what is now Njombe district . Sometimes , even Asiatic lions may become man - eaters . The sanctuary 's area is now insufficient to sustain their number , and consequently , lions have moved outside , making them a potential threat to people not only within the park , but also in surrounding places . Two attacks on humans were reported in 2012 , including in area about 50 -- 60 km ( 31 -- 37 mi ) from the sanctuary . Reproduction and life cycle Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mating lions . Lions mating at Masai Mara Most lionesses will have reproduced by the time they are four years of age . Lions do not mate at any specific time of year , and the females are polyestrous . As with other cats ' penises , the male lion 's penis has spines that point backward . During withdrawal of the penis , the spines rake the walls of the female 's vagina , which may cause ovulation . A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is in heat . The average gestation period is around 110 days , the female giving birth to a litter of one to four cubs in a secluded den ( which may be a thicket , a reed - bed , a cave , or some other sheltered area ) usually away from the rest of the pride . She will often hunt by herself while the cubs are still helpless , staying relatively close to the thicket or den where the cubs are kept . The cubs themselves are born blind -- their eyes do not open until roughly a week after birth . They weigh 1.2 -- 2.1 kg ( 2.6 -- 4.6 lb ) at birth and are almost helpless , beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age . The lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month , carrying them one by one by the nape of the neck , to prevent scent from building up at a single den site and thus avoiding the attention of predators that may harm the cubs . Usually , the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old . Sometimes this introduction to pride life occurs earlier , however , particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time . For instance , lionesses in a pride often synchronise their reproductive cycles and there is communal raising and suckling of the young ( once the cubs are past the initial stage of isolation with their mother ) , who suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride . The synchronization of births also has an advantage in that the cubs end up being roughly the same size , and thus have an equal chance of survival , and older cubs do not dominate the sucklings . When first introduced to the rest of the pride , the cubs initially lack confidence when confronted with adult lions other than their mother . They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life , however , playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults . Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness 's cubs than lionesses without cubs . The tolerance of the male lions toward the cubs varies -- sometimes , a male will patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane , whereas another may snarl and bat the cubs away . Namibian lioness with cub . Mothers do most of the parental care . Weaning occurs after six to seven months . Male lions reach maturity at about 3 years of age and , at 4 -- 5 years of age , are capable of challenging and displacing the adult male ( s ) associated with another pride . They begin to age and weaken between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest , Furthermore , when one or more new males oust the previous male ( s ) associated with a pride , the conqueror ( s ) often kill any existing young cubs , perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die . A lioness often will attempt to defend her cubs fiercely from a usurping male , but such actions are rarely successful . Success is more likely when a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against one male . Other sources of mortality for cubs include starvation and abandonment , as well as predation by leopards , hyenas and wild dogs . All in all , as many as 80 % of the cubs will die before the age of two . Contrary to popular belief , it is not only males that are ousted from their pride to become nomads , although most females certainly do remain with their birth pride . However , when the pride becomes too large , the next generation of female cubs may be forced to leave to eke out their own territory . Furthermore , when a new male lion takes over the pride , adolescent lions , both male and female , may be evicted . Both males and females may interact homosexually . Lions are shown to be involved in group homosexual and courtship activities . Male lions will also head rub and roll around with each other before simulating sex together . Health Captive Kruger lion showing advanced signs of bovine tuberculosis Although adult lions have no natural predators , evidence suggests that the majority die violently from humans or other lions . Lions often inflict serious injuries on each other , either members of different prides encountering each other in territorial disputes , or members of the same pride fighting at a kill . Crippled lions and lion cubs may fall victim to hyenas , leopards , or be trampled by buffalo or elephants , and careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey . East African lions seeking refuge from flies by climbing a tree near Lake Nakuru Various species of tick commonly infest the ears , neck and groin regions of most lions . Adult forms of several species of the tapeworm genus Taenia have been isolated from intestines , the lions having ingested larval forms from antelope meat . Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans ) in 1962 ; this resulted in lions becoming covered in bloody bare patches and emaciated . Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows ; many perished or emigrated as the population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals . A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions . Lions , especially in captivity , are vulnerable to the canine distemper virus ( CDV ) , feline immunodeficiency virus ( FIV ) , and feline infectious peritonitis ( FIP ) . CDV is spread through domestic dogs and other carnivores ; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures . During the outbreak , several lions died from pneumonia and encephalitis . FIV , which is similar to HIV while not known to adversely affect lions , is worrisome enough in its effect in domestic cats that the Species Survival Plan recommends systematic testing in captive lions . It occurs with high to endemic frequency in several wild lion populations , but is mostly absent from Asiatic and Namibian lions . Communication Head rubbing and licking are common social behaviours within a pride When resting , lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours , and the animal 's expressive movements are highly developed . The most common peaceful tactile gestures are head rubbing and social licking , which have been compared with grooming in primates . Head rubbing -- nuzzling one 's forehead , face and neck against another lion -- appears to be a form of greeting , as it is seen often after an animal has been apart from others , or after a fight or confrontation . Males tend to rub other males , while cubs and females rub females . Social licking often occurs in tandem with head rubbing ; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure . The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked , which may have arisen out of utility , as a lion can not lick these areas individually . Lion roar A lion in captivity roaring Problems playing this file ? See media help . Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures . A common facial expression is the `` grimace face '' or flehmen response , which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth , raised muzzle , wrinkled nose closed eyes and relaxed ears . Lions also use chemical and visual marking ; male lions will spray and scrape both plots of ground and objects within their territory . Their repertoire of vocalisations is also large ; variations in intensity and pitch , rather than discrete signals , appear central to communication . Most lion vocals are variations of growling / snarling , miaowing and roaring . Other sounds produced include purring , puffing , bleating and humming . Lions tend to roar in a very characteristic manner , starting with a few deep , long roars that trail off into a series of shorter ones . They most often roar at night ; the sound , which can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) , is used to advertise the animal 's presence . Lions have the loudest roar of any big cat . Distribution and habitat The maximal range of lions in the past -- red indicates Panthera spelaea , blue Panthera atrox , and green Panthera leo leo / Panthera leo persica . The lion prefers grassy plains and savannahs , open woodlands with bushes and scrub bordering rivers . It is absent in rainforest and rarely enters closed forest . On Mount Elgon , it has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m ( 11,800 ft ) and close to the snow line on Mount Kenya . Africa In Africa , lions can be found in savanna grasslands with scattered Acacia trees , which serve as shade . The habitat of lions originally spanned most of Africa except the central rainforest - zone and the Sahara desert . They became extinct in the north before the end of the twentieth century . Eurasia Two male , captive Asiatic lions in Sanjay Gandhi National Park , Mumbai . The wild population of the endangered Asiatic lions is restricted to the Gir Forest National Park and its vicinity in western India . The lion 's range used to span much of southern Eurasia , ranging from Greece to India . Herodotus reported that lions had been common in Greece in 480 BC ; they attacked the baggage camels of the Persian king Xerxes on his march through the country . Aristotle considered them rare by 300 BC . By 100 CE , they were extirpated . A population of Asiatic lions survived until the tenth century in the Caucasus , their last European outpost . The species was eradicated from Palestine by the Middle Ages and from most of the rest of Asia after the arrival of readily available firearms in the eighteenth century . Between the late nineteenth and late twentieth centuries , they became extinct in Southwest Asia . By the late nineteenth century , the lion had disappeared from Turkey and most of northern India , while the last sighting of a live Iranian lion was in 1942 , about 65 km ( 40 mi ) northwest of Dezful , although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the Karun river , Khūzestān Province in 1944 . There are no subsequent reliable reports from Iran . The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around the Gir Forest of northwestern India . Approximately 500 lions live in the area of the 1,412 km ( 545 sq mi ) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat , which covers most of the forest . Their numbers have increased from 180 to 523 animals mainly because the natural prey species have recovered . The Indian lion 's habitat is a mixture of dry savanna forest and very dry deciduous scrub forest . Population and Conservation Status Main article : Lion hunting The Asiatic lion , whose habitat once ranged from the Mediterranean to north - west Indian subcontinent , is today found only in and around the Gir Forest of Gujarat , India . It was estimated that 650 Asiatic lions survive in the wild . Most lions now live in eastern and southern Africa , and their numbers there are rapidly decreasing , with an estimated 30 -- 50 % decline per 20 years in the late half of the twentieth century . Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002 -- 2004 , down from early 1990s estimates that ranged as high as 100,000 and perhaps 400,000 in 1950 . Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference . Habitat loss and conflicts with humans are considered the most significant threats to the species . The remaining populations are often geographically isolated from one another , which can lead to inbreeding , and consequently , reduced genetic diversity . The lion population in the region of West Africa is isolated from those of Central Africa , with little or no exchange of breeding individuals . The number of mature individuals in West Africa is estimated by two separate recent surveys at 850 -- 1,160 ( 2002 / 2004 ) . There is disagreement over the size of the largest individual population in West Africa : the estimates range from 100 to 400 lions in Burkina Faso 's Arly - Singou ecosystem . Another population in northwestern Africa is found in Waza National Park , where approximately 14 -- 21 animals persist . Therefore , the lion is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature , while the Asiatic subspecies is endangered . However , in contrast to the African lion , the Asiatic lion 's number has risen over the years . Black maned male lion , shot in the Sotik Plains , Kenya ( May 1909 ) Conservation of both African and Asian lions has required the setup and maintenance of national parks and game reserves ; among the best known are Etosha National Park in Namibia , Serengeti National Park in Tanzania , and Kruger National Park in eastern South Africa . The Ewaso Lions Project protects lions in the Samburu National Reserve , Buffalo Springs National Reserve and Shaba National Reserve of the Ewaso Ng'iro ecosystem in Northern Kenya . Outside these areas , the issues arising from lions ' interaction with livestock and people usually results in the elimination of the lions . In India , the last refuge of the Asiatic lion is the 1,412 km ( 545 sq mi ) Gir Forest National Park , and surrounding areas , in western India , which had approximately 180 lions in 1974 and about 400 in 2010 . As in Africa , numerous human habitations are close by with the resultant problems between lions , livestock , locals and wildlife officials . The establishment of a second independent population of Asiatic lions was planned at the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh , but now , the relocation of lions from the state of Gujarat to the state of Madhya Pradesh is unlikely . The former popularity of the Barbary lion as a zoo animal has meant that scattered lions in captivity are likely to be descended from Barbary lion stock . This includes lions at Port Lympne Wild Animal Park in Kent , England that are descended from animals owned by the King of Morocco . Another eleven animals believed to be Barbary lions were found in Addis Ababa zoo , descendants of animals owned by Emperor Haile Selassie . WildLink International , in collaboration with Oxford University , launched their ambitious International Barbary Lion Project with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco . Following the discovery of the decline of lion population in Africa , several coordinated efforts involving lion conservation have been organised in an attempt to stem this decline . Lions are one species included in the Species Survival Plan , a coordinated attempt by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums to increase its chances of survival . The plan was originally started in 1982 for the Asiatic lion , but was suspended when it was found that most Asiatic lions in North American zoos were not genetically pure , having been hybridised with African lions . The African lion plan started in 1993 , focusing especially on the South African subspecies , although there are difficulties in assessing the genetic diversity of captive lions , since most individuals are of unknown origin , making maintenance of genetic diversity a problem . In 2015 , a population of lions that was previously believed extirpated was filmed in the Alatash National Park , Ethiopia , close to the Sudanese border . This population may possibly number up to 200 animals . In captivity Lion cubs at Clifton Zoological Gardens , England , 1854 Male lion from Transvaal Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that are the core of zoo exhibits since the late eighteenth century ; members of this group are invariably large vertebrates and include elephants , rhinoceroses , hippopotamuses , large primates , and other big cats ; zoos sought to gather as many of these species as possible . Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits , there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world . They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism , education and conservation purposes . Lions can reach an age of over 20 years in captivity ; Apollo , a resident lion of Honolulu Zoo in Honolulu , Hawaii , died at age 22 in August 2007 . His two sisters , born in 1986 , were still alive in August 2007 . Breeding programs need to note origins to avoid breeding different subspecies and thus reducing conservation value . However , several Asiatic - African lion crosses have been bred . At the ancient Egyptian cities of Taremu and Per - Bast were temples to the lioness goddesses of Egypt , Sekhmet and Bast and at Taremu there was a temple to the son of the deity , Maahes the lion prince , where live lions were kept and allowed to roam within his temple . The Greeks called the city Leontopolis , the `` City of Lions '' and documented that practice . Lions were kept and bred by Assyrian kings as early as 850 BC , and Alexander the Great was said to have been presented with tame lions by the Malhi of northern India . Later in Roman times , lions were kept by emperors to take part in the gladiator arenas or for executions ( see bestiarii , damnatio ad bestias , and venatio ) . Roman notables , including Sulla , Pompey , and Julius Caesar , often ordered the mass slaughter of hundreds of lions at a time . In the East , lions were tamed by Indian princes , and Marco Polo reported that Kublai Khan kept lions inside . The first European `` zoos '' spread among noble and royal families in the thirteenth century , and until the seventeenth century were called seraglios ; at that time , they came to be called menageries , an extension of the cabinet of curiosities . They spread from France and Italy during the Renaissance to the rest of Europe . In England , although the seraglio tradition was less developed , lions were kept at the Tower of London in a seraglio established by King John in the thirteenth century , probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by Henry I at his hunting lodge in Woodstock , near Oxford ; where lions had been stocked according to William of Malmesbury . Seraglios served as expressions of the nobility 's power and wealth . Animals such as big cats and elephants , in particular , symbolised power , and would be pitted in fights against each other or domesticated animals . By extension , menageries and seraglios served as demonstrations of the dominance of humanity over nature . Consequently , the defeat of such natural `` lords '' by a cow in 1682 astonished the spectators , and the flight of an elephant before a rhinoceros drew jeers . Such fights would slowly fade out in the seventeenth century with the spread of the menagerie and their appropriation by the commoners . The tradition of keeping big cats as pets would last into the nineteenth century , at which time it was seen as highly eccentric . Albrecht Dürer , lions sketch . ( c. 1520 ) The presence of lions at the Tower of London was intermittent , being restocked when a monarch or his consort , such as Margaret of Anjou the wife of Henry VI , either sought or were given animals . Records indicate they were kept in poor conditions there in the seventeenth century , in contrast to more open conditions in Florence at the time . The menagerie was open to the public by the eighteenth century ; admission was a sum of three half - pence or the supply of a cat or dog for feeding to the lions . A rival menagerie at the Exeter Exchange also exhibited lions until the early nineteenth century . The Tower menagerie was closed down by William IV , and animals transferred to the London Zoo , which opened its gates to the public on 27 April 1828 . The wild animals trade flourished alongside improved colonial trade of the nineteenth century . Lions were considered fairly common and inexpensive . Although they would barter higher than tigers , they were less costly than larger , or more difficult to transport animals such as the giraffe and hippopotamus , and much less than giant pandas . Like other animals , lions were seen as little more than a natural , boundless commodity that was mercilessly exploited with terrible losses in capture and transportation . The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century . Explorers and hunters exploited a popular Manichean division of animals into `` good '' and `` evil '' to add thrilling value to their adventures , casting themselves as heroic figures . This resulted in big cats always suspected of being man - eaters , representing `` both the fear of nature and the satisfaction of having overcome it . '' Lion at Melbourne Zoo enjoying an elevated grassy area with some tree shelter Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at London Zoo until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s . Further changes took place in the early twentieth century , when Carl Hagenbeck designed enclosures more closely resembling a natural habitat , with concrete ' rocks ' , more open space and a moat instead of bars . He designed lion enclosures for both Melbourne Zoo and Sydney 's Taronga Zoo , among others , in the early twentieth century . Though his designs were popular , the old bars and cage enclosures prevailed until the 1960s in many zoos . In the later decades of the twentieth century , larger , more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals , with some attractions even placing the den on ground higher than visitors , such as the Cat Forest / Lion Overlook of Oklahoma City Zoological Park . Baiting and taming Main articles : Lion - baiting and Lion taming Nineteenth - century etching of a lion tamer in a cage of lions and tigers Lion - baiting is a blood sport involving the baiting of lions in combat with other animals , usually dogs . Records of it exist in ancient times through until the seventeenth century . It was finally banned in Vienna by 1800 and England in 1835 . Lion taming refers to the practice of taming lions for entertainment , either as part of an established circus or as an individual act , such as Siegfried & Roy . The term is also often used for the taming and display of other big cats such as tigers , leopards , and cougars . The practice was pioneered in the first half of the nineteenth century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American Isaac Van Amburgh who both toured widely , and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers . Van Amburgh performed before Queen Victoria in 1838 when he toured Great Britain . Martin composed a pantomime titled Les Lions de Mysore ( `` the lions of Mysore '' ) , an idea that Amburgh quickly borrowed . These acts eclipsed equestrianism acts as the central display of circus shows , but truly entered public consciousness in the early twentieth century with cinema . In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal , lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries . The ultimate proof of a tamer 's dominance and control over a lion is demonstrated by placing his head in the lion 's mouth . The now iconic lion tamer 's chair was possibly first used by American Clyde Beatty ( 1903 -- 1965 ) . Cultural significance For more details on this topic , see Cultural depictions of lions . Georgian lion from Colchis The lion has been an icon for humanity for thousands of years , appearing in cultures across Europe , Asia , and Africa . Despite incidents of attacks on humans , lions have enjoyed a positive depiction in culture as strong and noble . A common depiction is their representation as `` king of the jungle '' or `` king of beasts '' ; hence , the lion has been a popular symbol of royalty and stateliness , as well as a symbol of bravery ; it is featured in several fables of the sixth century BC Greek storyteller Aesop . Representations of lions date back to the early Upper Paleolithic . The lioness - headed ivory carving from Vogelherd cave in the Swabian Alb in southwestern Germany , dubbed Löwenmensch ( lion - human ) in German . The sculpture has been determined to be at least 32,000 years old from the Aurignacian culture , but it may date to as early as 40,000 years ago . The sculpture has been interpreted as anthropomorphic , giving human characteristics to an animal , however , it also may represent a deity . Two lions were depicted mating in the Chamber of Felines in 15,000 - year - old Paleolithic cave paintings in the Lascaux caves . Cave lions also are depicted in the Chauvet Cave , discovered in 1994 ; this has been dated at 32,000 years of age , though it may be of similar or younger age to Lascaux . A lion depicted on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great 's palace of the Persian Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) . In Africa , cultural views of the lion have varied by region . In some cultures , the lion symbolises power and royalty and some powerful rulers had the word `` lion '' in their nickname . For example , Marijata of the Mali Empire ( c. 1235 -- c. 1600 ) was given the name `` Lion of Mali '' . Njaay , the legendary founder of the Waalo kingdom ( 1287 -- 1855 ) , is said to have been raised by lions and returned to his people part - lion to unite them using the knowledge he learned from the beasts . In parts of West Africa , to be compared to a lion was considered to be one of the greatest compliments . The social hierarchies of their societies where connected to the animal kingdom and the lion represented the top class . However , in more forested areas where lions were rare , the more numerous leopard represented the top of the hierarchy . In parts of West and East Africa , the lion is associated with healing and is seen as the link between the seers and the supernatural . In other East African traditions , the lion is the symbol of laziness . In many folktales , lions are portrayed as having low intelligence and are easily tricked by other animals . Although lions were commonly used in stories , proverbs and dances , they rarely featured in visual arts . The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient Mesopotamia ( from Sumer up to Assyrian and Babylonian times ) , where it was strongly associated with kingship . Lions were among the major symbols of the goddess Inanna / Ishtar . The Lion of Babylon was the foremost symbol of the Babylonian Empire . The Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal is a famous sequence of Assyrian palace reliefs from c. 640 BC , now in the British Museum . The ancient Egyptians portrayed several of their war deities as lionesses , whom they revered as fierce hunters . Egyptian deities associated with lions include : Bast , Mafdet , Menhit , Pakhet , Sekhmet , Tefnut , and the Sphinx . The Nemean lion was symbolic in ancient Greece and Rome , represented as the constellation and zodiac sign Leo , and described in mythology , where its skin was borne by the hero Heracles . A lion carving in Mahabalipuram , Tamil Nadu , India ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) Daniel in the lions ' den is an account in Daniel 6 in the Bible The lion is the biblical emblem of the tribe of Judah and the later Kingdom of Judah . Lions are frequently mentioned in the Bible , notably in the Book of Daniel , in which the eponymous hero refuses to worship King Darius and is forced to sleep in the lions ' den where he is miraculously unharmed ( Dan 6 ) . In the Book of Judges , Samson kills a lion as he travels to visit a Philistine woman. ( Judg 14 ) . The power and ferocity of the lion is invoked when describing both the anger of God ( Amos 3 : 4 -- 8 , Lam 3 : 10 ) and the menace of Israel 's enemies ( Pss 17 : 12 , Jer 2 : 30 ) and Satan ( 1 Pet 5 : 8 ) . The book of Isaiah uses the imagery of a lion laying with a calf and child and eating straw to portray the harmony of creation ( Isa 11 : 6 -- 7 ) . In the Book of Revelation , a lion , an ox , a man , and an eagle are on a heavenly throne in John 's vision ( Rev 4 : 7 ) . The early Christian Church used this image to symbolise the four gospels , the lion symbolising the Gospel of Mark . In the Puranic texts of Hinduism , Narasimha ( `` man - lion '' ) a half - lion , half - man incarnation or ( avatar ) of Vishnu , is worshipped by his devotees and saved the child devotee Prahlada from his father , the evil demon king Hiranyakashipu ; Vishnu takes the form of half - man / half - lion , in Narasimha , having a human torso and lower body , but with a lion - like face and claws . Singh is an ancient Indian vedic name meaning `` lion '' ( Asiatic lion ) , dating back over 2000 years to ancient India . It was originally only used by Rajputs a Hindu Kshatriya or military caste in India . After the birth of the Khalsa brotherhood in 1699 , the Sikhs also adopted the name `` Singh '' due to the wishes of Guru Gobind Singh . Along with millions of Hindu Rajputs today , it is also used by over 20 million Sikhs worldwide . Found famously on numerous flags and coats of arms all across Asia and Europe , the Asiatic lions also stand firm on the National Emblem of India . Farther south in South Asia , the Asiatic lion is symbolic for the Sinhalese , Sri Lanka 's ethnic majority ; the term derived from the Indo - Aryan Sinhala , meaning the `` lion people '' or `` people with lion blood '' , while a sword - wielding lion is the central figure on the national flag of Sri Lanka . A Chinese guardian lion outside Yonghe Temple , Beijing Detail of the Karamon of Nishi Hongan - ji in Kyoto ; Momoyama period ; National Treasure The Asiatic lion is a common motif in Chinese art . They were first used in art during the late Spring and Autumn period ( fifth or sixth century BC ) , and became much more popular during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) , when imperial guardian lions started to be placed in front of imperial palaces for protection . Because lions have never been native to China , early depictions were somewhat unrealistic ; after the introduction of Buddhist art to China in the Tang Dynasty ( after the sixth century AD ) , lions usually were wingless , with shorter , thicker bodies , and curly manes . The lion dance is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture in which performers mimic a lion 's movements in a lion costume , often with musical accompaniment from cymbals , drums , and gongs . They are performed at Chinese New Year , the August Moon Festival and other celebratory occasions for good luck . The island nation of Singapore derives its name from the Malay words singa ( lion ) and pora ( city / fortress ) , which in turn is from the Tamil - Sanskrit சிங்க singa सिंह siṃha and पुर புர pura , which is cognate to the Greek πόλις , pólis . According to the Malay Annals , this name was given by a fourteenth - century Sumatran Malay prince Sang Nila Utama , who , on alighting the island after a thunderstorm , spotted an auspicious beast on shore that appeared to be a lion . Depiction of Goddess Durga , her mount is a lion Lion in Museum `` Lion '' was the nickname of several medieval warrior rulers with a reputation for bravery , such as the English King Richard the Lionheart , Henry the Lion , ( German : Heinrich der Löwe ) , Duke of Saxony , William the Lion , King of Scotland , and Robert III of Flanders nicknamed `` The Lion of Flanders '' -- a major Flemish national icon up to the present . Lions are frequently depicted on coats of arms , either as a device on shields themselves , or as supporters , but the lioness is much more infrequent . The formal language of heraldry , called blazon , employs French terms to describe the images precisely . Such descriptions specified whether lions or other creatures were `` rampant '' or `` passant '' , that is whether they were rearing or crouching . The lion is used as a symbol of sporting teams , from national association football teams such as England , Scotland and Singapore to famous clubs such as the Detroit Lions of the NFL , Chelsea and Aston Villa of the English Premier League , ( and the Premiership itself ) , Eintracht Braunschweig of the Bundesliga , and to a host of smaller clubs around the world . Lions continue to be featured in modern literature , from the messianic Aslan in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and following books from The Chronicles of Narnia series written by C.S. Lewis , to the comedic Cowardly Lion in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The advent of moving pictures saw the continued presence of lion symbolism ; one of the most iconic and widely recognised lions is Leo the Lion , which has been the mascot for Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) studios since the 1920s . The 1960s saw the appearance of what is possibly the most famous lioness , the Kenyan animal Elsa in the movie Born Free , based on the true - life book of the same title . The lion 's role as king of the beasts has been used in cartoons , such as the 1994 Disney animated feature film The Lion King . See also Bokator Okonjima Lion lights ( lights used to repel lions ) Lion x snow leopard Tiger versus lion References ^ Jump up to : Wozencraft , W.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Panthera leo '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . 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ISBN 0 - 241 - 89331 - 3 . de Courcy , Catherine ( 1995 ) . The Zoo Story . Ringwood , Victoria : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 023919 - 7 . Denis - Hoot , Christine ; Denis - Hoot , Michel ( 2002 ) . The Art of Being a Lion . Freidman / Fairfax . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 707 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Schaller , George B. ( 1972 ) . The Serengeti lion : A study of predator -- prey relations . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 73639 - 3 . Scott , Jonathon ; Scott , Angela ( 2002 ) . Big Cat Diary : Lion . Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 714666 - 3 . External links Look up lion in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikispecies has information related to Lion Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Lion . Media related to Lion at Wikimedia Commons Species portrait Lion ; IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group `` Animal Diversity Web -- Panthera leo ( lion ) '' . U Mich . `` Lion '' . African Wildlife Foundation . Battle at Kruger : Video of a pack of lions fighting against a crocodile and buffaloes over a kill . `` Felis leo '' . Biodiversity Heritage Library ( bibliography ) . `` Panthera leo '' . Biodiversity Heritage Library ( bibliography ) . `` The state of Lions '' . National Geographic ( bibliography ) . `` Lion '' ( news , and video clips from BBC programmes past and present ) . The BBC . `` Lion Conservation Fund '' . Example of a fund and its projects about the research and conservation of the lion . `` Lions : africa 's magnificent predators '' . Description article Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below ( hide ) Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis Wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Pantanal cat ( L. braccatus ) Colocolo ( L. colocolo ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Pampas cat ( L. pajeros ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Jaguarundi ( P. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Fisher ( M. pennanti ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Cats portal Mammals portal Animals portal Biology portal Africa portal India portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q140 ADW : Panthera_leo ARKive : panthera - leo EoL : 328672 EPPO : PNTHLE Fossilworks : 49734 GBIF : 5219404 iNaturalist : 41964 ITIS : 183803 IUCN : 15951 MSW : 14000228 NCBI : 9689 Species+ : 6353 LCCN : sh85077276 GND : 4140572 - 9 BNF : cb11932251d ( data ) NDL : 00616831 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion&oldid=826546080 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Lions Apex predators Felids of Africa Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa National symbols of Burundi National symbols of Chad National symbols of Kenya National symbols of Malawi National symbols of Morocco National symbols of Sierra Leone National symbols of Singapore National symbols of South Africa National symbols of Sri Lanka National symbols of Swaziland National symbols of the Republic of the Congo National symbols of Togo National symbols of Tunisia Vulnerable animals Vulnerable biota of Africa Extant Pliocene first appearances Mammals described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 German - 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-4596756153687030866	Indian Penal Code	Indian Penal Code - Wikipedia Indian Penal Code Jump to : navigation , search The Indian Penal Code , 1860 Council of the Governor General of India Citation Act No. 45 of 1860 Territorial extent India ( except the state of Jammu and Kashmir ) Enacted by Legislative Council Date enacted 6 October 1860 Date assented to 6 October 1860 Date commenced 1 January 1862 Committee report First Law Commission Amendments see Amendments Related legislation Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Status : Substantially amended The Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) is the main criminal code of India . It is a comprehensive code intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law . The code was drafted in 1860 on the recommendations of first law commission of India established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833 under the Chairmanship of Thomas Babington Macaulay . It came into force in British India during the early British Raj period in 1862 . However , it did not apply automatically in the Princely states , which had their own courts and legal systems until the 1940s . The Code has since been amended several times and is now supplemented by other criminal provisions . After the partition of the British Indian Empire , the Indian Penal Code was inherited by its successor states , the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan , where it continues independently as the Pakistan Penal Code . The Ranbir Penal Code ( RPC ) applicable in Jammu and Kashmir is also based on this Code . After the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan , the code continued in force there . The Code was also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Colonial Burma , Ceylon ( modern Sri Lanka ) , the Straits Settlements ( now part of Malaysia ) , Singapore and Brunei , and remains the basis of the criminal codes in those countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Objective 3 Structure 4 Controversies 5 Criminal justice reforms 6 Amendments 7 Acclaim 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission , chaired by Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1835 and was submitted to Governor - General of India Council in 1837 . Its basis is the law of England freed from superfluities , technicalities and local peculiarities . Elements were also derived from the Napoleonic Code and from Edward Livingston 's Louisiana Civil Code of 1825 . The first final draft of the Indian Penal Code was submitted to the Governor - General of India in Council in 1837 , but the draft was again revised . The drafting was completed in 1850 and the Code was presented to the Legislative Council in 1856 , but it did not take its place on the statute book of British India until a generation later , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The draft then underwent a very careful revision at the hands of Barnes Peacock , who later became the first Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court , and the future puisne judges of the Calcutta High Court , who were members of the Legislative Council , and was passed into law on 6 October 1860 . The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862 . Macaulay did not survive to see his masterpiece come into force , having died near the end of 1859 . Objective ( edit ) The objective of this Act is to provide a general penal code for India . Though not an initial objective , the Act does not repeal the penal laws which were in force at the time of coming into force in India . This was so because the Code does not contain all the offences and it was possible that some offences might have still been left out of the Code , which were not intended to be exempted from penal consequences . Though this Code consolidates the whole of the law on the subject and is exhaustive on the matters in respect of which it declares the law , many more penal statutes governing various offences have been created in addition to the code . Structure ( edit ) Main article : List of sections of Indian Penal Code The Indian Penal Code of 1860 , sub-divided into twenty three chapters , comprises five hundred and eleven sections . The Code starts with an introduction , provides explanations and exceptions used in it , and covers a wide range of offences . The Outline is presented in the following table : INDIAN PENAL CODE , 1860 ( Sections 1 to 511 ) Chapter Sections covered Classification of offences Chapter I Sections 1 to 5 Introduction Chapter II Sections 6 to 52 General Explanations Chapter III Sections 53 to 75 of Punishments Chapter IV Sections 76 to 106 General Exceptions of the Right of Private Defence ( Sections 96 to 106 ) Chapter V Sections 107 to 120 Of Abetment Chapter VA Sections 120A to 120B Criminal Conspiracy Chapter VI Sections 121 to 130 Of Offences against the State Chapter VII Sections 131 to 140 Of Offences relating to the Army , Navy and Air Force Chapter VIII Sections 141 to 160 Of Offences against the Public Tranquillity Chapter IX Sections 161 to 171 Of Offences by or relating to Public Servants Chapter IXA Sections 171A to 171I Of Offences Relating to Elections Chapter X Sections 172 to 190 Of Contempts of Lawful Authority of Public Servants Chapter XI Sections 191 to 229 Of False Evidence and Offences against Public Justice Chapter XII Sections 230 to 263 Of Offences relating to coin and Government Stamps Chapter XIII Sections 264 to 267 Of Offences relating to Weight and Measures Chapter XIV Sections 268 to 294 Of Offences affecting the Public Health , Safety , Convenience , Decency and Morals . Chapter XV Sections 295 to 298 Of Offences relating to Religion Chapter XVI Sections 299 to 377 Of Offences affecting the Human Body . Of Offences Affecting Life including murder , culpable homicide ( Sections 299 to 311 ) Of the Causing of Miscarriage , of Injuries to Unborn Children , of the Exposure of Infants , and of the Concealment of Births ( Sections 312 to 318 ) Of Hurt ( Sections 319 to 338 ) Of Wrongful Restraint and Wrongful Confinement ( Sections 339 to 348 ) Of Criminal Force and Assault ( Sections 349 to 358 ) Of Kidnapping , Abduction , Slavery and Forced Labour ( Sections 359 to 374 ) Sexual Offences including rape ( Sections 375 to 376 ) Of Unnatural Offences ( Section 377 ) Chapter XVII Sections 378 to 462 Of Offences Against Property Of Theft ( Sections 378 to 382 ) Of Extortion ( Sections 383 to 389 ) Of Robbery and Dacoity ( Sections 390 to 402 ) Of Criminal Misappropriation of Property ( Sections 403 to 404 ) Of Criminal Breach of Trust ( Sections 405 to 409 ) Of the Receiving of Stolen Property ( Sections 410 to 414 ) Of Cheating ( Section 415 to 420 ) Of Fraudulent Deeds and Disposition of Property ( Sections 421 to 424 ) Of Mischief ( Sections 425 to 440 ) Of Criminal Trespass ( Sections 441 to 462 ) Chapter XVIII Section 463 to 489 - E Offences relating to Documents and Property Marks Offences relating to Documents ( Section 463 to 477 - A ) Offences relating to Property and Other Marks ( Sections 478 to 489 ) Offences relating to Currency Notes and Bank Notes ( Sections 489A to 489E ) Chapter XIX Sections 490 to 492 Of the Criminal Breach of Contracts of Service Chapter XX Sections 493 to 498 Of Offences Relating to Marriage Chapter XXA Sections 498A Of Cruelty by Husband or Relatives of Husband Chapter XXI Sections 499 to 502 Of Defamation Chapter XXII Sections 503 to 510 Of Criminal intimidation , Insult and Annoyance Chapter XXIII Section 511 Of Attempts to Commit Offences Controversies ( edit ) Various sections of the Indian Penal Code are controversial . They are challenged in courts claiming as against constitution of India . Also there is demand for abolition of some controversial IPC sections completely or partially . Unnatural Offences - Section 377 Whoever , voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man , woman or animal , shall be punished with imprisonment of life , or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten Years , and shall also be liable to fine . Explanation - Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section . Section 377 The Delhi High Court on 2 July 2009 gave a liberal interpretation to this section and laid down that this section can not be used to punish an act of consensual sexual intercourse between two same sex individuals . On December 11 , 2013 , Supreme Court of India over-ruled the judgment given by Delhi High court in 2009 and clarified that `` Section 377 , which holds same - sex relations unnatural , does not suffer from unconstitutionality '' . The Bench said : `` We hold that Section 377 does not suffer from ... unconstitutionality and the declaration made by the Division Bench of the High Court is legally unsustainable . '' It , however , said : `` Notwithstanding this verdict , the competent legislature shall be free to consider the desirability and propriety of deleting Section 377 from the statute book or amend it as per the suggestion made by Attorney - General G.E. Vahanvati . '' Attempt to Commit Suicide The Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code deals with an unsuccessful attempt to suicide . Attempting to commit suicide and doing any act towards the commission of the offence is punishable with imprisonment up to one year or with fine or with both . Considering long - standing demand and recommendations of the Law Commission of India , which has repeatedly endorsed the repeal of this section , the Government of India in December 2014 decided to decriminalise attempt to commit suicide by dropping Section 309 of IPC from the statute book . Though this decision found favour with most of the states , a few others argued that it would make law enforcement agencies helpless against people who resort to fast unto death , self - immolation , etc. , pointing out the case of anti-AFSPA activist Irom Chanu Sharmila . In February 2015 , the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice was asked by the Government to prepare a draft Amendment Bill in this regard . In an August 2015 ruling , the Rajasthan High Court made the Jain practice of undertaking voluntary death by fasting at the end of a person 's life , known as Santhara , punishable under sections 306 and 309 of the IPC . This led to some controversy , with some sections of the Jain community urging the Prime Minister to move the Supreme Court against the order . Section 497 The Section 497 of the IPC has been criticised on the one hand for allegedly treating woman as the private property of her husband , and on the other hand for giving women complete protection against punishment for adultery . Death Penalty Sections 120B ( criminal conspiracy ) , 121 ( war against the Government of India ) , 122 ( mutiny ) , 194 ( false evidence to procure conviction for a capital offence ) , 302 , 303 ( murder ) , 305 ( abetting suicide ) , 364A ( kidnapping for ransom ) , 364A ( banditry with murder ) , 376A ( rape ) have death penalty as punishment . There is ongoing debate for abolishing capital punishment . Criminal Justice reforms ( edit ) In 2003 , the Malimath Committee submitted its report recommending several far - reaching penal reforms including separation of investigation and prosecution ( similar to the CPS in the UK ) to streamline criminal justice system . The essence of the report was a perceived need for shift from an adversarial to an inquisitorial criminal justice system , based on the Continental European systems . Amendments ( edit ) The Code has been amended several times . S. No . Short title of amending legislation No . Year The Repealing Act , 1870 14 1870 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act , 1870 27 1870 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act , 1872 19 1872 The Indian Oaths Act , 1873 10 1873 5 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act , 1882 8 1882 6 The Code of Criminal Procedure , 1882 10 1882 7 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1886 10 1886 8 The Indian Marine Act , 1887 14 1887 9 The Metal Tokens Act , 1889 1889 10 The Indian Merchandise Marks Act , 1889 1889 11 The Cantonments Act , 1889 13 1889 12 The Indian Railways Act , 1890 9 1890 13 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1891 10 1891 14 The Amending Act , 1891 12 1891 15 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1894 1894 16 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1895 1895 17 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act , 1896 6 1896 18 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act , 1898 1898 19 The Currency - Notes Forgery Act , 1899 12 1899 20 The Indian Penal Code Amendment Act , 1910 1910 21 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1913 8 1913 22 The Indian Elections Offences and Inquiries Act , 1920 39 1920 23 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1921 16 1921 24 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1923 20 1923 25 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1924 5 1924 26 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1924 18 1924 27 The Workmen 's Breach of Contract ( Repealing ) Act , 1925 1925 29 The Obscene Publications Act , 1925 8 1925 29 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1925 29 1925 30 The Repealing and Amending Act , 1927 10 1927 31 The Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1927 25 1927 32 The Repealing and Amending Act , 1930 8 1930 33 The Indian Air Force Act , 1932 14 1932 34 The Amending Act , 1934 35 1934 35 The Government of India ( Adaptation of Indian Laws ) Order , 1937 N / A 1937 36 The Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1939 22 1939 37 The Offences on Ships and Aircraft Act , 1940 1940 38 The Indian Merchandise Marks ( Amendment ) Act , 1941 1941 39 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1942 8 1942 40 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1943 6 1943 41 The Indian Independence ( Adaptation of Central Acts and Ordinances ) Order , 1948 N / A 1948 42 The Criminal Law ( Removal of Racial Discriminations ) Act , 1949 17 1949 43 The Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure ( Amendment ) Act , 1949 42 1949 44 The Adaptation of Laws Order , 1950 N / A 1950 45 The Repealing and Amending Act , 1950 35 1950 46 The Part B States ( Laws ) Act , 1951 1951 47 The Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1952 46 1952 48 The Repealing and Amending Act , 1952 48 1952 49 The Repealing and Amending Act , 1953 42 1953 50 The Code of Criminal Procedure ( Amendment ) Act , 1955 26 1955 51 The Adaptation of Laws ( No. 2 ) Order , 1956 N / A 1956 52 The Repealing and Amending Act , 1957 36 1957 53 The Criminal Law Amendment Act , 1958 1958 54 The Trade and Merchandise Marks Act , 1958 43 1958 55 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1959 52 1959 56 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1961 41 1961 57 The Anti-Corruption Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 1964 40 1964 58 The Criminal and Election Laws Amendment Act , 1969 35 1969 59 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1969 36 1969 60 The Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 1972 31 1972 61 The Employees ' Provident Funds and Family Pension Fund ( Amendment ) Act , 1973 40 1973 62 The Employees ' State Insurance ( Amendment ) Act , 1975 38 63 The Election Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 1975 40 64 The Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 1983 43 65 The Criminal Law ( Second Amendment ) Act , 1983 46 66 The Dowry Prohibition ( Amendment ) Act , 1986 43 1986 67 The Employees ' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions ( Amendment ) Act , 1988 33 1988 68 The Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 49 1988 69 The Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 1993 42 70 The Indian Penal Code ( Amendment ) Act , 1995 24 1995 71 The Information Technology Act , 2000 21 2000 72 The Election Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2003 24 2003 73 The Code of Criminal Procedure ( Amendment ) Act , 2005 25 2005 74 The Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2005 2006 75 The Information Technology ( Amendment ) Act , 2008 10 2009 76 The Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 13 2013 Acclaim ( edit ) The Code is universally acknowledged as a cogently drafted code , ahead of its time . It has substantially survived for over 150 years in several jurisdictions without major amendments . Nicholas Phillips , Justice of Supreme Court of United Kingdom applauded the efficacy and relevance of IPC while commemorating 150 years of IPC . Modern crimes involving technology unheard of during Macaulay 's time fit easily within the Code mainly because of the broadness of the Code 's drafting . Cultural references ( edit ) Some references to specific sections ( called dafa'a in Hindi - Urdu , دفعہ or दफ़आ / दफ़ा ) of the IPC have entered popular speech in India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . For instance , conmen are referred to as 420s ( chaar - sau - bees in Hindi - Urdu ) ) after Section 420 which covers cheating . Similarly , specific reference to section 302 ( `` tazīrāt - e-Hind dafā tīn - sau - do ke tehet sazā - e-maut '' , `` punishment of death under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code '' ) , which covers the death penalty , have become part of common knowledge in the region due to repeated mentions of it in Bollywood movies and regional pulp literature . Dafa 302 was also the name of a Bollywood movie released in 1975 . Similarly , Shree 420 was the name of a 1955 Bollywood movie starring Raj Kapoor. and Chachi 420 was a Bollywood movie released in 1997 starring Kamal Haasan . See also ( edit ) Civil Procedure Code , 1908 Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Evidence Act Category : Indian Penal Code Sections References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Universal 's Guide to Judicial Service Examination . Universal Law Publishing . p. 2 . ISBN 93 - 5035 - 029 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lal Kalla , Krishan . The Literary Heritage of Kashmir . Jammu and Kashmir : Mittal Publications . p. 75 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Law Commission of India - Early Beginnings '' . Law Commission of India . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` history of IPC is provided in comments '' . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of IPC '' . Jump up ^ B.M. Gandhi . Indian Panel Code ( Paper Back ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( 2013 ed . ) . EBC . pp. 1 -- 832 . ISBN 81 - 7012 - 892 - 7 . Jump up ^ B.M. Gandhi . Indian Penal Code . EBC . pp. 1 -- 796 . ISBN 81 - 7012 - 892 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi High Court reinterprets the Sec. 377 '' . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court sets aside Delhi HC verdict decriminalising gay sex '' . Jump up ^ `` Government decriminalizes attempt to commit suicide , removes section 309 '' . The Times of India . 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attempt to Suicide '' . Press Information Bureau . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan HC says Santhara illegal , Jain saints want PM Modi to move SC '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan HC bans starvation ritual ' Santhara ' , says fasting unto death not essential tenet of Jainism '' . IBN Live . CNN - IBN. 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wife is private property , so no trespassing '' . The Times of india. 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adultery law biased against men , says Supreme Court '' . The Times of India . 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` IPC Reform Committee recommends separation of investigation from prosecution powers ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Parliament of India . `` The Indian Penal Code '' ( PDF ) . childlineindia.org.in . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ The Indian Penal Code , 1860 . Current Publications . 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPC 's endurance lauded '' . Jump up ^ Henry Scholberg , The return of the Raj : a novel , NorthStar Publications , 1992 , ... People were saying , ' Twenty plus Four equals Char Sau Bees . ' Char Sou Bees is 420 which is the number of the law that has to do with counterfeiting ... Jump up ^ Star Plus , The Great Indian Laughter Challenge -- Jokes Book , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 343 - 7 , ... Tazeerat - e-hind , dafa 302 ke tahat , mujrim ko maut ki saza sunai jaati hai ... Jump up ^ Alok Tomar ; Monisha Shah ; Jonathan Lynn , Ji Mantriji : The diaries of Shri Suryaprakash Singh , Penguin Books in association with BBC Worldwide , 2001 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 302767 - 6 , ... we 'd have the death penalty back tomorrow . Dafa 302 , taaziraat - e-Hind ... to be hung by the neck until death ... Jump up ^ D.P. Mishra , Great masters of Indian cinema : the Dadasaheb Phalke Award winnersGreat Masters of Indian Cinema Series , Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 230 - 1361 - 9 , ... Badti Ka Naam Dadhi ( 1975 ) , Chhoti Si Baat ( 1975 ) , Dafa 302 ( 1 975 ) , Chori Mera Kaam ( 1975 ) , Ek Mahal Ho Sapnon Ka ( 1975 ) ... Jump up ^ Shree 420 on IMDB Jump up ^ Haasan , Kamal ; Puri , Amrish ; Puri , Om ; Tabu ( 1997 - 12 - 19 ) , Chachi 420 , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 Further reading ( edit ) C.K. Takwani ( 2014 ) . Indian Penal Code . Eastern Book Company . Murlidhar Chaturvedi ( 2011 ) . Bhartiya Dand Sanhita , 1860 . EBC . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5028 - 140 - 6 . Surender Malik ; Sudeep Malik ( 2015 ) . Supreme Court on Penal Code . EBC . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5145 - 218 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Constitution of India Download Constitution Of India FREE In Hindi & English I.P.C ( Mobile Friendly ) ( hide ) Indian Penal Code Chapters Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VA Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter IXA Chapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV Chapter XVI Chapter XVII Chapter XVIII Chapter XIX Chapter XX Chapter XXA Chapter XXI Chapter XXII Chapter XXIII Full list Capital offence sections 120B ( criminal conspiracy ) 121 ( war against the Government of India ) 122 ( mutiny ) 194 ( false evidence to procure conviction for a capital offence ) 302 , 303 ( murder ) 305 ( abetting suicide ) 364A ( kidnapping for ransom ) 364A ( banditry with murder ) 376A ( rape ) Other sections 5 20 299 ( culpable homicide ) 304 ( culpable homicide not amounting to murder ) 320 ( grievous hurt ) 326A ( acid throwing ) 326B ( attempted acid throwing ) 420 Controversial sections 124A ( sedition ) 294 ( obscenity ) 309 ( attempted suicide ) 377 ( unnatural offences ) Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transport Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Penal_Code&oldid=838190846 '' Categories : Indian Penal Code Acts of the Parliament of India Legislation in British India Criminal codes 1860 in British law 1860 in law 1860 in India Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 13 : 48 . 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507025099634594568	Public holidays in the United Kingdom	Public holidays in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Public holidays in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Public holidays in the United Kingdom are days on which most businesses and non-essential services are closed , although an increasing number of retail businesses ( especially the larger ones ) do open on some of the public holidays . There are restrictions on trading on Sundays and Christmas Day in England and Wales and on New Year 's Day and Christmas Day in Scotland . Legally defined holidays , analogous to `` public holidays '' in many other countries , are usually called bank holidays in the United Kingdom , but can also be referred to as `` public holidays '' ; strictly , however , `` public holidays '' refer to `` common law holidays '' , the observance of which derive from custom and practice ( see `` Terminology '' below ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regional variations 2 Proposals for change 3 Terminology 4 Creation of holidays 5 Changes in date 6 Workers ' rights 7 England , Northern Ireland and Wales 8 Scotland 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Regional variations ( edit ) In Scotland , while New Year 's Day and Christmas Day are national holidays , other bank holidays are not necessarily public holidays , since the Scots instead observe traditional local custom and practice for their public holidays . In Northern Ireland , once again , bank holidays other than New Year 's Day and Christmas Day are not necessarily public holidays . Good Friday and Christmas Day are common law holidays , except in Scotland , where they are bank holidays . In Scotland the holiday on 1 January ( or 2 January if 1 January is Sunday ) is statutory . If New Year 's Day is Saturday a substitute holiday is given on 4 January by Royal Proclamation. 2 January is given by Royal Proclamation , with a substitute holiday on 4 January if it is Saturday and 3 January if it is Sunday or Monday . Outside Scotland , 1 January is given by Royal Proclamation , or 3 January if it is Saturday and 2 January if it is Sunday . In Scotland , 25 December is a statutory holiday ( or 26 December if Christmas Day falls on a Sunday ) . 26 December is given by Royal Proclamation if it is neither Saturday , Sunday or Monday . 27 and 28 December are given by Royal Proclamation if Christmas Day is Saturday . 28 December only is given if Boxing Day is Saturday . Outside Scotland , if Christmas Day is a Sunday there is an additional statutory holiday on 27 December . By Royal Proclamation , if Christmas Day is a Saturday there is a substitute holiday on 28 December . If Boxing Day is a Sunday there is again a statutory holiday on 27 December , and if Boxing Day is a Saturday there is a substitute holiday by Royal Proclamation on 28 December . Effectively what happens is that if a holiday falls at the weekend a substitute day is given in lieu . Proposals for change ( edit ) The United Kingdom has no national day holiday marked and / or celebrated for its formal founding date . Increasingly , there are calls for public holidays on the patron saints ' days in England , Scotland and Wales ( Northern Ireland already has St Patrick 's Day as a holiday ) . An online petition to the Prime Minister for a public holiday in Wales on St. David 's Day received 11,000 signatures ; the Scottish Parliament has passed a law creating a public holiday on St Andrew 's Day , although it must be taken in lieu of another public holiday ; campaigners in England are calling for a bank holiday on St. George 's Day ; and in Cornwall , there are calls for a public holiday on St Piran 's Day . Terminology ( edit ) The two terms `` bank holidays '' and `` public holidays '' are often used interchangeably , although strictly and legally there is a difference . A government website describes the difference as follows : Bank holidays are holidays when banks and many other businesses are closed for the day . Public holidays are holidays which have been observed through custom and practice . Creation of holidays ( edit ) Bank holidays may be declared in two ways : by statute ( Statutory holidays ) - Holidays specifically listed in the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , Schedule 1 . by Royal proclamation - This has been used for annual bank holidays created since 1971 , and is also used to move a bank holiday in a given year , and to create extra one - off bank holidays for special occasions . ( The Act does not provide for a bank holiday to be suppressed by royal proclamation without appointing another day in its place ) . Changes in date ( edit ) Unlike the USA , where public holidays falling on a Saturday are sometimes observed on the preceding Friday , British bank holidays are always moved to a later date , not an earlier one . Workers ' rights ( edit ) Main article : UK labour law Although there is no statutory right for workers to take paid leave on bank holidays , where paid leave is given ( either because the business is closed or for other reasons ) , the bank holiday can count towards the minimum statutory holiday entitlement . Likewise , if people are required to work on a bank holiday , there is no statutory right to an enhanced pay rate nor to a day off in lieu , although many employers do give either or both . Any rights in this respect depend on the person 's contract of employment . The statutory minimum paid holidays is 28 days or 5.6 weeks a year under the Working Time Regulations 1998 ( including any bank holidays or public holidays that are taken ) . England , Northern Ireland and Wales ( edit ) Date Name Notes 1 January New Year 's Day from 1974 , by Royal Proclamation . currently not proclaimed if 1 January falls on Saturday or Sunday . 2 January not named By Royal Proclamation , only in a year in which 1 January is a Sunday . Not applicable in 2018 . 3 January not named By Royal Proclamation , only in a year in which 1 January is a Saturday . Not applicable in 2018 . 17 March St. Patrick 's Day Northern Ireland only . 18 March not named Northern Ireland only , when 17 March is a Sunday . Not applicable in 2018 . 19 March not named Northern Ireland only , when 17 March is a Saturday . Public Holiday in 2018 . variable Good Friday Traditional common law holiday Falls on 30 March in 2018 . Easter Monday Statutory bank holiday , defined by name . Falls on 2 April in 2018 . First Monday in May May Day Bank Holiday from 1978 , by Royal Proclamation annually Falls on 7 May in 2018 . Last Monday in May Spring Bank Holiday Statutory bank holiday from 1971 , following a trial period from 1965 to 1970 . Replaced Whit Monday , which was formerly a public holiday whose date varied according to the date of Easter . The legislation does not specify a name for the holiday , merely when it occurs . Falls on 28 May in 2018 . 12 July Battle of the Boyne ( Orangeman 's Day ) Northern Ireland only 13 July not named Northern Ireland only , when 12 July is a Sunday . Not applicable in 2018 . 14 July not named Northern Ireland only , when 12 July is a Saturday . Not applicable in 2018 . Last Monday in August Late Summer Bank Holiday Statutory bank holiday from 1971 , following a trial period from 1965 to 1970 . Replaced the first Monday in August ( formerly commonly known as `` August Bank Holiday '' . The legislation does not specify a name for the holiday , merely when it occurs . Falls on 27 August in 2018 . 25 December Christmas Day Traditional common law holiday 26 December ( see Notes ) Boxing Day Statutory bank holiday . Legislation does not name the holiday , but states that it falls on `` 26th December , if it be not a Sunday . '' Public Holiday in 2018 . 27 December not named Statutory bank holiday only in a year in which 25 December is either on a Saturday or Sunday . This has the effect of adding an extra holiday when Christmas Day falls on a Sunday . 28 December not named By Royal Proclamation ( example for 2015 ) . This is an extra holiday added when either Christmas Day or Boxing Day falls on a Saturday . Total 8 ( England and Wales ) 10 ( Northern Ireland ) In 1995 the May Bank Holiday was moved to 8 May for the 50th anniversary of VE Day Notes : In 1968 -- 69 the new `` August '' bank holiday fell in September . This was as a result of the decision to move the holiday to the end of the month , and the nearest Monday being taken . The current definition was introduced in 1971 . 14 November 1973 was made a special bank holiday to celebrate the wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips . 7 June 1977 was made a special bank holiday as part of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II . The wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981 resulted in an extra bank holiday . In 1995 the May Day bank holiday was moved to 8 May as it was the 50th anniversary of VE Day . 31 December 1999 was a one - off bank holiday as part of the Millennium celebrations . In 2002 , there was a special holiday on Monday , 3 June , to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II . The Spring Bank Holiday was moved from 27 May to 4 June to make it a four - day weekend . There was a special holiday on Friday , 29 April 2011 to celebrate the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton . In 2012 , there was a special holiday on Tuesday , 5 June , to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II . Therefore , to make it a four - day weekend , the Spring Bank Holiday that would usually have occurred at the end of May was delayed until Monday , 4 June 2012 . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Public and bank holidays in Scotland Most bank holidays are not recognised in Scotland , as public holidays are generally determined by local authorities across Scotland . Some of these may be taken in lieu of statutory holidays while others may be additional holidays , although many companies , including Royal Mail , do not follow all the holidays listed below , and many swap between English and local holidays . Since Easter 1996 the Scottish clearing banks have harmonised the days on which they are closed with those in England and Wales and are therefore closed on Easter Monday and the last Monday in August ( rather than the first ) . This has resulted in a number of local authorities creating a public holiday on Easter Monday . Previously Easter Monday had not been a public holiday in Scotland . There have been protests about banks opening on 2 January since this decision was taken . This has resulted in many banks now providing only a limited service on 2 January , with most members of staff still entitled to the holiday Date Name Major towns / cities ( not an exhaustive list ) 1 January New Year 's Day all 2 January 1st Monday in February Winter Holiday Inverness 1st Monday in March Inverness Last Monday in March Lochaber Easter holiday ( variable ) Good Friday Ayr , Dumfries and Galloway , East Dunbartonshire , Edinburgh , Falkirk , Inverclyde , Kilmarnock , Paisley , Stirling , South Lanarkshire , West Dunbartonshire Easter Monday Ayr , Edinburgh , Falkirk , East Dunbartonshire , Glasgow , Inverclyde , Kilmarnock , North Lanarkshire , Paisley , Stirling , South Lanarkshire , West Dunbartonshire 1st Monday in April Spring Holiday Carnoustie and Monifieth area , Dundee , Fife , Scottish Borders , Inverness , Perth , 2nd Monday in April Angus , except Carnoustie and Monifieth area , Elgin 3rd Monday in April , or preceding week if would otherwise coincide with Easter Monday Edinburgh Monday in April ; date varies from year to year Aberdeen Last Monday in April Inverclyde 1st Monday in May Labour Day or Early May Bank Holiday all Tuesday after 1st Monday in May Victoria Day ( * ) / Spring Holiday Clydebank , Stirling Last Monday strictly before 24 May Edinburgh * 4th Monday in May Perth * Last Monday in May Ayr , Dundee * , East Dunbartonshire , Glasgow , North Lanarkshire , Paisley * , South Lanarkshire 1st Monday in June Galashiels , Inverclyde , Fife Tuesday after 2nd Thursday in June Linlithgow Marches Linlithgow Second Thursday in June Lanimer Day Lanark area only Last Monday in June Fair Holiday Elgin Saturday preceding 1st Monday in July Edinburgh 1st Monday in July Falkirk , Inverness 1st Friday in July Braw Lads Gathering Galashiels 2nd Monday in July Fair Holiday Aberdeen 3rd Monday in July Arbroath , Fife , East Dunbartonshire , Glasgow , North Lanarkshire , South Lanarkshire except Lanark 4th Friday in July Scottish Borders Last Monday in July Dundee 1st Monday in August Paisley 1st Monday in September Late Summer Holiday Elgin , Inverclyde 2nd Monday in September Battle of Stirling Bridge Falkirk , Perth , Stirling 3rd Friday in September Ayr Gold Cup Ayr , Kilmarnock Monday after 3rd Friday in September Ayr , Kilmarnock 3rd Monday in September Autumn Holiday Edinburgh Last Monday in September Aberdeen , Angus except Carnoustie and Monifieth area , East Dunbartonshire , Glasgow , North Lanarkshire , Paisley , South Lanarkshire , West Dunbartonshire 1st Monday in October Carnoustie and Monifieth area , Dundee , Inverness , Perth 2nd Monday in October Scottish Borders 3rd Monday in October Elgin , Fife 1st Monday in November Samhain holiday Inverness 30 November St. Andrew 's Day To be taken in lieu of one of the other statutory holidays at discretion of individual companies / authorities . an official holiday in Angus , Fife , Scottish Borders 25 December Christmas Day all 26 December Boxing Day all Notes : The observance of Christmas Day was abolished by an Act of Parliament in 1640 . It was later restored in 1958 . Boxing Day ( 26 December ) became a public holiday in Scotland in 1974 . See also Christmas in Scotland . Official bank holidays are : Date Name 1 January New Year 's Day 2 January New Year Holiday variable Good Friday 1st Monday in May May Day Last Monday in May Spring Holiday 1st Monday in August Summer Holiday 30 November St. Andrew 's Day 25 December Christmas Day 26 December Boxing Day Total 9 Note : In 2012 , there was a special holiday on Tuesday , 5 June , to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II . Most areas in Scotland did not have Monday 4 June as a holiday . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Lists portal United Kingdom portal List of holidays by country Public and bank holidays in Scotland Public holidays in Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Public holidays in the Isle of Man UK labour law References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : UK Bank Holidays , Weatherfaqs.org.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Why are bank holidays called bank holidays , Theanswerbank.co.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : When is the next Bank Holiday ? , Whenis.co.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Department for Business Innovation & Skills : Bank holidays and British summertime , Bis.gov.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrew 's Day Bill '' . Scotland.gov.uk. 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , Sec. 1 ( 1 ) , Legislation.gov.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , Sec. 1 ( 2 ) , Legislation.gov.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , Sec. 1 ( 3 ) , Legislation.gov.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ - Bank holidays and British Summer Time , Direct.gov.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government ( 23 September 2016 ) . `` Holiday pay : the basics '' . Direct.gov.uk . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Entitlement '' . Citation.co.uk. 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 , Schedule 1 , Legislation.gov.uk , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Time and Date : Spring Bank Holiday in United Kingdom , Timeanddate.com , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Time and Date : Whit Monday in United Kingdom , Timeanddate.com , Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays '' . NI Direct . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC History Events '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Jubilee : 25 Facts '' . The British monarchy . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 : Charles and Diana marry '' . BBC News . 2008 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Early May Bank Holiday in United Kingdom '' . Time and Date . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Extra millennium holiday confirmed '' . BBC News . 23 June 1999 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Extra holiday ' for Queen 's jubilee '' . BBC News . 24 November 2000 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Peachey , Kevin ( 20 May 2012 ) . `` Diamond Jubilee : Your rights to a day off work '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ University of St Andrews ( 2 June 1640 ) . `` Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 : Act discharging the Yule vacation '' . Web.archive.org . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas and New Year traditions in Scotland '' . Scotsman.com . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Act discharging the Yule vacance , appointing the session to sit doun the first of November and ryse the last of Februar , and to sit doune the first of June and ryise the last of Julii '' . Web.archive.org. 19 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Todd , Margo ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland . Yale University Press . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09234 - 2 . Jump up ^ Scottish Government , St Andrew 's House ( 14 January 2005 ) . `` BANK HOLIDAYS ( STATUTORY ) IN SCOTLAND '' . Gov. scot . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . 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-3917965557816319397	Game of Thrones	Game of Thrones - Wikipedia Game of Thrones Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the novel in the series A Song of Ice and Fire , see A Game of Thrones . For other uses , see A Game of Thrones ( disambiguation ) . Game of Thrones Genre Fantasy Serial drama Created by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Based on A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin Starring see List of Game of Thrones characters Theme music composer Ramin Djawadi Opening theme `` Main Title '' Composer ( s ) Ramin Djawadi Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 67 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Benioff D.B. Weiss Carolyn Strauss Frank Doelger Bernadette Caulfield George R.R. Martin Location ( s ) Canada Croatia Iceland Malta Morocco Spain Northern Ireland Scotland United States Running time 50 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Television 360 Grok ! Television Generator Entertainment Startling Television Bighead Littlehead Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows After the Thrones Thronecast External links Website www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones Production website www.makinggameofthrones.com Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire , George R.R. Martin 's series of fantasy novels , the first of which is A Game of Thrones . It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom , Canada , Croatia , Iceland , Malta , Morocco , Spain , and the United States . The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17 , 2011 , and its seventh season ended on August 27 , 2017 . The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019 . Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos , Game of Thrones has several plot lines and a large ensemble cast but centers on three primary story arcs . The first story arc centers on the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the dynastic noble families either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from the throne . The second story arc focuses on the last descendant of the realm 's deposed ruling dynasty , exiled and plotting a return to the throne . The third story arc centers on the longstanding brotherhood charged with defending the realm against the ancient threats of the fierce peoples and legendary creatures that lie far north , and an impending winter that threatens the realm . Game of Thrones has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad , active , international fan base . It has been acclaimed by critics , particularly for its acting , complex characters , story , scope , and production values , although its frequent use of nudity and violence ( including sexual violence ) has been criticized . The series has received 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016 , more than any other primetime scripted television series . Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , a 2011 Peabody Award , and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama ( 2012 and 2015 -- 2017 ) . Of the ensemble cast , Peter Dinklage has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2011 and 2015 ) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2012 ) for his performance as Tyrion Lannister . Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , Kit Harington , Maisie Williams , Diana Rigg , and Max von Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Setting 1.2 Themes 1.3 Inspirations and derivations 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception and development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.4 Adaptation schedule 3.5 Filming 3.6 Directing 3.7 Technical aspects 3.8 Costumes 3.9 Makeup 3.10 Visual effects 3.11 Sound 3.12 Title sequence 3.13 Music 3.14 Language 3.15 Effect on location 4 Availability 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home video 4.3 Copyright infringement 4.4 IMAX 5 Reception and achievements 5.1 Cultural influence 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Sex and violence 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and accolades 5.5 Viewer numbers 6 Other media and products 6.1 Video games 6.2 Merchandise and exhibition 6.3 Accompanying material 6.4 Spin - offs 6.5 Histories and Lore 7 References 8 External links Background Main article : List of Game of Thrones episodes See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Power and violence are central themes of Game of Thrones , and the number of weapons made for the series ( some of which are shown here ) reflects this . Setting Main article : World of A Song of Ice and Fire Game of Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of A Song of Ice and Fire , set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos . The series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm 's noble families for the Iron Throne , while other families fight for independence from it . It opens with additional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east . Showrunner David Benioff jokingly suggested `` The Sopranos in Middle - earth '' as Game of Thrones ' tagline , referring to its intrigue - filled plot and dark tone in a fantasy setting of magic and dragons . In a 2012 study of deaths per episode , it ranked second out of 40 recent U.S. TV drama series ( with an average of 14 ) . Themes Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters , believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre . Martin has stated that `` the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords , but from ourselves . '' A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin says does not mirror the real world . Just like people 's capacity for good and for evil in real life , Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change . The show allows the audience to view different characters from their perspective , unlike in many other fantasies , and thus the supposed villains can provide their side of the story . Benioff said , `` George brought a measure of harsh realism to high fantasy . He introduced gray tones into a black - and - white universe . '' In early seasons , under the influence of the A Song of Ice and Fire books , main characters were regularly killed off , and this was credited with developing tension among viewers . Later seasons , however , critics pointed out that certain characters had developed `` plot armor '' , attributing this to the show 's deviating from the books and becoming more of a traditional television series . The series also reflects the substantial death rates in war . Inspirations and derivations Although the first season closely follows the events of the first novel , later seasons have made significant changes . According to David Benioff , the show is `` about adapting the series as a whole and following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones , but not necessarily each of the stops along the way '' . Tom Holland of The Guardian believes that the novels and their adaptations base aspects of their settings , characters , and plot on events in European history . Most of Westeros is reminiscent of high medieval Europe , from lands and cultures , to the palace intrigue , feudal system , castles , and knightly tournaments . A principal inspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 85 ) between the houses of Lancaster and York , reflected in Martin 's houses of Lannister and Stark . The scheming Cersei Lannister evokes Isabella , the `` she - wolf of France '' ( 1295 -- 1358 ) ; Isabella and her family ( particularly as portrayed in Maurice Druon 's historical - novel series , The Accursed Kings ) were also a main inspiration for Martin . Holland further proposes that other historical antecedents of series elements include Hadrian 's Wall ( which becomes Martin 's Wall ) , the legend of Atlantis ( ancient Valyria ) , Byzantine Greek fire ( `` wildfire '' ) , Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age ( the Ironborn ) , the Mongol hordes ( the Dothraki ) , the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) and the Italian Renaissance ( c. 1400 -- 1500 ) . The series ' popularity has been attributed , in part , to Martin 's skill at fusing these elements into a seamless , credible version of alternate history . Martin acknowledges , `` I take ( history ) and I file off the serial numbers and I turn it up to 11 . '' Cast and characters Main article : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) has led the principal cast since season two Game of Thrones has an ensemble cast estimated to be the largest on television ; during its third season , 257 cast names were recorded . In 2014 , several actor contracts were renegotiated to include a seventh - season option , with raises which reportedly made them among the highest - paid performers on cable TV . In 2016 , it was reported that several actor contracts were again renegotiated , with five of the main cast members having increased their salary to £ 2 million per episode for the last two seasons , which would make them the highest paid actors on television . The main cast is listed below . Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is the head of House Stark , whose members are involved in plot lines throughout most of the series . He and his wife , Catelyn Tully ( Michelle Fairley ) , have five children : Robb ( Richard Madden ) , the eldest , followed by Sansa ( Sophie Turner ) , Arya ( Maisie Williams ) , Bran ( Isaac Hempstead - Wright ) and Rickon ( Art Parkinson ) , the youngest . Ned 's illegitimate son Jon Snow ( Kit Harington ) and his friend , Samwell Tarly ( John Bradley ) , serve in the Night 's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ( James Cosmo ) . The Wildlings living north of the Wall include young Gilly ( Hannah Murray ) , and warriors Tormund Giantsbane ( Kristofer Hivju ) and Ygritte ( Rose Leslie ) . Others associated with House Stark include Ned 's ward Theon Greyjoy ( Alfie Allen ) , his vassal Roose Bolton ( Michael McElhatton ) , and Bolton 's bastard son , Ramsay Snow ( Iwan Rheon ) . Robb falls in love with the healer Talisa Maegyr ( Oona Chaplin ) , and Arya befriends blacksmith 's apprentice Gendry ( Joe Dempsie ) and assassin Jaqen H'ghar ( Tom Wlaschiha ) . The tall warrior Brienne of Tarth ( Gwendoline Christie ) serves Catelyn and , later , Sansa . In King 's Landing , the capital , Ned 's friend King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister ( Lena Headey ) -- who has taken her twin brother , the Kingslayer Ser Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) , as her lover . She loathes her younger brother , the dwarf Tyrion Lannister ( Peter Dinklage ) , who is attended by his mistress Shae ( Sibel Kekilli ) and the mercenary , or ' sellsword ' , Bronn ( Jerome Flynn ) . Cersei 's father is Lord Tywin Lannister ( Charles Dance ) . Cersei also has two young sons : Joffrey ( Jack Gleeson ) and Tommen ( Dean - Charles Chapman ) . Joffrey is guarded by the scar - faced warrior , Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( Rory McCann ) . The king 's Small Council of advisors includes crafty Master of Coin Lord Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( Aidan Gillen ) and eunuch spymaster Lord Varys ( Conleth Hill ) . Robert 's brother , Stannis Baratheon ( Stephen Dillane ) , is advised by foreign priestess Melisandre ( Carice van Houten ) and former smuggler Ser Davos Seaworth ( Liam Cunningham ) . The wealthy Tyrell family is primarily represented at court by Margaery Tyrell ( Natalie Dormer ) . The High Sparrow ( Jonathan Pryce ) is the capital 's principal religious leader . In the southern principality of Dorne , Ellaria Sand ( Indira Varma ) seeks vengeance against the Lannisters . Across the Narrow Sea , siblings Viserys ( Harry Lloyd ) and Daenerys Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke ) -- the exiled children of the last king of the original ruling dynasty , who was overthrown by Robert Baratheon -- are running for their lives and trying to win back the throne . Daenerys has been married to Khal Drogo ( Jason Momoa ) , the leader of the nomadic Dothraki . Her retinue includes exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont ( Iain Glen ) , her aide Missandei ( Nathalie Emmanuel ) and the sellsword Daario Naharis ( Michiel Huisman ) . Production Conception and development Showrunners D.B. Weiss and David Benioff created the series , wrote most of its episodes and directed several . In January 2006 , David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R.R. Martin 's literary agent about the books he represented , and became interested in A Song of Ice and Fire as he had been a fan of fantasy fiction when young but had not read the books before . The literary agent then sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to Benioff . Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel , A Game of Thrones , shared his enthusiasm with D.B. Weiss and suggested that they adapt Martin 's novels into a television series ; Weiss finished the first novel in `` maybe 36 hours '' . They pitched the series to HBO after a five - hour meeting with Martin ( a veteran screenwriter ) in a restaurant on Santa Monica Boulevard . According to Benioff , they won Martin over with their answer to his question , `` Who is Jon Snow 's mother ? '' I had worked in Hollywood myself for about 10 years , from the late ' 80s to the ' 90s . I 'd been on the staff of The Twilight Zone and Beauty and the Beast . All of my first drafts tended to be too big or too expensive . I always hated the process of having to cut . I said , ' I 'm sick of this , I 'm going to write something that 's as big as I want it to be , and it 's going to have a cast of characters that go into the thousands , and I 'm going to have huge castles , and battles , and dragons . -- George R.R. Martin , author Before being approached by Benioff and Weiss , Martin had had other meetings with other scriptwriters , most of them wanting to turn it into a feature film . Martin however deemed it `` unfilmable '' and impossible to be done as a feature film , stating that the size of one of his novels is as long as The Lord of the Rings , which had been adapted as three feature films . Similarly , Benioff also said that it would be impossible to turn the novels into a feature film as the scale of the novels is too big for a feature film and dozens of characters would have to be discarded . Benioff added , `` a fantasy movie of this scope , financed by a major studio , would almost certainly need a PG - 13 rating . That means no sex , no blood , no profanity . Fuck that . '' Martin himself was pleased with the suggestion that they adapt it as an HBO series , saying that he `` never imagined it anywhere else '' . `` I knew it could n't be done as a network television series . It 's too adult . The level of sex and violence would never have gone through . '' The series began development in January 2007 . HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels , with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers , and Martin as a co-executive producer . The intention was for each novel to yield a season 's worth of episodes . Initially , Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes . Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season . The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 , respectively . Although HBO liked both drafts , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 ; the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed the process . The pilot episode , `` Winter Is Coming '' , was first shot in 2009 ; after a poor reception in a private viewing , HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot ( about 90 percent of the episode , with cast and directorial changes ) . The pilot reportedly cost HBO $5 -- 10 million to produce , while the first season 's budget was estimated at $50 -- 60 million . In the second season , the show received a 15 - percent budget increase for the climactic battle in `` Blackwater '' ( which had an $8 million budget ) . Between 2012 and 2015 , the average budget per episode increased from $6 million to `` at least '' $8 million . The sixth - season budget was over $10 million per episode , for a season total of over $100 million and a series record . Casting Nina Gold and Robert Sterne are the series ' primary casting directors . Through a process of auditions and readings , the main cast was assembled . The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean , whom the writers wanted from the start ; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009 . Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow , Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon , Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon . Addy was , according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss , the easiest actor to cast for the show , being that his audition was on point . Catelyn Stark was scheduled to be played by Jennifer Ehle , but the role was recast with Michelle Fairley . Daenerys Targaryen was also recast , with Emilia Clarke replacing Tamzin Merchant . The rest of the first season 's cast was filled in the second half of 2009 . Although many of the first - season cast were set to return , the producers had a large number of new characters to cast for the second season . Due to this , Benioff and Weiss postponed the introduction of several key characters and merged several characters into one or assigned plot functions to different characters . Writing George R.R. Martin , author of A Song of Ice and Fire , is a series co-executive producer and wrote one episode for each of the first four seasons . Game of Thrones used seven writers in six seasons . Series creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the showrunners , write most of the episodes each season . A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons . Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons , since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel ( The Winds of Winter ) . Jane Espenson co-wrote one first - season episode as a freelance writer . Bryan Cogman , initially a script coordinator for the series , was promoted to producer for the fifth season . Cogman , who wrote at least one episode for the first five seasons , is the only other writer in the writers ' room with Benioff and Weiss . Before his promotion , Vanessa Taylor ( a writer during the second and third seasons ) worked closely with Benioff and Weiss . Dave Hill joined the writing staff for the fifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss . Although Martin is not in the writers ' room , he reads the script outlines and makes comments . Benioff and Weiss sometimes assign characters to particular writers ; for example , Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season . The writers spend several weeks writing a character outline , including what material from the novels to use and the overarching themes . After these individual outlines are complete , they spend another two to three weeks discussing each main character 's individual arc and arranging them episode by episode . A detailed outline is created , with each of the writers working on a portion to create a script for each episode . Cogman , who wrote two episodes for the fifth season , took a month and a half to complete both scripts . They are then read by Benioff and Weiss , who make notes , and parts of the script are rewritten . All ten episodes are written before filming begins , since they are filmed out of order with two units in different countries . Benioff and Weiss write each of their episodes together , with one of them writing the first half of the script and the other the second half . After that they begin with passing the drafts back and forth to make notes and rewrite parts of it . Adaptation schedule Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire , still - incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television . After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season , the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin and original content . In April 2016 , the showrunners ' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season : seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth . Later that month , the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven - episode order . As of 2017 , seven seasons have been ordered and filmed , adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons . Season Ordered Filming First aired Last aired Novel ( s ) adapted Refs Season 1 March 2 , 2010 Second half of 2010 April 17 , 2011 June 19 , 2011 A Game of Thrones Season 2 April 19 , 2011 Second half of 2011 April 1 , 2012 June 3 , 2012 A Clash of Kings and some early chapters from A Storm of Swords Season 3 April 10 , 2012 July -- November 2012 March 31 , 2013 June 9 , 2013 About the first two - thirds of A Storm of Swords Season 4 April 2 , 2013 July -- November 2013 April 6 , 2014 June 15 , 2014 The remaining one - third of A Storm of Swords and some elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 5 April 8 , 2014 July -- December 2014 April 12 , 2015 June 14 , 2015 A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and original content , with some late chapters from A Storm of Swords and elements from The Winds of Winter Season 6 July -- December 2015 April 24 , 2016 June 26 , 2016 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter , with some late elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons Season 7 April 21 , 2016 August 2016 -- February 2017 July 16 , 2017 August 27 , 2017 Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring Season 8 July 30 , 2016 October 2017 -- Mid 2018 2018 / 19 2018 / 19 The first two seasons adapted one novel each . For the later seasons , its creators see Game of Thrones as an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire as a whole rather than the individual novels ; this enables them to move events across novels , according to screen - adaptation requirements . Filming The Azure Window at Ras - id - Dwerja , on Gozo , was the site of the Dothraki wedding in season one . Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26 , 2010 , and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains ( standing in for Vaes Dothrak ) , Castle Ward ( Winterfell ) , Saintfield Estates ( the Winterfell godswood ) , Tollymore Forest ( outdoor scenes ) , Cairncastle ( the execution site ) , the Magheramorne quarry ( Castle Black ) and Shane 's Castle ( the tourney grounds ) . Doune Castle in Stirling , Scotland , was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell . The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland , but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space . The first season 's southern scenes were filmed in Malta , a change in location from the pilot episode 's Moroccan sets . The city of Mdina was used for King 's Landing . Filming was also done at Fort Manoel ( representing the Sept of Baelor ) , at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo ( the Dothraki wedding site ) and at San Anton Palace , Fort Ricasoli , Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery ( all used for scenes in the Red Keep ) . The walled city of Dubrovnik became King 's Landing in season two . Filming of the second season 's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia , where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of a walled , coastal medieval city . The Walls of Dubrovnik and Fort Lovrijenac were used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . The island of Lokrum , the St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of Trogir , the Rector 's Palace in Dubrovnik , and the Dubac quarry ( a few kilometers east ) were used for scenes set in Qarth . Scenes set north of the Wall , in the Frostfangs and at the Fist of the First Men , were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland : on the Vatnajökull glacier near Smyrlabjörg , the Svínafellsjökull glacier near Skaftafell and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik on Höfðabrekkuheiði . Third - season production returned to Dubrovnik , with the Walls of Dubrovnik , Fort Lovrijenac and nearby locations again used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . Trsteno Arboretum , a new location , is the garden of the Tyrells in King 's Landing . The third season also returned to Morocco ( including the city of Essaouira ) to film Daenerys ' scenes in Essos . Dimmuborgir and the Grjótagjá cave in Iceland were used as well . One scene , with a live bear , was filmed in Los Angeles . The production used three units ( Dragon , Wolf and Raven ) filming in parallel , six directing teams , 257 cast members and 703 crew members . Ballintoy Harbour was Lordsport on the Iron Islands . The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations , including Diocletian 's Palace in Split , Klis Fortress north of Split , Perun quarry east of Split , the Mosor mountain range , and Baška Voda further south . Thingvellir National Park in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound . Filming took 136 days and ended on November 21 , 2013 . The fifth season added Seville , Spain , used for scenes of Dorne , as well as Córdoba . The sixth season , which began filming in July 2015 , returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra , Guadalajara , Seville , Almeria Girona and Peniscola . Filming also returned to Dubrovnik , Croatia . Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , with other filming in Iceland , Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain . Spain filming locations included Seville , Cáceres , Almodovar del Rio , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . The series also filmed in Dubrovnik , which is used for location of King 's Landing . Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some of the European locations . Directing Each ten - episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors , who usually direct back - to - back episodes . Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes , the most episodes of the series . Alex Graves , David Nutter , Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each . Daniel Minahan directed five episodes , and Michelle MacLaren , Alik Sakharov , and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each . Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season , and Tim Van Patten directed the series ' first two episodes . Neil Marshall directed two episodes , both with large battle scenes : `` Blackwater '' and `` The Watchers on the Wall '' . Other directors have been Jack Bender , David Petrarca , Daniel Sackheim , Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode , which was determined after a coin toss . Technical aspects Alik Sakharov was the pilot 's cinematographer . The series has had a number of cinematographers , and has received seven Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series nominations . Oral Norrey Ottey , Frances Parker , Martin Nicholson , Crispin Green , Tim Porter and Katie Weiland have edited the series for a varying number of episodes . Weiland received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series in 2015 . Costumes The costumes of Ygritte , Jon Snow and Tormund Giantsbane reflect the harsh climate in which they are worn . Dresses worn at the royal court in King 's Landing indicate their wearers ' wealth and status . Functional weapons and armor , like Brienne of Tarth 's ( left ) , were manufactured for the series . Michele Clapton was costume designer for Game of Thrones ' first five seasons before she was replaced by April Ferry . Clapton will return to the show as costume designer for the seventh season . The costumes used in the show drew inspiration from a number of sources , such as Japanese and Persian armour . Dothraki dress resembles that of the Bedouin ( one was made out of fish skins to resemble dragon scales ) , and the Wildlings wear animal skins like the Inuit . Wildling bone armor is made from molds of actual bones , and is assembled with string and latex resembling catgut . Although the extras who play Wildlings and the Night 's Watch often wear hats ( normal in a cold climate ) , members of the principal cast usually do not so viewers can distinguish the main characters . Björk 's Alexander McQueen high - neckline dresses inspired Margaery Tyrell 's funnel - neck outfit , and prostitutes ' dresses are designed for easy removal . All clothing used is aged for two weeks so it appears realistic on high - definition television . About two dozen wigs are used for the actresses . Made of human hair and up to 2 feet ( 61 cm ) in length , they cost up to $7,000 each and are washed and styled like real hair . Applying the wigs is time - consuming ; Emilia Clarke , for example , requires about two hours to style her brunette hair with a platinum - blonde wig and braids . Other actors , such as Jack Gleeson and Sophie Turner , receive frequent hair coloring . For characters such as Daenerys ( Clarke ) and her Dothraki , their hair , wigs and costumes are processed to appear as if they have not been washed for weeks . Makeup For the first three seasons , Paul Engelen was Game of Thrones ' main makeup designer and prosthetic makeup artist with Melissa Lackersteen , Conor O'Sullivan and Rob Trenton . At the beginning of the fourth season Engelen 's team was replaced by Jane Walker and her crew , composed of Ann McEwan and Barrie and Sarah Gower . Visual Effects For the series ' large number of visual effects , HBO hired British - based BlueBolt and Irish - based Screen Scene for season one . Most of the environment builds were done as 2.5 D projections , giving viewers perspective while keeping the programming from being overwhelming . In 2011 the season - one finale , `` Fire and Blood '' , was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Because the effects became more complex in subsequent seasons ( including CGI creatures , fire , and water ) , German - based Pixomondo became the lead visual - effects producer ; nine of its twelve facilities contributed to the project for season two , with Stuttgart the lead . Scenes were also produced by British - based Peanut FX , Canadian - based Spin VFX , and U.S. - based Gradient Effects . `` Valar Morghulis '' and `` Valar Dohaeris '' earned Pixomondo Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . For season four , HBO added German - based Mackevision to the project . The season - four finale , `` The Children '' , won the 2014 Emmy Award for Visual Effects . Additional producers for season four included Canadian - based Rodeo FX , German - based Scanline VFX and U.S. - based BAKED FX . The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons in seasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken . Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people which focused on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen 's dragons , with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks . For the fifth season , HBO added Canadian - based Image Engine and U.S. - based Crazy Horse Effects to its list of main visual - effects producers . Sound Unusual for a television series , the sound team receives a rough cut of a full season and approaches it as a ten - hour feature film . Although seasons one and two had different sound teams , one team has been in charge of sound since then . For the show 's blood - and - gore sounds , the team often uses a chamois . For dragon screams , mating tortoises and dolphin , seal , lion and bird sounds have been used . Title sequence Main article : Game of Thrones title sequence The series ' title sequence was created by production studio Elastic for HBO . Creative director Angus Wall and his collaborators received the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Main Title Design for the sequence , which depicts a three - dimensional map of the series ' fictional world . The map is projected on the inside of a sphere which is centrally lit by a small sun in an armillary sphere . As the camera moves across the map , focusing on the locations of the episode 's events , clockwork mechanisms intertwine and allow buildings and other structures to emerge from the map . Accompanied by the title music , the names of the principal cast and creative staff appear . The sequence concludes after about 90 seconds with the title card and brief opening credits indicating the episode 's writer ( s ) and director . Its composition changes as the story progresses , with new locations replacing those featuring less prominently or not at all . Music Main article : Music of Game of Thrones Ramin Djawadi composed the Game of Thrones score . The music for the series was composed by Ramin Djawadi . The first season 's soundtrack , written in about ten weeks before the show 's premiere , was published by Varèse Sarabande in June 2011 . Soundtrack albums for subsequent seasons have been released , with tracks by the National , the Hold Steady and Sigur Rós . Djawadi has composed themes for each of the major houses and also for some of the main characters . The themes may evolve over time , as Daenerys Targaryen 's theme started small and then became more powerful after each season . Her theme started first with a single instrument , a cello , and Djawadi later incorporated more instruments for it . Language Main article : Languages of A Song of Ice and Fire The Westerosi characters of Game of Thrones speak British - accented English , often ( but not consistently ) with the accent of the English region corresponding to the character 's Westerosi region ; Eddard Stark ( Warden of the North ) speaks in actor Sean Bean 's native northern accent , and the southern lord Tywin Lannister speaks with a southern accent , while characters from Dorne speak English with a Spanish accent . Characters foreign to Westeros often have a non-British accent . Although English is the common language of Westeros , the producers charged linguist David J. Peterson with constructing Dothraki and Valyrian languages based on the few words in the novels ; Dothraki and Valyrian dialogue is often subtitled in English . It has been reported that during the series these fictional languages have been heard by more people than the Welsh , Irish , and Scots Gaelic languages combined . Effect on location Game of Thrones is funded by Northern Ireland Screen , a UK government agency financed by Invest NI and the European Regional Development Fund . As of April 2013 , Northern Ireland Screen gave the show £ 9.25 million ( $14.37 million ) ; according to government estimates , this has benefited the Northern Ireland economy by £ 65 million ( $100.95 million ) . Tourism Ireland has a Game of Thrones - themed marketing campaign similar to New Zealand 's Tolkien - related advertising . Invest NI and the Northern Ireland Tourist Board also expect the series to generate tourism revenue . According to Arlene Foster , the series has given Northern Ireland the most non-political publicity in its history . The production of Game of Thrones and other TV series also boosted Northern Ireland 's creative industries , contributing to an estimated 12.4 - percent growth in arts , entertainment and recreation jobs between 2008 and 2013 ( compared with 4.3 percent in the rest of the UK during the same period ) . Tourism organizations elsewhere reported increases in bookings after their locations appeared in Game of Thrones . In 2012 , bookings through LateRooms.com increased by 28 percent in Dubrovnik and 13 percent in Iceland . The following year , bookings doubled in Ouarzazate , Morocco ( the location of Daenerys ' season - three scenes ) . Game of Thrones has been attributed as a significant factor in the boom of tourism in Iceland that had a strong impact on its economy . Tourist numbers increased by 30 % in 2015 , followed by another 40 % in 2016 , with a final figure of 2.4 million visitors expected for 2016 , which is around seven times the population of the country . Availability Broadcast Game of Thrones is broadcast by HBO in the United States and by its local subsidiaries or other pay television services in other countries , at the same time as in the U.S. or weeks ( or months ) later . The series ' broadcast in China on CCTV , begun in 2014 , was heavily edited to remove scenes of sex and violence in accordance with a Chinese practice of censoring Western TV series to prevent what the People 's Daily calls `` negative effects and hidden security dangers '' . This resulted in viewer complaints about the incoherence of what remained . Broadcasters carrying Game of Thrones include Showcase in Australia ; HBO Canada , Super Écran and Showcase in Canada ; HBO Latin America in Latin America ; SoHo and Prime in New Zealand , and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Home Video The ten episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones were released as a DVD and Blu - ray box set on March 6 , 2012 . The box set includes extra background and behind - the - scenes material but no deleted scenes , since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used in the show . The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the first week after release , the largest first - week DVD sales ever for an HBO series , and the series set an HBO - series record for digital - download sales . A collector 's - edition box set was released in November 2012 , combining the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two . A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set . DVD - Blu - ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season became available on February 19 , 2013 . First - day sales broke HBO records , with 241,000 box sets sold and 355,000 episodes downloaded . The third season was made available for purchase as a digital download on the Australian iTunes Store , parallel to the U.S. premiere , and was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on February 18 , 2014 . The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on February 17 , 2015 , and the fifth season on March 15 , 2016 . The sixth season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . Beginning in 2016 , HBO began issuing Steelbook Blu - ray sets which include both Dolby TrueHD 7.1 and Dolby Atmos audio options . Copyright infringement Game of Thrones has been widely pirated , primarily outside the U.S. According to the file - sharing news website TorrentFreak , Game of Thrones has been the most - pirated TV series each year since 2012 . Illegal downloads increased to about seven million in the first quarter of 2015 , up 45 percent from 2014 . An unnamed episode was downloaded about 4,280,000 times through public BitTorrent trackers in 2012 , roughly equal to its number of broadcast viewers . Piracy rates were particularly high in Australia , and U.S. Ambassador to Australia Jeff Bleich issued a statement condemning Australian piracy of the series in 2013 . Delays in availability apart from HBO and its affiliates before 2015 and the cost of subscriptions to these services have been cited as causes of the series ' illegal distribution . According to TorrentFreak , a subscription to a service for Game of Thrones would cost up to $25 per month in the United States , up to £ 26 per episode in the UK and up to $52 per episode in Australia . For `` combating piracy '' , HBO said in 2013 that it intended to make its content more widely available within a week of the U.S. premiere ( including HBO Go ) . In 2015 , the fifth season was simulcast to 170 countries and to HBO Now users . On April 11 , the day before the season premiere , screener copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of file - sharing websites . Within a day of the leak , the files were downloaded over 800,000 times ; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million , with the season - five premiere alone ( `` The Wars to Come '' ) pirated 13 million times . The season - five finale ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) was the most simultaneously shared file in the history of the BitTorrent filesharing protocol , with over 250,000 simultaneous sharers and over 1.5 million downloads in eight hours . For the sixth season , HBO did not send screeners to the press , so as to prevent the spread of unlicensed copies and possible spoilers . Observers , including series director David Petrarca and Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes , said that illegal downloads did not hurt the series ' prospects ; it benefited from `` buzz '' and social commentary , and the high piracy rate did not significantly translate to lost subscriptions . According to Polygon , HBO 's relaxed attitude towards piracy and the sharing of login credentials amounted to a premium - television `` free - to - play '' model . At a 2015 Oxford Union debate , series co-creator David Benioff said that he was just glad that people watched the show ; illegally downloaded copies of the show sometimes interested viewers enough to buy a copy of the show , especially in countries where the show was not televised . Co-creator D.B. Weiss had mixed feelings , saying that the show was expensive to produce and `` if it does n't make the money back , then it ceases to exist '' . However , he was pleased that so many people `` enjoy the show so much they ca n't wait to get their hands on it . '' In 2015 , Guinness World Records called Game of Thrones the most - pirated television program . IMAX Beginning on January 23 , 2015 , the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters across the United States ; Game of Thrones is the first TV series shown in this format . The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day and $1.5 million during its opening weekend ; the week - long release grossed $1,896,092 . Reception and achievements Game of Thrones was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere , and has become a critical and commercial success . According to The Guardian , by 2014 it was `` the biggest drama '' and `` the most talked about show '' on television . Cultural influence Although Game of Thrones was dismissed by some critics before it began , its success has been credited with an increase in the popularity of fantasy themes . On the eve of the second season 's premiere , a CNN.com blog post by Joel Williams read , `` After this weekend , you may be hard pressed to find someone who is n't a fan of some form of epic fantasy '' and cited Ian Bogost as saying that the series continues a trend of successful screen adaptations beginning with Peter Jackson 's 2001 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and the Harry Potter films establishing fantasy as a mass - market genre ; they are `` gateway drugs to fantasy fan culture '' . Its success in the face of its genre was attributed by writers to a longing for escapism in popular culture , frequent female nudity and a skill in balancing lighthearted and serious topics ( dragons and politics , for example ) which provided it with a prestige enjoyed by conventional , top - tier drama series . The series ' popularity increased sales of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels ( republished in tie - in editions ) , which remained at the top of bestseller lists for months . According to The Daily Beast , Game of Thrones was a favorite of sitcom writers and the series has been referred to in other TV series . With other fantasy series , it has been cited for an increase in the purchase ( and abandonment ) of huskies and other wolf - like dogs . Game of Thrones has added to the popular vocabulary . The first season 's scene in which Petyr Baelish explains his motives ( or background ) while prostitutes had sex in the background gave rise to the word `` sexposition '' for providing exposition with sex and nudity . `` Dothraki '' , the series ' nomadic horsemen , was ranked fourth in a September 2012 Global Language Monitor list of words from television most used on the Internet . In 2012 , the media used `` Game of Thrones '' as a figure of speech or comparison for situations of intense conflict and deceit , such as the 2012 United States Supreme Court decision regarding healthcare reform legislation , the Syrian Civil War and the ousting of Bo Xilai from the Chinese government . `` Khaleesi '' has increased in popularity as a name for baby girls in the United States . In the novels and the TV series , the word is a title meaning the wife of a Khal ( warlord ) in the Dothraki language held by Daenerys Targaryen , and not actually a name . Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 89 % ( 33 reviews ) 80 ( 28 reviews ) 96 % ( 33 reviews ) 90 ( 26 reviews ) 97 % ( 44 reviews ) 91 ( 25 reviews ) 97 % ( 50 reviews ) 94 ( 29 reviews ) 5 95 % ( 52 reviews ) 91 ( 29 reviews ) 6 96 % ( 29 reviews ) 73 ( 9 reviews ) 7 96 % ( 34 reviews ) 77 ( 12 reviews ) Game of Thrones has received critical acclaim , although the series ' frequent use of nudity and violence has been criticized . Its seasons have appeared on annual `` best of '' lists published by The Washington Post ( 2011 ) , TIME ( 2011 and 2012 ) and The Hollywood Reporter ( 2012 ) . The performances of the cast have also been praised . Peter Dinklage 's `` charming , morally ambiguous , and self - aware '' Tyrion , who earned him Emmy and Golden Globe awards , was noted . `` In many ways , Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage '' , wrote Mary McNamara of the L.A. Times before Tyrion became the series ' central figure in season two . Several critics highlighted performances by actresses and children . Fourteen - year - old Maisie Williams , noted in the first season for her debut as Arya Stark , was singled out for her season - two work with veteran actor Charles Dance ( Tywin Lannister ) . First - season reviewers said the series had high production values , a fully realized world and compelling characters . According to Variety , `` There may be no show more profitable to its network than ' Game of Thrones ' is to HBO . Fully produced by the pay cabler and already a global phenomenon after only one season , the fantasy skein was a gamble that has paid off handsomely '' . The second season was also well received by critics . Entertainment Weekly praised its `` vivid , vital , and just plain fun '' storytelling and , according to the Hollywood Reporter , the show made a `` strong case for being one of TV 's best series '' ; its seriousness made it the only drama comparable to Mad Men or Breaking Bad . The New York Times gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its number of characters , their lack of complexity and a meandering plot . The third season was very well received by critics , with Metacritic giving it a score of 91 out of 100 ( indicating `` universal acclaim '' ) . The fourth season was also praised ; Metacritic gave it a score of 94 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , again indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The fifth season was also well received by critics and has a score of 91 out of 100 ( based on 29 reviews ) on Metacritic . The sixth season has been praised by critics . It has a score of 73 out of 100 ( based on nine reviews ) on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The seventh season has a score of 77 out of 100 ( based on twelve reviews ) on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The series has a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 44 reviews . All episodes had positive reviews of 91 percent or higher on Rotten Tomatoes , and a 97 - percent rating ( based on 50 reviews ) for the season as a whole . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 95 percent and an average score of 8.6 out of 10 ( based on 52 reviews ) . The season has a rating of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . After the first episode aired , the seventh season held a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 29 reviews . Sex and violence Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics , Game of Thrones has been criticized for the amount of female nudity , violence , and sexual violence ( especially against women ) it depicts , and for the manner in which it depicts these themes . The Atlantic called the series ' `` tendency to ramp up the sex , violence , and -- especially -- sexual violence '' of the source material `` the defining weakness '' of the adaptation . George R.R. Martin responded that he feels obliged to be truthful about history and human nature , and that rape and sexual violence are common in war ; and that omitting them from the narrative would have rung false and undermined one of his novels ' themes , its historical realism . HBO said that they `` fully support the vision and artistry of Dan and David 's exceptional work and we feel this work speaks for itself . '' The amount of sex and nudity in the series , especially in scenes that are incidental to the plot , was the focus of much of the criticism aimed at the series in its first and second seasons . Stephen Dillane , who portrays Stannis Baratheon , likened the series ' frequent explicit scenes to `` German porn from the 1970s '' . Charlie Anders wrote in io9 that while the first season was replete with light - hearted `` sexposition '' , the second season appeared to focus on distasteful , exploitative , and dehumanizing sex with little informational content . According to The Washington Post 's Anna Holmes , the nude scenes appeared to be aimed mainly at titillating heterosexual men , right down to the Brazilian waxes sported by the women in the series ' faux - medieval setting , which made these scenes alienating to other viewers . The Huffington Post 's Maureen Ryan likewise noted that Game of Thrones mostly presented women naked , rather than men , and that the excess of `` random boobage '' undercut any aspirations the series might have to address the oppression of women in a feudal society . Saturday Night Live parodied this aspect of the adaptation in a sketch that portrayed the series as retaining a thirteen - year - old boy as a consultant whose main concern was showing as many breasts as possible . In the third season , which saw Theon Greyjoy lengthily tortured and eventually emasculated , the series was also criticized for its use of torture . New York magazine called the scene `` torture porn . '' Madeleine Davies of Jezebel agreed , saying , `` it 's not uncommon that Game of Thrones gets accused of being torture porn -- senseless , objectifying violence combined with senseless , objectifying sexual imagery . '' According to Davies , although the series ' violence tended to serve a narrative purpose , Theon 's torture in `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' was excessive . A scene in the fourth season 's episode `` Breaker of Chains '' , in which Jaime Lannister rapes his sister and lover Cersei , triggered a broad public discussion about the series ' depiction of sexual violence against women . According to Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times , the scene caused outrage , in part because of comments by director Alex Graves that the scene became `` consensual by the end '' . Itzkoff also wrote that critics fear that `` rape has become so pervasive in the drama that it is almost background noise : a routine and unshocking occurrence '' . Sonia Saraiya of The A.V. Club wrote that the series ' choice to portray this sexual act , and a similar one between Daenerys Targaryen and Khal Drogo in the first season -- both described as consensual in the source novels -- as a rape appeared to be an act of `` exploitation for shock value '' . In the fifth season 's episode `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' , Sansa Stark is raped by Ramsay Bolton . Most reviewers , including those from Vanity Fair , Salon , The Atlantic , and The Daily Beast , found the scene gratuitous and artistically unnecessary . For example , Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , said that the scene `` undercuts all the agency that 's been growing in Sansa since the end of last season . '' In contrast , Sara Stewart of The New York Post wondered why viewers were not similarly upset about the many background and minor characters who 'd undergone similar or worse treatment . In response to the scene , pop culture website The Mary Sue announced that it would cease coverage of the series because of the repeated use of rape as a plot device , and U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill said that she would no longer watch it . As the sixth and seventh seasons saw Daenerys , Sansa and Cersei assume ruling positions , Alyssa Rosenberg of the Washington Post noted that the series could be seen as a `` long - arc revenge fantasy about what happens when women who have been brutalized and raped gain power '' -- namely , that their past leaves them too broken to do anything but commit brutal acts in their own turn , and that their personal liberation does not effect the social change needed to protect others from suffering . Fandom Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom In this manipulated image published by the White House , U.S. President Barack Obama ( a fan of the series ) sits on the Iron Throne in the Oval Office with the king 's crown on his lap . A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones have a broad , active international fan base . In 2012 Vulture.com ranked the series ' fans as the most devoted in popular culture , more so than Lady Gaga 's , Justin Bieber 's , Harry Potter 's or Star Wars ' . Fans include political leaders such as former U.S. president Barack Obama , former British prime minister David Cameron , former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard and Dutch foreign minister Frans Timmermans , who framed European politics in quotes from Martin 's novels in a 2013 speech . BBC News said in 2013 that `` the passion and the extreme devotion of fans '' had created a phenomenon unlike anything related to other popular TV series , manifesting itself in fan fiction , Game of Thrones - themed burlesque routines and parents naming their children after series characters ; writers quoted attributed this success to the rich detail , moral ambiguity , sexual explicitness and epic scale of the series and novels . The previous year , `` Arya '' was the fastest - rising girl 's name in the U.S. after it jumped in popularity from 711th to 413th place . In 2013 about 58 percent of series viewers were male and 42 percent female , and the average male viewer was 41 years old . According to SBS Broadcasting Group marketing director Helen Kellie , Game of Thrones has a high fan - engagement rate ; 5.5 percent of the series ' 2.9 million Facebook fans talked online about the series in 2012 , compared to 1.8 percent of the more than ten million fans of True Blood ( HBO 's other fantasy series ) . Vulture.com cited Westeros.org and WinterIsComing.net ( news and discussion forums ) , ToweroftheHand.com ( which organizes communal readings of the novels ) and Podcastoficeandfire.com as fan sites dedicated to the TV and novel series ; and podcasts cover Game of Thrones . Awards and accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Game of Thrones has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 38 Primetime Emmy Awards , 5 Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Peabody Award . It holds the Emmy - award record for a scripted television series , ahead of Frasier ( which received 37 ) . In 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th `` best written '' series in television history . In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their `` best TV shows ever '' list , while in 2016 the show was placed seventh on Empire 's `` The 50 best TV shows ever '' . The same year Rolling Stone named it the twelfth `` greatest TV Show of all time '' . The 2011 first season received 13 nominations ( including Outstanding Drama Series ) , and won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( given to Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . Other nominations included Outstanding Directing ( `` Winter Is Coming '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Baelor '' ) . Dinklage was also named Best Supporting Actor at the Golden Globe , Satellite and Scream Awards . In 2012 , the second season received six Creative Arts Emmy Awards from 11 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) . The 2013 third season received 16 Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Emilia Clarke ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Diana Rigg ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Rains of Castamere '' ) , winning two Creative Arts Emmys . In 2014 the fourth season received four Creative Arts Emmys from 19 nominations , which included Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Lena Headey ) , Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( Rigg ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` The Watchers on the Wall '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` The Children '' ) . The 2015 fifth season won the most Primetime Emmy Awards for a series in a year ( 12 awards from 24 nominations ) , including Outstanding Drama Series ; other wins included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) , Outstanding Directing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) and Outstanding Writing ( `` Mother 's Mercy '' ) , and eight were Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the sixth season received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 23 ) . It won for Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Directing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , Outstanding Writing ( `` Battle of the Bastards '' ) , and nine Creative Arts Emmys . Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage and Kit Harington ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Clarke , Headey and Maisie Williams ) , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Max von Sydow ) and Outstanding Directing ( `` The Door '' ) . Viewer numbers The first season averaged 2.5 million viewers for its first Sunday - night screenings and a gross audience ( including repeats and on - demand viewings ) of 9.3 million viewers per episode . For its second season , the series had an average gross audience of 11.6 million viewers . The third season was seen by 14.2 million viewers , making Game of Thrones the second-most - viewed HBO series ( after The Sopranos ) . For the fourth season , HBO said that its average gross audience of 18.4 million viewers ( later adjusted to 18.6 million ) had passed The Sopranos for the record . By the sixth season the average per - episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25 million , with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Game of Thrones was `` much more popular in cities than in the countryside , probably the only show involving zombies that is '' . In season seven , the viewers numbers averaged at over 30 millions per episode across all platforms . The series set records on pay - television channels in the United Kingdom ( with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms ) and Australia ( with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million ) . The following graph indicates first - airing viewer numbers in the US : Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Other media and products See also : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire Video games Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire video games The series has inspired four video games based on the TV series and novels . The strategy game Game of Thrones Ascent ties into the HBO series , making characters and settings available to players as they appear on television . Merchandise and exhibition Game of Thrones merchandise in HBO 's New York City store HBO has licensed a variety of merchandise based on Game of Thrones , including games , replica weapons and armor , jewelry , bobblehead dolls by Funko , beer by Ommegang and apparel . High - end merchandise includes a $10,500 Ulysse Nardin wristwatch and a $30,000 resin replica of the Iron Throne . In 2013 and 2014 , a traveling exhibition of costumes , props , armor and weapons from the series visited major cities in Europe and the Americas . Accompanying material Thronecast : The Official Guide to Game of Thrones , a series of podcasts presented by Geoff Lloyd and produced by Koink , has been released on the Sky Atlantic website and the UK iTunes store during the series ' run ; a new podcast , with analysis and cast interviews , is released after each episode . In 2014 and 2015 HBO commissioned Catch the Throne , two rap albums about the series . A companion book , Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 4521 - 1010 - 3 ) by series writer Bryan Cogman , was published on September 27 , 2012 . The 192 - page book , illustrated with concept art and behind - the - scenes photographs , covers the creation of the series ' first two seasons and its principal characters and families . After the Thrones is a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series . It airs on HBO Now the Monday after each sixth - season episode . The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience , a 28 - city orchestral tour which will perform the series ' soundtrack with composer Ramin Djawadi , is scheduled to begin February 15 , 2017 in Kansas City , Missouri . Spin - offs After years of speculation about possible successor shows , in May 2017 HBO commissioned five screenwriters -- Max Borenstein , Jane Goldman , Brian Helgeland , Carly Wray and a fifth writer yet to be announced -- to develop individual Game of Thrones successor series . All of the writers are to be working individually with George R.R. Martin . Martin said that all the concepts under discussion are prequels , and some may be set outside Westeros . He also ruled out Robert 's Rebellion ( the overthrow of Daenerys 's father by Robert Baratheon ) as a possible idea . D.B. Weiss and David Benioff said that they would not be involved with any of the projects , and want to enjoy the successor series as fans . Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts . In September 2017 , it was announced that Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman would be developing a fifth prequel series . Histories and lore Each season 's individual Blu - ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the show 's cast as their characters as they detail various different events in the history of Westeros . For the seventh season release , it will include the animated prequel series Game of Thrones : Conquest & Rebellion , which is illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos . The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen 's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros . References ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns ' Fire ' into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . 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Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite TV Shows '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` The 2011 Scream Awards Winners : Vampires , Wizards And Swans '' . Cinemablend . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . International Press Academy . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . 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Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Ascent is More Up - to - Date With the Show Than You Are '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sacco , Dominic ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Brand Profiles : Game of Thrones '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` '' Is the $10,500 Game of Thrones Watch Blood - Resistant ? '' and Our Other Most Pressing Concerns About the Official `` Night 's '' Timepiece `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Pros and Cons of Owning a $30,000 Game of Thrones Replica Throne '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition '' . HBO . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thronecast : The Official Fan Show for Game of Thrones on Sky Atlantic HD '' . iTunes Store . April 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whelan , Robbie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Unlikely Mix : Rappers , Dragons and Fantasy : HBO Hires Hip - Hop , Latin - Music Artists to Promote ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Colin ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Snoop Dogg , Talib Kweli , Mastodon , More To Appear On ' Game of Thrones ' Mixtape '' . Spin . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Richard ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Inside HBO 's Game Of Thrones by Bryan Cogman REVIEW '' . SFX . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones concert experience hits the road in 2017 '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Fifth `` Successor Show '' in the Works at HBO , George R.R. Martin Says `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` About Those Spinoffs ... '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Future Explained : Could All the Prequels Move Forward ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman developing a 5th prequel series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` New GAME OF THRONES History Tells Us a Few Things About the Future '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lutes , Alicia ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Explore the Targaryen Conquest of Westeros in New GAME OF THRONES Animated Short '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Game of Thrones Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Game of Thrones tourism . 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Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form `` Conversations with Dead People '' ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) ( 2003 ) Gollum 's Acceptance Speech at the 2003 MTV Movie Awards ( 2004 ) `` 33 '' ( Battlestar Galactica ) ( 2005 ) `` The Empty Child '' / `` The Doctor Dances '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2006 ) `` The Girl in the Fireplace '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2007 ) `` Blink '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2008 ) Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2009 ) `` The Waters of Mars '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2010 ) `` The Pandorica Opens '' / `` The Big Bang '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2011 ) `` The Doctor 's Wife '' ( Doctor Who ) ( 2012 ) `` Blackwater '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2013 ) `` The Rains of Castamere '' ( Game of Thrones ) ( 2014 ) `` By Means Which Have Never Yet Been Tried '' ( Orphan Black ) ( 2015 ) `` AKA Smile '' ( Jessica Jones ) ( 2016 ) `` Leviathan Wakes '' ( The Expanse ) ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre American Horror Story ( 2011 ) The Walking Dead ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) The Walking Dead ( 2015 ) Outlander ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation Alien Nation : Millennium ( 1994 ) Alien Nation : Dark Horizon ( 1995 ) Doctor Who ( 1996 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Fail Safe ( 2000 ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) Steven Spielberg Presents Taken ( 2002 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Masters of Horror / The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) Family Guy ( `` Blue Harvest '' ) ( 2007 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) Torchwood : Children of Earth ( 2009 ) The Walking Dead ( 2010 ) The Walking Dead ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Doctor Who : `` The Husbands of River Song ' '' ( 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) VIAF : 256050409 LCCN : no2011110818 GND : 1024427587 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones&oldid=808035494 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American television series 2011 American television series debuts American adventure television series American drama television series American fantasy television series Dark fantasy television series Dragons in popular culture English - language television programs Family saga Game of Thrones HBO network shows High fantasy television series Incest in television Magic in television Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Serial drama television series Television programs based on novels Television series about dysfunctional families Television series with multiple main characters Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 14 : 00 . 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5600316607306140099	List of foreign Serie A players	List of foreign Serie A players - wikipedia List of foreign Serie A players Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of foreign players ( i.e. non-Italian players ) in Serie A . The following players : have played at least one Serie A game for the respective club ( seasons in which and teams for , a player , did not collected any caps in Serie A , have NOT to be listed ) . have not been capped for the Italian national team on any level , independently from the birthplace , except for players born in San Marino and active in the Italian national team before the first official match of the Sammarinese national team played on 14 November 1990 and players of Italian formation born abroad from Italian parents ( so called ' Oriundi ' ) . have been born in Italy and were capped by a foreign national team . This includes players who have dual citizenship with Italy . Players are sorted by the State : they played for in a national team on any level . For footballers that played for two or more national teams it prevails : the one he played for on A level . the national team of birth . If they never played for any national team on any level , it prevails the state of birth . For footballers born in dissolved states prevails the actual state of birth ( e.g. : Yugoslavia - > Serbia , Montenegro , Croatia , etc . ) . These are all the teams that have had at least a foreign player while playing in a Serie A season and in bold are the ones currently playing for the 2018 -- 19 season : Alessandria , Ancona , Ascoli , Atalanta , Avellino , Bari , Benevento , Bologna , Brescia , Cagliari , Carpi , Catania , Catanzaro , Cesena , Chievo , Como , Cremonese , Crotone , Empoli , Fiorentina , Foggia , Frosinone , Genoa , Inter , Juventus , Lazio , Lecce , Lecco , Legnano , Livorno , Lucchese , Mantova , Messina , Milan , Modena , Napoli , Novara , Padova , Palermo , Parma , Perugia , Pescara , Piacenza , Pisa , Pistoiese , Pro Patria , Reggiana , Reggina , Roma , Salernitana , Sampdoria , Sassuolo , Siena , SPAL , Torino , Treviso , Triestina , Udinese , Varese , Venezia , Verona , Vicenza . These are the only teams that have participated in Serie A but have not had a foreign player : Casale , Pro Vercelli , Ternana In bold : players still active in Serie A and their respective teams in current season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oriundi and Naturalised players 2 Albania 3 Algeria 4 Angola 5 Argentina 6 Australia 7 Austria 8 Belarus 9 Belgium 10 Bosnia - Herzegovina 11 Brazil 12 Bulgaria 13 Burkina Faso 14 Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 16 Chile 17 Colombia 18 Congo 19 Congo DR 20 Costa Rica 21 Croatia 22 Cyprus 23 Czech Republic 24 Denmark 25 Dominican Republic 26 Ecuador 27 Egypt 28 England 29 Eritrea 30 Finland 31 France 32 Gabon 33 Gambia 34 Georgia 35 Germany 36 Ghana 37 Greece 38 Guadeloupe 39 Guinea 40 Guinea - Bissau 41 Honduras 42 Hungary 43 Iceland 44 Iran 45 Iraq 46 Ireland 47 Israel 48 Ivory Coast 49 Japan 50 Kazakhstan 51 Kenya 52 Kosovo 53 Liberia 54 Libya 55 Liechtenstein 56 Lithuania 57 Macedonia 58 Mali 59 Mexico 60 Moldova 61 Monaco 62 Montenegro 63 Morocco 64 Netherlands 65 Nigeria 66 North Korea 67 Norway 68 Panama 69 Paraguay 70 Peru 71 Poland 72 Portugal 73 Réunion 74 Romania 75 Russia 76 San Marino 77 Scotland 78 Senegal 79 Serbia 80 Sierra Leone 81 Slovakia 82 Slovenia 83 Somalia 84 South Africa 85 South Korea 86 Spain 87 Sweden 88 Switzerland 89 Togo 90 Tunisia 91 Turkey 92 Ukraine 93 United States 94 Uruguay 95 Uzbekistan 96 Venezuela 97 Wales 98 See also 99 Notes Oriundi and Naturalised players ( edit ) Main article : Oriundo -- Ermanno Aebi -- Inter -- 1910 -- 22 -- José Altafini -- Milan , Napoli , Juventus -- 1958 -- 76 -- Amauri -- Napoli , Piacenza , Chievo , Palermo , Juventus , Parma , Fiorentina , Torino -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 16 -- Miguel Andreolo -- Bologna , Lazio , Napoli -- 1935 -- 48 -- Antonio Angelillo -- Inter , Roma , Milan , Lecco , Genoa -- 1957 -- 69 -- Emil Audero -- Juventus -- 2016 -- 17 -- Emilio Badini -- Bologna , Spal -- 1913 -- 22 -- Cristian Battocchio -- Udinese -- 2010 -- 12 -- Daniel Bessa -- Verona , Genoa -- 2017 -- 18 -- Kingsley Boateng -- Catania -- 2013 -- 14 -- Mauro Camoranesi -- Verona , Juventus -- 2000 -- 10 -- Elio Capradossi -- Roma -- 2017 -- -- Renato Cesarini -- Juventus -- 1929 -- 35 -- Arturo Chini Ludueña -- Roma -- 1927 -- 34 -- Dino da Costa -- Roma , Fiorentina , Atalanta , Juventus -- 1955 -- 66 -- Alejandro Demarìa -- Lazio -- 1931 -- 34 -- Paolo Dellafiore -- Treviso , Palermo , Torino , Parma , Cesena , Novara , Siena -- 2005 -- 13 -- Attilio Demaria -- Inter , Novara , Legnano -- 1932 -- 36 , 1938 -- 46 -- Alfredo Devincenzi -- Inter -- 1934 -- 36 -- Roberto Di Matteo -- Lazio -- 1993 -- 96 -- Nicolao Dumitru -- Napoli -- 2010 -- 11 -- Éder -- Empoli , Brescia , Cesena , Sampdoria , Inter -- 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 18 -- Emerson ( Emerson Palmieri dos Santos ) -- Palermo , Roma -- 2014 -- 18 -- Ricardo Faccio -- Inter -- 1933 -- 36 -- Otávio Fantoni -- Lazio -- 1930 -- 35 -- Francisco Fedullo -- Bologna -- 1930 -- 39 -- Emanuele Figliola -- Genoa -- 1935 -- 38 -- Eddie Firmani -- Sampdoria , Inter , Genoa -- 1955 -- 63 -- Enrique Flamini -- Lazio -- 1939 -- 52 , 1953 -- 54 -- Fernando Forestieri -- Siena -- 2007 -- 08 -- Francesco Frione -- Inter -- 1932 -- 35 -- Elisio Gabardo -- Milan , Liguria , Genoa -- 1935 -- 41 -- Alcides Ghiggia -- Roma , Milan -- 1953 -- 62 -- Guerino Gottardi -- Lazio -- 1995 -- 2005 -- Carlos Gringa -- Fiorentina , Lucchese -- 1932 -- 39 -- Enrique Guaita -- Roma -- 1933 -- 35 -- Anfilogino Guarisi -- Lazio -- 1931 -- 37 -- Paolo Innocenti -- Bologna , Napoli -- 1924 -- 37 -- Jorginho -- Verona , Napoli -- 2013 -- 18 -- Cristian Ledesma -- Lecce , Lazio -- 2001 -- 15 -- Julio Libonatti -- Torino , Genoa -- 1926 -- 36 -- Francisco Lojacono -- Vicenza , Fiorentina , Roma , Sampdoria -- 1956 -- 65 -- Leandro Martínez -- Parma -- 2007 -- 08 -- Rinaldo Martino -- Juventus -- 1949 -- 50 -- Ernesto Mascheroni -- Inter -- 1934 -- 36 -- Humberto Maschio -- Bologna , Atalanta , Inter , Fiorentina -- 1957 -- 66 -- Adam Masina -- Bologna -- 2015 -- 18 -- José Mauri -- Parma , Milan , Empoli -- 2013 -- 18 -- Luis Monti -- Juventus -- 1930 -- 39 -- Miguel Montuori -- Fiorentina -- 1956 -- 61 -- Giovanni Moscardini -- Lucchese , Pisa , Genoa -- 1919 -- ? ? -- Thiago Motta -- Genoa , Inter -- 2008 -- 12 -- Alfonso Negro -- Fiorentina , Napoli -- 1934 -- 39 -- Raimundo Orsi -- Juventus -- 1928 -- 35 -- Dani Osvaldo -- Fiorentina , Bologna , Roma , Juventus , Inter -- 2007 -- 10 , 2011 -- 15 -- Gabriel Paletta -- Parma , Milan , Atalanta -- 2010 -- 17 -- Bruno Pesaola -- Roma , Novara , Napoli , Genoa -- 1947 -- 61 -- Cecilio Pisano -- Sampdoria -- 1937 -- 38 , 1939 -- 40 , 1941 -- 43 -- Roberto Porta -- Inter -- 1934 -- 36 -- Ettore Puricelli -- Bologna , Milan -- 1938 -- 49 -- Vincenzo Rennella -- Cesena -- 2011 -- 12 -- Eduardo Ricagni -- Juventus , Milan , Torino -- 1953 -- 58 -- Rômulo -- Fiorentina , Verona , Juventus -- 2011 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 -- Humberto Rosa -- Sampdoria , Padova , Juventus , Napoli -- 1954 -- 64 -- Giuseppe Rossi -- Parma , Fiorentina , Genoa -- 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 18 -- Said -- Genoa -- 2012 -- 13 -- Attila Sallustro -- Napoli -- 1925 -- 37 -- Oreste Sallustro -- Napoli , Bari -- 1929 -- 33 , 1934 -- 37 -- Raffaele Sansone -- Bologna , Napoli -- 1931 -- 45 -- Fabiano Santacroce -- Napoli , Parma -- 2008 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 -- Ezequiel Schelotto -- Cesena , Catania , Atalanta , Inter , Sassuolo , Parma , Chievo -- 2010 -- 15 -- Juan Alberto Schiaffino -- Milan , Roma -- 1954 -- 62 -- Alessandro Scopelli -- Roma -- 1933 -- 35 -- Pedro Sernagiotto -- Juventus -- 1932 -- 34 -- Omar Sívori -- Juventus , Napoli -- 1957 -- 69 -- Angelo Sormani -- Mantova , Roma , Sampdoria , Milan , Napoli , Fioentina , Vicenza -- 1961 -- 76 -- Victor Tortora -- Venezia -- 1939 -- 43 , 1946 -- 47 -- Ulisse Uslenghi -- Livorno , Napoli -- 1933 -- 38 -- Franco Vázquez -- Palermo -- 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 -- Giuseppe Wilson -- Lazio -- 1969 -- 79 -- Maximo Zenildo Zappino -- Frosinone -- 2015 -- 16 Albania ( edit ) Arlind Ajeti -- Frosinone , Torino , Crotone -- 2015 -- 18 Migjen Basha -- Torino -- 2012 -- 15 Etrit Berisha -- Lazio , Atalanta -- 2013 -- 18 Erjon Bogdani -- Reggina , Verona , Siena , Chievo , Livorno , Cesena -- 1999 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 13 Loro Boriçi -- Lazio -- 1941 -- 43 Lorik Cana -- Lazio -- 2011 -- 15 Edgar Çani -- Palermo , Catania -- 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 Berat Djimsiti -- Atalanta , Benevento -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Elseid Hysaj -- Empoli , Napoli -- 2014 -- 18 Naim Krieziu -- Roma , Napoli -- 1939 -- 43 , 1945 -- 48 , 1950 -- 52 Andi Lila -- Parma -- 2014 -- 15 Riza Lushta -- Bari , Juventus , Napoli , Alessandria -- 1939 -- 43 , 1945 -- 48 Rey Manaj -- Inter , Pescara -- 2015 -- 17 Agon Mehmeti -- Palermo -- 2011 -- 12 Ledian Memushaj -- Pescara , Benevento -- 2016 -- 18 Xhulian Rrudho -- Chievo -- 2006 -- 07 Ervin Skela -- Ascoli -- 2006 -- 07 Thomas Strakosha -- Lazio -- 2016 -- 18 Igli Tare -- Brescia , Bologna , Lazio -- 2000 -- 08 Freddie Veseli -- Empoli -- 2016 -- 17 Algeria ( edit ) Ishak Belfodil -- Bologna , Parma , Inter , Livorno -- 2011 -- 15 Samir Beloufa -- Milan -- 1997 -- 98 Mohamed Fares -- Verona -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Abdelkader Ghezzal -- Siena , Bari , Cesena , Parma -- 2008 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Faouzi Ghoulam -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 18 Mourad Meghni -- Bologna , Lazio -- 2002 -- 05 , 2007 -- 10 Djamel Mesbah -- Lecce , Milan , Parma , Livorno , Sampdoria , Crotone -- 2010 -- 17 Adam Ounas -- Napoli -- 2017 -- 18 Saphir Taïder -- Bologna , Inter , Sassuolo -- 2011 -- 18 Hassan Yebda -- Napoli , Udinese -- 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Angola ( edit ) Bastos -- Lazio -- 2016 -- 18 Dolly Menga -- Torino -- 2012 -- 13 Argentina ( edit ) Main article : List of Argentine footballers in Serie A Australia ( edit ) John Aloisi -- Cremonese -- 1995 -- 96 Mark Bresciano -- Parma , Palermo , Lazio -- 2002 -- 11 Joshua Brillante -- Fiorentina , Empoli -- 2014 -- 15 Frank Farina -- Bari -- 1991 -- 92 Vincenzo Grella -- Empoli , Parma , Torino -- 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 08 Zeljko Kalac -- Perugia , Milan -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 09 Paul Okon -- Lazio , Fiorentina -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2000 Trent Sainsbury -- Inter -- 2016 -- 17 James Troisi -- Atalanta -- 2012 -- 13 Austria ( edit ) Marko Arnautović -- Inter -- 2009 -- 10 György Garics -- Napoli , Atalanta , Bologna -- 2007 -- 14 Robert Gucher -- Frosinone -- 2015 -- 16 Michael Hatz -- Reggiana , Lecce -- 1996 -- 98 Erwin Hoffer -- Napoli -- 2009 -- 10 Robert Ibertsberger -- Venezia -- 1999 -- 2000 Arnel Jakupovic -- Empoli -- 2016 -- 17 Engelbert König -- Fiorentina , Lazio , Sampdoria , Genoa -- 1940 -- 41 , 1942 -- 43 , 1945 -- 50 Michael Konsel -- Roma , Venezia -- 1997 -- 2000 Alex Manninger -- Fiorentina , Torino , Siena , Juventus -- 2001 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 10 Dieter Mirnegg -- Como -- 1981 -- 82 Ernst Ocwirk -- Sampdoria -- 1956 -- 61 Anton Polster -- Torino -- 1987 -- 88 Herbert Prohaska -- Inter , Roma -- 1980 -- 83 Jürgen Prutsch -- Livorno -- 2009 -- 10 Jürgen Säumel -- Torino -- 2008 -- 09 Walter Schachner -- Cesena , Torino , Avellino -- 1981 -- 88 Markus Schopp -- Brescia -- 2001 -- 05 Lukas Spendlhofer -- Inter -- 2012 -- 13 Belarus ( edit ) Sergei Aleinikov -- Juventus , Lecce -- 1989 -- 91 ( while active ) Sergei Gurenko -- Roma , Parma , Piacenza -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 03 Vitali Kutuzov -- Milan , Sampdoria , Parma , Bari -- 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 07 , 2009 -- 11 Mikhail Sivakov -- Cagliari -- 2009 -- 11 Belgium ( edit ) Walter Baseggio -- Treviso -- 2005 -- 06 Samuel Bastien -- Chievo -- 2016 -- 18 Dražen Brnčić -- Milan , Vicenza -- 2000 -- 01 Timothy Castagne -- Atalanta -- 2017 -- 18 Luis Pedro Cavanda -- Lazio -- 2010 -- 15 Ludo Coeck -- Inter -- 1983 -- 84 Bertrand Crasson -- Napoli -- 1996 -- 98 Stéphane Demol -- Bologna -- 1988 -- 89 Noë Dussenne -- Crotone -- 2016 -- 18 Régis Genaux -- Udinese -- 1996 -- 2001 Eric Gerets -- Milan -- 1983 -- 84 Jean - François Gillet -- Bari , Bologna , Torino -- 2000 -- 01 , 2009 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Georges Grün -- Parma , Reggiana -- 1990 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 Sven Kums -- Udinese -- 2016 -- 17 Maxime Lestienne -- Genoa -- 2014 -- 15 Jordan Lukaku -- Lazio -- 2016 -- 18 Dries Mertens -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 18 Senna Miangue -- Inter , Cagliari -- 2016 -- 18 Gaby Mudingayi -- Lazio , Bologna , Inter , Cesena -- 2005 -- 15 Radja Nainggolan -- Cagliari , Roma -- 2009 -- 18 Luís Oliveira -- Cagliari , Fiorentina , Bologna -- 1992 -- 2001 Stephane Omeonga -- Genoa -- 2017 -- 18 Dennis Praet -- Sampdoria -- 2016 -- 18 Vincenzo Scifo -- Inter , Torino -- 1987 -- 88 , 1991 -- 93 Francis Severeyns -- Pisa -- 1988 -- 89 Anthony Vanden Borre -- Fiorentina , Genoa -- 2007 -- 09 René Vandereycken -- Genoa -- 1981 -- 83 Thomas Vermaelen -- Roma -- 2016 -- 17 Patrick Vervoort -- Ascoli -- 1991 -- 92 Johan Walem -- Udinese , Parma -- 1997 -- 2001 Bosnia - Herzegovina ( edit ) Mustafa Arslanović -- Ascoli -- 1988 -- 90 ( while active ) Riad Bajić -- Udinese -- 2017 -- 18 Milan Đurić -- Cesena -- 2014 -- 15 Edin Džeko -- Roma -- 2015 -- 18 Vinko Golob -- Venezia -- 1949 -- 50 ( while active ) Mato Jajalo -- Siena , Palermo -- 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 17 Davor Jozić -- Cesena -- 1987 -- 91 ( while active ) Rade Krunić -- Empoli -- 2015 -- 17 Senad Lulić -- Lazio -- 2011 -- 18 Vedin Musić -- Como , Modena , Torino -- 2002 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 Zlatan Muslimović -- Udinese , Messina , Parma , Atalanta -- 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 08 Enis Nadarević -- Genoa -- 2012 -- 13 Daniel Pavlović -- Frosinone , Sampdoria , Crotone -- 2015 -- 18 Miralem Pjanić -- Roma , Juventus -- 2011 -- 18 Sanjin Prcić -- Torino -- 2015 -- 16 Hasan Salihamidžić -- Juventus -- 2007 -- 11 Haris Škoro -- Torino -- 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 ( while active ) Blaž Slišković -- Pescara -- 1987 -- 88 , 1992 -- 93 ( while active ) Ćazim Suljić -- Crotone -- 2016 -- 17 Toni Šunjić -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Ervin Zukanović -- Chievo , Sampdoria , Roma , Atalanta , Genoa -- 2014 -- 18 Brazil ( edit ) Main article : List of Brazilian footballers in Serie A Bulgaria ( edit ) Valeri Bojinov -- Lecce , Fiorentina , Parma -- 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 06 , 2009 -- 12 Ivaylo Chochev -- Palermo -- 2014 -- 17 Andrey Galabinov -- Genoa -- 2017 -- 18 Nikolay Iliev -- Bologna -- 1989 -- 91 Hristo Stoichkov -- Parma -- 1995 -- 96 Aleksandar Tonev -- Frosinone , Crotone -- 2015 -- 18 Burkina Faso ( edit ) Bryan Dabo -- Fiorentina -- 2017 -- 18 Cameroon ( edit ) Samuel Eto'o -- Inter , Sampdoria -- 2009 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 Antonio Ghomsi -- Messina -- 2006 -- 07 Thomas Job -- Sampdoria , Ascoli -- 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 Daniel Maa Boumsong -- Inter -- 2005 -- 06 Patrick Mboma -- Cagliari , Parma -- 1998 -- 2002 Joseph Minala -- Lazio -- 2013 -- 14 Nicolas N'Koulou -- Torino -- 2017 -- 18 François Omam - Biyik -- Sampdoria -- 1997 -- 98 Frank Ongfiang -- Venezia -- 2001 -- 02 Augustine Simo -- Torino -- 1995 -- 96 Rigobert Song -- Salernitana -- 1998 -- 99 Pierre Womé -- Vicenza , Roma , Bologna , Brescia , Inter -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2002 , 2004 -- 06 Cape Verde ( edit ) Cabral -- Genoa -- 2013 -- 14 Chile ( edit ) Matías Campos -- Siena , Udinese -- 2012 -- 13 Carlos Carmona -- Reggina , Atalanta -- 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 17 Nicolás Castillo -- Frosinone -- 2015 -- 16 Nicolás Córdova -- Perugia , Livorno , Ascoli , Messina , Brescia -- 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 Pascual de Gregorio -- Bari -- 1999 -- 2001 Alejandro Escalona -- Torino -- 1999 -- 2000 Matías Fernández -- Fiorentina , Milan -- 2012 -- 17 Julio Gutiérrez -- Udinese -- 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 Mauricio Isla -- Udinese , Juventus , Cagliari -- 2007 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17 Manuel Iturra -- Udinese -- 2015 -- 16 Luis Jiménez -- Fiorentina , Lazio , Inter , Parma , Cesena -- 2005 -- 11 Cristóbal Jorquera -- Genoa , Parma -- 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Carlos Labrín -- Novara , Palermo -- 2011 -- 13 Marcelo Larrondo -- Siena , Fiorentina , Torino -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 15 Gary Medel -- Inter -- 2014 -- 17 Mauricio Pinilla -- Chievo , Palermo , Cagliari , Genoa , Atalanta -- 2003 -- 04 , 2010 -- 17 David Pizarro -- Udinese , Inter , Roma , Fiorentina -- 1999 -- 2015 Erick Pulgar -- Bologna -- 2015 -- 18 Hugo Eduardo Rubio -- Bologna -- 1988 -- 89 Marcelo Salas -- Lazio , Juventus -- 1998 -- 2003 Mario Salgado -- Brescia -- 2001 -- 02 Alexis Sánchez -- Udinese -- 2008 -- 11 Felipe Seymour -- Genoa , Catania , Chievo -- 2011 -- 13 Hector Tapia -- Perugia -- 1999 -- 2000 Jorge Toro -- Sampdoria , Modena , Verona -- 1962 -- 64 , 1969 -- 70 Jaime Valdés -- Bari , Fiorentina , Lecce , Atalanta , Parma -- 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 06 , 2008 -- 10 , 2011 -- 14 Eduardo Vargas -- Napoli -- 2011 -- 13 Jorge Vargas -- Reggina , Empoli , Livorno -- 1999 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 06 Arturo Vidal -- Juventus -- 2011 -- 15 Iván Zamorano -- Inter -- 1996 -- 2001 Colombia ( edit ) Abel Aguilar -- Udinese -- 2005 -- 06 Pablo Armero -- Udinese , Napoli , Milan -- 2010 -- 17 Faustino Asprilla -- Parma -- 1992 -- 96 , 1997 -- 99 Carlos Bacca -- Milan -- 2015 -- 17 Jorge Bolaño -- Parma , Sampdoria , Lecce -- 1999 -- 2007 Miguel Borja -- Livorno -- 2013 -- 14 Carlos Carbonero -- Cesena , Sampdoria -- 2014 -- 16 Damir Ceter -- Cagliari -- 2017 -- Iván Córdoba -- Inter -- 2000 -- 12 Oscar Córdoba -- Perugia -- 2002 -- 03 Juan Cuadrado -- Udinese , Lecce , Fiorentina , Juventus -- 2009 -- 18 Fredy Guarín -- Inter -- 2011 -- 16 Miguel Guerrero -- Bari -- 1994 -- 96 , 1997 -- 99 Víctor Ibarbo -- Cagliari , Roma -- 2011 -- 17 Gonzalo Martínez -- Udinese , Reggina -- 2001 -- 04 Johnnier Montaño -- Parma , Verona , Piacenza -- 1999 -- 2004 Jonny Mosquera -- Livorno -- 2013 -- 14 Luis Muriel -- Lecce , Udinese , Sampdoria -- 2011 -- 17 Jeison Murillo -- Inter -- 2015 -- 17 Dorlan Pabón -- Parma -- 2012 -- 13 Brayan Perea -- Lazio -- 2013 -- 15 Juan Fernando Quintero -- Pescara -- 2012 -- 13 Freddy Rincón -- Napoli -- 1994 -- 95 Nelson Rivas -- Inter , Livorno -- 2007 -- 10 Carlos Sánchez -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 18 Jorge Horacio Serna -- Como -- 2003 -- 04 Andrés Tello -- Empoli -- 2016 -- 17 Fernando Uribe -- Chievo -- 2010 -- 12 Adolfo Valencia -- Reggiana -- 1997 -- 98 Iván Valenciano -- Atalanta -- 1992 -- 93 Mario Yepes -- Chievo , Milan , Atalanta -- 2008 -- 14 Alexis Zapata -- Udinese -- 2014 -- 15 Cristián Zapata -- Udinese , Milan -- 2005 -- 11 , 2012 -- 18 Duván Zapata -- Napoli , Udinese , Sampdoria -- 2013 -- 18 Juan Camilo Zúñiga -- Siena , Napoli , Bologna -- 2008 -- 16 Congo ( edit ) Dominique Malonga -- Torino , Cesena -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 12 Congo DR ( edit ) Gaël Kakuta -- Lazio -- 2013 -- 14 Pedro Kamata -- Bari -- 2009 -- 10 Jason Mayélé -- Cagliari , Chievo -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Paul - José M'Poku -- Cagliari , Chievo -- 2014 -- 16 Granddi Ngoyi -- Palermo -- 2014 -- 15 Olivier N'Siabamfumu -- Ascoli -- 2006 -- 07 Shabani Nonda -- Roma -- 2005 -- 06 Costa Rica ( edit ) Giancarlo González -- Palermo , Bologna -- 2014 -- 18 Gilberto Martínez -- Brescia , Sampdoria -- 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 11 Hernán Medford -- Foggia -- 1992 -- 93 Croatia ( edit ) Aljoša Asanović -- Napoli -- 1997 -- 98 Milan Badelj -- Fiorentina -- 2014 -- 18 Ricardo Bagadur -- Fiorentina -- 2014 -- 15 Andrija Balić -- Udinese -- 2016 -- 18 Zoran Ban -- Juventus -- 1993 -- 94 Saša Bjelanović -- Como , Chievo , Lecce , Ascoli , Torino -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 08 Zvonimir Boban -- Bari , Milan -- 1991 -- 2001 ( while active ) Alen Bokšić -- Lazio , Juventus -- 1993 -- 2000 Elvis Brajković -- Verona -- 1996 -- 97 Petar Brlek -- Genoa -- 2017 -- 18 Marcelo Brozović -- Inter -- 2014 -- 18 Igor Bubnjić -- Udinese , Carpi -- 2013 -- 16 Ante Budimir -- Sampdoria , Crotone -- 2016 -- 18 Igor Budan -- Venezia , Atalanta , Ascoli , Parma , Palermo , Cesena -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 13 Davor Čop -- Empoli -- 1987 -- 88 ( while active ) Duje Čop -- Cagliari -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Mario Cvitanović -- Verona , Venezia -- 2000 -- 02 Damjan Đoković -- Cesena -- 2011 -- 12 Tomislav Erceg -- Perugia -- 1998 -- 99 Robert Jarni -- Bari , Torino , Juventus -- 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 95 ( while active ) Ivan Javorčić -- Brescia -- 1997 -- 98 Tin Jedvaj -- Roma -- 2013 -- 14 Krunoslav Jurčić -- Torino -- 1999 -- 2000 Ivan Jurić -- Genoa -- 2007 -- 10 Nikola Kalinić -- Fiorentina , Milan -- 2015 -- 18 Veldin Karić -- Torino -- 1995 -- 96 Ivan Kelava -- Udinese -- 2013 -- 14 Dario Knežević -- Livorno , Juventus -- 2006 -- 10 Robert Kovač -- Juventus -- 2005 -- 06 Mateo Kovačić -- Inter -- 2012 -- 15 Miljenko Kovačić -- Brescia -- 1997 -- 98 Marko Livaja -- Cesena , Inter , Atalanta , Empoli -- 2011 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Mario Mandžukić -- Juventus -- 2015 -- 18 Ivan Martić -- Verona -- 2014 -- 15 Frane Matošić -- Bologna -- 1942 -- 43 ( while active ) Hrvoje Milić -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 17 Hrvoje Miličević -- Pescara -- 2016 -- 17 Zvonko Monsider -- Padova -- 1949 -- 50 ( while active ) Robert Murić -- Pescara -- 2016 -- 17 Marko Pajač -- Cagliari -- 2016 -- 17 Manuel Pamić -- Chievo -- 2013 -- 14 Mario Pašalić -- Milan -- 2016 -- 17 Stipe Perica -- Udinese -- 2014 -- 18 Ivan Perišić -- Inter -- 2015 -- 18 Bruno Petković -- Catania , Bologna , Verona -- 2012 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18 Marko Pjaca -- Juventus -- 2016 -- 17 Josip Posavec -- Palermo -- 2015 -- 17 Nenad Pralija -- Reggina -- 1999 -- 2000 Franjo Prce -- Lazio -- 2016 -- 17 Josip Radošević -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 15 Milan Rapaić -- Perugia , Ancona -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 Ante Rebić -- Fiorentina , Verona -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Marko Rog -- Napoli -- 2016 -- 18 Tomislav Rukavina -- Venezia -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Anthony Šerić -- Verona , Brescia , Parma , Lazio -- 1999 -- 2005 Dario Šimić -- Inter , Milan -- 1998 -- 2008 Lorenco Šimić -- SPAL -- 2017 -- 18 Dario Smoje -- Milan -- 1997 -- 98 Robert Špehar -- Verona -- 1999 -- 2000 Mario Stanić -- Parma -- 1996 -- 2000 Ivan Strinić -- Napoli , Sampdoria -- 2014 -- 18 Ivo Šuprina -- Napoli -- 1950 -- 51 ( while active ) Ivica Šurjak -- Udinese -- 1982 -- 83 ( while active ) Stjepan Tomas -- Vicenza , Como -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 Goran Tomić -- Vicenza -- 2000 -- 01 Igor Tudor -- Juventus , Siena -- 1998 -- 2006 Ivan Vargić -- Lazio -- 2016 -- 17 Goran Vlaović -- Padova -- 1994 -- 96 Šime Vrsaljko -- Genoa , Sassuolo -- 2013 -- 16 Davor Vugrinec -- Lecce , Atalanta -- 2000 -- 03 Bernard Vukas -- Bologna -- 1957 -- 59 ( while active ) Dragan Vukoja -- Salernitana -- 1998 -- 99 Ante Vukušić -- Pescara -- 2012 -- 13 Tonči Žilić -- Verona -- 1999 -- 2000 Dario Župarić -- Pescara -- 2016 -- 17 Cyprus ( edit ) Grigoris Kastanos -- Pescara -- 2016 -- 17 Czech Republic ( edit ) Antonín Barák -- Udinese -- 2017 -- 18 Ondřej Čelůstka -- Palermo -- 2009 -- 10 Zdeněk Grygera -- Juventus -- 2007 -- 11 Josef Hušbauer -- Cagliari -- 2014 -- 15 Jakub Jankto -- Udinese -- 2016 -- 18 Marek Jankulovski -- Napoli , Udinese , Milan -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 11 Lukáš Jarolím -- Siena -- 2007 -- 10 Martin Jiránek -- Reggina -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 04 Josef Kaiml -- Triestina -- 1951 -- 52 ( when active ) Václav Koloušek -- Salernitana -- 1998 -- 99 Libor Kozák -- Lazio -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 13 Ladislav Krejčí -- Bologna -- 2016 -- 18 Luboš Kubík -- Fiorentina -- 1989 -- 91 ( when active ) Martin Lejsal -- Reggina -- 2002 -- 04 Mario Lička -- Livorno -- 2004 -- 05 David Limberský -- Modena -- 2003 -- 04 Pavel Nedvěd -- Lazio , Juventus -- 1996 -- 2006 , 2007 -- 09 Jaroslav Plašil -- Catania -- 2013 -- 14 Karel Poborský -- Lazio -- 2000 -- 02 Daniel Pudil -- Cesena -- 2011 -- 12 Michael Rabušic -- Verona -- 2013 -- 14 Tomáš Řepka -- Fiorentina -- 1998 -- 2002 David Rozehnal -- Lazio -- 2007 -- 09 Patrik Schick -- Sampdoria , Roma -- 2016 -- 18 Stefan Simić -- Crotone -- 2017 -- 18 Tomáš Sivok -- Udinese -- 2006 -- 08 Tomáš Skuhravý -- Genoa -- 1990 -- 95 ( when active ) Pavel Srníček -- Brescia -- 2000 -- 03 Tomáš Ujfaluši -- Fiorentina -- 2004 -- 08 Kamil Vacek -- Chievo -- 2011 -- 13 Čestmír Vycpálek -- Juventus , Palermo -- 1946 -- 47 , 1948 -- 52 ( when active ) Matěj Vydra -- Udinese -- 2010 -- 11 Tomáš Zápotočný -- Udinese -- 2006 -- 08 Denmark ( edit ) Joachim Andersen -- Sampdoria -- 2017 -- 18 Nicklas Bendtner -- Juventus -- 2012 -- 13 Nils Bennike -- Spal , Genoa -- 1951 -- 54 Klaus Berggreen -- Pisa , Roma , Torino -- 1982 -- 84 , 1985 -- 88 Martin Bergvold -- Livorno -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Morten Bisgaard -- Udinese -- 1998 -- 2001 Helge Bronée -- Palermo , Roma , Juventus , Novara -- 1950 -- 56 Kurt Christensen -- Atalanta , Lazio , Catania -- 1961 -- 66 Anders Christiansen -- Chievo -- 2014 -- 15 Hans Colberg -- Lucchese -- 1950 -- 52 Andreas Cornelius -- Atalanta -- 2017 -- 18 Preben Elkjær Larsen -- Verona -- 1984 -- 88 Kai Frandsen -- Lucchese -- 1951 -- 52 Allan Gaarde -- Udinese -- 2000 -- 01 John Hansen -- Juventus , Lazio -- 1948 -- 55 Karl Aage Hansen -- Atalanta , Juventus , Sampdoria , Catania -- 1949 -- 55 Svend Jørgen Hansen -- Atalanta , Pro Patria -- 1950 -- 53 Thomas Helveg -- Udinese , Milan , Inter -- 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 2004 Daniel Jensen -- Novara -- 2011 -- 12 Ivan Jensen -- Bologna -- 1949 -- 56 Per Jensen -- Triestina -- 1954 -- 55 Martin Jørgensen -- Udinese , Fiorentina -- 1997 -- 2010 Christian Keller -- Lazio -- 2005 -- 06 Simon Kjær -- Palermo , Roma -- 2008 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Peter Knudsen -- Bari -- 1998 -- 99 Per Krøldrup -- Udinese , Fiorentina , Pescara -- 2001 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Henrik Larsen -- Pisa -- 1990 -- 91 Brian Laudrup -- Fiorentina , Milan -- 1992 -- 94 Michael Laudrup -- Lazio , Juventus -- 1983 -- 89 Martin Laursen -- Verona , Milan -- 1999 -- 2004 Christian Lønstrup -- Cagliari -- 1996 -- 97 Michael Madsen -- Bari -- 1998 -- 2001 Simon Makienok -- Palermo -- 2014 -- 2015 Leif Mortensen -- Udinese -- 1961 -- 62 Flemming Nielsen -- Atalanta -- 1961 -- 64 Harald Nielsen -- Bologna , Inter , Napoli , Sampdoria -- 1961 -- 70 Matti Lund Nielsen -- Pescara -- 2012 -- 13 Nicki Bille Nielsen -- Reggina -- 2006 -- 07 Marc Nygaard -- Brescia -- 2004 -- 05 Dion Ørnvold -- Spal -- 1951 -- 52 Axel Pilmark -- Bologna -- 1950 -- 59 Johannes Pløger -- Juventus , Novara , Torino , Udinese -- 1948 -- 54 Christian Poulsen -- Juventus -- 2008 -- 10 Simon Poulsen -- Sampdoria -- 2012 -- 13 Karl Aage Præst -- Juventus , Lazio -- 1949 -- 57 Poul Aage Rasmussen -- Atalanta -- 1952 -- 56 John Sivebæk -- Pescara -- 1992 -- 93 Søren Skov -- Avellino -- 1982 -- 83 Erling Sørensen -- Udinese , Triestina -- 1950 -- 55 Frederik Sørensen -- Juventus , Bologna , Verona -- 2010 -- 15 Jørgen Leschly Sørensen -- Atalanta , Milan -- 1949 -- 55 Kris Stadsgaard -- Reggina -- 2007 -- 08 Jens Stryger Larsen -- Udinese -- 2017 -- 18 Thomas Thorninger -- Udinese -- 2001 -- 02 Jon Dahl Tomasson -- Milan -- 2002 -- 05 Mike Tullberg -- Reggina -- 2007 -- 08 Niki Zimling -- Udinese -- 2008 -- 10 Dominican Republic ( edit ) Vinicio Espinal -- Atalanta -- 2000 -- 03 José Espinal -- Atalanta -- 2000 -- 01 Ecuador ( edit ) Bryan Cabezas -- Atalanta -- 2016 -- 17 Felipe Caicedo -- Lazio -- 2017 -- 18 Iván Kaviedes -- Perugia -- 1998 -- 99 Egypt ( edit ) Hazem Emam -- Udinese -- 1996 -- 98 Ahmed Hegazy -- Fiorentina -- 2012 -- 14 Mido -- Roma -- 2004 -- 05 Hany Said -- Bari -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 Mohamed Salah -- Fiorentina , Roma -- 2014 -- 17 England ( edit ) Rolando Aarons -- Verona -- 2017 -- 18 Charles Adcock -- Padova , Triestina -- 1948 -- 50 Joe Baker -- Torino -- 1961 -- 62 David Beckham -- Milan -- 2008 -- 10 Luther Blissett -- Milan -- 1983 -- 84 Jay Bothroyd -- Perugia -- 2003 -- 04 Franz Carr -- Reggiana -- 1996 -- 97 Nathaniel Chalobah -- Napoli -- 2015 -- 16 Ashley Cole -- Roma -- 2014 -- 15 Gordon Cowans -- Bari -- 1985 -- 86 Danny Dichio -- Lecce -- 1997 -- 98 Paul Elliott -- Pisa -- 1987 -- 89 Trevor Francis -- Sampdoria , Atalanta -- 1982 -- 87 Paul Gascoigne -- Lazio -- 1992 -- 95 Jimmy Greaves -- Milan -- 1961 -- 62 Joe Hart -- Torino -- 2016 -- 17 Mark Hateley -- Milan -- 1984 -- 87 Gerry Hitchens -- Inter , Torino , Atalanta , Cagliari -- 1961 -- 69 Paul Ince -- Inter -- 1995 -- 97 William Jordan -- Juventus -- 1948 -- 49 Anthony Marchi -- Vicenza , Torino -- 1957 -- 59 Ravel Morrison -- Lazio -- 2015 -- 16 David Platt -- Bari , Juventus , Sampdoria -- 1991 -- 95 Micah Richards -- Fiorentina -- 2014 -- 15 Paul Rideout -- Bari -- 1985 -- 86 Lee Sharpe -- Sampdoria -- 1998 -- 99 Des Walker -- Sampdoria -- 1992 -- 93 Ray Wilkins -- Milan -- 1984 -- 87 Eritrea ( edit ) Henok Goitom -- Udinese -- 2004 -- 05 Finland ( edit ) Mika Aaltonen -- Bologna -- 1988 -- 89 Alexei Eremenko -- Lecce -- 2004 -- 06 Roman Eremenko -- Udinese , Siena -- 2006 -- 08 Përparim Hetemaj -- Brescia , Chievo -- 2010 -- 18 Anssi Jaakkola -- Siena -- 2007 -- 08 Mika Lehkosuo -- Perugia -- 1998 -- 99 Niklas Moisander -- Sampdoria -- 2015 -- 16 Roope Riski -- Cesena -- 2010 -- 11 Sauli Väisänen -- SPAL -- 2017 -- 18 Jani Virtanen -- Udinese -- 2006 -- 07 France ( edit ) Jimmy Algerino -- Venezia -- 2001 -- 02 Nicolas Anelka -- Juventus -- 2012 -- 13 Ibrahim Ba -- Milan , Perugia -- 1997 -- 2003 Jean - Christophe Bahebeck -- Pescara -- 2016 -- 17 Anthony Basso -- Udinese -- 2000 -- 01 Jonathan Biabiany -- Parma , Inter , Sampdoria -- 2009 -- 17 Jean - Claude Billong -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Philippe Billy -- Lecce -- 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 Laurent Blanc -- Napoli , Inter -- 1991 -- 92 , 1999 -- 2001 Jocelyn Blanchard -- Juventus -- 1998 -- 99 Alain Boghossian -- Napoli , Sampdoria , Parma -- 1994 -- 2002 Emile Bongiorni -- Torino -- 1948 -- 49 Antoine Bonifaci -- Inter , Bologna , Torino , Vicenza -- 1954 -- 59 , 1960 -- 61 Daniel Bravo -- Parma -- 1996 -- 97 Jérémie Bréchet -- Inter -- 2003 -- 04 Zoumana Camara -- Empoli -- 1998 -- 99 Grégory Noel Campi -- Bari -- 1997 -- 99 dual Monaco international Vincent Candela -- Roma , Udinese , Siena , Messina -- 1996 -- 2007 Benoît Cauet -- Inter , Torino , Como -- 1997 -- 2003 Michaël Ciani -- Lazio -- 2012 -- 15 Djibril Cissé -- Lazio -- 2011 -- 12 Kingsley Coman -- Juventus -- 2014 -- 16 Nestor Combin -- Juventus , Varese , Torino , Milan -- 1964 -- 71 Jean - Christophe Coubronne -- Novara -- 2011 -- 12 Jean - Pierre Cyprien -- Torino , Lecce -- 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 Ousmane Dabo -- Inter , Vicenza , Parma , Atalanta , Lazio -- 1998 -- 2006 , 2007 -- 10 Olivier Dacourt -- Roma , Inter -- 2002 -- 09 Stéphane Dalmat -- Inter -- 2000 -- 03 Wilfried Dalmat -- Lecce -- 2003 -- 04 Grégoire Defrel -- Parma , Cesena , Sassuolo , Roma -- 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 18 Sebastian De Maio -- Brescia , Genoa , Fiorentina , Bologna -- 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 18 Marcel Desailly -- Milan -- 1993 -- 98 Didier Deschamps -- Juventus -- 1994 -- 99 Vikash Dhorasoo -- Milan -- 2004 -- 05 Moussa Diaby -- Crotone -- 2017 -- 18 Modibo Diakité -- Lazio , Fiorentina , Cagliari , Frosinone , Sampdoria -- 2006 -- 16 Oumar Dieng -- Sampdoria -- 1996 -- 98 Lucas Digne -- Roma -- 2015 -- 16 Martin Djetou -- Parma -- 2001 -- 02 Youri Djorkaeff -- Inter -- 1996 -- 99 Bruce Dombolo -- Ancona -- 2003 -- 04 Christophe Dugarry -- Milan -- 1996 -- 97 Patrice Evra -- Juventus -- 2014 -- 17 Valentin Eysseric -- Fiorentina -- 2017 -- 18 Joachim Fernandez -- Udinese -- 1997 -- 98 Mathieu Flamini -- Milan -- 2008 -- 13 Nicolas Frey -- Chievo -- 2008 -- 17 Sébastien Frey -- Inter , Verona , Parma , Fiorentina , Genoa -- 1998 -- 2013 Gaël Genevier -- Perugia , Siena -- 2003 -- 04 , 2009 -- 10 Ludovic Giuly -- Roma -- 2007 -- 08 Eddy Gnahoré -- Crotone -- 2016 -- 17 Maxime Gonalons -- Roma -- 2017 -- 18 Yoann Gourcuff -- Milan -- 2006 -- 08 Clément Grenier -- Roma -- 2016 -- 17 Thierry Henry -- Juventus -- 1998 -- 99 Thomas Heurtaux -- Udinese , Verona -- 2012 -- 18 Olivier Kapo -- Juventus -- 2004 -- 05 Yann Karamoh -- Inter -- 2017 -- 18 Christian Karembeu -- Sampdoria -- 1995 -- 97 Geoffrey Kondogbia -- Inter -- 2015 -- 17 Abdoulay Konko -- Siena , Genoa , Lazio , Atalanta -- 2006 -- 08 , 2010 -- 17 Pierre Laigle -- Sampdoria -- 1996 -- 99 Sabri Lamouchi -- Parma , Inter -- 2000 -- 04 Vincent Laurini -- Empoli , Fiorentina -- 2014 -- 18 Lucien Leduc -- Venezia -- 1949 -- 50 Mehdi Léris -- Chievo -- 2017 -- 18 Yann M'Vila -- Inter -- 2014 -- 15 Thomas Mangani -- Chievo -- 2014 -- 15 Blaise Matuidi -- Juventus -- 2017 -- 18 Jérémy Ménez -- Roma , Milan -- 2008 -- 11 , 2014 -- 16 Philippe Mexès -- Roma , Milan -- 2004 -- 16 Johan Micoud -- Parma -- 2000 -- 02 François Modesto -- Cagliari -- 1999 -- 2000 Anthony Mounier -- Bologna , Atalanta -- 2015 -- 17 Lilian Nalis -- Chievo -- 2002 -- 03 Bruno N'Gotty -- Milan , Venezia -- 1998 -- 2000 Olivier Ntcham -- Genoa -- 2015 -- 17 Ferenc Nyers -- Lazio -- 1948 -- 50 Jean - Pierre Papin -- Milan -- 1992 -- 94 Reynald Pedros -- Parma , Napoli -- 1996 -- 98 Marc Pfertzel -- Livorno -- 2004 -- 07 Michel Platini -- Juventus -- 1982 -- 87 Paul Pogba -- Juventus -- 2012 -- 16 William Prunier -- Napoli -- 1997 -- 98 Adil Rami -- Milan -- 2013 -- 15 Julien Rantier -- Atalanta -- 2002 -- 03 Anthony Réveillère -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 14 Bacary Sagna -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Louis Saha -- Lazio -- 2012 -- 13 Christophe Sanchez -- Bologna -- 1998 -- 2000 Franck Sauzée -- Atalanta -- 1993 -- 94 Mikaël Silvestre -- Inter -- 1998 -- 99 Samuel Souprayen -- Verona -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 dual Réunionais international Cyril Théréau -- Chievo , Udinese , Fiorentina -- 2010 -- 18 Lilian Thuram -- Parma , Juventus -- 1996 -- 2006 David Trezeguet -- Juventus -- 2000 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10 William Vainqueur -- Roma -- 2015 -- 16 Jordan Veretout -- Fiorentina -- 2017 -- 18 Patrick Vieira -- Milan , Juventus , Inter -- 1995 -- 96 , 2005 -- 10 Maryan Wisnieski -- Sampdoria -- 1963 -- 64 Mapou Yanga - Mbiwa -- Roma -- 2014 -- 15 Jonathan Zebina -- Cagliari , Roma , Juventus , Brescia -- 1998 -- 2006 , 2007 -- 11 Zinedine Zidane -- Juventus -- 1996 -- 2001 Gabon ( edit ) Catilina Aubameyang -- Milan -- 2002 -- 03 Mario Lemina -- Juventus -- 2015 -- 17 Gambia ( edit ) Musa Barrow -- Atalanta -- 2017 -- 18 Lamin Jallow -- Chievo -- 2016 -- 17 Ali Sowe -- Chievo -- 2012 -- 13 Georgia ( edit ) Kakha Kaladze -- Milan , Genoa -- 2000 -- 12 Levan Mchedlidze -- Palermo , Empoli -- 2008 -- 10 , 2014 -- 17 Germany ( edit ) Dietmar Beiersdorfer -- Reggiana -- 1996 -- 97 Thomas Berthold -- Verona , Roma -- 1987 -- 91 Oliver Bierhoff -- Ascoli , Udinese , Milan , Chievo -- 1991 -- 92 , 1995 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 03 Manfred Binz -- Brescia -- 1997 -- 98 Andreas Brehme -- Inter -- 1988 -- 92 Hans - Peter Briegel -- Verona , Sampdoria -- 1984 -- 88 Albert Brülls -- Modena , Brescia -- 1962 -- 64 , 1965 -- 68 Horst Buhtz -- Torino -- 1952 -- 56 Marvin Compper -- Fiorentina -- 2012 -- 14 Thomas Doll -- Lazio , Bari -- 1991 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 Stefan Effenberg -- Fiorentina -- 1992 -- 93 Gianluca Gaudino -- Chievo -- 2017 -- 18 Rolf Geiger -- Mantova -- 1962 -- 63 Giuseppe Gemiti -- Udinese , Chievo , Novara , Livorno -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Mario Gómez -- Fiorentina -- 2013 -- 15 Robin Gosens -- Atalanta -- 2017 -- 18 André Gumprecht -- Lecce -- 1993 -- 94 Helmut Haller -- Bologna , Juventus -- 1962 -- 73 Thomas Häßler -- Juventus , Roma -- 1990 -- 94 Jörg Heinrich -- Fiorentina -- 1998 -- 2000 Thomas Hitzlsperger -- Lazio -- 2009 -- 10 Benedikt Höwedes -- Juventus -- 2017 -- 18 Carsten Jancker -- Udinese -- 2002 -- 04 Ludwig Janda -- Fiorentina , Novara -- 1949 -- 54 Sami Khedira -- Juventus -- 2015 -- 18 Jürgen Klinsmann -- Inter , Sampdoria -- 1989 -- 92 , 1997 -- 98 Miroslav Klose -- Lazio -- 2011 -- 16 Jürgen Kohler -- Juventus -- 1991 -- 95 Rudolf Kölbl -- Padova , Genoa -- 1961 -- 62 , 1964 -- 65 Oliver Kragl -- Frosinone , Crotone -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Jens Lehmann -- Milan -- 1998 -- 99 Moritz Leitner -- Lazio -- 2016 -- 17 Lothar Matthäus -- Inter -- 1988 -- 92 Andreas Möller -- Juventus -- 1992 -- 94 Hansi Müller -- Inter , Como -- 1982 -- 85 Shkodran Mustafi -- Sampdoria -- 2012 -- 14 Herbert Neumann -- Udinese , Bologna -- 1980 -- 82 Savio Nsereko -- Bologna -- 2009 -- 10 Vincenzo Palumbo -- Empoli -- 1998 -- 99 Lukas Podolski -- Inter -- 2014 -- 15 Gerhard Poschner -- Venezia -- 1998 -- 99 Stefan Reuter -- Juventus -- 1991 -- 92 Karl - Heinz Riedle -- Lazio -- 1990 -- 93 Antonio Rüdiger -- Roma -- 2015 -- 17 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge -- Inter -- 1984 -- 87 Matthias Sammer -- Inter -- 1992 -- 93 Karl - Heinz Schnellinger -- Mantova , Roma , Milan -- 1963 -- 74 Jürgen Schütz -- Roma , Messina , Torino , Brescia -- 1963 -- 68 Karl - Heinz Spikofski -- Catania -- 1954 -- 55 Horst Szymaniak -- Catania , Inter , Varese -- 1961 -- 65 Rudi Völler -- Roma -- 1987 -- 92 Herbert Waas -- Bologna -- 1989 -- 91 Erwin Waldner -- Spal -- 1961 -- 63 Kurt Zaro -- Triestina -- 1955 -- 56 Christian Ziege -- Milan -- 1997 -- 99 Ghana ( edit ) Maxwell Acosty -- Fiorentina , Chievo , Crotone -- 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 Afriyie Acquah -- Palermo , Parma , Sampdoria , Torino -- 2010 -- 18 Daniel Kofi Agyei -- Fiorentina -- 2009 -- 10 Emmanuel Agyemang - Badu -- Udinese -- 2009 -- 17 Augustine Ahinful -- Venezia -- 1998 -- 99 Masahudu Alhassan -- Genoa -- 2011 -- 12 Stephen Appiah -- Udinese , Parma , Brescia , Juventus , Bologna , Cesena -- 1997 -- 2005 , 2009 -- 11 Kwadwo Asamoah -- Udinese , Juventus -- 2008 -- 18 Kwame Ayew -- Lecce -- 1993 -- 94 Ahmed Barusso -- Roma , Siena -- 2007 -- 09 Richmond Boakye -- Genoa , Atalanta -- 2009 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 Kevin - Prince Boateng -- Milan -- 2010 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 Raman Chibsah -- Sassuolo , Frosinone , Benevento -- 2013 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Isaac Cofie -- Genoa , Chievo , Carpi -- 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 18 Isaac Donkor -- Inter -- 2014 -- 15 Godfred Donsah -- Verona , Cagliari , Bologna -- 2013 -- 18 Alfred Duncan -- Inter , Livorno , Sampdoria , Sassuolo -- 2012 -- 18 Mark Edusei -- Sampdoria , Catania -- 2004 -- 08 Michael Essien -- Milan -- 2013 -- 15 Abdullah Fusseini -- Torino -- 1999 -- 2000 Mohammed Gargo -- Udinese -- 1996 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04 Bright Gyamfi -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Asamoah Gyan -- Udinese -- 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 08 Samuel Kuffour -- Roma , Livorno -- 2005 -- 07 John Mensah -- Chievo , Modena -- 2002 -- 05 Sulley Muntari -- Udinese , Inter , Milan , Pescara -- 2002 -- 07 , 2008 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Emmanuel Osei -- Livorno -- 2004 -- 05 Abédi Pelé -- Torino -- 1994 -- 96 Amidu Salifu -- Fiorentina , Catania -- 2010 -- 12 Nana Welbeck -- Brescia -- 2010 -- 11 Greece ( edit ) Nikos Anastopoulos -- Avellino -- 1987 -- 88 Lampros Choutos -- Roma , Atalanta , Reggina , Inter -- 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 07 Lazaros Christodoulopoulos -- Bologna , Verona , Sampdoria -- 2012 -- 16 Traianos Dellas -- Perugia , Roma -- 2001 -- 05 Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos -- Messina , Ascoli , Siena -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 09 Giannis Fetfatzidis -- Genoa , Chievo -- 2013 -- 15 Savvas Gentsoglou -- Sampdoria -- 2013 -- 14 Grigorios Georgatos -- Inter -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Panagiotis Gonias -- Messina -- 2004 -- 05 José Holebas -- Roma -- 2014 -- 15 Giorgos Karagounis -- Inter -- 2003 -- 05 Orestis Karnezis -- Udinese -- 2014 -- 17 Fanis Katergiannakis -- Cagliari -- 2004 -- 05 Panagiotis Kone -- Brescia , Bologna , Udinese , Fiorentina -- 2010 -- 17 Apostolos Liolidis -- Atalanta -- 2002 -- 03 Konstantinos Loumpoutis -- Perugia , Siena -- 2002 -- 04 Charalambos Lykogiannis -- Cagliari -- 2017 -- Kostas Manolas -- Roma -- 2014 -- 18 Vangelis Moras -- Bologna , Cesena , Verona -- 2008 -- 12 , 2013 -- 16 Evangelois Nastos -- Perugia -- 2003 -- 04 Sotiris Ninis -- Parma -- 2012 -- 13 Marios Oikonomou -- Cagliari , Bologna , SPAL -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 Dimitrios Papadopoulos -- Lecce -- 2008 -- 09 Sokratis Papastathopoulos -- Genoa , Milan -- 2008 -- 11 Nikos Spyropoulos -- Chievo -- 2012 -- 13 Panagiotis Tachtsidis -- Roma , Catania , Torino , Verona , Genoa , Cagliari -- 2012 -- 17 Vasilis Torosidis -- Roma , Bologna -- 2012 -- 18 Alexandros Tziolis -- Siena -- 2009 -- 10 Alexandros Tzorvas -- Palermo , Genoa -- 2011 -- 13 Georgios Vakouftsis -- Fiorentina -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Zisis Vryzas -- Perugia -- 2000 -- 04 Theodoros Zagorakis -- Bologna -- 2004 -- 05 Guadeloupe ( edit ) Jocelyn Angloma -- Torino , Inter -- 1994 -- 97 Andrew Gravillon -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Guinea ( edit ) Gaston Camara -- Inter -- 2014 -- 15 Ibrahima Camara -- Parma -- 2004 -- 06 Karamoko Cissé -- Atalanta , Benevento -- 2006 -- 07 , 2017 -- 18 Kévin Constant -- Chievo , Genoa , Milan , Bologna -- 2010 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Amadou Diawara -- Bologna , Napoli -- 2015 -- 18 Guinea - Bissau ( edit ) Ednilson -- Roma -- 1999 -- 2000 Carlos Embaló -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Honduras ( edit ) Edgar Álvarez -- Cagliari , Roma , Messina , Livorno , Bari , Palermo -- 2004 -- 08 , 2009 -- 12 Samuel Caballero -- Udinese -- 2001 -- 03 Julio César de León -- Reggina , Genoa -- 2002 -- 04 , 2006 -- 08 Carlos Pavón -- Udinese -- 2001 -- 02 David Suazo -- Cagliari , Inter , Genoa , Catania -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Hungary ( edit ) Norbert Balogh -- Palermo -- 2015 -- 17 Lajos Détári -- Bologna , Ancona , Genoa -- 1990 -- 91 , 1992 -- 94 Róbert Feczesin -- Brescia -- 2010 -- 11 János Füzér -- Genoa -- 1947 -- 48 Tibor Garay -- Inter , Pro Patria -- 1947 -- 49 András Gosztonyi -- Bari -- 2009 -- 10 János Hrotkó -- Bari -- 1946 -- 49 László Kaszás -- Venezia -- 1961 -- 62 Mihály Kincses -- Atalanta , Juventus , Bari , Lucchese -- 1946 -- 52 Vladimir Koman -- Sampdoria , Bari -- 2006 -- 07 , 2009 -- 11 Zsolt Laczkó -- Sampdoria -- 2010 -- 11 István Mike -- Bologna , Lucchese , Napoli , Genoa -- 1947 -- 55 Ádám Nagy -- Bologna -- 2016 -- 18 Gyula Nagy -- Fiorentina -- 1949 -- 51 János Nehadoma -- Fiorentina -- 1933 -- 36 István Nyers -- Inter , Roma -- 1948 -- 56 Sándor Olajkár -- Atalanta -- 1946 -- 47 Ferenc Ottavi -- Fiorentina , Bari -- 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 37 , 1938 -- 39 István Pakó -- Livorno -- 1948 -- 49 Rudolf Plemich -- Triestina -- 1929 -- 30 Gergely Rudolf -- Genoa , Bari -- 2010 -- 11 Roland Sallai -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Béla Sárosi -- Bologna , Bari -- 1946 -- 50 Vilmos Sipos -- Bologna -- 1946 -- 47 László Szőke -- Udinese , Triestina -- 1952 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 Dániel Tőzsér -- Genoa -- 2012 -- 13 Gyula Tóth -- Lucchese -- 1947 -- 50 István Turbéky -- Pro Patria -- 1949 -- 52 Mihail Uram -- Lucchese -- 1948 -- 49 Ádám Vass -- Brescia -- 2010 -- 11 István Vincze -- Lecce -- 1988 -- 90 Jenő Vinyei -- Pro Patria , Napoli , Spal -- 1949 -- 56 József Viola -- Juventus -- 1929 -- 30 Mihály Vörös -- Bari -- 1947 -- 50 Dionisiu Weisz -- Padova -- 1924 -- 25 József Zilisy -- Milan -- 1929 -- 30 Gyula Zsengellér -- Roma -- 1947 -- 49 Iceland ( edit ) Birkir Bjarnason -- Pescara , Sampdoria -- 2012 -- 14 Albert Guðmundsson -- Milan -- 1948 -- 49 Emil Hallfreðsson -- Reggina , Verona , Udinese -- 2007 -- 09 , 2013 -- 18 Hordur Magnússon -- Cesena -- 2014 -- 15 Iran ( edit ) Rahman Rezaei -- Perugia , Messina , Livorno -- 2001 -- 03 , 2004 -- 08 Ali Samereh -- Perugia -- 2001 -- 02 Iraq ( edit ) Ali Adnan -- Udinese -- 2015 -- 18 Ireland ( edit ) Liam Brady -- Juventus , Sampdoria , Inter , Ascoli -- 1980 -- 87 Robbie Keane -- Inter -- 2000 -- 01 Paddy Sloan -- Milan , Torino -- 1948 -- 49 Israel ( edit ) Tal Banin -- Brescia -- 1997 -- 98 Eran Zahavi -- Palermo -- 2011 -- 13 Ivory Coast ( edit ) Ibrahima Bakayoko -- Livorno , Messina -- 2005 -- 07 Sol Bamba -- Palermo -- 2014 -- 15 Serge Dié -- Reggina -- 1999 -- 2000 Cyril Domoraud -- Inter -- 1999 -- 2000 Thierry Doubai -- Udinese -- 2011 -- 12 Seydou Doumbia -- Roma -- 2014 -- 15 Seko Fofana -- Udinese -- 2016 -- 18 Gervinho -- Roma -- 2013 -- 16 Assane Demoya Gnoukouri -- Inter -- 2014 -- 17 Franck Kessié -- Atalanta , Milan -- 2016 -- 18 Axel Cédric Konan -- Lecce , Torino -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 Moussa Koné -- Atalanta -- 2013 -- 14 Arnaud Kouyo -- Lecce -- 2003 -- 04 Saliou Lassissi -- Parma , Sampdoria , Fiorentina -- 1998 -- 2001 Christian Manfredini -- Chievo , Lazio , Perugia -- 2001 -- 09 Siriki Sanogo -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Ibrahiman Scandroglio -- Empoli -- 1998 -- 99 Tallo -- Roma -- 2011 -- 12 François Zahoui -- Ascoli -- 1981 -- 83 Marco Zoro -- Messina -- 2004 -- 07 Japan ( edit ) Keisuke Honda -- Milan -- 2013 -- 17 Kazuyoshi Miura -- Genoa -- 1994 -- 95 Takayuki Morimoto -- Catania , Novara -- 2006 -- 13 Yuto Nagatomo -- Cesena , Inter -- 2010 -- 18 Shunsuke Nakamura -- Reggina -- 2002 -- 05 Hidetoshi Nakata -- Perugia , Roma , Parma , Bologna , Fiorentina -- 1998 -- 2005 Hiroshi Nanami -- Venezia -- 1999 -- 2000 Mitsuo Ogasawara -- Messina -- 2006 -- 07 Masashi Oguro -- Torino -- 2006 -- 08 Atsushi Yanagisawa -- Sampdoria , Messina -- 2003 -- 06 Kazakhstan ( edit ) Alexander Merkel -- Milan , Genoa , Udinese -- 2010 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 Kenya ( edit ) McDonald Mariga -- Parma , Inter -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Kosovo ( edit ) Samir Ujkani -- Palermo , Novara -- 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Liberia ( edit ) George Weah -- Milan -- 1995 -- 2000 Libya ( edit ) Ahmad Benali -- Pescara , Crotone -- 2016 -- 18 Jehad Muntasser -- Treviso -- 2005 -- 06 Al - Saadi Gaddafi -- Perugia , Udinese -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 Liechtenstein ( edit ) Marcel Büchel -- Empoli , Verona -- 2015 -- 18 Mario Frick -- Verona , Siena -- 2001 -- 02 , 2006 -- 09 Lithuania ( edit ) Tomas Danilevičius -- Livorno -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2009 -- 10 Marius Stankevičius -- Brescia , Sampdoria , Lazio -- 2001 -- 05 , 2008 -- 10 , 2011 -- 13 Macedonia ( edit ) Agim Ibraimi -- Cagliari -- 2013 -- 14 Ilija Nestorovski -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Spasoje Nikolić -- Venezia -- 1949 -- 50 ( while active ) Darko Pančev -- Inter -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 Goran Pandev -- Ancona , Lazio , Inter , Napoli , Genoa -- 2003 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 Stefan Ristovski -- Parma -- 2014 -- 15 Goran Slavkovski -- Inter -- 2005 -- 06 Dejan Stojanović -- Bologna -- 2012 -- 14 Aleksandar Trajkovski -- Palermo -- 2015 -- 17 Mali ( edit ) Abdoulaye Camara -- Udinese -- 1999 -- 2000 Cheick Diabaté -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Souleymane Diamoutene -- Perugia , Lecce , Roma , Bari -- 2003 -- 06 , 2008 -- 12 Drissa Diarra -- Lecce -- 2003 -- 05 Cheick Keita -- Bologna -- 2017 -- 18 Seydou Keita -- Roma -- 2014 -- 16 Mamadou Samassa -- Chievo -- 2012 -- 14 Mohamed Sissoko -- Juventus , Fiorentina -- 2007 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Alassane També -- Genoa -- 2014 -- 15 Bakaye Traoré -- Milan -- 2012 -- 13 Molla Wagué -- Udinese -- 2014 -- 18 Mexico ( edit ) Miguel Layún -- Atalanta -- 2009 -- 10 Rafael Márquez -- Verona -- 2014 -- 16 Héctor Moreno -- Roma -- 2017 -- 18 Carlos Salcedo -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 17 Moldova ( edit ) Artur Ionita -- Verona , Cagliari -- 2014 -- 18 Monaco ( edit ) Grégory Campi -- Bari -- 1997 -- 99 Montenegro ( edit ) Marko Bakić -- Torino , Fiorentina -- 2012 -- 14 Luka Đorđević -- Sampdoria -- 2014 -- 15 Ivan Fatić -- Genoa , Cesena -- 2009 -- 11 Stevan Jovetić -- Fiorentina , Inter -- 2008 -- 13 , 2015 -- 17 Adam Marušić -- Lazio -- 2017 -- 18 Predrag Mijatović -- Fiorentina -- 1999 -- 2002 ( while active ) Vukašin Poleksić -- Lecce -- 2003 -- 04 ( while active ) Stefan Savić -- Fiorentina -- 2012 -- 15 Dejan Savićević -- Milan -- 1992 -- 98 ( while active ) Ognjen Stijepović -- Sampdoria -- 2017 -- Marko Vešović -- Torino -- 2013 -- 14 Mirko Vučinić -- Lecce , Roma , Juventus -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 14 ( while active ) Miodrag Vukotić -- Empoli -- 1997 -- 98 ( while active ) Morocco ( edit ) Jamal Alioui -- Perugia -- 2003 -- 04 Mehdi Benatia -- Udinese , Roma , Juventus -- 2010 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18 Zakarya Bergdich -- Genoa -- 2014 -- 15 Soufiane Bidaoui -- Parma -- 2014 -- 15 Ouasim Bouy -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Manuel da Costa -- Fiorentina , Sampdoria -- 2008 -- 09 Mounir El Hamdaoui -- Fiorentina -- 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Moestafa El Kabir -- Cagliari -- 2011 -- 12 Omar El Kaddouri -- Napoli , Torino , Empoli -- 2012 -- 17 Abdelhamid El Kaoutari -- Palermo -- 2015 -- 16 Jawad El Yamiq -- Genoa -- 2017 -- 18 Zouhair Feddal -- Palermo , Parma -- 2014 -- 15 Abderrazak Jadid -- Brescia , Parma -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2011 -- 12 Houssine Kharja -- Roma , Siena , Genoa , Inter , Fiorentina -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 12 Sofian Kiyine -- Chievo -- 2016 -- 17 Achraf Lazaar -- Palermo , Benevento -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Ibrahim Maaroufi -- Inter -- 2006 -- 07 Rachid Neqrouz -- Bari -- 1997 -- 2001 Mounir Obbadi -- Verona -- 2014 -- 15 Abdelilah Saber -- Napoli -- 2000 -- 01 Adel Taarabt -- Milan , Genoa -- 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18 Netherlands ( edit ) Mario Been -- Pisa -- 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 Dennis Bergkamp -- Inter -- 1993 -- 95 Winston Bogarde -- Milan -- 1997 -- 98 Edson Braafheid -- Lazio -- 2014 -- 16 Luc Castaignos -- Inter -- 2011 -- 12 Edgar Davids -- Milan , Juventus , Inter -- 1996 -- 2005 Jonathan de Guzmán -- Napoli , Carpi , Chievo -- 2014 -- 17 Nigel de Jong -- Milan -- 2012 -- 16 Marten de Roon -- Atalanta -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Stefan de Vrij -- Lazio -- 2014 -- 18 Kevin Diks -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 17 Eljero Elia -- Juventus -- 2011 -- 12 Urby Emanuelson -- Milan , Roma , Atalanta , Verona -- 2010 -- 16 Ruud Gullit -- Milan , Sampdoria -- 1987 -- 95 Hans Hateboer -- Atalanta -- 2016 -- 18 Wesley Hoedt -- Lazio -- 2015 -- 17 Klaas - Jan Huntelaar -- Milan -- 2009 -- 10 Wim Jonk -- Inter -- 1993 -- 95 Rick Karsdorp -- Roma -- 2017 -- 18 Wim Kieft -- Pisa , Torino -- 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 87 Ricardo Kishna -- Lazio -- 2015 -- 17 Patrick Kluivert -- Milan -- 1997 -- 98 Michel Kreek -- Padova , Perugia -- 1994 -- 97 Ruud Krol -- Napoli -- 1980 -- 84 Piet Kruiver -- Vicenza -- 1961 -- 62 Wim Lakenberg -- Pro Patria -- 1950 -- 51 Timo Letschert -- Sassuolo -- 2016 -- 18 Bram Nuytinck -- Udinese -- 2017 -- 18 Johannes Peters -- Genoa , Atalanta -- 1982 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 Michael Reiziger -- Milan -- 1996 -- 97 Frank Rijkaard -- Milan -- 1988 -- 93 Andries Roosenburg -- Fiorentina -- 1950 -- 53 Bryan Roy -- Foggia -- 1992 -- 94 Clarence Seedorf -- Sampdoria , Inter , Milan -- 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2012 Wesley Sneijder -- Inter -- 2009 -- 13 Jaap Stam -- Lazio , Milan -- 2001 -- 06 Kevin Strootman -- Roma -- 2013 -- 18 Maarten Stekelenburg -- Roma -- 2011 -- 13 Marco van Basten -- Milan -- 1987 -- 93 Mark van Bommel -- Milan -- 2010 -- 12 Michel van de Korput -- Torino -- 1980 -- 83 Andy van der Meyde -- Inter -- 2003 -- 05 Edwin van der Sar -- Juventus -- 1999 -- 2001 Henry van der Vegt -- Udinese -- 1998 -- 2000 Gregory van der Wiel -- Cagliari -- 2017 -- 18 Marco van Ginkel -- Milan -- 2014 -- 15 John van ' t Schip -- Genoa -- 1992 -- 95 Leonard van Utrecht -- Padova -- 1995 -- 96 Marciano Vink -- Genoa -- 1993 -- 94 Harald Wapenaar -- Udinese -- 1998 -- 99 Faas Wilkes -- Inter , Torino -- 1949 -- 53 Aron Winter -- Lazio , Inter -- 1992 -- 99 Nigeria ( edit ) Daniel Adejo -- Reggina -- 2008 -- 09 Akande Ajide -- Roma -- 2003 -- 04 Mohammed Aliyu -- Milan -- 1998 -- 2000 Ibrahim Babatunde -- Piacenza -- 2002 -- 03 Osarimen Ebagua -- Catania -- 2011 -- 12 Hugo Enyinnaya -- Bari -- 1999 -- 2002 Odion Ighalo -- Udinese , Cesena -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Ikechukwu Kalu -- Sampdoria -- 2007 -- 08 Nwankwo Kanu -- Inter -- 1997 -- 99 Stephen Makinwa -- Modena , Atalanta , Palermo , Lazio , Reggina , Chievo -- 2003 -- 10 Obafemi Martins -- Inter -- 2002 -- 06 Jerry Mbakogu -- Carpi -- 2015 -- 16 Joel Obi -- Inter , Parma , Torino -- 2010 -- 18 Victor Obinna -- Chievo , Inter -- 2005 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 14 Nwankwo Obiora -- Inter , Parma -- 2010 -- 12 Christian Obodo -- Perugia , Fiorentina , Udinese , Lecce -- 2001 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Michael Odibe -- Siena -- 2009 -- 10 Nnamdi Oduamadi -- Milan -- 2010 -- 11 Edward Ofere -- Lecce -- 2010 -- 12 Orji Okwonkwo -- Bologna -- 2016 -- 18 Sunday Oliseh -- Reggiana , Juventus -- 1994 -- 95 , 1999 -- 2000 Mathew Olorunleke -- Messina -- 2005 -- 06 Akeem Omolade -- Torino -- 2002 -- 03 Ogenyi Onazi -- Lazio -- 2011 -- 16 Umar Sadiq -- Roma , Bologna , Torino -- 2015 -- 18 Nwankwo Simy -- Crotone -- 2016 -- 18 Taye Taiwo -- Milan -- 2011 -- 12 Adewale Wahab -- Roma -- 2003 -- 04 Taribo West -- Inter , Milan -- 1997 -- 2000 Kenneth Zeigbo -- Venezia -- 1998 -- 99 North Korea ( edit ) Han Kwang - song -- Cagliari -- 2016 -- 18 Norway ( edit ) Haitam Aleesami -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Knut Andersen -- Padova -- 1951 -- 52 Runar Berg -- Venezia -- 1999 -- 2001 Per Bredesen -- Lazio , Milan , Bari -- 1952 -- 55 , 1956 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 John Carew -- Roma -- 2003 -- 04 Tore André Flo -- Siena -- 2003 -- 05 Finn Gundersen -- Verona -- 1957 -- 58 Erik Huseklepp -- Bari -- 2010 -- 11 Ragnar Larsen -- Lazio , Genoa -- 1951 -- 56 Steinar Nilsen -- Milan -- 1997 -- 98 John Arne Riise -- Roma -- 2008 -- 11 Petter Rudi -- Perugia -- 1996 -- 97 Rafik Zekhnini -- Fiorentina -- 2017 -- 18 Panama ( edit ) Julio Dely Valdés -- Cagliari -- 1993 -- 95 Paraguay ( edit ) Dionisio Arce -- Lazio , Napoli , Sampdoria , Novara , Torino , Palermo -- 1949 -- 60 Óscar Ayala -- Bari -- 2000 -- 01 Édgar Barreto -- Reggina , Atalanta , Palermo , Sampdoria -- 2007 -- 10 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 18 Felix Benegas -- Triestina -- 1950 -- 52 Marcelo Estigarribia -- Juventus , Sampdoria , Chievo , Atalanta -- 2011 -- 16 Carlos Gamarra -- Inter -- 2002 -- 05 Gustavo Gómez -- Milan -- 2016 -- 17 Tomás Guzmán -- Siena -- 2005 -- 06 Juan Iturbe -- Verona , Roma , Torino -- 2013 -- 17 Rubén Maldonado -- Venezia , Napoli -- 1999 -- 2001 , 2007 -- 08 Víctor Hugo -- Brescia -- 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 11 David Meza -- Cesena -- 2011 -- 12 José Montiel -- Udinese , Reggina -- 2006 -- 08 Gustavo Neffa -- Cremonese -- 1989 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 Miguel Ortega -- Genoa -- 1946 -- 48 Carlos Humberto Paredes -- Reggina -- 2002 -- 06 José Parodi -- Padova , Genoa -- 1955 -- 57 Silvio Parodi Ramos -- Fiorentina -- 1956 -- 57 Iván Piris -- Roma , Udinese -- 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16 Antonio Sanabria -- Sassuolo , Roma -- 2013 -- 15 Delio Toledo -- Udinese -- 1998 -- 99 Leongino Unzaim -- Lazio -- 1950 -- 51 Peru ( edit ) Álvaro Ampuero -- Parma -- 2012 -- 13 Gerónimo Barbadillo -- Avellino , Udinese -- 1982 -- 86 Víctor Benítez -- Milan , Messina , Roma , Venezia , Inter -- 1962 -- 70 Rinaldo Cruzado -- Chievo -- 2011 -- 13 Alberto Gallardo -- Milan , Cagliari -- 1963 -- 66 Hugo Natteri -- Triestina , Alessandria -- 1956 -- 58 Juan Seminario -- Fiorentina -- 1962 -- 64 Julio Uribe -- Cagliari -- 1982 -- 83 Juan Manuel Vargas -- Catania , Fiorentina , Genoa -- 2006 -- 15 Poland ( edit ) Dariusz Adamczuk -- Udinese -- 1993 -- 94 Błażej Augustyn -- Catania -- 2009 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Bartosz Bereszyński -- Sampdoria -- 2016 -- 18 Jakub Błaszczykowski -- Fiorentina -- 2015 -- 16 Zbigniew Boniek -- Juventus , Roma -- 1982 -- 88 Artur Boruc -- Fiorentina -- 2010 -- 12 Thiago Cionek -- Palermo , SPAL -- 2015 -- 18 Piotr Czachowski -- Udinese -- 1992 -- 93 Bartłomiej Drągowski -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 18 Dominik Furman -- Verona -- 2015 -- 16 Kamil Glik -- Bari , Torino -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 16 Paweł Jaroszyński -- Chievo -- 2017 -- 18 Kamil Kosowski -- Chievo -- 2006 -- 07 Dawid Kownacki -- Sampdoria -- 2017 -- 18 Marek Koźmiński -- Udinese , Brescia -- 1992 -- 94 , 1995 -- 98 , 2000 -- 02 Tomasz Kupisz -- Chievo -- 2013 -- 14 Igor Łasicki -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 14 Karol Linetty -- Sampdoria -- 2016 -- 18 Radosław Matusiak -- Palermo -- 2006 -- 07 Arkadiusz Milik -- Napoli -- 2016 -- 18 Bartosz Salamon -- Sampdoria , Cagliari , SPAL -- 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18 Łukasz Skorupski -- Roma , Empoli -- 2013 -- 17 Mariusz Stępiński -- Chievo -- 2017 -- 18 Wojciech Szczęsny -- Roma , Juventus -- 2015 -- 18 Kamil Wilczek -- Carpi -- 2015 -- 16 Rafał Wolski -- Fiorentina -- 2012 -- 14 Paweł Wszołek -- Sampdoria , Verona -- 2013 -- 16 Piotr Zieliński -- Udinese , Empoli , Napoli -- 2012 -- 18 Władysław Żmuda -- Verona , Cremonese -- 1982 -- 85 Portugal ( edit ) Salvador Agra -- Siena -- 2012 -- 13 Hugo Almeida -- Cesena -- 2014 -- 15 Bruno Alves -- Cagliari -- 2016 -- 17 Jorge Andrade -- Juventus -- 2007 -- 08 Vitorino Antunes -- Roma , Lecce -- 2007 -- 09 Gonçalo Brandão -- Siena , Parma -- 2008 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Jorge Cadete -- Brescia -- 1994 -- 95 Marco Caneira -- Reggina -- 2000 -- 01 Sérgio Conceição -- Lazio , Parma , Inter -- 1998 -- 2004 Paulo Costa -- Reggina -- 2000 -- 01 Costinha -- Atalanta -- 2007 -- 08 Fernando Couto -- Parma , Lazio -- 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 Danilo Pereira -- Parma -- 2011 -- 12 Gil Bastião Dias -- Fiorentina -- 2017 -- 18 Dimas -- Juventus -- 1996 -- 99 Diogo Figueiras -- Genoa -- 2015 -- 16 Eduardo -- Genoa -- 2010 -- 11 Eliseu -- Lazio -- 2009 -- 10 Ricardo Esteves -- Reggina -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 Vasco Faísca -- Vicenza -- 2000 -- 01 Bruno Fernandes -- Udinese , Sampdoria -- 2013 -- 17 Luís Figo -- Inter -- 2005 -- 09 Paulo Futre -- Reggiana , Milan -- 1993 -- 96 Bruno Gaspar -- Fiorentina -- 2017 -- 18 Hilário -- Perugia -- 1998 -- 2001 Hugo -- Sampdoria -- 1997 -- 99 João Cancelo -- Inter -- 2017 -- 18 João Mário -- Inter -- 2016 -- 18 João Silva -- Palermo -- 2014 -- 15 Jorge Humberto -- Inter , Vicenza -- 1961 -- 64 Mamede -- Reggina , Messina -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 06 Maniche -- Inter -- 2007 -- 08 Iuri Medeiros -- Genoa -- 2017 -- 18 Pedro Mendes -- Parma , Sassuolo -- 2013 -- 15 Nani -- Lazio -- 2017 -- 18 Nélson -- Palermo -- 2012 -- 13 Luís Neto -- Siena -- 2012 -- 13 Nuno Gomes -- Fiorentina -- 2000 -- 02 Filipe Oliveira -- Parma -- 2010 -- 11 António Pacheco -- Reggiana -- 1996 -- 97 Pelé -- Inter -- 2007 -- 08 Pedro Pereira -- Sampdoria , Genoa -- 2015 -- 18 Bruno Pereirinha -- Lazio -- 2012 -- 15 Hélder Postiga -- Lazio -- 2013 -- 14 Ricardo Quaresma -- Inter -- 2008 -- 10 Rolando -- Napoli , Inter -- 2012 -- 14 Mário Rui -- Empoli , Roma , Napoli -- 2014 -- 18 Rui Águas -- Reggiana -- 1994 -- 95 Rui Barros -- Juventus -- 1988 -- 90 Rui Costa -- Fiorentina , Milan -- 1994 -- 2006 Rui Sampaio -- Cagliari -- 2011 -- 12 José Semedo -- Cagliari -- 2006 -- 07 André Silva -- Milan -- 2017 -- 18 Paulo Sousa -- Juventus , Inter , Parma -- 1994 -- 96 , 1997 -- 2000 Jorge Teixeira -- Siena -- 2012 -- 13 Tiago -- Juventus -- 2007 -- 10 Silvestre Varela -- Parma -- 2014 -- 15 Miguel Veloso -- Genoa -- 2010 -- 12 , 2016 -- 18 Luís Vidigal -- Napoli , Livorno , Udinese -- 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 08 Abel Xavier -- Bari , Roma -- 1995 -- 96 , 2004 -- 05 Réunion ( edit ) Samuel Souprayen -- Verona -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 dual French international Romania ( edit ) Marius Alexe -- Sassuolo -- 2013 -- 14 Denis Alibec -- Inter , Bologna -- 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Ionică Bogdan -- Bari -- 1947 -- 48 Deian Boldor -- Verona -- 2017 -- 18 Vlad Chiricheș -- Napoli -- 2015 -- 18 Cristian Chivu -- Roma , Inter -- 2003 -- 13 Paul Codrea -- Perugia , Palermo , Siena , Bari -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 12 Cosmin Contra -- Milan -- 2001 -- 02 Nicolae Dică -- Catania -- 2008 -- 09 Iosif Fabian -- Torino , Lucchese , Bari -- 1947 -- 50 Dorin Goian -- Palermo -- 2009 -- 11 Gheorghe Hagi -- Brescia -- 1992 -- 93 Ianis Hagi -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 17 Norbert Höfling -- Lazio , Pro Patria , Vicenza -- 1948 -- 53 , 1954 -- 56 Marius Lăcătuș -- Fiorentina -- 1990 -- 91 Bogdan Lobonț -- Fiorentina , Roma -- 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 13 Dănuț Lupu -- Brescia -- 1994 -- 95 Dorin Mateuț -- Brescia , Reggiana -- 1992 -- 95 Cristian Melinte -- Palermo -- 2009 -- 10 Emil Micossi -- Genoa -- 1932 -- 33 Alexandru Mitriță -- Pescara -- 2016 -- 17 Cosmin Moți -- Siena -- 2008 -- 09 Adrian Mutu -- Inter , Verona , Parma , Juventus , Fiorentina , Cesena -- 1999 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 12 Valentin Năstase -- Bologna , Ascoli -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 Viorel Năstase -- Catanzaro -- 1981 -- 83 Constantin Nica -- Atalanta , Cesena -- 2013 -- 15 Paul Papp -- Chievo -- 2012 -- 14 Bogdan Pătrașcu -- Piacenza , Chievo -- 2001 -- 03 , 2008 -- 09 Victor Pepoli -- Genoa , Palermo -- 1933 -- 35 Adrian Piț -- Roma -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Dan Petrescu -- Foggia , Genoa -- 1991 -- 94 Gheorghe Popescu -- Lecce -- 2001 -- 02 George Pușcaș -- Inter , Benevento -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Florian Radu -- Roma -- 1948 -- 49 Ionuț Radu -- Inter -- 2015 -- 16 Ștefan Radu -- Lazio -- 2007 -- 18 Florin Răducioiu -- Bari , Verona , Brescia , Milan -- 1990 -- 94 Ioan Sabău -- Brescia , Reggiana -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 98 Nicolae Simatoc -- Inter -- 1947 -- 49 Adrian Stoian -- Roma , Chievo , Genoa , Crotone -- 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18 Sergiu Suciu -- Torino -- 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 Gabriel Torje -- Udinese -- 2011 -- 12 Alin Toșca -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 2018 Ciprian Tătărușanu -- Fiorentina -- 2014 -- 17 Ianis Zicu -- Parma -- 2003 -- 05 Russia ( edit ) Dmitri Alenichev -- Roma , Perugia -- 1998 -- 2000 Viktor Budyanskiy -- Juventus , Reggina , Ascoli , Udinese , Lecce -- 2003 -- 05 , 2006 -- 09 Igor Dobrovolski -- Genoa -- 1992 -- 93 ( while active ) Andrei Kanchelskis -- Fiorentina -- 1996 -- 98 Igor Kolyvanov -- Foggia , Bologna -- 1991 -- 95 , 1996 -- 2001 ( while active ) Ruslan Nigmatullin -- Verona -- 2001 -- 02 Igor Shalimov -- Foggia , Inter , Udinese , Bologna -- 1991 -- 94 , 1995 -- 98 ( while active ) Igor Simutenkov -- Reggiana , Bologna -- 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 Omari Tetradze -- Roma -- 1996 -- 98 San Marino ( edit ) Massimo Bonini -- Juventus , Bologna -- 1981 -- 91 Marco Macina -- Bologna , Milan -- 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 Scotland ( edit ) Joe Jordan -- Milan , Verona -- 1981 -- 82 , 1983 -- 84 Denis Law -- Torino -- 1961 -- 62 Graeme Souness -- Sampdoria -- 1984 -- 86 Senegal ( edit ) Khouma Babacar -- Fiorentina , Sassuolo -- 2009 -- 12 , 2014 -- 18 Issa Cissokho -- Genoa -- 2015 -- 16 Ferdinand Coly -- Perugia , Parma -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 08 Mamadou Coulibaly -- Pescara -- 2016 -- 17 Djibril Diawara -- Torino -- 1999 -- 2000 Abou Diop -- Torino -- 2012 -- 13 Assane Dioussé -- Empoli -- 2015 -- 17 N'Diaye Djiby -- Chievo -- 2012 -- 13 Diaw Doudou -- Torino -- 2006 -- 07 Souleymane Doukara -- Catania -- 2012 -- 14 Boukary Dramé -- Chievo , Atalanta , SPAL -- 2011 -- 18 Ricardo Faty -- Roma -- 2006 -- 07 , 2009 -- 10 Alfred Gomis -- SPAL -- 2017 -- 18 Lys Gomis -- Torino -- 2013 -- 14 Diomansy Kamara -- Modena -- 2002 -- 04 Mamadou Kanoute -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Keita -- Lazio -- 2013 -- 17 Moussa Konaté -- Genoa -- 2013 -- 14 Kalidou Koulibaly -- Napoli -- 2014 -- 18 Ibrahima Mbaye -- Livorno , Inter , Bologna -- 2013 -- 18 Maodo Malick Mbaye -- Chievo -- 2013 -- 14 David Mbodj -- Pescara -- 2012 -- 13 Roger Mendy -- Pescara -- 1992 -- 93 M'Baye Niang -- Milan , Genoa , Torino -- 2012 -- 18 Welle Ossou -- Livorno -- 2009 -- 10 Mohamed Sarr -- Milan -- 2001 -- 02 Mame Baba Thiam -- Empoli -- 2016 -- 17 Mamadou Tounkara -- Lazio -- 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 Armand Traoré -- Juventus -- 2010 -- 11 Papa Waigo -- Genoa , Fiorentina , Lecce -- 2007 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Serbia ( edit ) Danijel Aleksić -- Genoa -- 2009 -- 10 Aleksandar Aranđelović -- Padova , Roma , Novara -- 1948 -- 51 ( while active ) Vlada Avramov -- Fiorentina , Cagliari , Atalanta -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 14 Dušan Basta -- Lecce , Udinese , Lazio -- 2008 -- 18 Milan Biševac -- Lazio -- 2015 -- 16 Dražen Bolić -- Salernitana , Ancona -- 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 Vujadin Boškov -- Sampdoria -- 1961 -- 62 ( while active ) Željko Brkić -- Siena , Udinese , Cagliari , Carpi -- 2011 -- 16 Uroš Ćosić -- Pescara , Empoli -- 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 17 Borislav Cvetković -- Ascoli -- 1988 -- 90 ( while active ) Miloš Dimitrijević -- Chievo -- 2010 -- 11 Filip Đorđević -- Lazio -- 2014 -- 17 Uroš Đurđević -- Palermo -- 2015 -- 16 Filip Đuričić -- Sampdoria , Benevento -- 2016 -- 18 Vladislav Đukić -- Cesena -- 1989 -- 90 ( while active ) Ljubiša Dunđerski -- Atalanta -- 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 ( while active ) Nikola Gulan -- Fiorentina , Chievo -- 2010 -- 12 Dejan Govedarica -- Lecce -- 1997 -- 98 ( while active ) Ivica Iliev -- Messina -- 2004 -- 07 Ilija Ivić -- Torino -- 1999 -- 2000 ( while active ) Boško Janković -- Palermo , Genoa , Verona -- 2007 -- 16 Vladimir Jugović -- Sampdoria , Juventus , Lazio , Inter -- 1992 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2001 ( while active ) Tomislav Kaloperović -- Padova -- 1961 -- 62 ( while active ) Aleksandar Kocić -- Perugia , Empoli -- 1996 -- 98 ( while active ) Aleksandar Kolarov -- Lazio , Roma -- 2007 -- 10 , 2017 -- 18 Bora Kostić -- Vicenza -- 1961 -- 62 ( while active ) Darko Kovačević -- Juventus , Lazio -- 1999 -- 2002 ( while active ) Miloš Krasić -- Juventus -- 2010 -- 12 Aleksandar Kristić -- Salernitana -- 1998 -- 99 ( while active ) Nenad Krstičić -- Sampdoria -- 2012 -- 16 Zdravko Kuzmanović -- Fiorentina , Inter , Udinese -- 2006 -- 09 , 2012 -- 16 Nikola Lazetić -- Chievo , Lazio , Siena , Livorno , Torino -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 08 Darko Lazović -- Genoa -- 2015 -- 18 Adem Ljajić -- Fiorentina , Roma , Inter , Torino -- 2009 -- 18 Saša Lukić -- Torino -- 2016 -- 17 Aleksandar Luković -- Ascoli , Udinese -- 2006 -- 10 Nikola Maksimović -- Torino , Napoli -- 2013 -- 18 Petar Manola -- Lazio -- 1942 -- 43 , 1945 -- 47 ( while active ) Siniša Mihajlović -- Roma , Sampdoria , Lazio , Inter -- 1992 -- 2006 ( while active ) Bratislav Mijalković -- Perugia -- 1996 -- 97 ( while active ) Milan Milanović -- Palermo -- 2011 -- 12 Nikola Milenković -- Fiorentina -- 2017 -- 18 Sergej Milinković - Savić -- Lazio -- 2015 -- 18 Vanja Milinković - Savić -- Torino -- 2017 -- 18 Savo Milošević -- Parma -- 2000 -- 02 ( while active ) Zoran Mirković -- Atalanta , Juventus -- 1996 -- 2000 ( while active ) Matija Nastasić -- Fiorentina -- 2011 -- 12 Nikola Ninković -- Chievo , Genoa -- 2015 -- 17 Nenad Novaković -- Reggina -- 2007 -- 08 Marko Perović -- Cremonese , Ancona -- 1995 -- 96 , 2003 -- 04 ( while active ) Aleksandar Pešić -- Atalanta -- 2016 -- 17 Dejan Petković -- Venezia -- 1999 -- 2000 ( while active ) Aleksandar Prijović -- Parma -- 2007 -- 08 Ivan Radovanović -- Atalanta , Bologna , Novara , Chievo -- 2009 -- 18 Boris Radunović -- Atalanta -- 2015 -- 16 Slobodan Rajković -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Đorđe Rakić -- Reggina -- 2008 -- 09 Nenad Sakić -- Lecce , Sampdoria -- 1997 -- 99 ( while active ) Stefan Šćepović -- Sampdoria -- 2009 -- 10 Vlado Šmit -- Bologna -- 2002 -- 03 ( while active ) Dejan Stanković -- Lazio , Inter -- 1998 -- 2013 Alen Stevanović -- Inter , Torino , -- 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 Damir Stojak -- Napoli -- 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 ( while active ) Dragan Stojković -- Verona -- 1991 -- 92 ( while active ) Ivan Tomić -- Roma -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 03 ( while active ) Nenad Tomović -- Genoa , Lecce , Fiorentina , Chievo -- 2009 -- 18 Aleksandar Trifunović -- Ascoli -- 1983 -- 84 , 1986 -- 87 ( while active ) Todor Veselinović -- Sampdoria -- 1961 -- 62 ( while active ) Nemanja Vidić -- Inter -- 2014 -- 15 Jagoš Vuković -- Verona -- 2017 -- 18 Bratislav Živković -- Sampdoria -- 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 ( while active ) Sierra Leone ( edit ) Kewullay Conteh -- Atalanta , Venezia , Palermo -- 1995 -- 96 , 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 07 Mohamed Kallon -- Bologna , Cagliari , Reggina , Vicenza , Inter -- 1997 -- 2004 Rodney Strasser -- Milan , Lecce , Parma -- 2008 -- 13 Slovakia ( edit ) Ján Arpáš -- Juventus -- 1947 -- 48 ( when active ) Pavol Bajza -- Parma -- 2012 -- 14 Marek Čech -- Bologna -- 2013 -- 14 János Chawko -- Palermo , Como -- 1948 -- 50 ( when active ) Pavol Farkaš -- Chievo -- 2012 -- 13 Miloš Glonek -- Ancona -- 1992 -- 93 ( when active ) Vratislav Greško -- Inter , Parma -- 2000 -- 03 Norbert Gyömbér -- Catania , Roma , Pescara -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17 David Ivan -- Sampdoria -- 2015 -- 16 Marek Hamšík -- Brescia , Napoli -- 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 18 Lukáš Haraslín -- Parma -- 2014 -- 15 Kamil Kopúnek -- Bari -- 2010 -- 11 Július Korostelev -- Juventus , Atalanta -- 1946 -- 49 ( when active ) Tomáš Košický -- Catania -- 2008 -- 12 Matej Krajčík -- Reggina -- 2008 -- 09 Juraj Kucka -- Genoa , Milan -- 2010 -- 17 Július Schubert -- Torino -- 1948 -- 49 ( when active ) Milan Škriniar -- Sampdoria , Inter -- 2015 -- 18 Ľubomír Tupta -- Verona -- 2017 -- 18 Blažej Vašcák -- Treviso -- 2005 -- 06 Vladimír Weiss -- Pescara -- 2012 -- 13 Slovenia ( edit ) Siniša Anđelković -- Palermo -- 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 Armin Bačinović -- Palermo -- 2010 -- 12 Vid Belec -- Carpi , Benevento , Sampdoria -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Valter Birsa -- Genoa , Torino , Milan , Chievo -- 2011 -- 18 Boštjan Cesar -- Chievo -- 2010 -- 18 Sebastjan Cimirotič -- Lecce -- 2001 -- 02 Zlatko Dedić -- Parma -- 2005 -- 07 Robert Englaro -- Atalanta -- 1997 -- 98 Matjaž Florjančič -- Cremonese , Empoli -- 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 Samir Handanović -- Udinese , Treviso , Lazio , Inter -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 18 Josip Iličić -- Palermo , Fiorentina , Atalanta -- 2010 -- 18 Enej Jelenič -- Genoa -- 2010 -- 11 Bojan Jokić -- Chievo -- 2009 -- 13 Srečko Katanec -- Sampdoria -- 1989 -- 94 ( while active ) Jan Koprivec -- Udinese -- 2008 -- 09 Andrej Kotnik -- Crotone -- 2016 -- 17 Luka Krajnc -- Genoa , Cesena -- 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Rene Krhin -- Inter , Bologna -- 2009 -- 15 Jasmin Kurtić -- Palermo , Sassuolo , Torino , Fiorentina , Atalanta , SPAL -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 18 Dejan Lazarević -- Genoa , Chievo , Sassuolo -- 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 15 Tim Matavž -- Genoa -- 2015 -- 16 Jan Mlakar -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 17 Aljaž Struna -- Palermo -- 2015 -- 16 Miha Zajc -- Empoli -- 2016 -- 17 Somalia ( edit ) Ayub Daud -- Juventus -- 2008 -- 09 South Africa ( edit ) Mark Fish -- Lazio -- 1996 -- 97 Philemon Masinga -- Bari -- 1997 -- 2001 Siyabonga Nomvethe -- Udinese -- 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 David Nyathi -- Cagliari -- 1998 -- 99 Eric Tinkler -- Cagliari -- 1996 -- 97 South Korea ( edit ) Ahn Jung - hwan -- Perugia -- 2000 -- 02 Lee Seung - woo -- Verona -- 2017 -- 18 Spain ( edit ) Antonio Adán -- Cagliari -- 2013 -- 14 Raúl Albiol -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 18 Marcos Alonso -- Fiorentina -- 2013 -- 17 Guillermo Amor -- Fiorentina -- 1998 -- 2000 Álex Berenguer -- Torino -- 2017 -- 18 Bojan -- Roma , Milan -- 2011 -- 13 Borja Valero -- Fiorentina , Inter -- 2012 -- 18 José Callejón -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 18 Toni Calvo -- Parma -- 2010 -- 11 Diego Capel -- Genoa -- 2015 -- 16 Chico Flores -- Genoa -- 2010 -- 11 José Ángel Crespo -- Bologna -- 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Iván de la Peña -- Lazio -- 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 Luis del Sol -- Juventus , Roma -- 1962 -- 72 Roberto Delgado -- Lazio -- 2003 -- 05 Gerard Deulofeu -- Milan -- 2016 -- 17 Dídac Vilà -- Milan -- 2010 -- 11 Toni Doblas -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 14 Javier Farinós -- Inter -- 2000 -- 04 Ricardo Gallego -- Udinese -- 1989 -- 90 Javier Garrido -- Lazio -- 2010 -- 12 Alexandre Geijo -- Udinese -- 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 César Gómez -- Roma -- 1997 -- 98 Pep Guardiola -- Brescia , Roma -- 2001 -- 03 Iago Falque -- Genoa , Roma , Torino -- 2014 -- 18 Iván Helguera -- Roma -- 1997 -- 98 Luis Helguera -- Udinese , Ancona -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Joaquín -- Fiorentina -- 2013 -- 15 José Ángel Valdés -- Roma -- 2011 -- 12 Keko -- Catania -- 2012 -- 14 Pol Lirola -- Sassuolo -- 2016 -- 18 Fernando Llorente -- Juventus -- 2013 -- 16 David López -- Napoli -- 2014 -- 16 Diego López -- Milan -- 2014 -- 16 Óscar López -- Lazio -- 2004 -- 05 Luis Alberto -- Lazio -- 2016 -- 18 José Mari -- Milan -- 1999 -- 2002 Fernando Marqués -- Parma -- 2010 -- 12 Rafael Martín Vázquez -- Torino -- 1990 -- 92 Gaizka Mendieta -- Lazio -- 2001 -- 02 Michu -- Napoli -- 2014 -- 15 Martín Montoya -- Inter -- 2015 -- 16 Álvaro Morata -- Juventus -- 2014 -- 16 Javi Moreno -- Milan -- 2001 -- 02 Víctor Muñoz -- Sampdoria -- 1988 -- 90 Pedro Obiang -- Sampdoria -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 15 Patric -- Lazio -- 2015 -- 18 Joaquín Peiró -- Torino , Inter , Roma -- 1962 -- 70 Javier Portillo -- Fiorentina -- 2004 -- 05 Pepe Reina -- Napoli -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 Martí Riverola -- Bologna -- 2012 -- 13 Alejandro Rodríguez -- Cesena , Sampdoria -- 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 16 Jaime Romero -- Udinese , Bari -- 2009 -- 11 Rubén Pérez -- Torino -- 2014 -- 15 Víctor Ruiz -- Napoli -- 2010 -- 11 Christian Rutjens -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Juan Santisteban -- Venezia -- 1961 -- 63 Luis Suárez -- Inter , Sampdoria -- 1961 -- 73 Mario Suárez -- Fiorentina -- 2015 -- 16 Suso -- Milan , Genoa -- 2014 -- 18 Cristian Tello -- Fiorentina -- 2015 -- 17 Fernando Torres -- Milan -- 2014 -- 15 Diego Tristán -- Livorno -- 2007 -- 08 Joan Verdú -- Fiorentina -- 2015 -- 16 Alberto Zapater -- Genoa -- 2009 -- 10 Sweden ( edit ) Marcus Allbäck -- Bari -- 1997 -- 98 Andreas Andersson -- Milan -- 1997 -- 98 Daniel Andersson -- Bari , Venezia , Chievo , Ancona -- 1998 -- 2004 Kennet Andersson -- Bari , Bologna , Lazio -- 1995 -- 2000 Kurt Andersson -- Udinese , Varese -- 1961 -- 62 , 1964 -- 66 Sune Andersson -- Roma -- 1950 -- 51 Mikael Antonsson -- Bologna -- 2011 -- 14 Samuel Armenteros -- Benevento -- 2017 -- 18 Jan Aronsson -- Vicenza -- 1956 -- 58 Pär Bengtsson -- Torino -- 1949 -- 50 Orvar Bergmark -- Roma -- 1962 -- 63 Joachim Björklund -- Vicenza , Venezia -- 1995 -- 96 , 2001 -- 02 Jesper Blomqvist -- Milan , Parma -- 1996 -- 98 Rune Börjesson -- Palermo -- 1961 -- 63 Tomas Brolin -- Parma -- 1990 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 Mervan Celik -- Pescara -- 2012 -- 13 Dan Corneliusson -- Como -- 1984 -- 89 Martin Dahlin -- Roma -- 1996 -- 97 Ivar Eidefjäll -- Legnano , Novara -- 1951 -- 52 , 1953 -- 56 Albin Ekdal -- Juventus , Siena , Bologna , Cagliari -- 2008 -- 15 Dan Ekner -- Fiorentina , Spal -- 1951 -- 54 Joel Ekstrand -- Udinese -- 2010 -- 12 Johnny Ekström -- Empoli , Reggiana -- 1986 -- 88 , 1993 -- 94 Sebastian Eriksson -- Cagliari -- 2011 -- 14 Alexander Farnerud -- Torino -- 2013 -- 16 Ramon Filippini -- Legnano -- 1951 -- 52 Erik Friberg -- Bologna -- 2013 -- 14 Gustav Gärd -- Sampdoria -- 1950 -- 51 Andreas Granqvist -- Genoa -- 2011 -- 13 Gunnar Gren -- Milan , Fiorentina , Genoa -- 1949 -- 56 ' Samuel Gustafson -- Torino -- 2016 -- 18 Bengt Gustavsson -- Atalanta -- 1956 -- 58 , 1959 -- 61 Melker Hallberg -- Udinese -- 2014 -- 15 Linus Hallenius -- Genoa -- 2012 -- 13 Kurt Hamrin -- Juventus , Padova , Fiorentina , Milan , Napoli -- 1956 -- 71 Magnus Hedman -- Ancona -- 2003 -- 04 Filip Helander -- Verona , Bologna -- 2015 -- 18 Oscar Hiljemark -- Palermo , Genoa -- 2015 -- 18 Åke Hjalmarsson -- Torino -- 1949 -- 50 , 1951 -- 52 Hans Holmqvist -- Cesena -- 1988 -- 90 Glenn Hysén -- Fiorentina -- 1987 -- 89 Zlatan Ibrahimović -- Juventus , Inter , Milan -- 2004 -- 09 , 2010 -- 12 Klas Ingesson -- Bari , Bologna , Lecce -- 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 2001 Svante Ingelsson -- Udinese -- 2017 -- 18 Pontus Jansson -- Torino -- 2014 -- 16 Hans Jeppson -- Atalanta , Napoli , Torino -- 1951 -- 57 Torbjörn Jonsson -- Fiorentina , Roma , Mantova -- 1961 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 Emil Krafth -- Bologna -- 2015 -- 18 Valentino Lai -- Venezia -- 2001 -- 02 Lars Larsson -- Atalanta -- 1984 -- 85 Nils Liedholm -- Milan -- 1949 -- 61 Anders Limpar -- Cremonese -- 1989 -- 90 Bengt Lindskog -- Udinese , Inter , Lecco -- 1956 -- 62 Sigvard Löfgren -- Lazio , Spal -- 1951 -- 52 , 1953 -- 56 Teddy Lučić -- Bologna -- 1998 -- 2000 Bror Mellberg -- Genoa -- 1950 -- 51 Olof Mellberg -- Juventus -- 2008 -- 09 Stellan Nilsson -- Genoa -- 1950 -- 52 Bertil Nordahl -- Atalanta -- 1948 -- 51 Gunnar Nordahl -- Milan , Roma -- 1948 -- 58 Knut Nordahl -- Roma -- 1950 -- 51 Joakim Olausson -- Atalanta -- 2013 -- 14 Yksel Osmanovski -- Bari , Torino -- 1998 -- 2003 Karl - Erik Palmér -- Legnano , Juventus -- 1951 -- 52 , 1953 -- 54 , 1958 -- 59 Joakim Persson -- Atalanta -- 1996 -- 97 Robert Prytz -- Atalanta , Verona -- 1988 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 Robin Quaison -- Palermo -- 2014 -- 17 Mathias Ranégie -- Udinese -- 2012 -- 14 Marcus Rohdén -- Crotone -- 2016 -- 18 Kjell Rosén -- Torino , Novara -- 1950 -- 53 Nils - Åke Sandell -- Spal -- 1956 -- 58 Stefan Schwarz -- Fiorentina -- 1995 -- 98 Arne Selmosson -- Udinese , Lazio , Roma -- 1954 -- 62 Stefan Silva -- Palermo -- 2016 -- 17 Lennart Skoglund -- Inter , Sampdoria , Palermo -- 1950 -- 63 Glenn Strömberg -- Atalanta -- 1984 -- 87 , 1988 -- 92 Stig Sundqvist -- Roma -- 1950 -- 53 Borje Tapper -- Genoa -- 1950 -- 51 Jonas Thern -- Napoli , Roma -- 1992 -- 97 Christian Wilhelmsson -- Roma -- 2006 -- 07 Switzerland ( edit ) Almen Abdi -- Udinese -- 2010 -- 12 Toni Allemann -- Mantova -- 1961 -- 63 Steve von Bergen -- Cesena , Palermo -- 2010 -- 13 Valon Behrami -- Lazio , Fiorentina , Napoli , Udinese -- 2005 -- 08 , 2010 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Gaetano Berardi -- Brescia , Sampdoria -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 14 Patrick Bettoni -- Vicenza -- 1998 -- 99 Davide Chiumiento -- Juventus , Siena -- 2003 -- 05 Fabio Daprelà -- Brescia , Palermo , Carpi -- 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 16 Blerim Džemaili -- Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa , Bologna -- 2008 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 Innocent Emeghara -- Siena , Livorno -- 2012 -- 14 Matteo Fedele -- Carpi -- 2015 -- 16 Gélson Fernandes -- Chievo , Udinese -- 2010 -- 12 Remo Freuler -- Atalanta -- 2015 -- 18 Philippe Fuchs -- Padova -- 1948 -- 52 Simone Grippo -- Chievo -- 2008 -- 09 Nicolas Haas -- Atalanta -- 2017 -- 18 Gökhan Inler -- Udinese , Napoli -- 2007 -- 15 Pajtim Kasami -- Palermo -- 2010 -- 11 Stephan Lichtsteiner -- Lazio , Juventus -- 2008 -- 18 Cephas Malele -- Palermo -- 2012 -- 13 Giuseppe Mazzarelli -- Bari -- 2000 -- 01 Michel Morganella -- Palermo , Novara -- 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 17 Bruno Mota -- Sampdoria -- 2006 -- 07 Alain Nef -- Udinese -- 2008 -- 09 Marco Padalino -- Sampdoria -- 2008 -- 11 Marco Pascolo -- Cagliari -- 1996 -- 97 Ricardo Rodríguez -- Milan -- 2017 -- 18 Jonathan Rossini -- Sampdoria , Sassuolo -- 2012 -- 14 Anđelko Savić -- Sampdoria -- 2012 -- 13 Haris Seferović -- Fiorentina , Lecce -- 2010 -- 13 Philippe Senderos -- Milan -- 2008 -- 09 David Sesa -- Lecce , Napoli -- 1999 -- 2001 Ciriaco Sforza -- Inter -- 1996 -- 97 Xherdan Shaqiri -- Inter -- 2014 -- 15 Kubilay Türkyılmaz -- Bologna , Brescia -- 1990 -- 91 , 2000 -- 01 Ramon Vega -- Cagliari -- 1996 -- 97 Johann Vogel -- Milan -- 2005 -- 06 Johan Vonlanthen -- Brescia -- 2004 -- 05 Roger Vonlanthen -- Inter , Alessandria -- 1955 -- 59 Silvan Widmer -- Udinese -- 2013 -- 18 Fabrizio Zambrella -- Brescia -- 2004 -- 05 Reto Ziegler -- Sampdoria , Sassuolo -- 2006 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Togo ( edit ) Serge Gakpé -- Genoa , Atalanta , Chievo -- 2015 -- 17 Tunisia ( edit ) Tijani Belaid -- Inter -- 2004 -- 05 Yohan Benalouane -- Cesena , Parma , Atalanta -- 2010 -- 15 Karim Laribi -- Sassuolo -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Karim Saidi -- Lecce -- 2005 -- 06 Turkey ( edit ) Hakan Çalhanoğlu -- Milan -- 2017 -- 18 Ümit Davala -- Milan -- 2001 -- 02 Bülent Esel -- Spal -- 1951 -- 54 Bülent Eken -- Palermo -- 1951 -- 52 Can Bartu -- Fiorentina , Venezia , Lazio -- 1961 -- 67 Emre Belözoğlu -- Inter -- 2001 -- 05 Hakan Şükür -- Torino , Inter , Parma -- 1995 -- 96 , 2000 -- 02 Lefter Küçükandonyadis -- Fiorentina -- 1951 -- 52 Metin Oktay -- Palermo -- 1961 -- 62 Okan Buruk -- Inter -- 2001 -- 04 Şükrü Gülesin -- Palermo , Lazio -- 1950 -- 53 Salih Uçan -- Roma -- 2014 -- 16 Cengiz Ünder -- Roma -- 2017 -- 18 Ukraine ( edit ) Serhiy Atelkin -- Lecce -- 1997 -- 98 Alexei Mikhailichenko -- Sampdoria -- 1990 -- 91 ( while active ) Andriy Shevchenko -- Milan -- 1999 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 09 Oleksandr Yakovenko -- Fiorentina -- 2013 -- 14 Vasyl Pryima -- Frosinone -- 2015 -- 16 Aleksandr Zavarov -- Juventus -- 1988 -- 90 ( while active ) United States ( edit ) Michael Bradley -- Chievo , Roma -- 2011 -- 14 Armando Frigo -- Fiorentina -- 1939 -- 42 Alexi Lalas -- Padova -- 1994 -- 96 Joshua Pérez -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 17 Uruguay ( edit ) Julio Abbadie -- Genoa , Lecco -- 1956 -- 62 Nelson Abeijón -- Cagliari , Atalanta -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 07 Mathías Abero -- Bologna -- 2012 -- 13 Carlos Aguilera -- Genoa , Torino -- 1989 -- 94 Rodrigo Aguirre -- Empoli , Udinese -- 2014 -- 16 Matias Aguirregaray -- Palermo -- 2011 -- 12 Vincente Albanese -- Bologna -- 1937 -- 38 Emiliano Alfaro -- Lazio -- 2011 -- 12 Juan Alberti -- Venezia -- 1939 -- 47 Pablo Álvarez -- Reggina -- 2007 -- 09 Nicolás Amodio -- Napoli -- 2008 -- 09 Germán Antonioli -- Fiorentina -- 1932 -- 33 Felipe Avenatti -- Bologna -- 2017 -- 18 Raúl Banfi -- Modena , Juventus -- 1939 -- 40 , 1941 -- 42 Rubén Bentancourt -- Atalanta -- 2013 -- 14 Rodrigo Bentancur -- Juventus -- 2017 -- 18 Joe Bizera -- Cagliari -- 2005 -- 08 Mariano Bogliacino -- Napoli , Chievo -- 2007 -- 11 Miguel Britos -- Bologna , Napoli -- 2008 -- 15 Gastón Brugman -- Palermo , Pescara -- 2015 -- 17 Leandro Cabrera -- Crotone -- 2017 -- 18 Matías Cabrera -- Cagliari -- 2012 -- 14 Washington Cacciavillani -- Pro Patria , Inter -- 1955 -- 56 , 1957 -- 58 Martín Cáceres -- Juventus , Verona , Lazio -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Pablo Cáceres -- Torino -- 2012 -- 13 Ricardo Canals -- Vicenza -- 1997 -- 98 Nelson Cancela -- Atalanta -- 1956 -- 57 Dandolo Candales -- Napoli -- 1947 -- 48 Jorge Caraballo -- Pisa -- 1982 -- 83 Mathías Cardacio -- Milan -- 2008 -- 09 Fabián Carini -- Inter , Cagliari -- 2004 -- 06 Jorge Daniel Casanova -- Lecce -- 1999 -- 2000 Edison Cavani -- Palermo , Napoli -- 2006 -- 13 Pablo Cepellini -- Cagliari -- 2010 -- 13 Angel Cerilla -- Napoli -- 1947 -- 48 Javier Chevantón -- Lecce , Atalanta -- 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2009 -- 11 Alejandro Correa -- Brescia -- 2000 -- 04 Sebastián Cristóforo -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 18 Héctor Demarco -- Bologna , Vicenza -- 1959 -- 68 César Falletti -- Bologna -- 2017 -- 18 Maximiliano Faotto -- Palermo , Lazio , Napoli -- 1932 -- 36 , 1937 -- 42 Daniel Fonseca -- Cagliari , Napoli , Roma , Juventus , Como -- 1990 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 Diego Forlán -- Inter -- 2011 -- 12 Bruno Fornaroli -- Sampdoria -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Enzo Francescoli -- Cagliari , Torino -- 1990 -- 94 José María Franco -- Torino -- 2001 -- 03 Ricardo Alberto Frione -- Inter -- 1932 -- 33 José García -- Bologna , Atalanta -- 1949 -- 56 Pablo García -- Milan , Venezia -- 2000 -- 02 Walter Gargano -- Napoli , Inter , Parma -- 2007 -- 15 Guillermo Giacomazzi -- Lecce , Palermo , Empoli -- 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 09 , 2010 -- 12 Henry Giménez -- Bologna -- 2009 -- 13 Mauro Goicoechea -- Roma -- 2012 -- 13 Walter Gómez -- Palermo -- 1956 -- 57 Alejandro González -- Verona , Cagliari -- 2013 -- 15 Álvaro González -- Lazio , Torino -- 2010 -- 15 Pablo Granoche -- Chievo , Novara -- 2009 -- 12 Carlos Grossmüller -- Lecce -- 2010 -- 12 Homero Guaglianone -- Lazio -- 1960 -- 61 Gianni Guigou -- Roma , Siena , Fiorentina , Treviso -- 2000 -- 06 Nelson Gutiérrez -- Lazio , Verona -- 1988 -- 90 Abel Hernández -- Palermo -- 2008 -- 13 José Herrera -- Cagliari , Atalanta -- 1990 -- 97 Oliviero Icardi -- Palermo , Bari -- 1935 -- 36 , 1937 -- 38 Salvador Ichazo -- Torino -- 2014 -- 16 Luis La Paz -- Napoli -- 1947 -- 48 Diego Laxalt -- Bologna , Empoli , Genoa -- 2013 -- 18 Mauricio Lemos -- Sassuolo -- 2017 -- 18 Roberto Leopardi -- Genoa , Vicenza -- 1957 -- 60 Norberto Liguera -- Bologna -- 1937 -- 38 Diego López -- Cagliari -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 10 Nicolás López -- Roma , Udinese , Verona -- 2012 -- 15 Ignacio Lores -- Palermo -- 2011 -- 12 Federico Magallanes -- Atalanta , Venezia , Torino -- 1996 -- 98 , 2001 -- 03 Andrés Martínez -- Lecce , Bologna -- 1997 -- 98 Jorge Martínez -- Catania , Juventus , Cesena -- 2007 -- 12 Matías Masiero -- Genoa -- 2007 -- 08 Leonardo Melazzi -- Genoa -- 2012 -- 13 Gustavo Méndez -- Vicenza , Torino -- 1995 -- 2000 Leonardo Migliónico -- Sampdoria , Livorno , Lecce -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Paolo Montero -- Atalanta , Juventus -- 1992 -- 94 , 1995 -- 2005 Romualdo Moro -- Napoli -- 1956 -- 57 Fernando Muslera -- Lazio -- 2007 -- 11 Fabián O'Neill -- Cagliari , Juventus , Perugia -- 1995 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2002 Francisco Occhiuzzi -- Bologna -- 1932 -- 34 Rubén Olivera -- Juventus , Sampdoria , Genoa , Lecce , Fiorentina -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 09 , 2010 -- 14 Maxi Olivera -- Fiorentina -- 2016 -- 18 Marcelo Otero -- Vicenza -- 1995 -- 99 Antonio Pacheco -- Inter -- 2000 -- 01 Rubén Paz -- Genoa -- 1989 -- 90 Luis Alberto Pedemonte -- Inter -- 1946 -- 47 Horacio Peralta -- Cagliari -- 2004 -- 05 José Perdomo -- Genoa -- 1989 -- 90 Álvaro Pereira -- Inter -- 2012 -- 14 Rubén Pereira -- Cremonese -- 1991 -- 92 Diego Pérez -- Bologna -- 2010 -- 14 Pedro Petrone -- Fiorentina -- 1931 -- 33 Diego Polenta -- Genoa -- 2010 -- 11 Hugo Esteban Porta -- Bologna -- 1939 -- 40 Richard Porta -- Siena -- 2007 -- 08 Gastón Ramírez -- Bologna , Samprdoria -- 2010 -- 12 , 2017 -- 18 Álvaro Recoba -- Inter , Venezia , Torino -- 1997 -- 2008 Nicolas Riccardi -- Palermo -- 1935 -- 36 , 1937 -- 39 Egidio Arévalo Ríos -- Palermo -- 2012 -- 13 Martín Rivas -- Inter , Perugia -- 1997 -- 99 Cristian Rodríguez -- Parma -- 2014 -- 15 Diego Martín Rodríguez -- Udinese -- 2012 -- 13 Diego Rodríguez Da Luz -- Bologna -- 2008 -- 09 Federico Rodríguez -- Bologna -- 2013 -- 14 Guillermo Rodríguez -- Cesena , Torino , Verona -- 2011 -- 15 Ribair Rodríguez -- Siena -- 2012 -- 13 Alexis Rolín -- Catania -- 2012 -- 14 Marcel Román -- Genoa -- 2008 -- 09 Luis Romero -- Cagliari -- 1996 -- 97 Marcelo Saralegui -- Torino -- 1992 -- 93 Vicente Sarni -- Fiorentina -- 1932 -- 33 Héctor Scarone -- Inter , Palermo -- 1931 -- 35 Carlos Servetti -- Genoa -- 1937 -- 39 Darío Silva -- Cagliari -- 1995 -- 97 Gastón Silva -- Torino -- 2014 -- 16 Santiago Silva -- Fiorentina -- 2011 -- 12 Gonzalo Sorondo -- Inter -- 2001 -- 02 Rubén Sosa -- Lazio , Inter -- 1988 -- 95 Cristhian Stuani -- Reggina -- 2007 -- 09 Marcelo Tejera -- Cagliari -- 1992 -- 93 Lucas Torreira -- Sampdoria -- 2016 -- 18 Carlos Valdez -- Treviso , Reggina -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 09 Matías Vecino -- Fiorentina , Cagliari , Empoli , Inter -- 2013 -- 18 Waldemar Victorino -- Cagliari -- 1982 -- 83 Ernesto Vidal -- Fiorentina , Pro Patria -- 1953 -- 56 Tabaré Viudez -- Milan -- 2008 -- 09 Tomaso Luis Volpi -- Inter -- 1946 -- 47 Marcelo Zalayeta -- Juventus , Empoli , Perugia , Napoli , Bologna -- 1997 -- 99 , 2001 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10 Bibiano Zapirain -- Inter -- 1946 -- 48 Uzbekistan ( edit ) Ilyos Zeytulayev -- Reggina -- 2004 -- 06 Venezuela ( edit ) Gabriel Cichero -- Lecce -- 2005 -- 06 Rolf Feltscher -- Parma -- 2010 -- 12 Massimo Margiotta -- Udinese -- 1999 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04 Josef Martínez -- Torino -- 2014 -- 17 Adalberto Peñaranda -- Udinese -- 2016 -- 17 Andrés Ponce -- Sampdoria -- 2015 -- 16 Tomás Rincón -- Genoa , Juventus , Torino -- 2014 -- 18 Aristóteles Romero -- Crotone -- 2017 -- 18 Rafael Romo -- Udinese -- 2009 -- 10 Franco Signorelli -- Empoli -- 2014 -- 16 Wales ( edit ) John Charles -- Juventus , Roma -- 1957 -- 63 Ian Rush -- Juventus -- 1987 -- 88 See also ( edit ) Foreign Serie A Footballer of the Year List of Argentine footballers in Serie A List of Brazilian footballers in Serie A List of foreign Serie B players Oriundo Notes ( edit ) ^ Born in Albania ^ Born in Angola ^ Born in Argentina ^ Born in Australia ^ Born in Austria ^ Born in Austria ( then Austria - Hungary ) ^ Born in Belarus ( then part of the Soviet Union ) ^ Born in Belgium ^ Born in Bosnia and Herzegovina ^ Born in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( then part of Austria - Hungary ) ^ Born in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( then part of the SFR Yugoslavia ) ^ Born in Brazil ^ Born in Burundi ^ Born in Canada ^ Born in Cape Verde ^ Born in Central African Republic ^ Born in Colombia ^ Born in Croatia ( then part of the Kingdom of Italy ) ^ Born in Croatia ( then part of the SFR Yugoslavia ) ^ Born in the Democratic Republic of Congo ( then Zaïre ) ^ Born in East Germany ( now part of Germany ) ^ Born in England ^ Born in France ^ Born in Georgia ( then part of the Soviet Union ) ^ Born in Germany ^ Born in Ghana ^ Born in Greece ^ Born in Guadeloupe ( Overseas department of the French Republic ) ^ Born in Guinea - Bissau ^ Born in Hungary ^ Born in Italy ^ Born in Ivory Coast ^ Born in Jamaica ^ Born in Kosovo ( then part of the Kingdom of Serbia ) ^ Born in Kosovo ( then part of the SFR Yugoslavia ) ^ Born in Moldova ( then part of the Kingdom of Romania ) ^ Born in Monaco ^ Born in Mozambique ^ Born in the Netherlands ^ Born in New Caledonia ( Overseas territory of the French Republic ) ^ Born in Nigeria ^ Born in Northern Ireland ^ Born in Ottoman Empire ( now Turkey ) ^ Born in Poland ^ Born in Réunion ( Overseas department of the French Republic ) ^ Born in Republic of Macedonia ( then part of the SFR Yugoslavia ) ^ Born in Romania ^ Born in Romania ( then Austria - Hungary ) ^ Born in Russia ( then part of the Soviet Union ) ^ Born in Senegal ^ Born in Serbia ( then FR Yugoslavia ) ^ Born in Sierra Leone ^ Born in South Africa ^ Born in Spain ^ Born in Suriname ^ Born in Suriname ( then part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ) ^ Born in Sweden ^ Born in Switzerland ^ Born in Turkey ^ Born in Uganda ^ Born in Ukraine ( then part of the Kingdom of Romania ) ^ Born in Ukraine ( then part of the Soviet Union ) ^ Born in Uzbekistan ( then part of the Soviet Union ) ^ Born in West Germany ( now part of Germany ) ^ Capped for the Albania national football team ^ Capped for the Albania national under - 21 football team ^ Capped for the Andalusia autonomous football team ^ Capped for the Aragon official football team ^ Capped for the Argentina national under - 20 football team ^ Capped for the Austria national under - 17 football team ^ Capped for the Austria national under - 19 football team ^ Capped for the Belgium national under - 15 football team ^ Capped for the Belgium national under - 16 football team ^ Capped for the Belgium national under - 17 football team ^ Capped for the Belgium national under - 18 football team ^ Capped for the Belgium national under - 19 football team ^ Capped for the Belgium national under - 21 football team ^ Capped for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national under - 19 football team ^ Capped for the Brittany national football team ^ Capped for the Basque Country national football team ^ Capped for the Catalonia 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for the Netherlands national under - 19 football team ^ Capped for the Netherlands national under - 21 football team ^ Capped for the Northern Ireland national football team ^ Capped for the Portugal national under - 20 football team ^ Capped for the Portugal national under - 21 football team ^ Capped for the Portugal national under - 23 football team ^ Capped for the Suriname national football team ^ Capped for the Sweden national under - 15 football team ^ Capped for the Sweden national under - 16 football team ^ Capped for the Sweden national under - 17 football team ^ Capped for the Sweden national under - 18 football team ^ Capped for the Sweden national under - 19 football team ^ Capped for the Sweden national under - 21 football team ^ Capped for the Switzerland national under - 15 football team ^ Capped for the Switzerland national under - 16 football team ^ Capped for the Switzerland national under - 17 football team ^ Capped for the Switzerland national under - 18 football team ^ Capped for the Switzerland national under - 19 football team ^ Capped for the Switzerland national under - 20 football team ^ Capped for the Switzerland national under - 21 football team ^ Capped for the Turkey national under - 21 football team ^ Capped for the Yugoslavia national football team Serie A 2018 -- 19 clubs Atalanta Bologna Cagliari Chievo Empoli Fiorentina Genoa Internazionale Juventus Lazio Milan Napoli Parma Roma Sampdoria Sassuolo SPAL Torino Udinese Former clubs Alessandria Ancona Ascoli Avellino Bari Benevento Brescia Carpi Casale Catania Catanzaro Cesena Como Cremonese Crotone Foggia Frosinone Hellas Verona Lecce Lecco Legnano Livorno Lucchese Mantova Messina Modena Novara Padova Palermo Pescara Perugia Piacenza Pisa Pistoiese Pro Patria Pro Vercelli Reggiana Reggina Salernitana Siena Ternana Treviso Triestina Varese Venezia Vicenza Organisations Lega Serie A Lega Calcio ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign Managers Broadcasters Statistics and awards Records Team of the Year Footballer of the Year Coach of the Year Goalkeeper of the Year Referee of the Year Football Club of the Year Italian Footballer of the Year Foreign Footballer of the Year Young Footballer of the Year Defender of the Year Top scorers Players with 100 + goals Hat - tricks Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Associated competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Serie B Serie C Serie D European UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Football in Italy Overview National association League system List of clubs List of clubs by honours won List of venues Records Scudetto Cadetti Capocannoniere International Italy B team C team Olympic team Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 18 Under - 17 Under - 16 Under - 15 Italy women Leagues Lega Serie A Lega Serie B Serie C Lega Nazionale Dilettanti Lega Calcio defunct League competitions Serie A Prima Divisione defunct Divisione Nazionale defunct Serie B Serie C Lega Pro Prima Divisione defunct Lega Pro Seconda Divisione defunct Serie D Eccellenza Promozione Prima Categoria Seconda Categoria Terza Categoria Cup competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Coppa Italia Serie C Supercoppa di Serie C Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione defunct Coppa Italia Serie D Coppa Italia Dilettanti Youth competitions Leagues Campionato Primavera 1 Campionato Primavera 2 Campionato Nazionale Dante Berretti Campionato Juniores Nazionali Campionato Nazionale Primavera ( defunct ) Coppa Italia Primavera Supercoppa Primavera Torneo di Viareggio Women 's competitions Serie A Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Awards Gran Galà del Calcio AIC Italian Football Hall of Fame Miscellaneous Totonero 1980 Totonero 1986 Italian Law 91 / 1981 , Article 18B financial doping scandals Caso Genoa 2006 Italian football scandal 2011 -- 12 Italian football scandal 2015 Italian football scandal Article 52 of N.O.I.F. Serie A players Foreign Serie A players Foreign Serie B players Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foreign_Serie_A_players&oldid=843344614 '' Categories : Lists of expatriate association football players Serie A players Expatriate footballers in Italy Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 14 : 47 . About Wikipedia	cagliari - as roma serie a - italy - football	[]	[]
2709075994370906560	Subaru Tribeca	Subaru Tribeca - wikipedia Subaru Tribeca Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Subaru Tribeca Overview Manufacturer Subaru ( Fuji Heavy Industries ) Also called Subaru B9 Tribeca ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Saab 9 - 6x ( cancelled ) Production 2005 - 2014 Model years 2006 - 2014 Assembly United States : Lafayette , Indiana Body and chassis Class Mid-size crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front - engine , four - wheel drive Powertrain Engine 3.0 L EZ30 H6 ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 3.6 L EZ36 H6 ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Transmission 5 - speed automatic Wheelbase 108.2 in ( 2,748 mm ) Length 189.8 in ( 4,821 mm ) ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 191.5 in ( 4,864 mm ) ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Width 73.9 in ( 1,877 mm ) Height 66.5 in ( 1,689 mm ) ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 66.4 in ( 1,687 mm ) & 67.7 in ( 1,720 mm ) ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Curb weight 1,925 kg ( 4,245 lb ) Chronology Successor Subaru Exiga ( Southeast Asia & Australia ) Subaru Ascent ( For the 2018 model year in other global markets ) The Subaru Tribeca is a mid-size crossover SUV made from 2005 to 2014 . Released in some markets , including Canada , as the Subaru B9 Tribeca , the name `` Tribeca '' derives from the Tribeca neighborhood of New York City . Built on the Subaru Legacy platform and sold in five - and seven - seat configurations , the Tribeca was intended to be sold alongside a slightly revised version known as the Saab 9 - 6 . Saab , at the time a subsidiary of General Motors ( GM ) , abandoned the 9 - 6 program just prior to its release subsequent to GM 's 2005 divestiture of its 20 percent stake in FHI . Inspired by the B9X concept car , the Tribeca 's original design was criticized at launch and subsequently revised in 2007 for the 2008 model year , and the model name was shortened to simply Tribeca in all markets . Although not sold in Japan , North American markets received the Tribeca in 2005 for the 2006 model year , and it was introduced to Australasia and Europe in late 2006 . In addition to these markets , the Tribeca was also available in Chile , Argentina , Brazil , China , and parts of Southeast Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2006 -- 2007 1.2 Saab 9 - 6 1.3 2007 -- 2014 2 Market 2.1 North America 3 Drivetrain 3.1 Cobb Tuning 4 Discontinuation 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The vehicle was initially announced as the B9X on November 5 , 2004 at the South Florida Auto Show , and was renamed the B9 Tribeca in December after soliciting current and potential customer feedback . The `` B '' stood for Subaru 's boxer ( horizontally - opposed ) engine , the `` 9 '' referred to an internal category code , and `` Tribeca '' was added so that `` Subaru ( could ) leverage the vested equity already associated with the progressive style , art , and culture that the name TRIBECA represents , '' according to Subaru President and CEO Kyoji Takenaka . The Tribeca made its worldwide debut at the North American International Auto Show in January 2005 and was scheduled to go on sale in early summer 2005 for the 2006 model year , with production at the SIA plant in Lafayette , Indiana supplying vehicles for sale in the United States , Canada , and Chile . 2006 -- 2007 ( edit ) The B9 Tribeca featured a triangular grille and a rounded body shape . Subaru also used the grille styling on the Impreza , and the Japanese market Subaru R1 and R2 kei car products . As this styling motif proved controversial , all future Subaru redesigns abandoned this design language . Pre-facelift Subaru B9 Tribeca ( Germany ) The grille design and aviation theme was initially conceived and applied to the earlier B11S and B9 Scrambler concept vehicles by Fuore Design , an independent design consulting firm based in Spain . The grille design was reportedly `` meant to convey parent - company Fuji Heavy Industries ' glorious history in aviation '' . While the exterior design was largely complete prior to the arrival of Subaru designer Andreas Zapatinas , Zapatinas and his team were responsible for the design of the interior , and the dashboard in particular . The Tribeca was initially powered by the 3.0 - liter EZ30 boxer engine paired with a five - speed automatic transmission . The Tribeca was slightly reworked in 2006 for the 2007 model year . The updated model , first shown at the Chicago Auto Show , included a revised grille , struts , stabilizer bars , and spring rates . Inside , XM Satellite Radio and iPod connectors were provided . A backup camera and parking assist system were optional for the navigation system . A `` Special Edition '' package included a mesh grille , XM radio , and unique wheels . Saab 9 - 6 ( edit ) External image Saab 9 - 6 Saab had plans to retail a version of the Tribeca , to be called the `` 9 - 6 '' , but the plans stopped in 2005 when Saab 's parent company GM sold its 20 percent stake in FHI , part of which was acquired by Toyota . The 9 - 6 would have been built alongside the Tribeca at the SIA factory in the United States . Saab revised their plans to replace the 9 - 7X after a short two - year lifespan , and instead the Oldsmobile Bravada - based body - on - frame SUV continued production until the 2009 model year . Facelift Subaru Tribeca ( Australia ) Saab withheld its version of Tribeca from the public until a prototype 9 - 6 was added to the Saab museum in Trollhättan in July 2011 , with nearly the same interior as the contemporary B9 Tribeca . Many of the exterior styling tweaks ( including the front fenders ) from the unreleased Saab 9 - 6 were used for the model year 2008 facelift , which was released relatively quickly after the original model 's release . 2007 -- 2014 ( edit ) Facelift Subaru Tribeca ( US ) Subaru released the 2008 models at the New York International Auto Show in April 2007 with a facelift and a larger 3.6 - liter EZ36 flat - six engine rated at 191 kilowatts ( 256 hp ) . Subaru claimed 10 percent better fuel economy while using regular - grade gasoline ; the 2006 and 2007 models require premium . At the same time , Subaru dropped the `` B9 '' identifier , renaming the vehicle the `` Subaru Tribeca '' in all markets where it was offered . The rear of the vehicle was also mildly redesigned with more rounded taillamps , a restyled hatch , and the rearmost side window reshaped . Interior styling was unchanged , but the second row seats were redesigned for more room and easier access to the third row . Market ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America ( edit ) North American market Tribecas offered two trim levels -- the plain model and the Limited , which added a moonroof , leather interior , roof rails for enhanced cargo carrying and a premium audio system with six - disc in - dash CD changer . The interior colors were somewhat limited to either light ( `` Desert Beige '' ) or dark ( `` Slate Gray '' ) , both colors finished in either cloth ( on the plain model ) or leather ( exclusive to the Limited model ) trim . For the leather - trimmed models , no interior color choice was available ; the interior color was determined by the exterior color . In 2007 , the beige cloth trim was dropped and the plain model was available in just two exterior colors . The North American market 2006 to 2007 year model B9 Tribeca also had smaller wing mirrors that were upgraded to the larger European market mirrors starting in model year 2008 . Subaru Tribeca interior The Limited trim level included an in - dash multifunction screen that displayed audio system information , trip computer functions , and outside temperatures . When equipped with the navigation package , the screen added navigation system information , maintenance intervals , controls for various vehicle settings , calendar , calculator and memo - taking functions . An alternate rear - seat DVD entertainment system and navigation package was available on models with a third - row seat , which added a video input from the rear - seat DVD entertainment system which could only be displayed on the instrument panel center screen if the parking brake was engaged . The cargo volume was 37.6 cu ft ( 1.06 m ) with the second row seats raised and 74.4 cu ft ( 2.11 m ) with rear seats lowered . Seating configuration remained at standard second row seats or optional third row seats . The vehicle was equipped with six airbags ; two for the front passengers , two side impact airbags that deployed from the outer edge of the front seats and side curtain airbags that dropped in front of the front and second row side doors . Two stereo packages were offered , either a 100 - watt six - speaker system with a single - disc in - dash CD player with MP3 compatibility , or ( on Limited models ) a premium stereo with 160 - watt , nine speakers with subwoofer and a six - disc in - dash CD changer , also MP3 compatible . Both stereos had steering wheel - mounted audio controls , and in 2007 , an auxiliary audio jack was added . In North America , the Tribeca is the only vehicle in this class that comes equipped with all - wheel drive as standard equipment . In the United States , Subaru 's initial television ad campaign for the Tribeca prominently featured the Kansas song `` Dust in the Wind '' . The Tribeca won the Ward 's Auto 2006 `` Interior of the Year '' for premium - priced crossover utility vehicles in voting from automotive industry professionals . Also , it was considered Most Innovative Concept at the 2004 Detroit Auto Show . The Tribeca scored well on Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash tests ; it earned a `` Top Safety Pick '' ranking . Drivetrain ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Subaru chose to use an aluminum alloy horizontally - opposed `` boxer '' engine to minimize powertrain weight and lower the center of gravity so as to reduce body roll . The weight of the engine and automatic transmission are laterally balanced instead of being offset from left to right . The power delivery is also direct from the transmission to the front wheels , and distributed to the rear axle via a `` Variable Torque Distribution '' system which uses a central planetary differential gear with an electronically - controlled hydraulic clutch , with torque split 45 % to the front axle and 55 % to the rear axle under normal driving conditions . The rear wheels are driven through a rear differential , which is limited slip on some models . The front differential is integrated into the Subaru transmission . Sales in United States and Canada Year U.S. Sales Canadian Sales 2005 14,797 804 2006 18,614 902 2007 16,790 801 2008 10,975 925 2009 5,930 588 2,472 536 2011 2,791 460 2012 2,075 390 2013 1,598 234 2014 732 120 2015 -- 5 Total 76,774 5,765 Notes : Jump up ^ Data from the final eight months of calendar year 2005 The boxer design also provides near - perfect vibration mitigation because the movement of each piston is exactly countered by the corresponding piston in the opposing cylinder bank , eliminating the need for a counterbalance shaft , and that the movement of the pistons is on a horizontal plane . The only vibration caused by the boxer engine is secondary caused by the cylinders being slightly offset on opposing banks . This vibration , however , is minimal and is largely absorbed by rubber engine mounts . Torque steer is also reduced with this type of power train layout . This is achieved by having the front driveshafts being of equal weight and length , and extend from the transmission to the front wheels at almost perpendicular from the transmission . The 2006 Tribeca was initially rated at 18 mpg ( 13 L / 100 km ; 22 mpg ) using the EPA city cycle and 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) on the EPA highway cycle . Using the revised EPA driving cycle , the consumption increased to 16 mpg ( 15 L / 100 km ; 19 mpg ) city and 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) highway , with combined consumption at 18 mpg ( 13 L / 100 km ; 22 mpg ) for both the original ( 3.0 - litre engine ) and revised ( 3.6 - litre engine ) models . Cobb Tuning ( edit ) In 2006 , Cobb Tuning released several performance upgrades for the B9 Tribeca , including a supercharger which increased output by 70 hp ( 52 kW ) to 320 hp ( 240 kW ) , a suspension tuning package , and four - piston front brakes . Discontinuation ( edit ) Subaru announced in January 2012 that the Subaru Tribeca would stop being sold in the US and Australia , and that its production would end in December 2012 . On October 18 , 2013 , Autoblog , Jalopnik , and Cars.com all confirmed that Subaru informed its dealers that production on the Tribeca would end in January 2014 due to slow sales . Subaru sold just under 77,000 Tribecas total in the United States , making it one of the worst - selling vehicles in the US in 2011 and 2012 . Only 1,247 Tribecas were sold in the first nine months of 2013 , and placed seventh among the worst - selling vehicles in the United States for the 2013 model year with only 1,598 units sold , down 23 % from 2012 . The discontinuation came as Subaru was looking at replacing the vehicle with an upscale 7 - seat crossover SUV , possibly based on the Subaru Exiga , that would have competed against the Ford Explorer and Nissan Pathfinder . The replacement vehicle had been in the planning stages in an effort to attract new buyers without alienating current ones . Subaru stated in April 2015 that the next - generation Exiga Crossover 7 for the Japanese market would not be offered in North America because of its size , and instead a larger Tribeca successor that could be built in the United States was being studied . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stock , Kyle . `` Subaru Loses Its Cool Over Hot SUVs ; The Tribeca tanked . Can the a new SUV planned for 2018 propel the brand beyond its crunchy roots ? '' , Bloomberg.com , November 21 , 2016 . Accessed October 16 , 2017 . `` From 2005 through 2014 , Subaru made the Tribeca , a mid-sized SUV best remembered as one of the worst - selling cars in its category ... Perhaps naming the SUV after one of Manhattan 's richest neighborhoods was n't the best branding move . '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Subaru B9 Tribeca Makes its World Premiere at the 2005 North American International Auto Show '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo , Japan : Subaru Corporation . 11 January 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Barry ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Subaru dumps Tribeca '' . Drive . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition outlines for the 76th Geneva International Motor Show '' ( Press release ) . Subaru. 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The All - New Subaru B9X will Debut at the North American International Auto Show 2005 '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo , Japan : Subaru Corporation . 5 November 2004 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fuji Heavy Industries Names its All - New Crossover Vehicle the SUBARU B9 TRIBECA '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo , Japan : Subaru Corporation . 17 December 2004 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Farago , Robert ( 9 August 2005 ) . `` 2005 Subaru B9 Tribeca Review '' . The Truth About Cars . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Scooby 's first - ever SUV is an irredeemably gruesome beast whose design should have been aborted a femtosecond after conception . While Subaru would like to convince us that `` ugly ass '' and `` dynamic styling '' are synonymous , even a pre-teen knows that repulsive is not , and never will be , the new cool . ^ Jump up to : Winfield , Barry ( July 2005 ) . `` 2006 Subaru B9 Tribeca Limited '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . When the car made its debut at the Detroit auto show last January , it created mixed responses . Most criticism was centered on the car 's prominent nose . Having seen it on the road in various environments , we think the car looks just fine . Those of us who have been in Europe lately find the styling strongly reminiscent of current Alfa Romeos , so guess where Subaru 's chief designer for the advanced design studio -- Andreas Zapatinas -- worked before he came to Subaru ? Uh - huh . Still , Subaru insists the Tribeca 's shape was virtually complete prior to Zapatinas 's arrival . Jump up ^ Harwood , Allyson ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` First Test : 2006 Subaru B9 Tribeca '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . There 's nothing wrong with a vehicle having personality -- but you do n't want it to make you cringe . This is the controversy surrounding the B9 Tribeca . Subaru has found success by thinking differently and incorporating unique styling into its cars . Remember the Brat ? The SVX ? Its new , three - row - seat , crossover sport / utility is attractive , inside and -- mostly -- out . But will the Tribeca 's odd - duck face scare off potential buyers ? It 's a shame , if so . Jump up ^ `` Road Tests : 2006 Subaru B9 Tribeca '' . MotorWeek. 1 July 2005 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . The most controversial aspect of the Tribeca is clearly its front styling . The winged grille pays homage to Subaru 's parent company 's aircraft building heritage . It polarized our staff . Some found it eye - catching and reminiscent of Alfa Romeo . Others made reference to `` snout '' and Edsel . Jump up ^ `` Used 2008 Subaru Wagon Values '' . NADA Guides . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . For 2008 , Subaru has abandoned their poorly - received , aviation - themed front end styling explored in recent years by the Impreza and B9 Tribeca . Jump up ^ Kiino , Ron ( January 2005 ) . `` Subaru B9 Tribeca '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Neil , Dan ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Soft - serve Subie '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Subaru B9 Tribeca '' ( PDF ) . Subaru of America . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Treece , James ( October 7 , 2005 ) . `` Fizzled Alliance : Deal to sell Subaru stake puts $302 million in GM 's bank account , spells end for Saab 9 - 6X '' . AutoWeek . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FHI and Saab continue partnership with new `` cross-over '' vehicle alliance '' ( Press release ) . Subaru Corporation . 8 July 2004 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vijayenthiran , Viknesh ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` The Subaru Tribeca Based Saab 9 - 6 Crossover That Never Was '' . Motor Authority . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wade , Steven ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` The Saab 9 - 6 in pictures '' . Inside Saab . SaabWorld . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raja , Siddarth ( 3 April 2007 ) . `` 2008 Subaru Tribeca preview '' . Motor Authority . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tribeca leaves B9 moniker in the recovery room '' . AutoWeek. April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Subaru B9 Tribeca '' ( PDF ) . Subaru of America . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B9 Tribeca Limited 7 - Passenger : Starting at $33,895 * '' . Subaru of America . 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Subaru Dust in the Wind on YouTube Jump up ^ Visnic , Bill ( 8 June 2006 ) . `` Interior of Year Winners Announced '' . Ward 's Auto . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Top Safety Pick : 2007 Subaru Tribeca '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety , Highway Loss Data Institute . 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cain , Timothy ( 2 January 2011 ) . `` Subaru Tribeca Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2006 Subaru B9 Tribeca AWD , 2010 Subaru Tribeca AWD '' . Fuel Economy . United States Department of Energy . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiewicz , John ( November 2006 ) . `` Tuners : 2006 Cobb Tuning Subaru Tribeca '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Subaru ending Tribeca production in January ? from Autoblog ( October 18 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Subaru Cancels Tribeca SUV from Kicking Tires / Cars.com ( October 18 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` The top 10 worst - selling vehicles of 2013 '' from Autoblog ( January 8 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Subaru mulling three - row utility , upscale versions of existing models from Autoblog ( February 18 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Subaru beefs up new Exiga Crossover 7 in Japan '' from Autoblog ( April 16 , 2015 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subaru Tribeca . `` previous -- Subaru , a division of Fuji Heavy Industries , vehicle timeline , 1990s -- present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Kei car Rex Vivio Pleo I Pleo II ( rebadged Daihatsu Mira ) R1 R2 Lucra ( rebadged Daihatsu Tanto Exe ) Chiffon ( rebadged Daihatsu Tanto ) Stella I Stella II ( rebadged Daihatsu Move ) Microvan Sambar / Domingo Sambar Dias Wagon Subcompact Justy I Justy II Justy III Justy IV Trezia Justy V Dex Compact Leone III Leone IV Leone V Impreza I Impreza II Impreza III Impreza IV Legacy I Levorg Mid-size Legacy II Legacy III Legacy IV Legacy V Legacy VI Sports coupé Alcyone XT Alcyone SVX BRZ Compact MPV Traviq Exiga Crossover / SUV XV Outback I Outback II Outback III Outback IV Outback V Bighorn Bighorn Forester I Forester II Forester III Forester IV Tribeca Coupé utility BRAT Baja Current Exiga Forester Impreza ( XV , WRX , STI ) Legacy Levorg Lucra Outback Pleo Sambar Stella TransCare Trezia Engines EA EE EF EG EJ EK EL EN EZ AVCS i - AVLS FA FB Historic 1500 360 1000 Alcyone XT Alcyone SVX Baja Bighorn BRAT Dex Domingo FF - 1 G FF - 1 Star Justy Leone Sumo R - 2 R1 R2 ( Modern ) Rex Traviq Tribeca Vivio Concept SRD - 1 ( 1990 ) Fleet - X ( 1999 ) B11S ( 2003 ) B9 Scrambler ( 2003 ) R1e ( 2003 ) B5 TPH ( 2005 ) G4e ( 2007 ) Hybrid & Advanced Tourer ( 2009 , 2011 ) Viziv ( 2013 -- 15 ) Related Fuji Heavy Industries Subaru World Rally Team Subaru Rally Team USA Subaru of America Subaru of Indiana Automotive Subaru Industrial Power Products Subaru Tecnica International Wish Upon the Pleiades `` previous -- Subaru , a division of Fuji Heavy Industries , vehicle timeline in North America , 1990s -- present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Justy KA Impreza I GC / GF / GM Impreza II GD / GG Compact Leone / Loyale AC / AG / AN Impreza III GE / GH / GR Impreza IV GJ / GP Impreza V XV Crosstrek Crosstrek Mid-size Legacy I BC / BF / BJ Legacy II BD / BG / BK Legacy III BE / BH Legacy IV BL / BP Legacy V BM Legacy VI BN Sports coupé XT AX SVX CX BRZ Crossover / SUV Forester I SF Forester II SG Forester III SH Forester IV SJ Outback I BG Outback II BH Outback III BP Outback IV BR Outback V BS Tribeca WX Coupe Utility BRAT Baja BT Current BRZ Forester Impreza / Crosstrek Legacy Outback Engines EA EE EF EG EJ EK EL EN EZ AVCS i - AVLS FB Past 1500 360 1000 Alcyone XT Alcyone SVX Baja BRAT FF - 1 G FF - 1 Star Justy Leone R1 R2 Tribeca Concept SRD - 1 ( 1990 ) Fleet - X ( 1999 ) B11S ( 2003 ) B9 Scrambler ( 2003 ) R1e ( 2003 ) B5 TPH ( 2005 ) G4e ( 2007 ) Hybrid & Advanced Tourer ( 2009 , 2011 ) Viziv ( 2013 -- 15 ) Miscellaneous Parent : Fuji Heavy Industries Subaru World Rally Team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subaru_Tribeca&oldid=806905578 '' Categories : Subaru vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Automobiles powered by boxer engines Cars introduced in 2005 Crossover sport utility vehicles Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 21 : 36 . 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3318771953357260873	FIFA World Cup	FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place Number of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions World association football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA eWorld Cup International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National association football teams FIFA FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Summer Olympics Football AFC Asian Cup Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América OFC Nations Cup UEFA Euro AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia IR Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Korea DPR Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen CAF Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo DR Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Réunion Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zanzibar Zimbabwe CONCACAF Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela OFC American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati * New Caledonia New Zealand Niue * Palau * Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg FYR Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia Saar West Germany East Germany Ireland Tanganyika North Vietnam South Vietnam North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Republic Soviet Union CIS Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Netherlands Antilles Teams indicated in italics are associate / full members of their respective regional bodies but not members of FIFA . See also : List of women 's football teams World cup competitions List of world cups Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Continental Cup Athletics World Cup Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts PDC WDF Field hockey men women Fencing Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Ice hockey Lacrosse women Pool ( nine - ball ) Pitch and putt Rowing Motorsport enduro Roll ball Pesäpallo Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Quidditch Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Individual Archery Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Diving Equestrian dressage Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Mountain bike racing Orienteering Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Sailing Show jumping Speedway motorcycle Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Track cycling Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Curling Skiing Alpine Cross-country Freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Snowboarding Ski orienteering Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skeleton Speed skating Short track See also : Template : Main world championships World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Mixed doubles Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Karate Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Men Women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football Blind Football CP Football Para Ice Hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Boccia Cycling Track cycling Road cycling DanceSport Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards amateurs Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies amateurs Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Overwatch Motorsport Auto racing Formula One Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Rally raid Sports car Endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Cross-country rally Endurance Enduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Motocross individual nation Supercross sidecarcross Production Superbike Supersport Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Lacrosse men women indoor Netball Padel tennis Quidditch Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Canoeing marathon Cycling cyclo - cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller Sports aggressive roller freestyle artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline freestyle inline speed skating skateboarding Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo BIBSYS : 14068828 GND : 4018983 - 1 LCCN : n98090291 VIAF : 133874960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=852881021 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA competitions World championships in association football Recurring sporting events established in 1930 Quadrennial sporting events June sporting events July sporting events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing French - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 112 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 00 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who got second place on the world cup	[ "\n\n\n#\n\nYear\n\nHosts\n\n\n\nChampions\n\nScore and Venue\n\nRunners-up\n\n\n\nThird place\n\nScore and Venue\n\nFourth place\n\n\n\nNumber of Teams\n\n\n1\n\n1930 Details\n\n Uruguay\n\nUruguay\n\n4–2 Estadio Centenario, Montevideo\n\nArgentina\n\nUnited States\n\n[note 1]\n\nYugoslavia\n\n13\n\n\n2\n\n1934 Details\n\n Italy\n\nItaly\n\n2–1 (a.e.t.) Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome\n\nCzechoslovakia\n\nGermany\n\n3–2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Naples\n\nAustria\n\n16\n\n\n3\n\n1938 Details\n\n France\n\nItaly\n\n4–2 Stade de Colombes, Paris\n\nHungary\n\nBrazil\n\n4–2 Parc Lescure, Bordeaux\n\nSweden\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n1942\n\nEditions not organized because of World War II.\n\n\n\n\n1946\n\n\n4\n\n1950 Details\n\n Brazil\n\n\n\nUruguay\n\n[note 2]2–1 Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro\n\nBrazil\n\n\n\nSweden\n\n[note 2]3–1 Pacaembu, São Paulo\n\nSpain\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n5\n\n1954 Details\n\n Switzerland\n\nWest Germany\n\n3–2 Wankdorfstadion, Bern\n\nHungary\n\nAustria\n\n3–1 Hardturm, Zürich\n\nUruguay\n\n16\n\n\n6\n\n1958 Details\n\n Sweden\n\nBrazil\n\n5–2 Råsundastadion, Solna\n\nSweden\n\nFrance\n\n6–3 Ullevi, Gothenburg\n\nWest Germany\n\n16\n\n\n7\n\n1962 Details\n\n Chile\n\nBrazil\n\n3–1 Estadio Nacional, Santiago\n\nCzechoslovakia\n\nChile\n\n1–0 Estadio Nacional, Santiago\n\nYugoslavia\n\n16\n\n\n8\n\n1966 Details\n\n England\n\nEngland\n\n4–2 (a.e.t.) Wembley Stadium, London\n\nWest Germany\n\nPortugal\n\n2–1 Wembley Stadium, London\n\nSoviet Union\n\n16\n\n\n9\n\n1970 Details\n\n Mexico\n\nBrazil\n\n4–1 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City\n\nItaly\n\nWest Germany\n\n1–0 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City\n\nUruguay\n\n16\n\n\n10\n\n1974 Details\n\n West Germany\n\nWest Germany\n\n2–1 Olympiastadion, Munich\n\nNetherlands\n\nPoland\n\n1–0 Olympiastadion, Munich\n\nBrazil\n\n16\n\n\n11\n\n1978 Details\n\n Argentina\n\nArgentina\n\n3–1 (a.e.t.) Monumental de Núñez, Buenos Aires\n\nNetherlands\n\nBrazil\n\n2–1 Monumental de Núñez, Buenos Aires\n\nItaly\n\n16\n\n\n12\n\n1982 Details\n\n Spain\n\nItaly\n\n3–1 Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid\n\nWest Germany\n\nPoland\n\n3–2 Estadio José Rico Pérez, Alicante\n\nFrance\n\n24\n\n\n13\n\n1986 Details\n\n Mexico\n\nArgentina\n\n3–2 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City\n\nWest Germany\n\nFrance\n\n4–2 (a.e.t.) Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Puebla\n\nBelgium\n\n24\n\n\n14\n\n1990 Details\n\n Italy\n\nWest Germany\n\n1–0 Stadio Olimpico, Rome\n\nArgentina\n\nItaly\n\n2–1 Stadio San Nicola, Bari\n\nEngland\n\n24\n\n\n15\n\n1994 Details\n\n United States\n\nBrazil\n\n0–0 (a.e.t.)(3–2 PSO) Rose Bowl, Pasadena\n\nItaly\n\nSweden\n\n4–0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena\n\nBulgaria\n\n24\n\n\n16\n\n1998 Details\n\n France\n\nFrance\n\n3–0 Stade de France, Saint-Denis\n\nBrazil\n\nCroatia\n\n2–1 Parc des Princes, Paris\n\nNetherlands\n\n32\n\n\n17\n\n2002 Details\n\n South Korea Japan\n\nBrazil\n\n2–0 International Stadium, Yokohama\n\nGermany\n\nTurkey\n\n3–2 Daegu Stadium, Daegu\n\nSouth Korea\n\n32\n\n\n18\n\n2006 Details\n\n Germany\n\nItaly\n\n1–1 (a.e.t.)(5–3 PSO) Olympiastadion, Berlin\n\nFrance\n\nGermany\n\n3–1 Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, Stuttgart\n\nPortugal\n\n32\n\n\n19\n\n2010 Details\n\n South Africa\n\nSpain\n\n1–0 (a.e.t.) Soccer City, Johannesburg\n\nNetherlands\n\nGermany\n\n3–2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth\n\nUruguay\n\n32\n\n\n20\n\n2014 Details\n\n Brazil\n\nGermany\n\n1–0 (a.e.t.) Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro\n\nArgentina\n\nNetherlands\n\n3–0 Estádio Nacional, Brasília\n\nBrazil\n\n32\n\n\n21\n\n2018 Details\n\n Russia\n\nFrance\n\n4–2 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow\n\nCroatia\n\nBelgium\n\n2–0 Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg\n\nEngland\n\n32\n" ]	[ "Croatia" ]
3800091241223246741	Religion in the United Kingdom	Religion in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Religion in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about religion in the whole of the United Kingdom . For England alone , see Religion in England . For Wales alone , see Religion in Wales . For Scotland alone , see Religion in Scotland . For Northern Ireland alone , see Religion in Northern Ireland . Westminster Abbey is used for the coronation of British monarchs . Religion in the United Kingdom ( 2011 census ) Christianity ( 59.5 % ) No religion ( 25.7 % ) Islam ( 4.4 % ) Hinduism ( 1.3 % ) Judaism ( 0.4 % ) Other religions ( 1.5 % ) Not stated ( 7.2 % ) Religion in the United Kingdom and in the countries that preceded it has been dominated , for over 1,400 years , by various forms of Christianity . Religious affiliations of United Kingdom citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the national decennial census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . According to the 2011 Census , Christianity is the major religion , followed by Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism , Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents . Among Christians , Anglicans are the most common denomination , followed by the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . This , and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations , has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith and secularised society . The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent countries in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . While the United Kingdom as a whole lacks an official religion , the Church of England remains the state church of its largest constituent country , England . The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the Church , and accordingly , only a Protestant may inherit the British throne . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 2.1 Surveys 2.2 Religious affiliations 2.3 Attendance 2.4 Belief 2.5 Jedi census phenomenon 3 Christianity 3.1 Anglicanism 3.2 Catholic Church 3.3 Presbyterianism , Congregationalism and other Reformed 3.4 Methodism 3.5 Baptists 3.6 Charismatic and Pentecostalism 3.7 Eastern Orthodoxy 3.8 Oriental Orthodoxy 3.9 Other Trinitarian denominations 3.10 Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.10. 1 Latter - day Saints 3.10. 2 Other Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.11 Quakers 4 Other faiths 4.1 Islam 4.2 Judaism 4.3 Bahá'í Faith 5 Asian religions 5.1 Buddhism 5.2 Hinduism 5.3 Jainism 5.4 Sikhism 6 Neopaganism 6.1 Wicca 6.2 Druidry 7 Religion and society 7.1 Religion and politics 7.2 Religion and education 7.3 Religion and prison 7.4 Religion and the media 7.5 Religion and social identity : Saints parts of the United Kingdom society . 7.6 Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism 8 National and regional differences 9 Main religious leaders 10 Notable places of worship 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links 14.1 General 14.2 Christianity 14.3 Judaism 14.4 Islam 14.5 Hinduism 14.6 Sikhism 14.7 Buddhism 14.8 No religion History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Fourth century Chi - Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa , Kent , which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain . Pre-Roman forms of religion in Britain included various forms of ancestor worship and paganism . Little is known about the details of such religions ( see British paganism ) . Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1,400 years . It was introduced by the Romans to what is now England , Wales , and Southern Scotland . The doctrine of Pelagianism , declared heretical in the Council of Carthage ( 418 ) , originated with a British - born ascetic , Pelagius . The Anglo - Saxon invasions briefly re-introduced paganism in the 5th and 6th centuries ; Christianity was again brought to Great Britain by Catholic Church and Irish - Scottish missionaries in the course of the 7th century ( see Anglo - Saxon Christianity ) . Insular Christianity as it stood between the 6th and 8th centuries retained some idiosyncrasies in terms of liturgy and calendar , but it had been nominally united with Roman Christianity since at least the Synod of Whitby of 664 . Still in the Anglo - Saxon period , the archbishops of Canterbury established a tradition of receiving their pallium from Rome to symbolize the authority of the Pope . The Catholic Church remained the dominant form of Western Christianity in Britain throughout the Middle Ages , but the ( Anglican ) Church of England became the independent established church in England and Wales in 1534 as a result of the English Reformation . It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor . In Scotland , the Presbyterian Church of Scotland , established in a separate Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century , is recognized as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . The adherence to the Catholic Church continued at various levels in different parts of Britain , especially among recusants and in the north of England , but most strongly in Ireland . This would expand in Great Britain , partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century , the Catholic emancipation and the Restoration of the English hierarchy . Particularly from the mid-seventeenth century , forms of Protestant nonconformity , including Congregationalists , Baptists , Quakers and , later , Methodists , grew outside of the established church . The ( Anglican ) Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and , as the ( Anglican ) Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland , there is no established church in Northern Ireland . The Jews in England were expelled in 1290 and only emancipated in the 19th century . British Jews had numbered fewer than 10,000 in 1800 but around 120,000 after 1881 when Russian Jews settled permanently in Britain . The substantial immigration to the United Kingdom since the 1920s has contributed to the growth of foreign faiths , especially of Islam , Hinduism and Sikhism , Buddhism in the United Kingdom experienced growth partly due to immigration and partly due to conversion ( especially when including Secular Buddhism ) . As elsewhere in the western world , religious demographics have become part of the discourse on multiculturalism , with Britain variously described as a post-Christian society , as `` multi-faith '' , or as secularised . Scholars have suggested multiple possible reasons for the decline , but have not agreed on their relative importance . Martin Wellings lays out the `` classical model '' of secularization , while noting that it has been challenged by some scholars . The familiar starting - point , a classical model of secularization , argues that religious faith becomes less plausible and religious practice more difficult in advanced industrial and urbanized societies . The breakdown or disruption of traditional communities and norms of behavior ; the spread of a scientific world - view diminishing the scope of the supernatural and the role of God ; increasing material affluence promoting self - reliance and this - worldly optimism ; and greater awareness and toleration of different creeds and ideas , encouraging religious pluralism and eviscerating commitment to a particular faith , all form components of the case for secularization . Applied to the British churches in general by Steve Bruce and to Methodism in particular by Robert Currie , this model traces decline back to the Victorian era and charts in the twentieth century a steady ebbing of the sea of faith . Statistics ( edit ) The statistics for current religion ( not religion of upbringing where also asked ) from the 2011 census and the corresponding statistics from the 2001 census are set out in the tables below . ( hide ) Religion ( 2011 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 31,479,876 59.4 1,763,299 57.6 33,243,175 59.3 2,850,199 53.8 36,093,374 58.8 1,490,588 82.3 37,583,962 59.5 Islam 2,660,116 5.0 45,950 1.5 2,706,066 4.8 76,737 1.4 2,782,803 4.5 3,832 0.21 2,786,635 4.4 Hinduism 806,199 1.5 10,434 0.34 816,633 1.5 16,379 0.3 833,012 1.4 2,382 0.13 835,394 1.3 Sikhism 420,196 0.8 2,962 0.1 423,158 0.8 9,055 0.2 432,213 0.7 216 0.01 432,429 0.7 Judaism 261,282 0.5 2,064 0.1 263,346 0.5 5,887 0.1 269,233 0.4 335 0.02 269,568 0.4 Buddhism 238,626 0.5 9,117 0.3 247,743 0.4 12,795 0.2 260,538 0.4 1,046 0.06 261,584 0.4 Other religion 227,825 0.4 12,705 0.4 240,530 0.4 15,196 0.3 255,726 0.4 7,048 0.39 262,774 0.4 Total non-Christian religion 4,614,244 8.7 83,232 2.7 4,697,476 8.4 136,049 2.6 4,833,525 7.9 14,859 0.8 4,848,384 7.7 No religion 13,114,232 24.7 982,997 32.1 14,097,229 25.1 1,941,116 36.7 16,038,345 26.1 183,164 10.1 16,221,509 25.7 Religion not stated 3,804,104 7.2 233,928 7.6 4,038,032 7.2 368,039 7.0 4,406,071 7.2 122,252 6.8 4,528,323 7.2 No religion and Religion not stated 16,918,336 31.9 1,216,925 39.7 18,135,261 32.3 2,309,155 43.6 20,444,416 33.3 305,416 16.9 20,749,832 32.8 Total population 53,012,456 100.0 3,063,456 100.0 56,075,912 100.0 5,295,403 100.0 61,371,315 100.0 1,810,863 100.0 63,182,178 100.0 ( show ) Religion ( 2001 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 35,251,244 71.7 2,087,242 71.9 37,338,486 71.8 3,294,545 65.1 40,633,031 71.2 1,446,386 85.8 42,079,417 71.6 Islam 1,524,887 3.1 21,739 0.7 1,546,626 3.0 42,557 0.8 1,589,183 2.8 1,943 0.12 1,591,126 2.7 Hinduism 546,982 1.1 5,439 0.2 552,421 1.1 5,564 0.1 557,985 1.0 825 0.05 558,810 1.0 Sikhism 327,343 0.7 2,015 0.1 329,358 0.6 6,572 0.1 335,930 0.6 219 0.0 336,149 0.6 Judaism 257,671 0.5 2,256 0.1 259,927 0.5 6,448 0.1 266,375 0.5 365 0.0 266,740 0.5 Buddhism 139,046 0.3 5,407 0.2 144,453 0.3 6,830 0.1 151,283 0.3 533 0.0 151,816 0.3 Other religion 143,811 0.3 6,909 0.2 150,720 0.3 26,974 0.5 177,694 0.3 1,143 0.1 178,837 0.3 Total non-Christian religion 2,939,740 6.0 43,765 1.5 2,983,505 5.7 94,945 1.9 3,078,450 5.4 5,028 0.3 3,083,478 5.2 No religion 7,171,332 14.6 537,935 18.5 7,709,267 14.8 1,394,460 27.6 9,103,727 15.9 no data no data Religion not stated 3,776,515 7.7 234,143 8.1 4,010,658 7.7 278,061 5.5 4,288,719 7.5 no data no data No religion and Religion not stated 10,947,847 22.3 772,078 26.6 11,719,925 22.5 1,672,521 33.0 13,392,446 23.5 233,853 13.9 13,626,299 23.2 Total population 49,138,831 100.0 2,903,085 100.0 52,041,916 100.0 5,062,011 100.0 57,103,927 100.0 1,685,267 100.0 58,789,194 100.0 Percentage of respondents in the 2011 census in the UK who said they were Christian . Surveys ( edit ) Religious affiliations of UK citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the UK Census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . The different questions asked by these surveys produced different results : The census for England and Wales asked the question `` What is your religion ? '' . In 2001 14.81 % and in 2011 around a quarter ( 25.1 % ) of the population said they had `` none '' and 59.5 % stated they were Christian . The census for Scotland asked the question `` What religion , religious denomination or body do you belong to ? '' . In 2001 27.55 % and in 2011 36.7 % selected ' none ' and 53.8 % stated they were Christian . The Labour Force Survey asked the question `` What is your religion even if you are not currently practising ? '' with a response of 15.7 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2004 and 22.4 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2010 . The British Social Attitudes survey asked the question `` Do you regard yourself as belonging to any particular religion ? '' with 49 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2014 . The European Social Survey asked the question `` Which religion or denomination do you belong to at present ? '' with 50.54 % of respondents selecting ' no religion ' in 2002 and 52.68 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2008 . The Pew Research Center 's Western Europe Survey held between April and August 2017 asked the question `` What is your present religion , if any ? '' with 17 % of respondents selcting ' Catholicism ' , 54 % selecting ' Protestantism ' , and 24 % selecting ' Unaffiliated ' . The wording of the question affects the outcome of polls as is apparent when comparing the results of the Scottish census with that of the English and Welsh census . An ICM poll for The Guardian in 2006 asked the question `` Which religion do you yourself belong to ? '' with a response of 64 percent stating ' Christian ' and 26 % stating ' None ' . In the same survey , 63 % claimed they are not religious with just 33 % claiming they are . This suggests that the religious UK population identify themselves as having Christian beliefs , but maybe not as active ' church - goers ' . The British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys are fielded to adult individuals . In contrast , the United Kingdom Census and the Labour Force Surveys are household surveys ; the respondent completes the questionnaire on behalf of each member of the household , including children , as well as for themselves . The 2010 Labour Force Survey claimed that 54 % of children aged from birth to four years were Christian , rising to 59 % for children aged between 5 and 9 and 65 % for children aged between 10 and 14 . The inclusion of children with adult - imposed religions influences the results of the polls . Other major polls agree with the British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys , with a YouGov survey fielded in February 2012 indicating that 43 % of respondents claimed to belong to a religion and 76 % claimed they were not very religious or not religious at all . An Ipsos MORI survey fielded in August 2003 indicated that 18 % of respondents claimed to be `` a practising member of an organised religion '' and 25 % claimed `` I am a non-practising member of an organised religion '' . Detailed 2015 BSA survey on religion in the UK Affiliation % of U.K. population Christian 42 42 Church of England 17 17 Other Christian 17 17 Catholic 8 8 Unaffiliated 49 49 Non-Christian faiths 8 8 Muslim 5 5 Other Non-Christian faiths Do n't know / refused answer Total 100 100 A 2015 study estimated some 25,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background , most of whom belong to an evangelical or Pentecostal community . Religious affiliations ( edit ) Religions in Great Britain -- BSA 2009 Religion / Denomination Percent % No religion 50.7 Church of England 19.9 Catholic 8.6 Presbyterian / Church of Scotland 2.2 Methodist 1.3 Other Protestant Christian ( no denomination ) 9.3 Other Christian 0.4 Muslim 2.4 Hindu 0.9 Sikh 0.8 Judaism 0.4 Other religions 0.3 Refused / NA 0.4 Time series from the British Social Attitudes Survey showing the religion to which people consider themselves to belong . Source : BSA Survey 2009 . In the 2011 census , Christianity was the largest religion , stated as their affiliation by 59.5 % of respondents . This figure was found to be 53 % in the 2007 Tearfund survey , 42.9 percent in the 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey and 42.98 percent in the EU - funded European Social Survey published in April 2009 for those identifying as Christian . Although there was no UK - wide data in the 2001 or the 2011 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations , Ceri Peach estimated in 2005 that 62 % of Christians were Anglican , 13.5 % Catholic , 6 % Presbyterian and 3.4 % Methodist , with small numbers in other Protestant denominations and the Orthodox church . The 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey , which covers Great Britain but not Northern Ireland , indicated that over 50 percent would self - classify as not religious at all , 19.9 percent were part of the Church of England , 9.3 % non-denominational Christian , 8.6 % Catholic , 2.2 % Presbyterian / Church of Scotland , 1.3 % Methodist , 0.53 % Baptist , 1.17 % other Protestant , 0.23 % United Reformed Church / Congregational , 0.06 % Free Presbyterian , 0.03 % Brethren Christian and 0.41 % other Christian . In a 2016 survey conducted by BSA ( British Social Attitudes ) on religious affiliation ; 53 % of respondents indicated ' no religion ' and 41 % indicated they were Christians , while 6 % affiliated with non-Christian religions ( Islam , Hinduism , Judaism etc . ) The Pew Research Center 's Western Europe Survey held between April and August 2017 asked the question `` What is your present religion , if any ? '' with 17 % of respondents selecting ' Catholicism ' , 54 % selecting ' Protestantism ' , and 24 % selecting ' Unaffiliated ' . Religions other than Christianity , such as Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism and Judaism , have established a presence in the United Kingdom , both through immigration and by attracting converts . Others that have done so include the Bahá'í Faith , the Rastafari movement and Neopaganism . Attendance ( edit ) Society in the United Kingdom is markedly more secular than it was in the past and the number of churchgoers fell over the second half of the 20th century . The Ipsos MORI poll in 2003 reported that 18 % were `` a practising member of an organised religion '' . The Tearfund Survey in 2007 found that only 7 % of the population considered themselves as practising Christians . Some 10 % attended church weekly and two - thirds had not gone to church in the past year . The Tearfund Survey also found that two - thirds of UK adults ( 66 % ) or 32.2 million people had no connection with the Church at present ( nor with another religion ) . These people were evenly divided between those who have been in the past but have since left ( 16 million ) and those who have never been in their lives ( 16.2 million ) . A survey in 2002 found Christmas attendance at Anglican churches in England varied between 10.19 % of the population in the diocese of Hereford , down to just 2.16 % in Manchester . Church attendance at Christmas in some dioceses was up to three times the average for the rest of the year . Overall church attendance at Christmas has been steadily increasing in recent years ; a 2005 poll found that 43 per cent expected to attend a church service over the Christmas period , in comparison with 39 % and 33 % for corresponding polls taken in 2003 and 2001 respectively . A December 2007 report by Christian Research showed that the services of the Catholic Church had become the best - attended services of Christian denominations in England , with average attendance at Sunday Mass of 861,000 , compared to 852,000 attending Anglican services . Attendance at Anglican services had declined by 20 % between 2000 and 2006 , while attendance at Catholic services , boosted by large - scale immigration from Poland and Lithuania , had declined by only 13 % . In Scotland , attendance at Church of Scotland services declined by 19 % and attendance at Catholic services fell by 25 % . British Social Attitudes Surveys have shown the proportion of those in Great Britain who consider they `` belong to '' Christianity to have fallen from 66 % in 1983 to 43 % in 2009 . In 2012 about 6 % of the population of the United Kingdom regularly attended church , with the average age of attendees being 51 ; in contrast , in 1980 , 11 % had regularly attended , with an average age of 37 . It is predicted that by 2020 attendance will be around 4 % , with an average age of 56 . This decline in church attendance has forced many churches to close down across the United Kingdom , with the Church of England alone closing 1,500 churches between 1969 and 2002 . Their fates include dereliction , demolition , and residential , artistic and commercial conversion . In October 2014 weekly attendance at Church of England services dropped below 1 million for the first time . At Christmas 2014 , 2.4 million attended . For that year baptisms were 130,000 , down 12 % since 2004 ; marriages were 50,000 , down 19 % ; and funerals 146,000 , down 29 % . The Church estimated that about 1 % of churchgoers were lost to death each year ; the Church 's age profile suggested that attendances would continue to decline . One study showed that in 2004 at least 930,000 Muslims attended a mosque at least once a week , just outnumbering the 916,000 regular churchgoers in the Church of England . Muslim sources claim the number of practising Muslims is underestimated as nearly all of them pray at home . Belief ( edit ) European Social Survey ( UK ) `` Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination ? '' Year Yes No 2008 47.32 % 52.64 % 2006 48.45 % 51.34 % 50.55 % 49.24 % 2002 49.46 % 50.49 % Source : European social survey 2002 -- 2010 There is a disparity between the figures for those identifying themselves with a particular religion and for those proclaiming a belief in a God : In a 2011 YouGov poll , 34 % of UK citizens said they believed in a God or gods . A Eurobarometer opinion poll in 2010 reported that 37 % of UK citizens `` believed there is a God '' , 33 % believe there is `` some sort of spirit or life force '' and 25 % answered `` I do n't believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force '' . The 2008 European Social Survey suggested that 46.94 % of UK citizens never prayed and 18.96 % prayed daily . A survey in 2007 suggested that 42 % of adults resident in the United Kingdom prayed , with one in six praying daily . Jedi Census phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Jedi census phenomenon In the 2001 census , 390,127 individuals ( 0.7 percent of total respondents ) in England and Wales self - identified as followers of the Jedi faith . This Jedi census phenomenon followed an internet campaign that stated , incorrectly , that the Jedi belief system would receive official government recognition as a religion if it received enough support in the census . An email in support of the campaign , quoted by BBC News , invited people to `` do it because you love Star Wars ... or just to annoy people '' . The Office for National Statistics revealed the total figure in a press release entitled `` 390,000 Jedi there are '' . Christianity ( edit ) Christian denominations in the United Kingdom UK Interchurch ( show ) Affinity ( formerly British Evangelical Council ) Churches Together in Britain & Ireland Evangelical Alliance , UK Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches Churches Together in England Action of Churches Together , Scotland ( ACTS ) Churches Together in Wales Evangelical Movement of Wales Anglican ( show ) Church of England Church of Ireland Scottish Episcopal Church Church in Wales Baptist ( show ) Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland Baptist Union of Great Britain Baptist Union of Scotland Baptist Union of Wales Catholic ( show ) Roman Catholicism Roman Catholicism in England & Wales Roman Catholicism in Ireland Roman Catholicism in Scotland Holiness & Pietist ( show ) Church of the Nazarene Salvation Army Seventh - day Adventist Church Wesleyan Holiness Church Lutheran ( show ) Lutheran Church in Great Britain Methodist & Wesleyan ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Methodist Church in Ireland New Church Movement ( show ) Newfrontiers Pioneer Church Orthodox ( show ) Greek Orthodox of G.B. ( Eastern Orthodox ) Pentecostal ( show ) Assemblies of God Church of God in Christ Elim Pentecostal Church Presbyterian & Reformed ( show ) Asso . Presbyterian Churches , Scotland Church of Scotland Congregational Federation Evangelical Presbyterian Church Presbyterian Church in Ireland Presbyterian Church of Wales United Free Church of Scotland United Reformed Church Other ( show ) LDS Church in England LDS Church in Wales LDS Church in Scotland LDS Church in Ireland Quakers / Britain Yearly Meeting The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent states in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . Anglicanism ( edit ) Main articles : Anglicanism , Church of England , Church of Ireland , Church in Wales , and Scottish Episcopal Church See also : Anglican Communion The Church of England is the established church in England . Its most senior bishops sit in the national parliament and the Queen is its supreme governor . It is also the `` mother church '' of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The Church of England separated from the Catholic Church in 1534 and became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy , beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation . Historically it has been the predominant Christian denomination in England and Wales , in terms of both influence and number of adherents . The Scottish Episcopal Church , which is part of the Anglican Communion ( but not a `` daughter church '' of the Church of England ) , dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690 , when it split from the Church of Scotland . In the 1920s , the Church in Wales became disestablished and independent from the Church of England , but remains in the Anglican Communion . During the years 2012 to 2014 the number of members of the Church of England dropped by around 1.7 million . Catholic Church ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , Liverpool Main article : Catholic Church in the United Kingdom See also : Catholic Church in England and Wales , Catholic Church in Scotland , and Catholic Church in Ireland The Catholic Church has separate national organisations for England and Wales , for Scotland and for Ireland , which means there is no single hierarchy for the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . The Catholic Church in England and Wales is the second largest Christian church with around five million members , mainly in England . There is , however , a single apostolic nuncio to Great Britain , presently Archbishop Edward Joseph Adams . The Catholic Church in Scotland is Scotland 's second largest Christian church , representing a sixth of the population . The apostolic nuncio to the whole of Ireland ( both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland ) is Charles Brown . Eastern Rite Catholics in the United Kingdom are served by their own clergy and do not belong to the Latin Church dioceses but are still in full communion with the Bishop of Rome . Presbyterianism , congregationalism and other Reformed ( edit ) See also : Nonconformist , Presbyterianism , English Presbyterianism , Congregational church , Church of Scotland , and Presbyterian Church in Ireland In Scotland , the Church of Scotland ( informally known by its Scots language name , `` the Kirk '' ) , is recognised as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . Splits in the Church of Scotland , especially in the 19th century , led to the creation of various other Presbyterian churches in Scotland , including the Free Church of Scotland , which claims to be the constitutional continuator of the Church in Scotland and was founded in 1843 . The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland was formed in 1893 by some who left the Free Church over alleged weakening of her position and likewise claims to be the spiritual descendant of the Scottish Reformation . The Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales was founded in the late 1980s and organized themselves as a presbytery in 1996 . As of 2016 they had 15 churches in the UK . Lisburn Free Presbyterian Church , County Antrim , Northern Ireland The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Protestant denomination and second largest church in Northern Ireland . The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster was founded on 17 March 1951 by the cleric and politician Ian Paisley . It has about 60 churches in Northern Ireland . The Presbyterian Church of Wales seceded from the Church of England in 1811 and formally formed itself into a separate body in 1823 . The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland has 31 congregations in Northern Ireland , with the first Presbytery being formed in Antrim in 1725 . The United Reformed Church ( URC ) , a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches , consists of about 1,500 congregations in England , Scotland and Wales . There are about 600 Congregational churches in the United Kingdom . In England there are three main groups , the Congregational Federation , the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches , and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches , or are unaffiliated . In Scotland the churches are mostly member of the Congregational Federation and in Wales which traditionally has a larger number of Congregationalists , most are members of the Union of Welsh Independents . Methodism ( edit ) See also : Methodist Church of Great Britain , Methodist Church in Ireland , and Nonconformist The Methodist church at Haroldswick is the most northerly church in the United Kingdom The Methodist movement traces its origin to the evangelical awakening in the 18th century . The British Methodist Church , which has congregations throughout Great Britain , the Channel Islands , the Isle of Man , Malta and Gibraltar , has around 290,000 members , and 5,900 churches , though only around 3,000 members in 50 congregations are in Scotland . In the 1960s , it made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England , aimed at church unity . Formally , these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England 's General Synod in 1972 . However , conversations and co-operation continued , leading on 1 November 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches . The Methodist Church in Ireland covers the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland where it is the fourth - largest denomination . Other Methodist denominations in Britain include the Salvation Army , founded in 1865 ; the Free Methodist Church , a holiness church ; and the Church of the Nazarene . Baptists ( edit ) A Baptist church in Birmingham , West Midlands . The Baptist Union of Great Britain , despite its name , covers just England and Wales . There is a separate Baptist Union of Scotland and the Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland is an all - Ireland organisation . Other Baptist associations also exist in England , such as the Grace Baptist association and the Gospel Standard Baptists . Charismatic and Pentecostalism ( edit ) Assemblies of God in Great Britain are part of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship with over 600 churches in Great Britain . Assemblies of God Ireland cover the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland . The Apostolic Church commenced in the early part of the 20th century in South Wales and now has over 110 churches across the United Kingdom . Elim Pentecostal Church as of 2013 had over 500 churches across the United Kingdom . There is also a growing number of independent , charismatic churches that encourage Pentecostal practices as part of their worship . These are broadly grouped together as the British New Church Movement and could number up to 400,000 members . The phenomenon of immigrant churches and congregations that began with the arrival of the SS Empire Windrush from the West Indies in 1948 stands as a unique trend . West Indian congregations that started from this time include the Church of God , New Testament Assembly and New Testament Church of God . Africans began to arrive in the early 1980s and established their own congregations . Foremost among these are Matthew Ashimolowo from Nigeria and his Kingsway International Christian Centre in London that may be the largest church in Western Europe . Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) The Cathedral of the Dormition of the Most - Holy Mother of God and the Holy Royal Martyrs ( Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia ) , in Gunnersbury The Russian Orthodox Church has a Diocese of Sourozh , which covers Great Britain and Ireland , and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia also has a diocese in the same territory . The Ecumenical Patriarchate has established the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain , led by Archbishop Gregorios , that covers England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland as well as Malta . The Patriarchate of Antioch has 15 parishes and 7 missions within the Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland . The Serbian Orthodox Church has nine parishes in the United Kingdom and missions in Dublin and Malta , under the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia . Other Eastern Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Georgian Orthodox Church , the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church . Oriental orthodoxy ( edit ) The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has two regional Dioceses in the United Kingdom : the Diocese of Ireland , Scotland , North East England and its Affiliated Areas is led by Bishop Antony of Newcastle and the Diocese of the Midlands and its Affiliated Areas is led by Bishop Missael of Birmingham . There is also ( part of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate until 2015 ) the British Orthodox Church , ( covering the British Isles ) which is led by Metropolitan Seraphim of Glastonbury . In addition , there is one General Bishop in Stevenage , Bishop Angaelos . There are many Coptic Orthodox Churches in the United Kingdom that are directly the responsibility of Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria . Other Oriental Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Syriac Orthodox Church , the Armenian Apostolic Church , the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . Other trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Other denominations and groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , the Seventh Day Baptists , the Plymouth Brethren , and Newfrontiers . Non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Latter - Day Saints ( edit ) Main articles : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in England , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Wales , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Scotland , and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Ireland London England Temple ( LDS ) The first missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to proselytise in the British Isles arrived in 1837 . By 1900 as many as 100,000 converts had joined the faith , but most of these early members soon emigrated to the United States to join the main body of the church . From the 1950s emigration to the United States began to be discouraged and local congregations grew more rapidly . Today the church claims just over 186,000 members across the United Kingdom , in over 330 local congregations , known as ' wards ' or ' branches ' . The church also maintains two temples in England , the first opening in the London area in 1958 , and the second completed in 1998 in Preston and known as the Preston England Temple . Preston is also the site of the first preaching by LDS missionaries in 1837 , and is home to the oldest continually existing Latter Day Saint congregation anywhere in the world . Restored 1994 -- 2000 , the Gadfield Elm Chapel in Worcestershire is the oldest extant chapel of the LDS Church . Other non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Jehovah 's Witnesses had 137,631 `` publishers '' ( a term referring to members actively involved in preaching ) in the United Kingdom in 2015 . The Church of Christ , Scientist is also represented in the UK . The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches is the umbrella organisation for Unitarian , Free Christian and other liberal religious congregations in the United Kingdom . The Unitarian Christian Association was formed in 1991 . There are an estimated 18,000 Christadelphians in the UK . Quakers ( edit ) The Britain Yearly Meeting is the umbrella body for the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Great Britain , the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man . It has 14,260 adult members . Northern Ireland comes under the umbrella of the Ireland Yearly Meeting . Other faiths ( edit ) Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in England , Islam in Northern Ireland , Islam in Scotland , and Islam in Wales Shah Jahan Mosque is the oldest purpose - built mosque in the United Kingdom . Estimates in 2009 suggested a total of about 2.4 million Muslims over all the United Kingdom . According to Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life , the number of Muslims in Britain could be up to 3 million . The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom live in England and Wales : of 1,591,126 Muslims recorded at the 2001 Census , 1,546,626 were living in England and Wales , where they form 3 per cent of the population ; 42,557 were living in Scotland , forming 0.8 per cent of the population ; and 1,943 were living in Northern Ireland . Between 2001 and 2009 the Muslim population increased roughly 10 times faster than the rest of society . Most Muslim immigrants to the United Kingdom came from former colonies . The biggest groups of Muslims are of Pakistani , Bangladeshi , Indian and Arab origins , with the remainder coming from Muslim - dominated areas such as Southwest Asia , Somalia , Malaysia , and Indonesia . During the 18th century , lascars ( sailors ) who worked for the British East India Company settled in port towns with local wives . These numbered only 24,037 in 1891 but 51,616 on the eve of World War I. Naval cooks , including Sake Dean Mahomet , also came from what is now the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh . From the 1950s onwards , the growing Muslim population has led to a number of notable Mosques being established , including East London Mosque , London Central Mosque , Manchester Central Mosque , London Markaz , and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . According to Kevin Brice , a researcher at the University of Wales , Trinity Saint David , thousands convert to Islam annually and there are approximately 100,000 converts to Islam in Britain , where they run two mosques . According to a Labour Force Survey estimate , the total number of Muslims in Great Britain in 2008 was 2,422,000 , around 4 per cent of the total population . Between 2004 and 2008 , the Muslim population grew by more than 500,000 . In 2010 , The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life estimated 2,869,000 Muslims in Great Britain . The largest age - bracket within the British Muslim population were those under the age of 4 , at 301,000 in September 2008 . The Muslim Council of Britain and the Islamic Forum of Europe are the umbrellas organisations for many local , regional and specialist Islamic organisations in the United Kingdom , although it is disputed how representative this organisation is of British Muslims as a whole . Judaism ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Jews in England , History of the Jews in Scotland , History of the Jews in Wales , and History of the Jews in Ireland Singers Hill Synagogue , Birmingham , England . The Jewish Naturalisation Act , enacted in 1753 , permitted the naturalisation of foreign Jews , but was repealed the next year . The first graduate from the University of Glasgow who was openly - known to be Jewish was in 1787 . Unlike their English contemporaries , Scottish students were not required to take a religious oath . In 1841 Isaac Lyon Goldsmid was made baronet , the first Jew to receive a hereditary title . The first Jewish Lord Mayor of the City of London , Sir David Salomons , was elected in 1855 , followed by the 1858 emancipation of the Jews . On 26 July 1858 , Lionel de Rothschild was finally allowed to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom when the law restricting the oath of office to Christians was changed . ( Benjamin Disraeli , a baptised , teenage convert to Christianity of Jewish parentage , was already an MP at this time and rose to become Prime Minister in 1874 . ) In 1884 Nathan Mayer Rothschild , 1st Baron Rothschild became the first Jewish member of the British House of Lords ; again Disraeli was already a member . British Jews number around 300,000 with the United Kingdom having the fifth largest Jewish community worldwide . However , this figure did not include Jews who identified ' by ethnicity only ' in England and Wales or Scottish Jews who identified as Jewish by upbringing but held no current religion . A report in August 2007 by University of Manchester historian Dr Yaakov Wise stated that 75 per cent of all births in the Jewish community were to ultra-orthodox , Haredi parents , and that the increase of ultra-orthodox Jewry has led to a significant rise in the proportion of British Jews who are ultra-orthodox . However various studies suggest that within some Jewish communities and particularly in some strictly Orthodox areas , many residents ignored the voluntary question on religion following the advice of their religious leaders resulting in a serious undercount , therefore it is impossible to give an accurate number on the total UK Jewish population . It may be even more than double the official estimates , heavily powered by the very high birth rate of orthodox families and British people who are Jewish by origin but not religion ; as it currently stands , the Jewish as ethnicity section is not documented on the census . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) Main article : Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom See also : Bahá'í Faith in England , Bahá'í Faith in Scotland , and Bahá'í Faith in Wales The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom has a historical connection with the earliest phases of the Bahá'í Faith starting in 1845 and has had a major effect on the development of communities of the religion in far flung nations around the world . It is estimated that between 1951 and 1993 , Bahá'ís from the United Kingdom settled in 138 countries . Asian religions ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre in Scotland Main article : Buddhism in the United Kingdom See also : Buddhism in England , Buddhism in Scotland , and Buddhism in Wales The earliest Buddhist influence on Britain came through its imperial connections with Southeast Asia , and as a result the early connections were with the Theravada traditions of Burma , Thailand , and Sri Lanka . The tradition of study resulted in the foundation of the Pali Text Society , which undertook the task of translating the Pali Canon of Buddhist texts into English . Buddhism as a path of practise was pioneered by the Theosophists , Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott , and in 1880 they became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts , the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist . In 1924 London 's Buddhist Society was founded , and in 1926 the Theravadin London Buddhist Vihara . The rate of growth was slow but steady through the century , and the 1950s saw the development of interest in Zen Buddhism . In 1967 Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre , now the largest Tibetan Buddhist centre in Western Europe , was founded in Scotland . The first home - grown Buddhist movement was also founded in 1967 , the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order ( now the Triratna Buddhist Community ) . There are some Soka Gakkai groups in the United Kingdom . Hinduism ( edit ) The Neasden Temple is the second largest temple of Hinduism in Europe . Main article : Hinduism in the United Kingdom Hinduism was the religion of 558,810 people in Great Britain according to the 2001 census but an estimate in a British newspaper in 2007 has put the figure as high as 1.5 million . One Non-governmental organisation estimated as of 2007 that there are 800,000 Hindus in the United Kingdom . Although most British Hindus live in England , with half living in London alone , small but growing Hindu communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism in the United Kingdom As of 2006 , there are around 25,000 Jains in the United Kingdom . One of the first Jain settlers , Champat Rai Jain , was in England during 1892 -- 1897 to study law . He established the Rishabh Jain Lending Library in 1930 . Later , he translated several Jain texts into English . Leicester houses one of the world 's few Jain temples outside of India . There is an Institute of Jainology at Greenford , London . Sikhism ( edit ) Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha , Southall , UK Main article : Sikhism in the United Kingdom See also : Sikhism in England , Sikhism in Scotland , and Sikhism in Wales Sikhism was recorded as the religion of 336,149 people in the United Kingdom at the time of the 2001 Census . While England is home to the majority of Sikhs in the United Kingdom , small communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The first recorded Sikh settler in the United Kingdom was Maharaja Duleep Singh , dethroned and exiled in 1849 at the age of 14 , after the Anglo - Sikh wars . The first Sikh Gurdwara ( temple ) was established in 1911 , in Putney , London . The first wave of Sikh migration came in the 1950s , mostly of men from the Punjab seeking work in industries such as foundries and textiles . These new arrivals mostly settled in London , Birmingham and West Yorkshire . Thousands of Sikhs from East Africa followed . Neopaganism ( edit ) Neo-druids . Main article : Neopaganism in the United Kingdom In the 2001 Census , a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland , and Wales declared themselves to be pagans or adherents of Wicca . However , other surveys have led to estimates of around 250,000 or even higher . Wicca ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , census figures do not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading , as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the 2001 Census encouraged Wiccans , Heathens , Druids and others all to use the same write - in term ' Pagan ' in order to maximise the numbers reported . For the first time , respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions , and a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method . These figures were not immediately analysed by the Office for National Statistics , but were released after an application by the Pagan Federation of Scotland . Druidry ( edit ) During the Iron Age , Celtic polytheism was the predominant religion in the area now known as England . Neo-Druidism grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th century Romanticism . A 2012 Druid analysis estimates that there are roughly 11,000 Druids in Britain . Religion and Society ( edit ) Religion and Politics ( edit ) Though the main political parties are secular , the formation of the Labour Party was influenced by Christian socialism and by leaders from a nonconformist background , such as Keir Hardie . On the other hand , the Church of England was once nicknamed `` the Conservative Party at prayer '' , though this has changed since the 1980s as the Church has moved to the left of the Conservative Party on social and economic issues . Some minor parties are explicitly ' religious ' in ideology : two ' Christian ' parties -- the Christian Party and the Christian Peoples Alliance , fielded joint candidates at the 2009 European Parliament elections and increased their share of the vote to come eighth , with 249,493 votes ( 1.6 % of total votes cast ) , and in London , where the CPA had three councillors , the Christian parties picked up 51,336 votes ( 2.9 % of the vote ) , up slightly from the 45,038 gained in 2004 . The Church of England is represented in the UK Parliament by 26 bishops ( the Lords Spiritual ) and the British monarch is a member of the church ( required under Article 2 of the Treaty of Union ) as well as its Supreme Governor . The Lords Spiritual have seats in the House of Lords and debate government policies affecting the whole of the United Kingdom . The Church of England also has the right to draft legislative measures ( related to religious administration ) through the General Synod that can then be passed into law by Parliament . The Prime Minister , regardless of personal beliefs , plays a key role in the appointment of Church of England bishops , although in July 2007 Gordon Brown proposed reforms of the Prime Minister 's ability to affect Church of England appointments . Religion and Education ( edit ) Religious education and Collective Worship are compulsory in many state schools in England and Wales by virtue of clauses 69 and 70 of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 . Clause 71 of the act gives parents the right to withdraw their children from Religious Education and Collective Worship and parents should be informed of their right in accordance with guidelines published by the Department for Education ; `` a school should ensure parents or carers are informed of this right '' . The content of the religious education is decided locally by the Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education . In England and Wales , a significant number of state funded schools are faith schools with the vast majority Christian ( mainly either of Church of England or Catholic ) though there are also Jewish , Muslim and Sikh faith schools . Faith schools follow the same national curriculum as state schools , though with the added ethos of the host religion . Until 1944 there was no requirement for state schools to provide religious education or worship , although most did so . The Education Act 1944 introduced a requirement for a daily act of collective worship and for religious education but did not define what was allowable under these terms . The act contained provisions to allow parents to withdraw their children from these activities and for teachers to refuse to participate . The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a further requirement that the majority of collective worship be `` wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character '' . According to a 2003 report from the Office for Standards in Education , a `` third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately , sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship . '' In Scotland , the majority of schools are non-denominational , but separate Catholic schools , with an element of control by the Catholic Church , are provided within the state system . The Education ( Scotland ) Act 1980 imposes a statutory duty on all local authorities to provide religious education and religious observance in Scottish schools . These are currently defined by the Scottish Government 's Curriculum for Excellence ( 2005 ) . Northern Ireland has a highly segregated education system . 95 per cent of pupils attend either maintained ( Catholic ) schools or controlled schools , which are open to children of all faiths and none , though in practise most pupils are from the Protestant community . Religion and prison ( edit ) Prisoners are given religious freedom and privileges while in prison . This includes access to a chaplain or religious advisor , authorised religious reading materials , ability to change faith , as well as other privileges . Several faith - based outreach programmes provide faith promoting guidance and counselling . Every three months , the Ministry of Justice collects data , including religious affiliation , of all UK prisoners and is published as the Offender Management Caseload Statistics . This data is then compiled into reports and published in the House of Commons library . On 31 March 2015 the prison population of England and Wales was recorded as 49 % Christian , 14 % Muslim , 2 % Buddhist , 2 % other religions and 31 % no religion . Religion and the media ( edit ) The Communications Act 2003 requires certain broadcasters in the United Kingdom to carry a `` suitable quantity and range of programmes '' dealing with religion and other beliefs , as part of their public service broadcasting . Prominent examples of religious programming include the BBC television programme Songs of Praise , aired on a Sunday evening with an average weekly audience of 2.5 million , and the Thought for the Day slot on BBC Radio 4 . Channels also offer documentaries on , or from the perspective of a criticism of organised religion . A significant example is Richard Dawkins ' two - part Channel 4 documentary , The Root of all Evil ? . Open disbelief of , or even mockery of organised religion , is not regarded as a taboo in the British media , though it has occasionally provoked controversy -- for example , the movie Monty Python 's Life of Brian , the poem `` The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name '' , and the musical Jerry Springer : The Opera , all of which involved characters based on Jesus , were subject to public outcry and blasphemy allegations , while The Satanic Verses , a novel by British Indian author Salman Rushdie which includes a fantasy sequence about Muhammed , caused global protests including several by British Muslims . British comedy has a history of parody on the subject of religion . Religion and Social identity : Saints parts of the United Kingdom Society ( edit ) Saint George is the regional saint for England . Saint Andrew is the regional saint for Scotland . Saint David is the regional saint for Wales . Saint Patrick is the regional saint for Ireland . Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism ( edit ) Interfaith dialogue London neighbours , the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue and the East London Mosque The Interfaith Network for the United Kingdom encompasses the main faith organisations of the United Kingdom , either directly with denominational important representatives or through joint bodies for these denominations , promotes local interfaith cooperation , promotes understanding between faiths and convenes meetings and conferences where social and religious questions of concern to the different faith communities can be examined together , including meetings of the Network 's ' Faith Communities Consultative Forum ' . Ecumenical friendship and cooperation has gradually developed between Christian denominations and where inter-sect prejudice exists this has via education and employment policy been made a pressing public matter in dealing with its two prominent examples -- sectarianism in Glasgow and Northern Ireland -- where segregation is declining . Tolerance and Religious Discrimination In the early 21st century , the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 made it an offence in England and Wales to incite hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion . The common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel were abolished with the coming into effect of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 on 8 July 2008 . 2005 -- 2010 polls have shown that public opinion in the United Kingdom generally tends towards a suspicion or outright disapproval of radical or evangelical religiosity , though moderate groups and individuals are rarely subject to less favourable treatment from society or employers . The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination against people on the basis of religion , in the supply of goods and services and selection for employment , subject to very limited exceptions ( such as the right of schools and religious institutions to appoint paid ministers ) . Secularism There is no strict separation of church and state in the United Kingdom . Accordingly , most public officials may display the most common identifiers of a major religion in the course of their duties -- for example , rosary beads . Chaplains are provided in the armed forces ( see Royal Army Chaplains ' Department , RAF Chaplains Branch ) and in prisons . Although school uniform codes are generally drawn up flexibly enough to accommodate compulsory items of religious dress , some schools have banned wearing the crucifix in a necklace , arguing that to do so is not a requirement of Christianity where they prohibit all other necklaces . Post-adolescence , the wearing of a necklace is permitted in some F.E. colleges who permit religious insignia necklaces on a wider basis , which are without exception permitted at universities . Some churches have warned that the Equality Act 2010 could force them to go against their faith when hiring staff . In 2011 two judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upheld previous statements in the country 's jurisprudence that the ( non-canon ) laws of the United Kingdom ' do not include Christianity ' . Therefore , a local authority was acting lawfully in denying a Christian married couple the right to foster care because of stated negative views on homosexuality . In terms of the rights recognised `` in the case of fostering arrangements at least , the right of homosexuals to equality should take precedence over the right of Christians to manifest their beliefs and moral values . '' National and regional differences ( edit ) Levels of affiliation vary between different part of the UK , particularly between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The percentages declaring themselves Christians in the 2011 Census are 59.4 in England , 57.6 in Wales and 53.8 in Scotland , which decreased by 12.3 , 14.3 , and 11.3 percentage points respectively from the census of 2001 . This is argued to make them the fastest secularising nations in history . Northern Ireland remains one of the most religious nations in western Europe with 82.3 % of the population claiming Christian affiliation , with a decline of only 3.5 % by the 2011 census , while `` other religions '' have increased in membership . Religion has been seen as both a product and a cause of political divisions in Northern Ireland . Main religious leaders ( edit ) Lambeth Palace is the official residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in London The Queen is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York below her . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland presides over the annual Assembly , but does not lead , the Church of Scotland . The Primus of Scotland is the presiding bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church . The Great Imam is Sheikh Mawlana Abdul Qayum , one of the most famous scholar of Europe , who serves the largest Muslim congregation in the Great Britain . The Archbishop of Westminster is the leader of the Catholic bishops of England and Wales . The de facto head of the Catholic Church in Scotland is the most senior archbishop , currently Leo Cushley , Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh ( see Bishops ' Conference of Scotland ) . The Primate of All Ireland exercises his ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Northern Ireland as well as the Republic of Ireland . The Archbishop of Wales is one of the six diocesan bishops of the Church in Wales , chosen by his colleagues to hold the higher designation in addition to his own diocese . The Chief Rabbi is the title of the leader of Orthodox Judaism in the Commonwealth . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland presides over , but does not lead , the Church . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints is led by the Europe Area Presidency . The current area president is Elder Erich W. Kopischke with Elder Gérald J. Caussé and Elder José A. Teixeira as first and second counsellors respectively . The Caliph Masih of the Ahmadiyya Community is Mirza Masroor Ahmad , and Fazl Mosque is his headquarters . Notable places of worship ( edit ) CHRISTIAN Westminster Cathedral -- Catholic St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Catholic Canterbury Cathedral -- Church of England and Mother Church of England York Minster -- Church of England Durham Cathedral -- Church of England Salisbury Cathedral -- Church of England Dormition Cathedral , London -- Russian Orthodox Holy Trinity Cathedral , Down -- Church of Ireland Kingsway International Christian Centre -- Charismatic London England Temple -- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Metropolitan Tabernacle -- Baptist St Anne 's Cathedral , Belfast -- Church of Ireland St David 's Cathedral -- Church in Wales St Giles ' Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Church of Scotland St Lazar 's Church , Bournville -- Serbian Orthodox St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Scottish Episcopal St Paul 's Cathedral -- Church of England St Sarkis , Kensington -- Armenian Apostolic St Sophia 's Cathedral , London -- Greek Orthodox Westminster Abbey -- Church of England Westminster Central Hall -- Methodist JEWISH Bevis Marks Synagogue -- Jewish New West End Synagogue -- Jewish ISLAMIC London Central Mosque -- Islamic North London Central Mosque -- Islamic OTHERS Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha -- Sikh Neasden Temple -- Hindu See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Religion portal Religion by country Religion in England Religion in Scotland Religion in Wales Religion in Northern Ireland Religion in the Republic of Ireland Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Philby , Charlotte ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Less religious and more ethnically diverse : Census reveals a picture of Britain today '' . 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The Welsh Government . Welsh government . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ David , Robertson . `` The Trajectory of God '' . St. Peter 's Dundee . Saint Peter 's Free Church of Scotland . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Claire ( 2005 ) . Religion , Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland : Boundaries of Belonging and Belief . pp. 69 -- 117 . ISBN 0754641546 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Organisation of the Church of England , Church of England website . Jump up ^ `` Shaykh Abdul Qayyum '' . AL - QALAM . Retrieved 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Figure 2014 '' . British Bangladeshi Power Inspiration . Retrieved 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Bebbington , David W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain : A History from the 1730s to the 1980s ( Routledge , 2003 ) Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain since 1945 : Believing without belonging ( Blackwell , 1994 ) Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain : A Persistent Paradox ( 2014 ) . Gilbert , Alan D. Religion and society in industrial England : church , chapel , and social change , 1740 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) . Gilley , Sheridan , and W.J. Sheils . A History of Religion in Britain : Practice and Belief from Pre-Roman Times to the Present ( 1994 ) 608pp excerpt and text search McLeod , Hugh . Religion and society in England , 1850 -- 1914 ( Macmillan , 1996 ) . Obelkevich , J. Religion and Rural Society ( Oxford University Press , 1976 ) Shaw , Duncan , edt al. `` What is Religious History ? '' History Today ( 1985 ) 35 # 8 online , commentary by 8 scholars Primary sources ( edit ) Horace Mann ( 1854 ) . Census of Great Britain , 1851 : Religious Worship in England and Wales . External links ( edit ) General ( edit ) Eurel : sociological and legal data on religions in Europe BBC What the World Thinks of God television programme Kettell , Steven ( 2009 ) . `` On the Public Discourse of Religion : An Analysis of Christianity in the United Kingdom '' ( PDF ) . Politics and Religion . 2 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 443 . doi : 10.1017 / s1755048309990204 . Christianity ( edit ) Church of England Church of Scotland Presbyterian Church in Ireland Church of Ireland ( Anglican ) Church in Wales ( Anglican ) Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Bishops ' Conference of Scotland Catholic Church in Ireland Assemblies of God of Great Britain Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales Free Church of Scotland Free Church of Scotland ( Continuing ) Ecumenical Patriarchate Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain Parishes in the British Isles under the Ecumenical Patriarchate 's Paris Exarchate Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain and Ireland -- Diocese of Sourozh , Patriarchate of Moscow Antiochian Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland Romanian Orthodox Church , London Judaism ( edit ) Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth ( Orthodox ) Masorti Judaism Movement for Reform Judaism Liberal Judaism Islam ( edit ) Muslim Council of Great Britain Hinduism ( edit ) Hindu Council UK Hindu Cultural Association of Wales UK Sikhism ( edit ) The Network of Sikh Organisations UK Buddhism ( edit ) The Buddhist Society No religion ( edit ) The British Humanist Association The Freethinker - The voice of Atheism since 1881 Religion in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Northern Ireland Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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About Wikipedia	what percentage of the uk population say they have no religion	[ "\n\n[hide]Religion (2011)\nEngland[22]\nWales[22]\nEngland and Wales[22]\nScotland[23]\nGreat Britain\nNorthern Ireland[24][25]\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nNumber\n%\nNumber\n%\nNumber\n%\nNumber\n%\nNumber\n%\nNumber\n%\nNumber\n%\n\n\nChristianity\n31,479,876\n59.4\n1,763,299\n57.6\n33,243,175\n59.3\n2,850,199\n53.8\n36,093,374\n58.8\n1,490,588\n82.3\n37,583,962\n59.5\n\n\nIslam\n2,660,116\n5.0\n45,950\n1.5\n2,706,066\n4.8\n76,737\n1.4\n2,782,803\n4.5\n3,832\n0.21\n2,786,635\n4.4\n\n\nHinduism\n806,199\n1.5\n10,434\n0.34\n816,633\n1.5\n16,379\n0.3\n833,012\n1.4\n2,382\n0.13\n835,394\n1.3\n\n\nSikhism\n420,196\n0.8\n2,962\n0.1\n423,158\n0.8\n9,055\n0.2\n432,213\n0.7\n216\n0.01\n432,429\n0.7\n\n\nJudaism\n261,282\n0.5\n2,064\n0.1\n263,346\n0.5\n5,887\n0.1\n269,233\n0.4\n335\n0.02\n269,568\n0.4\n\n\nBuddhism\n238,626\n0.5\n9,117\n0.3\n247,743\n0.4\n12,795\n0.2\n260,538\n0.4\n1,046\n0.06\n261,584\n0.4\n\n\nOther religion\n227,825\n0.4\n12,705\n0.4\n240,530\n0.4\n15,196\n0.3\n255,726\n0.4\n7,048\n0.39\n262,774\n0.4\n\n\nTotal non-Christian religion\n4,614,244\n8.7\n83,232\n2.7\n4,697,476\n8.4\n136,049\n2.6\n4,833,525\n7.9\n14,859\n0.8\n4,848,384\n7.7\n\n\nNo religion\n13,114,232\n24.7\n982,997\n32.1\n14,097,229\n25.1\n1,941,116\n36.7\n16,038,345\n26.1\n183,164\n10.1\n16,221,509\n25.7\n\n\nReligion not stated\n3,804,104\n7.2\n233,928\n7.6\n4,038,032\n7.2\n368,039\n7.0\n4,406,071\n7.2\n122,252\n6.8\n4,528,323\n7.2\n\n\nNo religion and Religion not stated\n16,918,336\n31.9\n1,216,925\n39.7\n18,135,261\n32.3\n2,309,155\n43.6\n20,444,416\n33.3\n305,416\n16.9\n20,749,832\n32.8\n\n\nTotal population\n53,012,456\n100.0\n3,063,456\n100.0\n56,075,912\n100.0\n5,295,403\n100.0\n61,371,315\n100.0\n1,810,863\n100.0\n63,182,178\n100.0\n\n" ]	[ "26.1" ]
8918209543400194288	List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita	List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita - wikipedia List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita This is a list of countries by alcohol consumption measured in equivalent litres of pure alcohol ( ethanol ) consumed per capita per year . Contents 1 WHO ( World Health Organization ) Data 1.1 2010 WHO data 1.2 2015 WHO data for OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) countries 2 OECD Data 2.1 2013 OECD statistics 3 References WHO ( World Health organization ) data ( edit ) The WHO publish periodically The Global Status Report on Alcohol : 1999 was first published by WHO in 1999 . 2004 is the second global status report on alcohol published by WHO 2011 third global report on alcohol published by WHO 2014 fourth global report on alcohol published by WHO with data from 2010 . 2010 WHO data ( edit ) Map of countries by prevalence of alcohol consumption The table below for 191 countries uses 2010 data from the WHO report published in 2014 . The methodology used by the WHO calculated use by persons 15 years of age or older . All data in columns refer to year 2010 . The column `` recorded '' refers to the average recorded consumption for the period 2010 . Unrecorded consumption ( homebrew , moonshine , smuggled alcohol , surrogate alcohol etc . ) was calculated using empirical investigations and expert judgments . Total is the sum of the recorded and unrecorded consumption . The next four columns are a breakdown of the recorded alcohol consumption by type . Beer refers to malt beer , wine refers to grape wine , spirits refers to all distilled beverages such as vodka and similar products , and the column `` other '' refers to all other alcoholic beverages , such as rice wine , sake , mead , cider , kvass , and African beers ( kumi kumi , kwete , banana beer , millet beer , umqombothi etc . ) . Pure alcohol consumption among persons ( age 15 + ) in liters per capita per year , 2010 Rank Country Total Recorded consumption Unrecorded consumption Beer ( % ) Wine ( % ) Spirits ( % ) Other ( % ) 2015 projection Belarus 17.6 14.4 3.2 17.3 5.2 46.6 30.9 17.1 Moldova 16.8 6.3 10.5 30.4 5.1 64.5 0 17.4 Lithuania 15.5 12.9 2.5 46.5 7.8 34.1 11.6 16.2 Russia 15.1 11.5 3.6 37.6 11.4 51 0 14.5 5 Romania 14.4 10.4 50 28.9 21.1 0 12.9 6 Ukraine 13.9 8.9 5 40.5 9 48 2.6 11.8 7 Andorra 13.8 12.4 1.4 34.6 45.3 20.1 0 9.1 8 Hungary 13.3 11.3 36.3 29.4 34.3 0 12.4 9 Czech Republic 13 11.8 1.2 53.5 20.5 26 0 14.1 10 Slovakia 13 11.4 1.7 30.1 18.3 46.2 5.5 12.5 11 Portugal 12.9 11 1.9 30.8 55.5 10.9 2.8 12.5 12 Serbia 12.6 9.6 2.9 51.5 23.9 24.6 0 12.9 13 Grenada 12.5 11.9 0.7 29.3 4.3 66.2 0.2 10.4 14 Poland 12.5 10.9 1.6 55.1 9.3 35.5 0 11.5 15 Latvia 12.3 10.5 1.8 46.9 10.7 37 5.4 10.6 16 Finland 12.3 10 2.3 46 17.5 24 12.6 11.9 17 South Korea 12.3 9.8 2.5 25 1.6 2.9 70.5 10.9 18 France 12.2 11.8 0.4 18.8 56.4 23.1 1.7 11.6 19 Australia 12.2 10.4 1.8 44 36.7 12.5 6.8 12.6 20 Croatia 12.2 10.2 39.5 44.8 15.4 0.2 11.7 21 Ireland 11.9 11.4 0.5 48.1 26.1 18.7 7.7 10.9 22 Luxembourg 11.9 11.4 0.5 36.2 42.8 21 0 11.2 23 Germany 11.8 11.3 0.5 53.6 27.8 18.6 0 10.6 24 Slovenia 11.6 10.6 44.5 46.9 8.6 0 10.9 25 United Kingdom 11.6 10.4 1.2 36.9 33.8 21.8 7.5 12 26 Denmark 11.4 10.4 37.7 48.2 14.1 0 10.2 27 Bulgaria 11.4 10.3 1.1 39.3 16.5 44.1 0.1 11.3 28 Spain 11.2 10 1.2 49.7 20.1 28.2 1.8 10.6 29 Belgium 11 10.5 0.5 49.2 36.3 14.4 0.1 10.8 30 South Africa 11 8.2 2.9 48.1 17.8 16.7 17.4 11.5 31 New Zealand 10.9 9.3 1.6 38.2 33.9 15.2 12.5 11.2 32 Gabon 10.9 8.9 68.3 11.9 19.8 0.1 11.8 33 Namibia 10.8 6.8 96.7 0.3 0.9 2.1 11.8 34 Switzerland 10.7 10.2 0.5 31.8 49.4 17.6 1.2 10.4 35 Saint Lucia 10.4 10.1 0.2 29.7 12.6 56.1 1.5 10.4 36 Austria 10.3 9.7 0.6 50.4 35.5 14 0 8.5 37 Estonia 10.3 9.5 0.8 41.2 11.1 36.8 10.9 9.4 38 Greece 10.3 8.3 28.1 47.3 24.2 0.4 9.3 39 Kazakhstan 10.3 6.8 3.5 31.8 3.1 65.1 0 8.2 40 Canada 10.2 8.2 51.2 22 26.8 0 10.3 41 Nigeria 10.1 9.1 8 0.4 0.9 90.7 11.3 42 Netherlands 9.9 9.4 0.5 46.8 36.4 16.9 0 9.6 43 Uganda 9.8 8.3 1.5 9.4 0.1 1.9 88.6 10.5 44 Rwanda 9.8 6.8 11.1 0 0.4 88.4 10 45 Chile 9.6 7.6 29.9 40.7 29.4 0 9.3 46 Argentina 9.3 8.3 40.7 48 5.5 5.8 7.6 47 Burundi 9.3 6.3 24.5 0 0.1 75.4 9.8 48 United States 9.2 8.7 0.5 50 17.3 32.7 0 9 49 Cyprus 9.2 8.2 40.9 24.7 33.7 0.7 9.1 50 Sweden 9.2 7.2 37 46.6 15.1 1.4 8.7 51 Venezuela 8.9 7.7 1.3 75.6 0.8 23.4 0.2 8.3 52 Paraguay 8.8 7.3 1.5 51.1 18.2 28.8 9.6 53 Brazil 8.7 7.2 1.5 59.6 36.3 0.1 9.1 54 Sierra Leone 8.7 6.7 6.4 0.5 0.7 92.3 8.2 55 Montenegro 8.7 4.9 3.9 10.9 47 41.7 0.4 13.3 56 Belize 8.5 6.8 1.7 67.6 30.3 0.1 8.3 57 Cameroon 8.4 5.8 2.6 63.9 22.1 13.8 0.2 7.7 58 Botswana 8.4 5.4 56 11.8 11.5 20.7 7.7 59 Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.2 7.7 0.5 44 7.4 48 0.6 7 60 Guyana 8.1 7.1 23 0.3 76.6 0.1 8.6 61 Peru 8.1 6.1 46.8 6.1 47.1 0 5.2 62 Panama 8 7.2 0.8 69.2 4.6 26 0.2 7.7 63 Niue 8 7 47 1.7 51.3 0 7.7 64 Palau 7.9 6.9 77.7 5.9 16.4 0 65 Norway 7.7 6.7 44.2 34.7 19 2.1 7 66 Tanzania 7.7 5.7 11 0.2 1.8 87 8.1 67 Georgia 7.7 5.4 2.3 17 49.8 33.2 0.1 6.7 68 Uruguay 7.6 6.6 30.6 59.9 9.5 0 7 69 Angola 7.5 5.9 1.6 64.3 13.7 17.4 4.7 7.6 70 Laos 7.3 6.2 1.1 35.6 0 64.4 0 7.5 71 Japan 7.2 7 0.2 19.2 4.1 52 24.7 7.5 72 Mexico 7.2 5.5 1.8 75.7 1.5 22.2 0.5 6.8 73 Ecuador 7.2 4.2 67.3 1.2 31.5 0 6.1 74 Dominica 7.1 6.6 0.5 13.7 7.1 77.9 1.2 6.6 75 Iceland 7.1 6.6 0.5 61.8 21.2 16.5 0.5 6.9 76 Thailand 7.1 6.4 0.7 27 0.4 72.6 0 8.3 77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.1 4.6 2.5 73.3 9.7 17 0 7.5 78 São Tomé and Príncipe 7.1 4.2 2.9 23.5 60.2 16.3 0 6.8 79 Malta 7 6.6 0.4 39.4 32.7 27.2 0.7 7.2 80 Albania 7 4.9 2.1 31.8 19.8 48.4 0 6.6 81 Bahamas 6.9 6.3 0.5 34 14.6 50.4 4.2 82 Dominican Republic 6.9 6.2 0.7 54.5 2.7 42.7 0.1 7.6 83 Mongolia 6.9 4.9 27.6 2.8 69.6 0 7.8 84 Cape Verde 6.9 2.9 44.4 1.2 0.2 54.2 7.2 85 Barbados 6.8 6.3 0.5 39.7 10.2 49.3 0.8 6.5 86 Burkina Faso 6.8 4.3 2.5 10 3.1 83.8 7.4 87 Italy 6.7 6.5 0.2 23 65.6 11.5 0 6.1 88 Trinidad and Tobago 6.7 6.4 0.3 54 43.8 0.3 6.6 89 China 6.7 5 1.7 27.8 69.2 0 7.6 90 Lebanon 6.7 3.9 2.8 47.4 39.9 12.6 0 5.7 91 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.6 6.3 0.3 33.4 63.1 0.5 7.2 92 Equatorial Guinea 6.6 5.8 0.8 27.8 72.2 0 0 8.1 93 Suriname 6.6 5.6 40 2.3 57.2 0.5 6.5 94 Vietnam 6.6 4.6 97.3 0.6 2.1 0 8.7 95 Lesotho 6.5 2.8 3.7 51.3 0.2 18.9 29.6 6.4 96 Haiti 6.4 5.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 99.6 0 5.9 97 Cook Islands 6.4 5.9 0.5 0 22.6 77.4 0 4.8 98 Colombia 6.2 4.2 66.1 1.1 32.5 0.3 6.6 99 Ivory Coast 6 16.1 0.4 80.5 6.5 100 Bolivia 5.9 3.8 2.1 76.8 3.8 19.3 0.1 5.8 101 Swaziland 5.7 4.7 33.6 0.8 0.7 65 6.4 102 Zimbabwe 5.7 4.7 23.7 1.7 6.8 67.7 4.8 103 Seychelles 5.6 4.1 1.5 67 22.2 10.8 0 6.7 104 Cambodia 5.5 2.2 3.3 45.7 0.8 53.5 0 6.1 105 Puerto Rico 5.4 4.9 0.5 66.6 6.7 26.4 0.3 - 106 Netherlands Antilles 5.4 4.9 0.4 36.4 16.4 47 0.3 3.2 107 Philippines 5.4 4.6 0.9 26.9 0.3 72.7 0 5.6 108 Costa Rica 5.4 4.4 59.3 4.7 35.5 0.5 5.1 109 Armenia 5.3 3.8 1.5 9.7 5.3 84.9 0 5.5 110 Cuba 5.2 4.2 38.8 2.2 58.9 0 5.5 111 Nicaragua 5 3.5 1.5 38.8 0.5 60.6 0 4.6 112 Jamaica 4.9 3.4 1.5 42 4.9 51.4 1.6 5.1 113 Ghana 4.8 1.8 30 9.7 2.9 57.3 5.4 114 Liberia 4.7 3.1 1.6 10.8 88.1 0 5.2 115 Uzbekistan 4.6 2.4 2.1 18.3 6.3 75.4 0 4.8 116 Chad 4.4 0.4 66.3 3.4 3.8 26.5 4.4 117 United Arab Emirates 4.3 2.8 1.5 10.3 2.9 86.7 0 4.3 118 Kyrgyzstan 4.3 2.4 1.9 22.6 4.2 72.9 0.3 3.9 119 India 4.3 2.2 2.2 6.8 0.1 93.1 0 4.6 120 Turkmenistan 4.3 2.2 2.2 15.4 26.1 58.4 0 5 121 Kenya 4.3 1.8 2.5 56.1 1.8 21.6 20.4 122 Ethiopia 4.2 0.7 3.5 49.7 0.6 8.2 41.4 4.3 123 Honduras 40.1 1.1 58.7 0 124 Guinea - Bissau 2.5 1.5 19.6 14.9 22.4 43 4.3 125 Zambia 2.5 1.5 22.7 2.9 13.6 60.7 126 Republic of the Congo 3.9 1.7 2.2 78.4 9.8 10.9 0.8 3.9 127 Guatemala 3.8 2.2 1.6 41.9 1.6 56.3 0.2 3.9 128 Central African Republic 3.8 1.8 16.2 0.6 2.1 81.1 3.8 129 North Korea 3.7 3.2 0.5 5.1 0 94.9 0 4.4 130 Sri Lanka 3.7 2.2 1.5 13 0.1 85.2 1.7 4.5 131 Mauritius 3.6 2.6 66.2 12.3 21.3 0.2 132 Samoa 3.6 2.6 70.9 16.6 12.5 0 133 Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.6 2.3 1.3 24 0.7 73.3 3.4 134 Nauru 3.5 2.5 85.4 14.6 0 0 135 Gambia 3.4 2.4 5.6 0.7 0.3 93.5 3.2 136 Federated States of Micronesia 3.3 2.3 47 14.1 38.9 0 3.5 137 El Salvador 3.2 2.2 41.7 1.7 56.6 0 3.5 138 Fiji 67.7 0.9 31.1 0.2 3.2 139 Papua New Guinea 1.5 1.5 51.3 0.9 47.7 0 3.1 140 Kiribati 36.9 2.2 60.9 0 2.9 141 Tajikistan 2.8 0.3 2.5 10.2 1.1 88.7 0 2.4 142 Israel 2.8 0.3 2.5 44 6.2 49.5 0.3 3.1 143 Sudan 2.7 1.7 8 0 13.5 78.5 2.7 144 Malawi 2.5 1.5 9.1 1.2 13.4 76.2 2.5 145 Macedonia 2.4 1.9 0.5 18.2 29.1 52.4 0.3 2.2 146 Azerbaijan 2.3 1.3 28.7 7.6 63.3 0 2.1 147 Mozambique 2.3 1.3 63 7.3 25.4 4.3 148 Togo 2.3 1.3 48.9 26.9 2.4 21.8 1.9 149 Nepal 2.2 0.2 47.7 0.9 51.4 0 2.1 150 Bahrain 2.1 0.1 36.6 6.3 57 0.1 2.4 151 Benin 2.1 1.1 54.6 21.7 7.2 16.5 2.2 152 Singapore 1.5 0.5 70.1 13.5 14.7 1.7 2.9 153 Turkey 1.4 0.6 63.6 8.6 27.9 0 2.4 154 Madagascar 1.8 0.8 56 9.5 34.5 0 1.9 155 Solomon Islands 1.7 1.2 0.5 81.1 2.1 16.7 0 1.6 156 Tonga 1.6 1.1 0.5 57.9 7.6 34.3 0.1 2.1 157 Tunisia 1.5 1.3 0.2 68.6 27.7 3.7 0 1.2 158 Tuvalu 1.5 0.5 10 15.5 74.5 0 1.3 159 Qatar 1.5 0.9 0.6 1.2 13.9 84.6 0.3 1.3 160 Vanuatu 1.4 0.9 0.5 40.5 22.8 36.7 0 1.2 161 Djibouti 1.3 1.1 0.2 23.2 5.3 71.5 0 0.9 162 Malaysia 1.3 0.3 76.2 21.8 0.1 1.7 163 Syria 1.2 0.3 8.5 27.9 63.5 0 1.4 164 Maldives 1.2 0.7 0.5 29.1 29.4 41.2 0 165 Mali 1.1 0.6 0.5 13.3 1.5 2.1 83.1 166 Eritrea 1.1 0.5 0.6 63.6 0 0.1 36.3 1.4 167 Algeria 0.7 0.3 62.6 35.5 0 0.6 168 Iran 0 24.8 52.1 169 Oman 0.9 0.7 0.2 54.6 3.3 42.2 0 0.9 170 Brunei 0.9 0.6 0.3 89.8 2.3 7.2 0.7 0.8 171 Morocco 0.9 0.5 0.5 43.5 36.5 19.9 0 0.7 172 Jordan 0.7 0.5 0.2 22.4 2.1 75.4 0.1 0.7 173 Bhutan 0.7 0.4 0.3 100 0 0 0 1.1 174 Guinea 0.7 0.2 0.5 78.9 16.3 3.7 1.1 0.7 175 Myanmar 0.7 0.1 0.6 82.6 5.7 11.8 0 0.7 176 Afghanistan 0.7 0 0.7 18.9 38.3 1.2 177 Senegal 0.6 0.3 0.3 55.1 41.3 3.6 0 0.5 178 Indonesia 0.6 0.1 0.5 84.5 0.1 15.3 0 0.6 179 Timor - Leste 0.6 0.1 0.5 9.3 75.9 14.8 0 1.2 180 Iraq 0.5 0.2 0.3 76.1 22.9 0 0.5 181 Somalia 0.5 0 0.5 9.2 19.2 0.5 0.5 182 Egypt 0.4 0.2 0.2 53.8 5.4 40.3 0.5 0.3 183 Niger 0.3 0.1 0.2 46 13.2 40.7 0 0.3 184 Yemen 0.3 0.1 0.2 100 0 0 0 0.2 185 Comoros 0.2 0.1 0.1 23.3 22.2 54.6 0 0.2 186 Saudi Arabia 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 1.9 97.9 0.2 0.2 187 Bangladesh 0.2 0 0.2 9 17.6 0.2 0.2 188 Kuwait 0.1 0 0.1 58.1 10.8 30.7 0.4 0.1 189 Libya 0.1 0 0.1 2.5 5 0 0 190 Mauritania 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 191 Pakistan 0.1 0 0 1.2 0.1 0.1 Worldwide consumption in 2010 was equal to 6.2 litres of pure alcohol consumed per person aged 15 years or older . 2015 WHO data for OECD ( organisation for economic co-operation and development ) countries ( edit ) The following is a list of OECD countries by the total alcohol consumption per capita in litres of pure alcohol as published by the World Health Organization in 2015 . Rank Country Alcohol consumption in litres Relative alcohol consumption Czech Republic 14.1 14.1 Australia 12.6 12.6 Portugal 12.5 12.5 Slovakia 12.5 12.5 5 Hungary 12.4 12.4 6 United Kingdom 12.0 12 7 Finland 11.9 11.9 8 France 11.6 11.6 9 Poland 11.5 11.5 10 Luxembourg 11.2 11.2 11 New Zealand 11.2 11.2 12 Ireland 10.9 10.9 13 Slovenia 10.9 10.9 14 South Korea 10.9 10.9 15 Belgium 10.8 10.8 16 Germany 10.6 10.6 17 Spain 10.6 10.6 18 Switzerland 10.4 10.4 19 Canada 10.3 10.3 20 Denmark 10.2 10.2 21 Netherlands 9.6 9.6 22 Chile 9.3 9.3 23 Greece 9.3 9.3 24 United States 9.0 9 25 Sweden 8.7 8.7 26 Austria 8.5 8.5 27 Japan 7.5 7.5 28 Norway 7.0 7 29 Iceland 6.9 6.9 30 Mexico 6.8 6.8 31 Italy 6.1 6.1 32 Israel 3.1 3.1 33 Turkey 2.4 2.4 OECD data ( edit ) 2013 OECD Statistics ( edit ) The table below lists OECD countries by the annual consumption of pure alcohol in liters , per person , aged 15 years old and over , as published in the 2013 OECD Health Data . Note that the methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to pure alcohol may differ across countries . Typically beer is weighted as 4 -- 5 % , wine as 11 -- 16 % and spirits as 40 % of pure alcohol equivalent . This table is an accurate reflection of the annual consumption of pure alcohol in litres by OECD countries . Rank Country Liters per capita Relative size Year Austria 12.2 12.2 2011 Estonia 12 12 2011 France 11.8 11.8 2011 Ireland 11.7 11.7 2011 5 Czech Republic 11.5 11.5 2011 6 Hungary 11.4 11.4 2011 7 Luxembourg 11.4 11.4 2011 8 Germany 11.2 11.2 2011 9 Slovenia 10.6 10.6 2011 10 Denmark 10.5 10.5 2011 11 Poland 10.3 10.3 2011 12 Portugal 10.3 10.3 2011 13 United Kingdom 10.3 10.3 2011 14 Slovakia 10.2 10.2 2011 15 Australia 10 10 2011 16 Switzerland 10 10 2011 17 Belgium 9.8 9.8 2011 18 Finland 9.8 9.8 2011 19 Spain 9.8 9.8 20 New Zealand 9.5 9.5 2011 21 Netherlands 9.2 9.2 2011 22 South Korea 8.9 8.9 2011 23 United States 8.6 8.6 2011 24 Canada 8 8 2011 25 Chile 7.9 7.9 26 Greece 7.4 7.4 2011 27 Japan 7.3 7.3 2011 28 Sweden 7.3 7.3 2011 29 Norway 6.4 6.4 2011 30 Iceland 6.3 6.3 31 Italy 6.1 6.1 32 Mexico 5.1 5.1 2011 33 Israel 2.6 2.6 2011 34 Turkey 1.5 1.5 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WHO - Alcohol '' . WHO . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 '' ( PDF ) . who.int . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ World Health Statistics 2016 data visualizations dashboard : Harmful use of alcohol Archived 2016 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ OECD. Stat : Health Status Archived 2011 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Recreational drug use Major recreational drugs Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carbamates Ethanol ( alcohol ) Alcoholic drinks Beer Wine Gabapentinoids GHB Inhalants Medical Nitrous oxide Hazardous solvents contact adhesives Gasoline nail polish remover Paint thinner Other Freon Kava Nonbenzodiazepines Quinazolinones Opioids Buprenorphine Suboxone Subutex Codeine Desomorphine Krokodil Dextropropoxyphene Darvocet Darvon Fentanyl Diamorphine Heroin Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Dilaudid Methadone Mitragyna speciosa Kratom Morphine Opium Oxycodone / paracetamol Tramadol Stimulants Amphetamine Arecoline Areca Betel Caffeine Coffee Energy drinks Tea Cathinone Khat Cocaine Coca Crack Ephedrine Ephedra MDPV Mephedrone Methamphetamine Methylone Methylphenidate Modafinil Nicotine Tobacco Theobromine Cocoa Chocolate Entactogens 2C series 6 - APB Benzofury AMT MDA MDMA Ecstasy Hallucinogens Psychedelics Bufotenin Psychoactive toads Vilca Yopo DMT Ayahuasca LSA LSD - 25 Mescaline Peruvian torch Peyote San Pedro Psilocybin / Psilocin Psilocybin mushrooms Dissociatives DXM Glaucine Inhalants Nitrous oxide alkyl nitrites poppers amyl nitrite Ketamine MXE Muscimol Amanita muscaria PCP Salvinorin A Salvia divinorum Deliriants Atropine and Scopolamine Atropa belladonna Datura Hyoscyamus niger Mandragora officinarum Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Cannabinoids JWH - 018 THC Cannabis Hashish Hash oil Marijuana Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Club drugs Cocaine Quaaludes MDMA ( Ecstasy ) Nitrous oxide Poppers Drug culture Cannabis culture 420 Cannabis cultivation Cannabis smoking Head shop Legal history of cannabis in the United States Legality of cannabis Marijuana Policy Project Medical cannabis NORML Cannabis and religion Stoner film Coffee culture Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Tea house Drinking culture Bartending Beer culture Beer festival Binge drinking Diethyl ether Drinking games Drinking song Happy hour Hip flask Nightclub Pub Pub crawl Sommelier Sports bar Tailgate party Wine bar Wine tasting Psychedelia Psychonautics Art Drug Era Experience Literature Music Microdosing Therapy Smoking culture Cigarette card Fashion cigarettes Cloud - chasing Loosie Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Other Club drug Counterculture of the 1960s Dance party Drug paraphernalia Drug tourism Entheogen Hippie Needle sharing Nootropic Party and play Poly drug use Rave Religion and drugs Self - medication Sex and drugs Whoonga Drug production and trade Drug production Coca production in Colombia Drug precursors Opium production in Afghanistan Rolling meth lab Drug trade Illegal drug trade Colombia Darknet market Drug distribution Beer shop Cannabis shop Liquor store Liquor license Issues with drug use Abuse Date rape drug Impaired driving Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Addiction Dependence Prevention Opioid replacement therapy Rehabilitation Responsible use Drug - related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long - term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances Legality of drug use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs 1971 Psychotropic Substances 1988 Drug Trafficking Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs State level Drug policy Decriminalization Prohibition Supply reduction Policy reform Demand reduction Drug Policy Alliance Harm reduction Law Enforcement Action Partnership Liberalization Latin America Students for Sensible Drug Policy Transform Drug Policy Foundation Drug policy by country Australia Canada Germany India Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland United States Just Say No Office of National Drug Control Policy School district drug policies California Colorado Maryland Virginia Other Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Cognitive liberty Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Narc Politics of drug abuse War on Drugs Mexican Drug War Plan Colombia Philippine Drug War Zero tolerance Lists of countries by ... 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7770542665385014098	The Onion Song	The Onion Song - Wikipedia The Onion Song This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Onion Song '' Single by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell from the album Easy B - side `` California Soul '' Released October 1969 ( U.K. ) ; March 20 , 1970 ( U.S. ) Recorded 1969 , Detroit Genre Soul , pop Label Tamla Songwriter ( s ) Ashford & Simpson Producer ( s ) Ashford & Simpson `` The Onion Song '' was a hit for soul singers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell in 1969 . It reached the top ten overseas , and was a more modest hit in the U.S. The song , which reflected social consciousness , became Gaye & Terrell 's biggest hit in the United Kingdom , entering the singles chart on 15 November 1969 and peaking at No. 9 on 9 December . Terrell died , aged 24 , just prior to the song 's release as a single in the U.S. `` The Onion Song '' peaked at No. 18 on the soul singles chart and No. 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 Credits ( edit ) All vocals by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell / Valerie Simpson All instrumentation by The Funk Brothers External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 225 . Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes The Marquees Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Onion_Song&oldid=849957529 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1970 singles Marvin Gaye songs Tammi Terrell songs Songs written by Valerie Simpson Songs written by Nickolas Ashford Vocal duets Motown singles Song recordings produced by Ashford & Simpson 1969 songs 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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913381698207857081	Herbes de Provence	Herbes de Provence - wikipedia Herbes de Provence Herbes de Provence Herbes de Provence ( French pronunciation : ( ɛʁb. də. pʁɔ. vɑ̃s ) ) is a mixture of dried herbs considered typical of the Provence region of southeast France . Formerly simply a descriptive term , commercial blends started to be sold under this name in the 1970s . These blends often contain savory , marjoram , rosemary , thyme , and oregano . Lavender leaves are also included in products in the North American market . The herb mixture is typically used with grilled foods and stews . Contents 1 History 2 Herbs used 3 Sale 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) `` ... the famous mixtures of herbes de Provence ... were unknown to my Provençal grandmothers , who used , individually and with discernment , thyme , rosemary and savory gathered in the countryside . '' Provençal cuisine has traditionally used many herbs which were often characterized collectively as herbes de Provence , but not in specific combinations , and not sold as a mixture . It was in the 1970s that homogenised mixtures were formulated by spice wholesalers , including notably Ducros in France ( now part of McCormick & Company ) . Herbs used ( edit ) These mixtures typically contain savory , marjoram , rosemary , thyme , oregano , and other herbs . In the North American market , lavender leaves are also typically included ( perhaps due to American association of Provence with its fields of lavender ) , though lavender does not appear in the recipes in Jean - Baptiste Reboul 's 1910 compendium of Provençal cooking . Sale ( edit ) As the name herbes de Provence is generic , and does not have Protected Geographical Status , there is no guarantee that any herb mixture on the market actually comes from Provence ; indeed , the vast majority of these blends come from central and eastern Europe , North Africa , and China . Herbes de Provence are often sold in larger bags than other herbs , and the price in Provence is considerably lower than for other herbs . Uses ( edit ) Herbes de Provence are used to flavour grilled foods such as fish and meat , as well as vegetable stews . The mixture can be added to foods before or during cooking or mixed with cooking oil prior to cooking so as to infuse the flavour into the cooked food . They are rarely added after cooking is complete . See also ( edit ) List of herbs French cuisine Fines herbes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Laget , Francis ( 2005 ) . `` From its Birthplace in Egypt to Marseilles , an Ancient Trade : ' Drugs and Spices ' '' . Diogenes. 52 ( 3 ) : 131 -- 139 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192105055941 . Jump up ^ Crum , Hannah ; LaGory , Alex ( 2016 ) . The Big Book of Kombucha . Storey Publishing . p. 200 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Mélogue , François ( 2015 ) . Cuisine of the Sun : A Ray of Sunshine on Your Plate . Eat Till You Bleed . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reboul , Jean - Baptiste ( 1910 ) . La Cuisinière Provençale . Jump up ^ Jacques Marseille , ed. ( 2002 ) . Dictionnaire de la Provence et de la Côte d'Azur . Paris : Éd . Larousse . p. 382 . ISBN 2035751055 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herbs of Provence . Culinary herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil holy Thai Bay leaf Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese ( rau răm ) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi ( Vietnamese balm ) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica ( rice - paddy herb ) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori ( ground seaweed ) Ajwain Allspice Amchoor ( mango powder ) Anise star Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot ( krachai ) Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Mace Mango - ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella ( kalonji ) Njangsa Nutmeg Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Salt Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso seeds / berries Sumac Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Peppers Alligator Brazilian Chili Capsicum annuum Cayenne Jalapeño New Mexico chile Paprika Capsicum chinense Habanero Capsicum frutescens Piri piri Tabasco Long Peruvian Sichuan ( huājiāo ) Japanese pricklyash Tasmanian Peppercorn ( black / green / white ) Mixtures Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five - spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Húng lìu Idli podi Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Onion powder Panch phoron Persillade Powder - douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Vadouvan Yuzukoshō Za'atar Lists and related topics Lists of herbs and spices Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbes_de_Provence&oldid=850359776 '' Categories : Herbs Herb and spice mixtures Provence French cuisine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 11 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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7845910853513174665	Kiki Dee	Kiki Dee - wikipedia Kiki Dee Kiki Dee Kiki Dee in 1974 Background information Birth name Pauline Matthews ( 1947 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1947 ( age 71 ) Little Horton , Bradford , West Riding of Yorkshire , England Genres Blue - eyed soul pop Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Vocals Years active 1960 -- present Labels Fontana Tamla Motown Rocket Columbia / EMI Associated acts Elton John Small Faces Website www.kikiandcarmelo.com Pauline Matthews ( born 6 March 1947 ) , better known by her stage name Kiki Dee , is an English singer born in Little Horton , Bradford , West Riding of Yorkshire . Known for her blue - eyed soul vocals , she was the first female singer from the UK to sign with Motown 's Tamla Records . Dee is best known for her 1974 hit `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' and `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' , her 1976 duet with Elton John , which went to Number 1 both in the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . In 1993 she performed another duet with Elton John for his Duets album , a cover version of Cole Porter 's `` True Love '' , which reached No. 2 in the UK . During her career , she has released 40 singles , three EPs and 12 albums . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Musician 2.2 Musical theatre 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.2 Singles 4.3 DVDs 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Kiki Dee was born on 6 March 1947 , in Bradford , England . At age 10 she won a local talent contest . At age 16 she had her first paid job in show business . `` I realised when I sang at family parties and Christmases I 'd suddenly get everyone 's attention and , being the youngest of three , I thought what a brilliant attention - seeking ploy it was , '' says Kiki in a 2013 interview . She went on to say : `` My older brother had a lot of Elvis on vinyl and really that was my first introduction to music during the Fifties . '' Working at Boots in Bradford at age 16 during the day , in the evenings she sang songs with a dance band in Leeds . A record scout liked her singing and invited her to London to do an audition . There in 1963 she signed as a solo artist to Fontana Records . Career ( edit ) Musician ( edit ) Kiki Dee began singing with a local band in Bradford in the early 1960s . Her recording career began as a session singer . She sang backing vocals for Dusty Springfield , among others , and was well regarded by other singers but did not achieve solo success in the UK for many years . In 1963 Dee released her first single `` Early Night '' , and recorded her debut album I 'm Kiki Dee , which included a series of Phil Spector style tracks and covers for Fontana Records . Her 1966 release `` Why Do n't I Run Away From You '' ( a cover of Tami Lynn 's `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' ) was a big hit on Radio London and Radio Caroline , and she sang the B side `` Small Town '' in her appearance in Dateline Diamonds the same year . Her 1968 release `` On a Magic Carpet Ride '' , which was originally a B - side , has remained popular with the Northern Soul circuit . Much of her early recorded work for Fontana Records was released on 24 January 2011 , on the CD compilation I 'm Kiki Dee . Songwriter Mitch Murray created her stage name and penned her first single , `` Early Night '' . In the United States she became the first white British artist to be signed by Motown , releasing her first Motown single in 1970 . In the days before BBC Radio 1 , Dee was a regular performer of cover versions on BBC Radio , and she starred with a group of session singers in the BBC Two singalong series , One More Time . She also appeared in an early episode of The Benny Hill Show in January 1971 , performing the Blood , Sweat and Tears hit , `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' . Nevertheless , it was only after she signed with Elton John 's label named The Rocket Record Company that she became a household name in the UK . Her first major solo hits were `` Amoureuse '' ( written by Véronique Sanson , with English lyrics by Gary Osborne ) ( 1973 ) and `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' ( written by Tobias Stephen Boshell ) , the latter credited to the Kiki Dee Band ( 1974 ) . In addition to her burgeoning career as a lead vocalist , she could sometimes be heard singing backing vocals on various Elton John recordings , such as `` All the Girls Love Alice '' on `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' and various tracks on Rock of the Westies . Her biggest hit came in 1976 when she replaced an ailing Dusty Springfield for the recording of a duet with John , `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( pseudonymously written by John and lyricist Bernie Taupin ) . The single reached No. 1 in both the UK and US , remaining at the top for six weeks in the UK . After a quiet period in the late 1970s , Dee launched a comeback in 1981 , releasing one of her biggest hits , `` Star '' , written by Doreen Chanter of the Chanter Sisters . This later became the theme music to the BBC1 programme Opportunity Knocks between 1987 and 1990 . Also in 1981 , Dee joined forces again with Elton John , recording a cover of the Four Tops ' song `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' which was written by Ivy Jo Hunter and Stevie Wonder . Both of these were included on her album Perfect Timing , which became a modest hit on the album chart . In 1983 , she supplied backing vocals to Elton John 's album Too Low for Zero . Dee also sang the song `` What Ca n't Speak Ca n't Lie '' ( 1983 ) , composed and recorded by the Japanese jazz fusion group Casiopea , and with lyrics by Gary Osborne . In 1985 she performed at Live Aid , reprising `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' with John , and performing backing vocals on the other songs in his set . In 1992 , she also contributed backing vocals on John 's The One album , and a year later recorded `` True Love '' with John for his 1993 Duets album . Dee released the live album Almost Naked a joint effort between Kiki Dee and Carmelo Luggeri in 1995 followed by the studio albums Where Rivers Meet ( 1998 ) and The Walk Of Faith ( 2005 ) with musical partner Carmelo Luggeri . In September 2013 Dee and Luggeri released their third studio album A Place Where I Can Go on Spellbound recordings . Dee 's single `` Sidesteppin ' with a Soul Man , '' released in October 2013 , was her 40th single release . Musical theatre ( edit ) Dee has also appeared in musical theatre , notably in the lead role in Willy Russell 's West End musical Blood Brothers , in which she took on the role originally played by Barbara Dickson for the 1988 production and recording . She received an Olivier Award nomination in 1989 in the Best Actress in a Musical category . In 1990 , she contributed to the last recording studio collaboration between Alan Parsons and Eric Woolfson , on the album Freudiana , performing `` You 're On Your Own '' and part of `` No One Can Love You Better Than Me '' . In 2008 , Dee 's first DVD was released . Under The Night Sky was a collaboration with guitarist Carmelo Luggeri , filmed live at the Bray Studios in London ; the music was produced by Ted Carfrae . That same year , several albums from her earlier 1970s -- 1980s Rocket catalogue were re-released by EMI Records , including an expanded edition of Almost Naked with extra tracks , including a cover of Neil Young 's `` Heart of Gold '' and a new take on `` Sugar on the Floor '' . Also that year , Demon Records ( UK ) issued a remastered edition of Perfect Timing , with several bonus tracks including an alternate mix of `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever . '' Dee had previously starred in Pump Boys and Dinettes in London 's West End , at the Piccadilly Theatre , from 20 September 1984 to 8 June 1985 . Personal life ( edit ) Kiki Dee has never married . She lived in California with Davey Johnstone , a guitarist in Elton John 's band , at the age of 28 . In her late thirties , she was diagnosed with an early stage of uterine cancer . Discography ( edit ) Kiki Dee has released 40 singles , three EPs and 12 albums . Kiki Dee ( right ) performing at London 's Royal Albert Hall , October 2009 , in aid of the PRS for Music ( formerly the Performing Right Society ) for Music Members ' Benevolent Fund . Albums ( edit ) Release date Album title UK Label 1968 I 'm Kiki Dee -- Fontana 1970 Great Expectations -- Tamla Motown 1973 Loving & Free -- Rocket I 've Got the Music in Me -- Patterns -- Philips Kiki Dee -- MFP / Sound Superb 1977 Kiki Dee 24 Rocket 1978 Stay With Me -- 1980 Greatest Hits -- Warwick 1981 Perfect Timing 47 Ariola Angel Eyes -- Columbia 1991 Spotlight On Kiki Dee -- Greatest Hits -- Rocket The Very Best of Kiki Dee 62 1995 Almost Naked -- Tickety - boo 1998 Where Rivers Meet -- 2005 Love Makes the World Go Round -- The Motown Years -- Universal The Walk of Faith -- Spellbound 2008 Cage the Songbird -- EMI 2009 The Best of Kiki Dee -- 2013 A Place Where I Can Go -- Spellbound Singles ( edit ) Release date Single title UK US Label 1963 `` Early Night '' -- -- Fontana `` I Was Only Kidding '' -- -- 1964 `` Miracles '' -- -- `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' -- -- 1965 `` Runnin ' Out of Fools '' -- -- 1966 `` Why Do n't I Run Away from You '' -- -- 1967 `` I 'm Going Out ( The Same Way I Came In ) '' -- -- `` I '' -- -- `` Excuse Me '' -- -- 1968 `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' -- -- `` Now the Flowers Cry '' -- -- 1970 `` The Day Will Come Between Sunday and Monday '' -- -- Tamla Motown 1971 `` Love Makes the World Go Round '' -- 87 Rare Earth ( Motown ) 1973 `` Lonnie and Josie '' -- -- Rocket `` Amoureuse '' 13 -- `` Hard Luck Story '' -- -- `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' 19 12 `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' 33 74 `` Once a Fool '' -- 82 1976 `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( with Elton John ) `` Loving and Free '' / `` Amoureuse '' ( Kiki Dee EP ) 13 -- 1977 `` First Thing in the Morning '' 32 -- `` Night Hours '' -- -- `` Chicago '' 28 -- 1978 `` Stay With Me Baby '' -- -- 1979 `` One Jump Ahead of the Storm '' -- -- 1981 `` Star '' 13 -- Ariola `` Perfect Timing '' 66 -- `` Midnight Flyer '' -- -- `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Elton John ) -- -- `` The Loser Gets To Win '' -- -- EMI 1984 `` Amoureuse '' 77 -- Rocket 1986 `` Another Day Comes ( Another Day Goes ) '' -- -- Columbia `` I Fall in Love Too Easily '' -- -- `` Stay Close to You '' -- -- `` Angel Eyes '' -- -- `` True Love '' ( with Elton John ) 56 Rocket DVDs ( edit ) 2008 -- Under the Night Sky Live ( with Carmelo Luggeri ) -- New Wave Pictures ( produced by Ted Carfrae ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paphides , Pete ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` There 's more to Kiki Dee than Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . The Guardian ( UK ) . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas , Sadie ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Kiki Dee : I 've had music in me for 50 years '' . Express . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2003 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 16th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 190 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William ( 6 March 1947 ) . `` Kiki Dee -- Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kiki Dee : express.co.uk , I 've had music in me for 50 years , 17 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Kiki Dee '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kiki Dee Discography '' . The Kiki Dee Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 1 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics to ' What Ca n't Speak Ca n't Lie ' '' . kikidee.info . Archived from the original on 8 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Casiopea -- Jive Jive ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs. 8 October 1983 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Barber , Richard ( 21 August 2008 ) . `` ' I 've still got the music in me ' says Elton 's old pal Kiki Dee '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 146 -- 47 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kiki Dee . Official website Kiki Dee biography at Allmusic Kiki Dee on IMDb hide Kiki Dee Studio albums Loving and Free ( 1973 ) Perfect Timing ( 1981 ) Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Amoureuse '' `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' `` True Love '' BNF : cb13943108q ( data ) GND : 134356446 ISNI : 0000 0003 6845 2559 LCCN : n94196695 MusicBrainz : ccb4d559 - 44f9 - 4927 - 9cf3 - cd1530cc5bcc SNAC : w6544q2v VIAF : 34648199 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiki_Dee&oldid=825513232 '' Categories : English songwriters English female singers English female pop singers Fontana Records artists EMI Records artists Motown artists English mezzo - sopranos Northern soul musicians Rocket Records artists Musicians from Bradford People from Little Horton 1947 births Living people Cancer survivors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Tagalog 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 20 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the duet don't go breaking my heart	[]	[]
5696138595182066968	RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10)	RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 10 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 10 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 10 Broadcast from March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Ross Mathews Carson Kressley Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster VH1 Competitors 14 Runtime 60 minutes Chronology ◀ Season 10 The tenth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on March 22 , 2018 , on VH1 . The premiere was broadcast one week after the finale of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars , and episodes are to be followed by RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked . Contestants were officially announced on February 22 , 2018 , in a teaser trailer `` Ruveal '' during an episode of All Stars 3 later followed by a special `` Meet the Queens '' live - stream on Facebook , hosted by season nine winner , Sasha Velour . This season is seeing the return of season 9 contestant Eureka O'Hara who was removed from her original season following an injury . The prizes for the winner of this season include a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . This is the first season in which each episode is slated to be 90 minutes long . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip syncs 4 Guest judges 4.1 Special guests 5 Episodes 6 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Contestants See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race contestants ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) Contestant Name Age Hometown Outcome Aquaria Giovanni Palandrani 21 Brooklyn , New York TBA Asia O'Hara Antwan Lee 35 Dallas , Texas TBA Eureka David Huggard 27 Johnson City , Tennessee TBA Kameron Michaels Dane Young 31 Nashville , Tennessee TBA Miz Cracker Maxwell Heller 33 Harlem , New York 5th Place Monét X Change Kevin Bertin 27 The Bronx , New York 6th Place The Vixen Anthony Taylor 26 Chicago , Illinois 7th Place Monique Heart Kevin Richardson 31 Kansas City , Missouri 8th Place Blair St. Clair Andrew Bryson 22 Indianapolis , Indiana 9th Place Mayhem Miller Dequan Johnson 35 Riverside , California 10th Place Dusty Ray Bottoms Dustin Rayburn 29 New York , New York 11th Place Yuhua Hamasaki Yuhua Ou 27 New York , New York 12th Place Kalorie Karbdashian Williams Daniel Hernandez 27 Albuquerque , New Mexico 13th Place Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Jose Cancel 25 Tampa , Florida 14th Place Jump up ^ Asia T. O'Hara is simply known as Asia O'Hara on the show . Jump up ^ Eureka O'Hara is simply known as Eureka on the show . Contestant progress Contestant 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Aquaria SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN LOW HIGH LOW WIN SAFE Asia O'Hara SAFE SAFE WIN LOW SAFE SAFE LOW BTM2 WIN HIGH HIGH SAFE Eureka SAFE BTM2 HIGH SAFE WIN WIN HIGH SAFE BTM2 HIGH HIGH SAFE Kameron Michaels SAFE HIGH LOW HIGH SAFE HIGH SAFE WIN BTM2 BTM2 BTM2 SAFE Miz Cracker HIGH HIGH SAFE HIGH HIGH LOW SAFE SAFE LOW WIN ELIM Monét X Change SAFE HIGH SAFE BTM2 BTM2 HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH ELIM The Vixen SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE LOW BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Monique Heart SAFE LOW SAFE SAFE HIGH SAFE ELIM Blair St. Clair HIGH HIGH HIGH SAFE SAFE ELIM Mayhem Miller WIN HIGH BTM2 SAFE ELIM Dusty Ray Bottoms LOW SAFE SAFE ELIM Yuhua Hamasaki HIGH SAFE ELIM Kalorie Karbdashian Williams BTM2 ELIM Vanessa Vanjie Mateo ELIM The contestant won the challenge . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant was in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated . Lip syncs Episode Contestants Song Eliminated Kalorie Karbdashian Williams vs . Vanessa Vanjie Mateo `` Ai n't No Other Man '' ( Christina Aguilera ) Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Kalorie Karbdashian Williams vs . Eureka `` Best of My Love '' ( The Emotions ) Kalorie Karbdashian Williams Mayhem Miller vs . Yuhua Hamasaki `` Celebrity Skin '' ( Hole ) Yuhua Hamasaki Dusty Ray Bottoms vs . Monét X Change `` Pound the Alarm '' ( Nicki Minaj ) Dusty Ray Bottoms 5 Mayhem Miller vs . Monét X Change `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' ( Shania Twain ) Mayhem Miller 6 Blair St. Clair vs . The Vixen `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Diana Ross ) Blair St. Clair 7 Monique Heart vs . The Vixen `` Cut to the Feeling '' ( Carly Rae Jepsen ) Monique Heart 8 Asia O'Hara vs . The Vixen `` Groove Is in the Heart '' ( Deee - Lite ) The Vixen 9 Eureka vs . Kameron Michaels `` New Attitude '' ( Patti Labelle ) None 10 Kameron Michaels vs . Monét X Change `` Good as Hell '' ( Lizzo ) Monét X Change 11 Kameron Michaels vs . Miz Cracker `` Nasty Girl '' ( Vanity 6 ) Miz Cracker 12 Aquaria vs. Asia O'Hara vs. Eureka vs. Kameron Michaels `` Call Me Mother '' ( RuPaul ) None The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two . Guest judges Listed in chronological order : Christina Aguilera , singer , songwriter , actress Halsey , singer , songwriter Padma Lakshmi , actress , model Courtney Love , singer , songwriter , actress Nico Tortorella , actor , model Logan Browning , actress Tisha Campbell - Martin , actress , singer Carrie Preston , actress , producer , singer Shania Twain , singer , songwriter Emily V. Gordon , writer , producer Kumail Nanjiani , comedian , actor , writer Audra McDonald , actress , singer Kate Upton , model , actress Andrew Rannells , actor , singer Billy Eichner , comedian , actor , writer Abbi Jacobson , comedian , writer , actress Ilana Glazer , comedian , writer , actress Miles Heizer , actor , musician Lizzo , rapper , singer Lena Dunham , actress , writer , director Ashanti , singer , songwriter , actress Todrick Hall , singer , director , choreographer Special guests Guests who appeared in episodes , but did not judge on the main stage . Episode 1 Adore Delano , runner - up of season six and contestant on All Stars season two Bob the Drag Queen , winner of season eight Chad Michaels , runner - up of season four and winner of All Stars season one Darienne Lake , contestant on season six Delta Work , contestant on season three Derrick Barry , contestant on season eight Detox , contestant on season five and runner - up of All Stars season two Jaymes Mansfield , contestant on season nine Jessica Wild , contestant on season two Jiggly Caliente , contestant on season four Jinkx Monsoon , winner of season five Jujubee , contestant on season two and All Stars season one Katya , contestant on season seven and runner - up of All Stars season two Kim Chi , runner - up of season eight Laganja Estranja , contestant on season six Manila Luzon , runner - up of season three and contestant on All Stars season one Mariah Balenciaga , contestant on season three Morgan McMichaels , contestant on season two and All Stars season three Mrs. Kasha Davis , contestant on season seven Ongina , contestant on season one Pandora Boxx , contestant on season two and All Stars season one Peppermint , runner - up of season nine Raven , runner - up of season two and All Stars season one Tempest DuJour , contestant on season seven Trixie Mattel , contestant on season seven and winner of All Stars season three Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker , contestant on season one Yara Sofia , contestant on season three and All Stars season one Episode 2 Andy Cohen , television personality Alyssa Edwards , contestant on season five and All Stars season two Episode 4 Shawn Morales , Pit Crew member from seasons three to six Episode 5 Ross Mathews Episode 7 Bianca Del Rio , winner of season six Alex Trebek , game show host Episode 8 Chad Michaels , runner - up of season four and winner of All Stars season one Todrick Hall , singer , director , and choerographer Episode 9 Stephen Colbert , television host Randy Rainbow , comedian Episode 10 Anthony Padilla , actor , comedian , and YouTube personality Chester See , singer , actor , and YouTube personality Frankie Grande , dancer , actor , singer , and YouTube personality Kingsley , comedian , blogger , and YouTube personality Raymond Braun , actor , and YouTube personality Tyler Oakley , author , and YouTube personality Episode 11 Cheyenne Jackson , actor , singer Episodes See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 118 `` 10s Across the Board '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) The 14 queens enter the work room for the first time . RuPaul announces the first mini-challenge , the contestants must work the runway and stand out among previous contestants and winners ; Monét X Change wins the mini-challenge . For the maxi - challenge , RuPaul tasks the contestants to create a runway outfit from miscellaneous items found at a variety store ; inspired by the first challenge on season one . On stage , Aquaria , Asia O'Hara , Eureka , Kameron Michaels , Monét X Change , Monique Heart , and The Vixen are declared safe . Blair St. Clair , Mayhem Miller , Miz Cracker , and Yuhua Hamasaki all receive positive remarks , but Mayhem is declared the winner . Dusty Ray Bottoms , Kalorie Karbdashian Williams , and Vanessa Vanjie Mateo all received negative commentary for their runway looks . Bottoms was declared safe , while Williams and Mateo lip - synced to Christina Aguilera 's `` Ai n't No Other Man '' ; Williams won the lip - sync and Mateo was eliminated from the competition . Guest Judge : Christina Aguilera Alternating Judges : Carson Kressley & Ross Mathews Mini-Challenge : Stand out on the runway among a sea of legendary queens from past seasons . Mini-Challenge Winner : Monét X Change Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to FierceQueen.com Maxi Challenge : Construct a runway outfit from miscellaneous items found at a variety store Challenge Winner : Mayhem Miller Maxi Challenge Prize : A luxury Hawaiian getaway to Hale Mohalu Guesthouse and Retreat Bottom Two : Kalorie Karbdashian Williams & Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Lip Sync Song : `` Ai n't No Other Man '' by Christina Aguilera Eliminated : Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Farewell message : `` Ladies I ❤ U The Vanjie way ! xoxo Vanessa ❤ ! '' 119 `` PharmaRusical '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) The 13 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to perform a dance in 20 minute country quick drag for the mini-challenge , with special guest Andy Cohen judging their performances ; Asia O'Hara and The Vixen are declared the winners and were made team captains for a live stage musical titled `` PharmaRusical '' . Team Asia O'Hara consisted of Aquaria , Dusty Ray Bottoms , Eureka , Kalorie Karbdashian Williams , Monique Heart , and Yuhua Hamasaki , with Team Vixen consisting of Blair St. Clair , Kameron Michaels , Mayhem Miller , Miz Cracker , and Monét X Change . The runway theme was `` Very Best Drag . '' On the main stage , The Vixen 's team is declared the winners with Vixen being the standout and winning the overall challange . Asia O'Hara's team is declared the losers and are critiqued by the judges . Heart , Eureka , and Williams are said to be the weakest of their team , Heart is announced as safe leaving Eureka and Williams to lip - sync to The Emotions ' `` Best of My Love '' ; Eureka is declared the winner of the lip - sync and Williams is subsequently eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Halsey & Padma Lakshmi Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-Challenge : Participate in the Hay Girl Hay hoedown Mini-Challenge Winners : Asia O'Hara & The Vixen Maxi Challenge : Perform in PharmaRusical Runway Theme : Very Best Drag Challenge Winner : The Vixen Maxi Challenge Prize : Jewelry from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $2,000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy Bottom Two : Eureka & Kalorie Karbdashian Williams Lip Sync Song : `` Best of My Love '' by The Emotions Eliminated : Kalorie Karbdashian Williams Farewell message : `` Thank you Sisters . I 'm So Blessed to have met you all . Keep it Kute ! KKW '' 120 `` Tap That App '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) The 12 remaining queens were tasked by RuPaul to perform a skit to promote his self - titled chocolate bar . Blair St. Clair , Monét X Change , and Monique Heart are deemed the winners , and are selected as team leaders for the acting challenge `` Tap That App '' , inspired by dating apps . They are split into three teams : Team Blair consists of Eureka , Miz Cracker , and The Vixen ; Team Monét are Aquaria , Asia O'Hara , and Yuhua Hamasaki ; Team Monique are Dusty Ray Bottoms , Kameron Michaels , and Mayhem Miller . Subsequently , the runway theme for the episode was a look constructed with feathers . On the main stage , Aquaria , Dusty Ray Bottoms , Miz Cracker , Monét X Change , Monique Heart and the Vixen are declared safe . Asia O'Hara , Blair St. Clair and Eureka are praised for their runway looks and performances , with Asia declared the winner of the main challenge . Conversely , Kameron Michaels , Mayhem Miller and Yuhua Hamasaki are criticized for their performances , though Kameron received rave reviews for her runway look . Kameron was declared safe , while Mayhem and Yuhua lip - synced to Hole 's `` Celebrity Skin '' ; Mayhem won the lip - sync and Yuhua was eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Courtney Love & Nico Tortorella Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Mini-Challenge : Perform in screen tests for Ru 's provocative new RuPaul 's Chocolate Bar campaign . Mini-Challenge Winners : Blair St. Clair , Monét X Change , and Monique Heart Maxi Challenge : Film ads for new dating apps Runway Theme : Feathers Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara Maxi Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to Casper Sleep and a $3,000 gift card to Catherine D'Lish Bottom Two : Mayhem Miller & Yuhua Hamasaki Lip Sync Song : `` Celebrity Skin '' by Hole Eliminated : Yuhua Hamasaki Farewell message : `` 我爱 you ( I love you all ! Season 10 is going to be amazing ! - Yuhua Hamasaki ) '' 121 `` The Last Ball on Earth '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) The 11 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to be part of a satire photo - bombing photo shoot featuring infamous celebrity photos ; Aquaria won the mini-challenge . For the maxi - challenge , RuPaul tasked the contestants to design three looks for `` The Last Ball on Earth '' . The three categories are : Alaskan Winter Realness , Miami Summer Realness , and Martian Eleganza Extravaganza . On the main stage , Blair St. Clair , Eureka , Mayhem Miller , Monique Heart , and The Vixen were declared safe . Aquaria , Kameron Michaels , and Miz Cracker were all praised for their runway looks , and Aquaria won the main challenge . Asia O'Hara , Dusty Ray Bottoms , and Monét X Change were criticized for their runway looks , though all three were praised for their Miami Summer Realness costume . Asia was declared safe , while Dusty and Monet lip - synced to Nicki Minaj 's `` Pound the Alarm '' ; Monét won the lip - sync and Dusty was eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Logan Browning & Tisha Campbell Martin Alternating Judge : Ross Matthews Mini-Challenge : Photobomb iconic celebrity pictures Mini-Challenge Winner : Aquaria Mini-Challenge Prize : $1,000 credit to Postmates Maxi Challenge : Create three looks based on climate change ; Alaskan Winter Realness , Miami Summer Realness , and Martian Eleganza Extravaganza Challenge Winner : Aquaria Maxi Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to D Bleu Dazzled and wigs courtesy of RockStar Wigs Bottom Two : Dusty Ray Bottoms & Monét X Change Lip Sync Song : `` Pound the Alarm '' by Nicki Minaj Eliminated : Dusty Ray Bottoms Farewell message : `` NEVA LAVD YA ! ❤ Dusty '' 122 5 `` The Bossy Rossy Show '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) The 10 remaining queens were tasked by RuPaul to get into quick drag and create an outfit inspired by the military ; The Vixen wins the mini-challenge and pairs each contestant for the maxi - challenge . In The Bossy Rossy Show , the queens must improvise through a storyline ; Asia & The Vixen starred in a copycat storyline , Miz Cracker & Mayhem in a pickle phobia scene , Eureka & Aquaria in an adult baby scene , Blair & Monique in I Married a Cactus , and Kameron & Monét in a My Strange Addiction - style storyline . The runway theme for the episode is denim and diamonds . On the main stage , Asia , Aquaria , Blair , and Kameron were declared safe . Miz Cracker and Monique Heart received praise on their performances and runway looks , however Eureka is declared the winner . Mayhem Miller , Monét X Change , and The Vixen were criticised for their performances , though The Vixen received positive remarks for her runway look . The Vixen is declared safe , while Mayhem and Monet lip - synced to `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' by Shania Twain . Monét wins the lip sync and Mayhem is eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Carrie Preston & Shania Twain Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Mini-Challenge : Create a military inspired outfit to enlist in the Drag Army Mini-Challenge Winner : The Vixen Maxi Challenge : Working in pairs , improvise in the new day - time talk show `` Bossy Rossy '' Runway Theme : Denim & Diamonds Challenge Winner : Eureka Maxi Challenge Prize : 2 VIP tickets to Cirque du Soleil : Zumanity in Las Vegas , including flights and accommodation . Bottom Two : Mayhem Miller & Monét X Change Lip Sync Song : `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' by Shania Twain Eliminated : Mayhem Miller Farewell message : `` I ❤ to PARTY xoxo May '' 123 6 `` Drag Con Panel Extravaganza '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) The 9 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in a game of Sittin ' on a Secret , where contestants sit on an object while blind - folded ; Asia O'Hara wins the challenge by guessing the most objects . For the maxi challenge , RuPaul tasks the queens to take part in a special rendition of RuPaul 's DragCon . The queens get to choose their own teams : Blair St. Clair , The Vixen , & Miz Cracker as Team Hair , Eureka , Kameron , & Monét X Change as Team Body , and Asia O'Hara , Aquaria , & Monique Heart as Team Face . Additionally , RuPaul announces that their performances will be in front of a live audience , and each contestant will be ranked in a poll . The runway theme for this episode is Hats Incredible . On the main stage , Aquaria , Asia , and Monique are declared safe . Eureka , Kameron , and Monét are selected as the top team of the week , with Eureka winning the and receiving the highest public vote . Blair , Miz Cracker , and The Vixen are deemed the bottom team for their performances . Miz Cracker is declared safe , while Blair and The Vixen lip - synced to `` I 'm Coming Out '' by Diana Ross . The Vixen wins the lip sync and Blair is eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Kumail Nanjiani & Emily V. Gordon Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-Challenge : Identify objects only by sitting on them Mini-Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 hair care package from Art Lab Salon Maxi Challenge : In teams , create and produce RuPaul 's DragCon panels on hair , face , and body in front of a live audience . Runway Theme : Hats Incredible Challenge Winner : Eureka Maxi Challenge Prize : Four - night stay and spa treatments for 2 at Saguaro in Palm Springs Bottom Two : Blair St. Clair & The Vixen Lip Sync Song : `` I 'm Coming Out '' by Diana Ross Eliminated : Blair St. Clair Farewell message : `` Let me be your STAR ! xoxo Blair St. Clair '' 124 7 `` Snatch Game '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) The eight remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in the mini-challenge roast `` Reading is Fundamental '' , with Eureka winning . RuPaul tasks the contestants to participate in the series Snatch Game , where each queen impersonates a celebrity ; Aquaria plays as Melania Trump , Asia O'Hara as Beyonce , Eureka as Alana Thompson , Kameron Michaels as Chyna , Miz Cracker as Dorothy Parker , Monét x Change as Maya Angelou , Monique Heart as Maxine Waters , and The Vixen as Blue Ivy Carter . Additionally , the runway theme was inspired by mermaids . On the main stage , Kameron and Miz Cracker were deemed safe . Eureka and Monét x Change received positive reviews for their performances , but received mixed commentary for their runway looks . Aquaria won her second challenge , based on her performance and runway look . Asia , Monique and The Vixen were all criticized for their impersonations and runway looks . Asia is declared safe , while Monique and The Vixen lip - synced to `` Cut to the Feeling '' by Carly Rae Jepsen . During the lip - sync , Monique did not know the words to the song , which ultimately made The Vixen win and Monique being eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Audra McDonald & Kate Upton Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Mini-Challenge : Reading Is Fundamental Mini-Challenge Winner : Eureka Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to l.a. Eyeworks Maxi Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the annual comedy challenge of Snatch Game Runway Theme : Mermaid Fantasy Challenge Winner : Aquaria Maxi Challenge Prize : 6 - night stay at Grove Hotel on Fire Island Bottom Two : Monique Heart & The Vixen Lip Sync Song : `` Cut to the Feeling '' by Carly Rae Jepsen Eliminated : Monique Heart Farewell message : `` Always abide in love & learn your words ! Facts are facts '' 125 8 `` The Unauthorized Rusical '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) The seven remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in an improv mini-challenge that pastiches a similar scene from the finale of season two . Each queen has to try and make RuPaul slap them , with Asia O'Hara winning the mini-challenge . For the main challenge , the contestants were tasked by RuPaul to perform and sing in a live tribute act to American singer and actress Cher , titled `` Cher : The Unauthorized Rusical '' . The contestants portray Cher from different phases of her career : Aquaria as Disco Cher , Asia O'Hara as Movie Star Cher , Eureka as Rock Star Cher , Kameron Michaels as ' 60s Cher , Miz Cracker as Comeback Cher , and Monét x Change and The Vixen as Variety Show Cher . Subsequently , the runway theme for this episode is Glitterific . On the main stage , Monét received positive comments for her performance and mixed reviews for her runway look , conversely for both Eureka and Miz Cracker with their runway and performance ; all three contestants were deemed safe . Kameron was praised for both her runway look and Cher performance , winning the main challenge . Aquaria , Asia and The Vixen were complimented for their runway looks , but their performances placed them in the bottom three . Aquaria is declared safe , while Asia and The Vixen lip - synced to Groove Is In the Heart by Deee - Lite . Asia wins the lip sync and The Vixen is eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Billy Eichner & Andrew Rannells Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Mini-Challenge : Attempt to make RuPaul slap them in a game called Slap Out of It Mini-Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to Sparkles Rhinestones Maxi Challenge : Sing live in Cher : The Unauthorized Rusical Runway Theme : Glitterific Challenge Winner : Kameron Michaels Maxi Challenge Prize : A luxury VIP getaway to Sofitel Hotel in Los Angeles Bottom Two : Asia O'Hara & The Vixen Lip Sync Song : `` Groove Is In the Heart '' by Deee - Lite Eliminated : The Vixen Farewell message : `` EVIL Triumps when good queens do nothing ! Buy My Album The Vixen '' 126 9 `` Breastworld '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) The six remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in a guessing game which involves each queen trying to match the most underwear worn by the Pit Crew ; Aquaria wins the mini-challenge . For the maxi challenge , RuPaul tasks the queens to act in a show titled Breastworld , loosely inspired by the American television show Westworld . Since Aquaria won the mini-challenge , she got to assign the characters : Aquaria as Dyslexa , Asia O'Hara as Para Salin , Eureka as Rosie , Kameron Michaels as Muffy , Miz Cracker as Julie , and Monét X Change as Viv . Subsequently , the runway theme was Silver Foxy , where the queens have to dress as aged - versions of themselves . On the main stage , Aquaria 's performance and runway look received warm reviews from the judges , but was ultimately declared safe . Asia and Monét were praised for their performances , though both their runway looks received mixed opinions ; eventually , Asia was declared the winner of the main challenge . Eureka , Kameron and Miz Cracker were placed in the bottom three for their performances , though Eureka received negative reviews for her runway look . Miz Cracker is declared safe , while Eureka and Kameron lip - synced to `` New Attitude '' by Patti LaBelle ; and both Eureka and Kameron won the lip - sync . Guest Judges : Abbi Jacobson & Ilana Glazer Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-Challenge : Find matching pairs of Pit Crew underwear in a game called Pants Down Bottoms Up Mini-Challenge Winner : Aquaria Maxi Challenge : The queens must act in the new hit series , `` Breastworld '' Runway Theme : Silver Foxy Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara Maxi Challenge Prize : 4 - night stay at Frog Meadow Farm in Vermont Bottom Two : Eureka & Kameron Michaels Lip Sync Song : `` New Attitude '' by Patti LaBelle Eliminated : None 127 10 `` Social Media Kings Into Queens '' May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) The six remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to appear in a commercial that promotes RuPaul 's perfume for men , titled Trade . Each queen is to dress as butch men and deliver comedic improvisations for the mini-challenge , and Eureka wins . Eureka is tasked by RuPaul to pair each contestant with six special guests for the make - over challenge : Aquaria gets paired with Kingsley , Asia O'Hara and Raymond Braun , Eureka and Frankie Grande , Kameron Michaels and Anthony Padilla , Miz Cracker and Chester See , and Monét X Change with Tyler Oakley . Subsequently , each pair took part in a home - made music video to RuPaul 's song `` Charisma Uniqueness Nerve and Talent '' . On the main stage , Asia and Eureka , alongside their drag daughters America O'Hara and Eufreaka , received postiive reviews for their performances and make - overs , but were declared safe . Miz Cracker and her drag daughter Miz Cookie were commended for their performances , make - over , and chemistry , and were deemed the winners of the challenge . The bottom queens of the week were Aquaria , Kameron and Monet , who were criticized for not having a make - over resemblance to their drag daughters Capricia Corn , Kelly Michaels , and Short Change . Aquaria is declared safe , while Kameron and Monet lip - synced to `` Good as Hell '' by Lizzo ; Kameron wins the lip - sync and Monet is eliminated from the competition . Guest Judges : Miles Heizer & Lizzo Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-Challenge : Participate in a manly photoshoot advertising a new body spray , Trade Mini-Challenge Winner : Eureka Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to MuLondon Maxi Challenge : Give drag makeovers to social media superstars Challenge Winner : Miz Cracker Maxi Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to Jane Doe Latex for the queen and a $2,000 gift card to Klein , Epstein , & Parker for their partner Bottom Two : Kameron Michaels & Monét X Change Lip Sync Song : `` Good as Hell '' by Lizzo Eliminated : Monét X Change Farewell message : `` Long Live the Sponge ! ! ! MXC '' 128 11 `` Evil Twins '' June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) Guest Judges : Lena Dunham & Ashanti Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Mini-Challenge : Decorate a pancake in edible drag Mini-Challenge Winner : Asia O'Hara Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo Maxi Challenge : Present two characters on the runway : best self and evil twin Challenge Winner : Aquaria Maxi Challenge Prize : A trip for 2 to The Grand Resort and Spa in Fort Lauderdale and two luggage sets from Radden Luggage Bottom two : Kameron Michaels & Miz Cracker Lip Sync Song : `` Nasty Girl '' by Vanity 6 Eliminated : Miz Cracker Farewell message : `` KNOW YOURSELF M '' 129 12 `` American '' June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) Guest Judge : Todrick Hall Alternating Judges : Carson Kressley & Ross Mathews Maxi Challenge : Write , record , and perform their own verse to RuPaul 's song `` American '' and guest star on the `` What 's the Tee ? '' podcast with Michelle Visage Lip Sync Song : `` Call Me Mother '' by RuPaul 130 13 `` ReUnited '' June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) The queens reunite to discuss the season 's highlights and drama 131 14 TBA June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' and `` Miss Congeniality '' are crowned Miss Congeniality : Eliminated : Runner - up : Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season Ten : Ratings No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` 10 's Across the Board '' March 22 , 2018 0.39 0.785 `` PharmaRusical '' March 29 , 2018 0.29 0.581 `` Tap That App '' April 5 , 2018 0.42 0.766 `` The Last Ball on Earth '' April 12 , 2018 0.36 0.694 5 `` The Bossy Rossy Show '' April 19 , 2018 0.39 0.692 6 `` Drag Con Panel Extravaganza '' April 26 , 2018 0.41 0.771 7 `` Snatch Game '' May 3 , 2018 0.45 0.840 8 `` The Unauthorized Rusical '' May 10 , 2018 0.37 0.723 9 `` Breastworld '' May 17 , 2018 0.33 0.698 10 `` Social Media Kings Into Queens '' May 24 , 2018 0.35 0.715 11 `` Evil Twins '' June 7 , 2018 0.31 0.631 12 `` American '' June 14 , 2018 0.35 0.761 References ^ Jump up to : `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 10 is Premiering a Week After ' All Stars ' '' . February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daw , Stephen ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 10 Premiere Date Revealed : Watch Teaser Clip '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 10 and ' Untucked ' will sashay to VH1 in March '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Garrett ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 10 : Meet the 14 fierce drag queens '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/2018/02/rupauls-drag-race-season-10/ Jump up ^ `` THE AGE OF AQUARIA '' . PHOSPHENES . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ North , Caroline ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Antwan Lee Was Clueless About Makeup , But He Became Miss Gay America Anyway '' . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 episode 1 : Lady Gaga , the Queens and spoilers '' . International Business Times AU . March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Kameron '' . thekameronmichaels.tumblr.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thanki , Juli ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Nashville contestant to compete on ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Gay ' Should a Gay Bar Be ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ginnie Graham News Columnist ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Ginnie Graham : Sweetness can be found in a drag queen 's video with Tulsa woman '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawbaker , KT ; Tucker , Sunshine ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago 's black drag queens are upholding a radical gender - bending tradition '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cadogan , Dominic ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` Vote for The Vixen on the # Dazed100 '' . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Frederick , C.L. ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Monique Heart : I Came to Slay '' . The Phoenix Newsletter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One of the ' Drag Race ' Season 10 Queens Has Been Leaked '' . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Greg . `` Drag Divas Get Down to Business - Vanguard Blog '' . Jump up ^ Barba , Mercedes ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Introducing Dusty Ray Bottoms '' . News & Documentary . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dressed to Kill : Dispelling the Myths of Men in Drag - '' . December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` From drag queen wannabe to RuPaul star '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 10 Spoilers and Bracket '' . Bracket Yard . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race delivers 10s across the board with an exhilarating premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benutty , John ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race 10 episode 2 recap : Which queen hit the wrong notes on PharmaRusical ? ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benutty , John ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race 10 episode 3 recap : Which queen was off the map on Tap That App ? ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benutty , John ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' exit interview : Dusty Ray Bottoms declares , ' I had the time of my life ' ( WATCH ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duarte , Amanda ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' : Season 10 , Episode 5 : Getting to 50 '' . NY Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` DragCon Panel Extravaganza '' . VH1. April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Bowen ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Recap : You Can Take My Snatch '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Bowen ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Recap : Gypsies , Tramps , and Thieves -- and Billy Eichner '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Bowen ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Recap : These Violent Delights Have Gaggy Ends '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Drag Race recruits social media influencers for a middling makeover challenge '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benutty , John ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' 10 episode 11 recap : Which Queen was cut on ' Evil Twins ' ? ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . Goldderby . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shania Twain , `` Broad City '' Stars And More Join The Judges ' Panel On `` Drag Race '' Season 10 `` . NewNowNext . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race season 10 first look photos : Xtina , X Change , and booty eleganza ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Katya , Bob the Drag Queen , more return for crazy ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 10 challenge '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 10 trailer drops , Shania Twain , Halsey , more to guest judge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daw , Stephen ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` Alex Trebek to Return Favor , Appear On ' Drag Race ' Following RuPaul 's ' Jeopardy ' Cameo '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 10 Episodes '' . VH1 . ^ Jump up to : `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 10 Episode Listings '' . futoncritic.com . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bossy Rossy Show '' . VH1. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sava , Oliver ( 17 May 2018 ) . `` An epic lip sync redeems Drag Race 's lackluster Westworld parody '' . The A.V. Club . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.19. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.26. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.3. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.17. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.24. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . 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