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-7225989224836565917	Healing the man blind from birth	Healing the man blind from birth - wikipedia Healing the man blind from birth Christ healing the blind , by Nicolas Colombel , 1682 The miracle of healing the man born blind is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels . According to the Gospel of John , 9 : 1 -- 12 , Jesus saw a man who had been blind since birth . His disciples asked him , `` Rabbi , who sinned , this man or his parents , that he was born blind ? '' Jesus replied : Neither this man nor his parents sinned , '' said Jesus , `` but this happened so that the works of God might be displayed in him . As long as it is day , we must do the works of him who sent me . Night is coming , when no one can work . While I am in the world , I am the light of the world . Having said this , he spat on the ground , made some mud with the saliva , and put it on the man 's eyes . `` Go , '' he told him , `` wash in the Pool of Siloam '' ( this word means `` Sent '' ) . So the man went and washed , and came home seeing . His neighbors and those who had formerly seen him begging asked , `` Is n't this the same man who used to sit and beg ? '' Some claimed that he was . Others said , `` No , he only looks like him . '' But he himself insisted , `` I am the man . '' `` How then were your eyes opened ? '' they asked . He replied , `` The man they call Jesus made some mud and put it on my eyes . He told me to go to Siloam and wash . So I went and washed , and then I could see . '' `` Where is this man ? '' they asked him . `` I do n't know , '' he said . In this miracle , Jesus applies the title Light of the World to himself in John 9 : 5 , saying : When I am in the world , I am the Light of the World . This episode leads into John 9 : 39 where Jesus metaphorically explains that he came to this world , so that the blind may see . According to Christian tradition , the man 's name was Celidonius . See also ( edit ) John 9 Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus Parables of Jesus Light of the World Seven signs in the Gospel of John References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biblegateway John 9 : 1 -- 12 '' . Biblegateway.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Matera , Frank J. New Testament Christology . Louisville , Ky . : Westminster John Knox Press , 1999 , 235 . External links ( edit ) Jesus Cures the Man Born Blind from The Poem of the Man - God Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Miracles of Jesus Cures Bleeding woman Blind man of Bethsaida Blind near Jericho Blind men in Galilee Centurion 's servant Cleansing a leper Cleansing ten lepers Deaf mute of Decapolis Dropsy Gennesaret healings Hunched woman Man blind from birth Mother of Peter 's wife Paralytic at Bethesda Paralytic at Capernaum Royal official 's son Servant 's ear Withered hand Exorcisms Blind mute Boy Syrophoenician 's daughter Capernaum synagogue Gerasene demoniac ( Legion ) Mute man At sunset Raising the dead Son of the widow of Nain Daughter of Jairus Lazarus Control of nature Catch of fish Coin in the fish 's mouth Feeding the multitude Fig tree cursed Marriage at Cana Calming the storm Transfiguration Walking on water Christianity Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth&oldid=843718941 '' Categories : Miracles of Jesus Gospel of John Supernatural healing Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 00 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sinned that this man was born blind	[]	[]
-5387119790848941891	Tax-Free Savings Account	Tax - Free Savings account - wikipedia Tax - Free Savings account Jump to : navigation , search `` TFSA '' redirects here . For other uses , see TFSA ( disambiguation ) . The Tax - Free Savings Account ( TFSA , French : Compte d'épargne libre d'impôt or CÉLI ) is an account available in Canada and South Africa that provides tax benefits for saving . Investment income , including capital gains and dividends , earned in a TFSA is not taxed in most cases , even when withdrawn . Contributions to a TFSA are not deductible for income tax purposes , unlike contributions to a Registered Retirement Savings Plan ( RRSP ) . Despite the name , a TFSA does not have to be a cash savings account . Like an RRSP , a TFSA may contain cash and / or other investments such as mutual funds , certain stocks , bonds , or Guaranteed Investment Certificates ( GICs ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Canadian features 2.1 Contribution room 2.2 Eligible investments 2.3 Creditor protection 2.4 Over-contributions 2.5 Foreign dividend withholding tax 2.6 Risks for U.S. citizens and U.S residents 3 South African features 4 Comparison to RRSP 5 Similar accounts in other countries 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The first Tax - Free Savings Account was introduced by Jim Flaherty , then Canadian federal Minister of Finance , in the 2008 federal budget . It came into effect on January 1 , 2009 . This measure was supported by the C.D. Howe Institute , which stated ; `` This tax policy gem is very good news for Canadians , and Mr. Flaherty and his government deserve credit for a novel program '' . Furthermore , the Canadian Federation of Independent Business , Canadian Bankers Association , Bank of Montreal economist Doug Porter , the Canadian Chamber of Commerce , and the Canadian Taxpayers Federation also supported this tax policy . In 2015 South Africa introduced TFSA accounts to encourage low to middle - class citizens to save money . Canadian features ( edit ) The TFSA is an account in which Canadian residents 18 years and older can save or invest . Income earned on contributions is not taxed . The TFSA account - holder may withdraw money from the account at any time , free of taxes . Contribution room ( edit ) The maximum annual contribution room for each year prior to 2013 was $5,000 per year . Beginning in 2013 it was increased to $5,500 per year . The $5,500 annual contribution limit was indexed to the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) , in $500 increments , in order to account for inflation . The 2015 federal budget raised the contribution limit to $10,000 , and eliminated indexation for inflation , beginning with the 2015 tax year . However , in December 2015 a newly elected government proposed to restore the pre-2015 contribution limit of $5,500 for 2016 , which will be indexed for inflation after that . As of January 1 , 2018 , the total cumulative contribution room for a TFSA is $57,500 for those who have been 18 years or older and residents of Canada for all eligible years . Years TFSA Annual Limit Cumulative Total 2009 -- 2012 $5,000 $20,000 2013 -- 2014 $5,500 $31,000 2015 $10,000 $41,000 2016 -- 2018 $5,500 $57,500 Any unused contribution room under the cap can be carried forward to subsequent years , without any upward limit . Eligible investments ( edit ) A TFSA can hold any investments that are RRSP - eligible , including publicly traded shares on eligible exchanges , eligible shares of private corporations , certain debt obligations , instalment receipts , money denominated in any currency , trust interests including mutual funds and real estate investment trusts , annuity contracts , warrants , rights and options , registered investments , royalty units , partnership units , and depository receipts . Creditor protection ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Assets within a TFSA are not protected from creditors in the event of bankruptcy or a financial judgement that results from legal proceedings against the account - holder , whereas those within an RRSP are protected . Unless the investments in the TFSA are in a segregated fund ( which then follows the Insurance act rules ) . Over-contributions ( edit ) A withdrawal in any year will increase the available contribution room , but not in that current calendar year -- it can only be re-contributed starting on January 1 of the following year . An over-contribution will occur if an individual ( whose TFSA contributions have already been maximized for the year ) mistakenly believes that a withdrawal immediately creates contribution room and re-contributes the withdrawn funds later the same calendar year . In the 2012 tax year , the CRA sent notices to about 74,000 taxpayers about TFSA over-contributions , out of about nine million TFSAs existing at the end of 2012 . About 76,000 notices were sent in 2011 and 103,000 in 2010 . Foreign dividend withholding tax ( edit ) Unlike an RRSP , a TFSA is not considered by the United States Internal Revenue Service to be a pension plan . Therefore , the tax treaty between the U.S. and Canada foregoing the U.S. withholding tax on dividends in registered pension plans does not apply to TFSA accounts , subjecting Canadians in most cases to a 15 % U.S. tax withheld on dividends paid on shares of U.S. corporations . The tax withheld can not be credited against other payable taxes as would be the case with non-registered accounts . To get around this problem , one exchange - traded fund manager , Horizons ETFs Group , offers an ETF that uses swap contracts to replicate the return of the underlying dividend - paying stocks in the fund without actually holding any of those stocks . However , due to the fees charged by the counterparty to the swap agreement , as well as the fund 's own management fee , its expenses exceed the actual withholding tax payable for the underlying stocks , if those were to be held directly in the TFSA . Risks for U.S. citizens and U.S. residents ( edit ) Canadian mutual funds held in TFSAs are generally considered by the IRS to be investments in a passive foreign investment company ( PFIC ) , and must be reported as such ( on form 8621 ) by U.S. citizens . PFICs can be very disadvantageous as , absent certain elections , `` excess '' distributions are always taxed at the highest marginal rate . Also , income is averaged over the duration of the investment , and interest is then charged from the date the income is deemed to have occurred , resulting in effective tax rates as high as 50 % or more . The TFSA may also be a grantor foreign trust from the perspective of the U.S.U.S. citizens with a grantor foreign trust are required to file IRS Forms 3520A ( due March 15 ) and 3520 ( due at the same time as Form 1040 ) . These forms are both complicated and both involve potentially large penalties for late filing . Like other non-U.S. accounts the TFSA may also need to be included on a U.S. citizen 's FBAR and tax - FBAR . Earnings inside the TFSA are taxed by the U.S. South african features ( edit ) The lifetime contribution limit is R500000 and the annual limit is R33000 . Comparison to RRSP ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The tax treatment of a TFSA is the opposite of a Registered Retirement Savings Plan ( RRSP ) . There is an income tax deduction for contributions to an RRSP , and withdrawals of contributions and investment income are all taxable . In contrast , there is no tax deduction for contributions to a TFSA , and there is no tax on withdrawals of investment income or contributions from the account . Unlike an RRSP , which must be withdrawn before the holder turns 71 , the TFSA does not expire . If an account - holder withdraws funds from a TFSA , his or her contribution room is increased by that amount on the 1st of January after the withdrawal . In an RRSP , the contribution room is not increased to reflect withdrawals . The Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) describes the difference between a TFSA and an RRSP as follows : `` An RRSP is primarily intended for retirement . The TFSA is like an RRSP for everything else in your life . '' Interest paid on money borrowed to invest in either TFSA or RRSP is not tax deductible . Similar accounts in other countries ( edit ) The TFSA is similar to a Roth Individual Retirement Arrangement in United States , although the TFSA has fewer restrictions . In the UK , similar tax advantages have been available in Individual Savings Accounts since 1999 . See also ( edit ) Taxation in Canada Registered Retirement Savings Plan Registered Education Savings Plan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Revenue Agency ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` TFSA : Types of investments '' . CRA.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for new Tax - Free Savings Account '' , Oakville Today , 2008 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TFSA 's : the biggest thing since RRSP 's '' , National Post , 2008 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budget : Report Card '' , National Post , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Budget Prudent for Today 's Economic Conditions '' , Canadian Bankers Association , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Budget '' , The Canadian Chamber of Commerce , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A New Tax Savings Plan & Modest Spending Growth '' , Canadian Taxpayers Association , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Tax - Free Savings Account '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TFSA contribution room , Canada.ca Jump up ^ Evans , Pete ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Budget 2015 : TFSA limit hiked to $10,000 as election budget delivers few goodies '' . CBC.ca . CBC / Radio - Canada . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Notice of Ways and Means Motion to amend the Income Tax Act Jump up ^ Liberals detail how they will roll back TFSA contribution limits , The Globe and Mail , 7 December 2015 Jump up ^ Bill Morneau confirms tax cuts coming for ' middle class ' , CBC News , 7 December 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tfsa/ Jump up ^ `` Tories Introduce Tax - Free Savings Account '' , CTV , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/individuals/topics/tax-free-savings-account/types-investments.html Jump up ^ `` Misunderstanding this simple TFSA rule could cost you a lot '' , by Rob Carrick , The Globe and Mail , Wednesday , Feb. 26 2014 Jump up ^ Your tax , RRSP questions answered The Globe and Mail , 1 December 2010 Jump up ^ ' Where should I hold U.S. dividend stocks ? ' Financial Post , 16 April 2013 Jump up ^ Understanding Swap - Based ETFs MoneySense , 6 June 2011 Jump up ^ Foreign dividend withholding tax and your TFSA The Globe and Mail , 4 April 2013 Jump up ^ More Swap Talk With Horizons Canadian Couch Potato , 10 June 2011 Jump up ^ HXS Horizons S&P 500 Index ETF horizonsetfs.com , retrieved 12 January 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.fidelity.ca/cs/Satellite/en/public/products/regulatory_documents/pfic Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.moneyweb.co.za/mymoney/moneyweb-tax/south-africans-invest-tax-free-savings-accounts/ Jump up ^ `` 2015 TFSA update '' . www.taxclinic.ca . The Tax Group . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ How the ' TIFSA ' can be your tax free nest egg Jump up ^ `` Cashing in on TFSAs '' ( PDF ) . Benefits Canada . May 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Government of Canada info about TFSAs Canada Revenue Agency info about TFSAs CRA IT - 320 : Qualified Investments -- Trusts Governed by Registered Retirement Savings Plans , Registered Education Savings Plans and Registered Retirement Income Funds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tax-Free_Savings_Account&oldid=837987447 '' Categories : Tax - advantaged savings plans in Canada Banking in Canada Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Ido 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the tax free savings account start in canada	[ "The first Tax-Free Savings Account was introduced by Jim Flaherty, then Canadian federal Minister of Finance, in the 2008 federal budget. It came into effect on January 1, 2009.[2]" ]	[ "January 1, 2009" ]
8993868762534752415	Military funerals in the United States	Military funerals in the United States - wikipedia Military funerals in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The United States Army Caisson Platoon of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment `` The Old Guard '' transports the flag - draped casket of Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway on a horse - drawn limbers and caissons during a military funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery , 2008 . A military funeral in the United States is a memorial or burial rite given by the U.S. military for a Soldier , Marine , Sailor , Coast Guardsman , or Airman who died in battle , a veteran , or other prominent military figures or a president . A military funeral may feature guards of honor , the firing of volley shots as a salute , drumming and other military elements , with a flag draping over the coffin . In the United States , the United States Army Military District of Washington ( MDW ) is responsible for providing military funerals . `` Honoring Those Who Served '' is the title of the program for instituting a dignified military funeral with full honors to the nation 's veterans . As of January 1 , 2000 , Section 578 of Public Law 106 - 65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family . As mandated by federal law , an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces . One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran . The honor guard detail will , at a minimum , perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler , if available , or by audio recording . Today , there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often can not provide one . However , federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 2 Ceremony 3 Ramp ceremonies 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Eligibility ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Veterans Affairs and United States National Cemetery A military chaplain seen leading honor guards derived from the United States Marine Corps as they carry the casket of General Robert H. Barrow to the place of burial . Generally , federal law allows for military funeral honors for all veterans who were discharged under circumstances `` other than dishonorable . '' Funeral directors will require the veteran 's DD Form 214 to establish eligibility . Those who are eligible for military funerals and full honors in the United States include the following : Active duty or Selected Reserve in the United States Armed Forces . Former active duty or Selected Reserve who departed under conditions other than dishonorable in the United States Armed Forces . Former enlisted servicemen or servicewomen who completed at least one term or period of initial obligated service in the Selected Reserve and departed under conditions other than dishonorable . Former servicemen or servicewomen who were discharged due to a disability incurred or aggravated in the line of duty . Ceremony ( edit ) See also : Arlington Ladies and Fallen Soldier Battle Cross A bugler sounds Taps during the funeral of former United States Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger in Arlington National Cemetery , 2006 . Escort platoons marching during the military funeral of Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer in Arlington National Cemetery , 2004 . In the United States , there are several types of military funerals such as those performed at Arlington National Cemetery , which include and omit certain components depending on the status of the deceased ( active , retired , veteran , rank / occupation ) . Standard honor military funerals include the following : A military chaplain for family members . A casket draped in the flag of the United States and as a pall . A casket team serving as honor guards in a ceremonial role over the remains and as pallbearers . For funerals for an enlisted non-commissioned officer of E-9 and Officers , the casket is transported via a horse - drawn limbers and caissons . For all other funerals , the casket is transported using a hearse . Fighter jets in missing man formation by the United States Air Force may perform an aerial flyover . The formation of a rifle party consisting of an odd number of service members , between 3 and 7 , will fire a three - volley salute ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . The playing of Taps is performed by a lone bugler or an audio recording , at a distance 30 to 50 yards from the grave site while a `` Final Salute '' is given . ( In specific cases with the United States Military Academy , a muffled drum roll might accompany the bugler . ) Full honor military funerals include all standard honors in addition to the following : For funerals of commanding officers of O - 6 ( Colonel / Captain ) and above , a caparisoned , riderless horse , symbolizing a fallen leader , will follow the limbers and caissons . For funerals of general officers and flag officers of O - 10 ( four - star rank ) , a 17 gun salute is fired ; O - 9 ( three - star rank ) , a 15 gun salute is fired ; O - 8 ( two - star rank ) , a 13 gun salute is fired ; O - 7 ( one - star rank ) , an 11 gun salute is fired . A military band and an escort platoon participate ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . Armed forces military funerals include all standard and full honors in addition to the following : Escort platoons from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces participate . These funerals are reserved for the President of the United States ( as commander - in - chief ) , the Secretary of Defense , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and officers granted multiple - service command . For funerals of presidents , a 21 gun salute using artillery and battery pieces is fired ( not to be confused with a three - volley salute ) , while all other high state officials receive 19 gun salutes . When a spouse or other dependent of a current or former member of the United States Armed Forces is buried , the military service in which the primary party served will provide a casket team and a chaplain . No other military honors will be rendered unless the spouse served in the military . Sailors from the United States Navy fold the flag of the United States during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery for Captain Laurie Mosolino , a former United States Navy Medical Corps surgeon . Sequence for folding the flag of the United States Members of the 86th Airlift Wing honor guard conduct a flag - folding ceremony at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , 2009 . Inspector General of the Marine Corps Brigadier General Kenneth J. Lee presents a folded flag to Laurence E. Pope , the eldest son of Medal of Honor recipient Major Everett Pope during the burial service for Major Pope held at Arlington National Cemetery on September 15 , 2009 . The flag of the United States draped over the casket is meticulously folded twelve times by a total of six honor guards , three on each side of the casket . When the flag is completely folded , the stars point upwards , which remind Americans of their national motto , In God We Trust . After the flag is completely folded and tucked in , it takes on the appearance of a tricorne hat , reminding Americans of the soldiers who served under General George Washington , and the sailors and Marines who served under Captain John Paul Jones , who were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the United States Armed Forces . An honor guard composed of one or more branches of the United States Armed Forces , presents the flag to the next of kin . The presenter , if possible a member of the same service as the deceased , will generally kneel while presenting the folded flag , with the straight edge of the flag facing the recipient . The presenter then recites the following wording , which was standardized on April 20 , 2012 : On behalf of the President of the United States , the United States ( Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force or Coast Guard ) , and a grateful nation , please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one 's honorable and faithful service . Three spent shell - casings , each representing one of three volleys , were sometimes slipped into the folds of the flag before its presentation to the next of kin . The intention was to convey that the presence of the shell - casings proved that a rifle volley had taken place in connection with the members funeral . However , this practice has become infrequent and is rarely seen today as Title 4 , Section 8 ( h ) of the United States Code specifies that the flag should not be used as a receptacle for holding anything . Ramp ceremonies ( edit ) A `` ramp ceremony '' is a memorial ceremony , not an actual funeral , for a soldier killed in a war zone held at an airfield near or in a location where an airplane is waiting nearby to take the deceased 's remains to his or her home country . The term has been in use since about 2005 and became common during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Gallery ( edit ) The military funeral of U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell held in Hiogo , Japan on January 14 , 1868 . Members of the Presidential Salute Guns Battery , 3rd Infantry Regiment , render a gun salute with 3 '' anti-tank guns during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery on August 10 , 1998 . A casket team from the 1st Special Forces Group carries the flag - draped casket of Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman on January 8 , 2002 . A casket team from the United States Navy folds the flag covering the casket of NASA Astronaut and U.S. Navy Captain Laurel Blair Salton Clark , who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 . Military funeral procession for World War II soldier and Victoria Cross recipient Ernest ( `` Smokey '' ) Smith in Vancouver , Canada on August 13 , 2005 . The casket of Caspar Weinberger , 15th United States Secretary of Defense , in a ceremonial funeral procession en route to Arlington National Cemetery on April 4 , 2006 . A casket team from the 3rd Infantry Regiment transports the remains of Retired Chief Warrant Officer Michael J. Novosel during a funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery on April 13 , 2006 . The Ceremonial Unit assigned to Naval Air Station Lemoore rendering honors at a military funeral at San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery in Gustine , California . Escort platoons march in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery as part of the funeral procession for former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral William J. Crowe in 2007 . A casket team carries Major Douglas A. Zembiec , former commander of E Company , 2nd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment from the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis , Maryland following the funeral service . See also ( edit ) State funerals in the United States Military funeral United States flag code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` How do I establish veteran eligibility ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Who is eligible for Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery '' . Military.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag folding procedures and symbols '' . American Legion . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Zamorano . God Bless America . Xlibris , Corp . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Folding '' . US Flag . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dept. of Defense Issues Standardized Flag Presentation Text '' . Jump up ^ `` What do the three bullets represent in military funerals ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Honor Guard '' . Byron.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 8 - Respect for flag '' . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conrad , John D. ( 2009 ) . What the thunder said : reflections of a Canadian officer in Kandahar . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 408 - 7 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Mossman , B.C. ; Stark , M.W. ( 1991 ) . `` 77 - 606843 '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funerals 1921 - 1969 . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Military Funeral Customs - Arlington National Cemetery Military Funeral Honors Web site Burial & Memorial Benefits Web site Folding the American Flag Sample of `` Taps '' (. mp3 ) Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries : Frequently Asked Questions Congressional Research Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_funerals_in_the_United_States&oldid=817380858 '' Categories : Military life Military traditions State ritual and ceremonies Funerals in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Accuracy disputes from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 01 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who get the flag at a military funeral	[ "As of January 1, 2000, Section 578 of Public Law 106-65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family. As mandated by federal law, an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces. One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran. The honor guard detail will, at a minimum, perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler, if available, or by audio recording. Today, there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often cannot provide one.[1] However, federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary." ]	[ "the next of kin" ]
967432476586607174	Pokhran-II	Pokhran - II - Wikipedia Pokhran - II Pokhran - II Operation Shakti A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation . Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan Period 11 -- 13 May 1998 Number of tests 5 Test type Underground tests Device type Fission / fusion Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested Test chronology ← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha ) The Pokhran - II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 . Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , the first of which was a fusion bomb while the remaining four were fission bombs . The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998 , under the assigned code name Operation Shakti , with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . The tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States . Many names have been assigned to these tests ; originally these were collectively called Operation Shakti -- 98 , and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti - I through to Shakti - V. More recently , the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II , and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran - I . Contents 1 India 's nuclear bomb project 1.1 Post-Smiling Buddha 2 Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 2.1 1998 Indian general elections 2.2 Preparations for the test 3 Nuclear weapon designs and development 3.1 Development and test teams 3.2 Movement and logistics 3.3 Specifications and detonation 3.4 Announcement 4 Reactions to tests 4.1 Domestic reactions 4.2 International reactions 4.2. 1 United States 4.2. 2 Canada , Japan , and other countries 4.2. 3 China 4.2. 4 Pakistan 4.3 U.N. sanctions 4.3. 1 Effects on Indian economy 5 Legacy 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links India 's nuclear bomb project ( edit ) Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb , infrastructure , and research on related technologies have been undertaken by India since World War II . Origins of India 's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards the harnessing of nuclear energy -- a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) . In 1950s , the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components . In 1962 , India and China engaged in the disputed northern front , and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964 . Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 . After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 , the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts . Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India 's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , in 1974 . Post-smiling Buddha ( edit ) Responding to Smiling Buddha , the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected the India 's nuclear program . The world 's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan , which was technologically racing to meet with India 's challenge . The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependent on imported technology and technical assistance . At IAEA , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that India 's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design . As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow . The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy . In 1978 , Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD , and his government was not entirely without progress in nuclear program and had the program continue to grow at a desirable rate . Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years . In 1980 , the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981 . Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship , though the nuclear program continued to advance . Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam , who was then an aerospace engineer . Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 ( edit ) During the 1998 Indian general election , BJP 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee promised to carry out nuclear tests . In 1989 , the general elections witnessed the Janata Dal party led by V.P. Singh , forming the government . Prime Minister V.P. Singh down played the relations with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto whose Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) won the general elections in 1988 . Foreign relations between India and Pakistan began to severely worsen when India began charging Pakistan of supporting the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir . During this time , the missile program succeeded in the development of the Prithvi missiles . Successive governments in India decided to observe this temporary moratorium for fear of inviting international criticism . The Indian public had been supportive towards the nuclear tests which ultimately led Prime Minister Narasimha Rao deciding to conduct further tests in 1995 . Plans were halted after American spy satellites picked up signs of preparations for nuclear testing at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan . President Bill Clinton and his administration exerted enormous pressure on Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the preparations . Responding to India , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto issued harsh and severe statements against India on Pakistan 's news channels ; thus putting stress on the relations between two countries . Diplomatic tension escalated between two countries when Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto raised the Kashmir issue at the United Nations in 1995 . In a speech delivered by then - Speaker National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani , stressed the `` Kashmir issue '' as continue to endanger the peace and security in the region . The Indian delegation headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the United Nations , reiterated that the `` UN resolutions only call upon Pakistan -- the occupying force to vacate the `` Jammu and Kashmir Area . '' 1998 Indian general elections ( edit ) Main articles : Indian general election , 1998 ; Bharatiya Janata Party ; Indian economy ; and Indian politics The BJP , came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate . BJP 's political might had been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues . In Pakistan , the similar conservative force , the PML ( N ) , was also in power with an exclusive mandate led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who defeated the leftist PPP led by Benazir Bhutto in general elections held in 1997 . During the BJP campaign , Atal Bihari Vajpayee indulged in grandstanding -- such as when he declared on 25 February that his government would `` take back that part of Kashmir that is under Pakistan 's control . '' Before this declaration , the BJP platform had clear intention to `` exercise the option to induct nuclear weapons '' and `` India should become an openly nuclear power to garner the respect on the world stage that India deserved . '' By 18 March 1998 , Vajpayee had publicly begun his lobbying for nuclear explosion and declared that `` there is no compromise on national security ; all options including the nuclear options will be exercised to protect security and sovereignty . '' Consultation began between Prime Minister Vajpayee , Dr. Abdul Kalam , R. Chidambaram and officials of the Indian DAE on nuclear options . Chidambaram briefed Prime Minister Vajpayee extensively on the nuclear program ; Abdul Kalam presented the status of the missile program . On 28 March 1998 , Prime Minister Vajpayee asked the scientists to make preparations in the shortest time possible , and preparations were hastily made . It was time of tense atmosphere when Pakistan , at a Conference on Disarmament , offered a peace rhetoric agreement with India for `` an equal and mutual restraint in conventional , missile and nuclear fields . '' Pakistan 's equation was later reemphasised on 6 April and the momentum in India for nuclear tests began to build up which strengthened Vajpayee 's position to order the tests . Preparations for the test ( edit ) Main articles : CIA activities in India , ISI activities in India , and Indo - US Relations The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site , 1997 . Unlike Pakistan 's weapon -- testing laboratories , there was very little that India could do to hide its activity at Pokhran . Contrary to high - altitude granite mountains in Pakistan , the bushes are sparse and the dunes in the Rajasthan Desert do n't provide much cover from probing satellites . The Indian intelligence had been aware of United States spy satellites and the American CIA had been detecting Indian test preparations since 1995 ; therefore , the tests required complete secrecy in India and also needed to avoid detection by other countries . The 58th Engineer Regiment of Indian Army 's Corps of Engineers was commissioned to prepare the test sites without being probed by the United States spy satellites . The 58th Engineer 's commander Colonel Gopal Kaushik supervised the test preparations and ordered his `` staff officers take all measures to ensure total secrecy . '' Extensive planning was done by a very small group of scientists , senior military officers and senior politicians to ensure that the test preparations would remain secret , and even senior members of the Indian government did n't know what was going on . The chief scientific adviser and the Director of Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) , Dr. Abdul Kalam , and Dr. R. Chidambaram , the Director of the Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE ) , were the chief coordinators of this test planning . The scientists and engineers of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) , the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research ( AMDER ) , and the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly , layout , detonation and obtaining test data . A very small group of senior scientists were involved in the detonation process , all scientists were required to wear army uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests . Since 1995 , the 58th Engineer Regiment had learned to avoid satellite detection . Work was mostly done during night , and equipment was returned to the original place to give the impression that it was never moved . Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug - out sand was shaped like dunes . Cables for sensors were covered with sand and concealed using native vegetation . Scientists would not depart for Pokhran in groups of two or three . They travelled to destinations other than Pokhran under pseudonyms , and were then transported by the army . Technical staff at the test range wore military uniform , to prevent detection in satellite images . Nuclear weapon designs and development ( edit ) Development and test teams ( edit ) The main technical personnel involved in the operation were : Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy . Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations . Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation . Movement and logistics ( edit ) Main articles : Military logistics and Indian Army Corps of Engineers The Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan where the nuclear site , the Pokhran Test Range , is located . Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing , testing and producing components for the bombs , including the advanced detonators , the implosion and high - voltage trigger systems . These were also responsible for weaponising , systems engineering , aerodynamics , safety interlocks and flight trials . The bombs were transported in four Indian Army trucks under the command of Colonel Umang Kapur ; all devices from BARC were relocated at 3 am on 1 May 1998 . From the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , the bombs were flown in an Indian Air Force 's AN - 32 plane to the Jaisalmer army base . They were transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks , and this required three trips . The devices were delivered to the device preparation building , which was designated as ' Prayer Hall ' . The test sites was organised into two government groups and were fired separately , with all devices in a group fired at the same time . The first group consisted of the thermonuclear device ( Shakti I ) , the fission device ( Shakti II ) , and a sub-kiloton device ( Shakti III ) . The second group consisted of the remaining two sub-kiloton devices Shakti IV and V. It was decided that the first group would be tested on 11 May and the second group on 13 May . The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ' White House ' , which was over 200 metres ( 660 ft ) deep , the fission bomb was placed in a 150 metres ( 490 ft ) deep shaft code named ' Taj Mahal ' , and the first sub-kiloton device in ' Kumbhkaran ' . The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May , and the first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device in the ' Kumbhkaran ' shaft , which was sealed by the army engineers by 8 : 30 pm . The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed into the ' White House ' shaft by 4 am , and the fission device being placed in the ' Taj Mahal ' shaft was sealed at 7 : 30 am , which was 90 minutes before the planned test time . The shafts were L - shaped , with a horizontal chamber for the test device . The timing of the tests depended on the local weather conditions , with the wind being the critical factor . The tests were underground , but due to a number of shaft seal failures that had occurred during tests conducted by the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the sealing of the shaft could not be guaranteed to be leak - proof . By early afternoon , the winds had died down and the test sequence was initiated . Dr. K. Santhanam of the DRDO , in charge of the test site preparations , gave the two keys that activated the test countdown to Dr. M. Vasudev , the range safety officer , who was responsible for verifying that all test indicators were normal . After checking the indicators , Vasudev handed one key each to a representative of BARC and the DRDO , who unlocked the countdown system together . At 3 : 45 pm the three devices were detonated . Specifications and detonation ( edit ) Five nuclear devices were Made during Operation Shakti . All devices were weapon - grade plutonium and they were : Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt . Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer . Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt . Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device . Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device . An additional , sixth device ( Shakti VI ) is suspected to have been present but not detonated . At 3 : 43 pm IST ; three nuclear bombs ( specifically , the Shakti I , II and III ) were detonated simultaneously , as measured by international seismic monitors . On 13 May , at 12.21 p.m. IST 6 : 51 UTC , two sub-kiloton devices ( Shakti IV and V ) were detonated . Due to their very low yield , these explosions were not detected by any seismic station . On 13 May 1998 , India declared the series of tests to be over after this . Announcement ( edit ) Following the Pokhran - II tests , India became the sixth country to join the nuclear club . Shortly after the tests , a press meet was convened at the Prime Minister 's residence in New Delhi . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement : `` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . '' Reactions to tests ( edit ) Domestic reactions ( edit ) News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large - scale approval by society in India . The Bombay Stock Exchange registered significant gains . Newspapers and television channels praised the government for its bold decision ; editorials were full of praise for the country 's leadership and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country 's armed forces . The Indian opposition , led by Congress Party criticised the Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests . The Congress Party spokesman , Salman Khursheed , accused the BJP of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country 's national security . By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which had invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the ones who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences . International reactions ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow . The American intelligence community was embarrassed as there had been `` a serious intelligence failure of the decade '' in detecting the preparations for the test . In keeping with its preferred approach to foreign policy in recent decades , and in compliance with the 1994 anti-proliferation law , the United States imposed economic sanctions on India . The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid , banning the export of certain defence material and technologies , ending American credit and credit guarantees to India , and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India . From 1998 -- 1999 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest . Canada , Japan , and other countries ( edit ) Strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India 's actions and its High Commissioner . Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India . Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India , primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government - to - government credit lines . However , the United Kingdom , France , and Russia refrained from condemning India . China ( edit ) On 12 May the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated : `` The Chinese government is seriously concerned about the nuclear tests conducted by India , '' and that the tests `` run counter to the current international trend and are not conducive to peace and stability in South Asia . '' . The next day the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued the statement clearly stating that `` it is shocked and strongly condemned '' the Indian nuclear tests and called for the international community to `` adopt a unified stand and strongly demand that India immediate stop development of nuclear weapons '' . China further rejected India 's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as `` totally unreasonable '' . In a meeting with Masayoshi Takemura of Democratic Party of Japan , Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China Qian Qichen was quoted as saying that India 's nuclear tests were a `` serious matter , '' particularly because they were conducted in light of the fact that more than 140 countries have signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . `` It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a `` China threat '' . On 24 November 1998 , the Chinese Embassy , New Delhi issued a formal statement : ( sic ) ... But regrettably , India conducted nuclear tests last May , which has run against the contemporary historical trend and seriously affected peace and stability in South Asia . Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests later on . India 's nuclear tests have not only led to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan and provocation of nuclear arms races in South Asia , but also dealt a heavy blow to international nuclear disarmament and the global nonproliferation regime . It is only natural that India 's nuclear tests have met with extensive condemnation and aroused serious concern from the international community . -- Chinese Embassy , New Delhi Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : India - Pakistan relations The most vehement and strong reaction to India 's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country , Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India . The day after the first tests , Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan indicated that Pakistan was ready to conduct a nuclear test . He stated : `` Pakistan is prepared to match India , we have the capability ... We in Pakistan will maintain a balance with India in all fields '' , he said in an interview . `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent . '' On 13 May 1998 , Pakistan bitterly condemned the tests , and Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub was quoted as saying that Indian leadership seemed to `` have gone berserk ( sic ) and was acting in a totally unrestrained way . '' Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was much more subdued , maintaining ambiguity about whether a test would be conducted in response : `` We are watching the situation and we will take appropriate action with regard to our security '' , he said . Sharif sought to mobilise the entire Islamic world in support of Pakistan and criticised India for nuclear proliferation . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had been under intense pressure regarding the nuclear tests by President Bill Clinton and Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto at home . Initially surprising the world , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) carried out nuclear testings under the codename Chagai - I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai - II on 30 May 1998 . These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India 's last test . The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt ( see codename : Chagai - I ) . Pakistan 's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation from the United States . American President Bill Clinton was quoted as saying `` Two wrongs do n't make a right '' , criticising Pakistan 's tests as reactionary to India 's Pokhran - II . The United States and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions on Pakistan . According to the Pakistan 's science community , the Indian nuclear tests gave an opportunity to Pakistan to conduct nuclear tests after 14 years of conducting only cold tests ( See : Kirana - I ) . Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist , Pervez Hoodbhoy , held India responsible for Pakistan 's nuclear test experiments in Chagai . UN sanctions ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 The reactions from abroad started immediately after the tests were advertised . On 6 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172 condemning the test and that of Pakistan 's . China issued a vociferous condemnation calling upon the international community to exert pressure on India to sign the NPT and eliminate its nuclear arsenal . With India joining the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons , a new strategic dimension had emerged in Asia , particularly South Asia . Effects on Indian economy ( edit ) Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in India The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998 . It was officially signed by then - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 and the day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology . In popular culture ( edit ) Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran is a 2018 Bollywood movie based on India 's underground Pokhran - II nuclear test . See also ( edit ) India and weapons of mass destruction Pokhran - I -- First nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Operation Shakti : 1998 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org. 30 March 2001 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN India Bureau ( 17 May 1998 ) . `` India releases pictures of nuclear tests '' . CNN India Bureau , 1998 . CNN India Bureau . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release by India '' . meadev.gov.in/ . Ministry of External Affairs , 1998 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : et . al . `` The nuclear politics : The 1998 Election '' . Nuclear weapon archives . Nuclear politics . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` US imposes sanctions on India '' . BBC America . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bates , Crispin ( 2007 ) . Subalterns and Raj : South Asia Since 1600 . Routledge . p. 343 . 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Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , Doctor of Philosophy ( Nuclear Physics ) , Professor of Nuclear and High - Energy Physics at the Quaid - e-Azam University and Senior academic research scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics . Dr. Prof. Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy and The Herald . ^ Jump up to : Dittmer , L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . South Asia 's nuclear security dilemma : India , Pakistan , and China . Armonk , NY : Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1419 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Press Information Bureau ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` National technology day celebrated '' . Department of Science and Technology . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Nuclear Weapons Archive : Operation Shakti India aborted nuclear bomb plans in 1994 Sumit Ganguly ( Spring 1999 ) . `` India 's Pathway to Pokhran II : The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi 's Nuclear Weapons Program '' . International Security . 23 ( 4 ) : 148 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 23.4. 148 . JSTOR 2539297 . Chengappa , Raj . How the CIA was Fooled written by Raj Chengappa ( Weapons of peace ) . India Today . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 20 '' E / 27.07884 ° N 71.722113 ° E / 27.07884 ; 71.722113 Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) Sites 58th Regiment of the Army Engineering Corps Pokhran CIRUS reactor Department of Atomic Energy Rajasthan Trombay Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory ( TBRL ) High Energy Materials Research Laboratory ( HEMRL ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Administrators Atal Bihari Vajpai George Fernandes Brajesh Mishra Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Ved Prakash Malik Jaswant Singh Saleem Iqbal Shervani K. Subrahmanyam Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Satinder Kumar Sikka K. Santhanam Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Srikumar Banerjee D.D. Sood M.S. Ramkumar Related articles India and weapons of mass destruction History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - I Trinity expolsion Tsar Bomba Operation Shakti Chagai - I Test No. 6 See also : Nuclear power in India Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 -- 1948 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhran-II&oldid=862950617 '' Categories : Indian nuclear weapons testing 1998 in India 1998 in military history Pokaran Vajpayee administration initiatives Underground nuclear weapons testing Code names 1998 in science Political history of India Nuclear history of India Politics of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam May 1998 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template other archives Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Français 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本語 සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was indian president when first nuclear test were conduct	[ "In 1980, the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981. Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship, though the nuclear program continued to advance.[7] Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam, who was then an aerospace engineer.[7]\n" ]	[ "Dr. Abdul Kalam" ]
-7212560272770546376	Great Britain Davis Cup team	Great Britain Davis Cup team - wikipedia Great Britain Davis Cup team Jump to : navigation , search Great Britain Association Lawn Tennis Association Confederation Tennis Europe Captain Leon Smith ITF ranking Current ranking ( 26 November 2016 ) Highest ranking 1 ( 30 November 2015 ) First international United States 3 -- 0 British Isles ( Longwood Cricket Club , Boston , Massachusetts , United States ; 8 -- 10 August 1900 ) Biggest win 5 -- 0 ( 15 -- 0 sets , 96 -- 16 games ) versus Poland ( Warsaw , Poland ; 15 -- 17 May 1925 ) World Group Appearances 16 Best result Champions , 1903 , 1904 , 1905 , 1906 , 1912 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 2015 Player stats The Great Britain Davis Cup team is the men 's national tennis team and has represented the United Kingdom internationally since 1900 . Organised by the Lawn Tennis Association ( LTA ) , it is one of the 50 members of International Tennis Federation 's European association ( Tennis Europe ) . The United Kingdom team 's performance has been inconsistent ; it enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1910s and the 1930s , and has seen a resurgence in recent years . The team has won the world cup 10 times and been runner - ups on 8 occasions . It has longstanding rivalries with Australia and the United States . The national team took part in the inaugural Davis Cup in 1900 , and has spent 16 years in the World Group . They are the third most successful team in terms of championships won . Under the current management of Leon Smith , the national team qualified to the World Group in 2013 , won the title in 2015 , reached the semifinals of the in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years , dominance and rot ( 1900 -- 1986 ) 1.2 Declining fortunes ( 1986 -- 2010 ) 1.3 Resurgence under Leon Smith ( 2010 -- present ) 2 Captain 3 Players 3.1 Current 3.2 Recent 4 Results and fixtures 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years , dominance and rot ( 1900 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Great Britain 's first match , and first ever national team match in history , was a 0 -- 3 loss to the United States in 1900 . The tournament was not organised in 1901 , and Britain lost the following year , but the British won the competition for the first time in 1903 . The national team would go on to dominate the competition , winning the next three tournaments . The postwar period saw moderate results , but British fortunes declined until the appointment of 31 - year old Paul Hutchins as captain in 1976 . He would captain the team for 10 years , and lead the team in 31 ties ( a record ) . He would lead Great Britain to the final in 1978 , defeating Australia 3 -- 2 in the semifinal , only to lose to the United States 1 -- 4 . Despite losing in the final , the team won ( alongside the women 's Wightman Cup team ) the BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award . Likewise , it was the first time the LTA promoted the event . According to The Guardian `` Britain has seen a decline in its Davis Cup fortunes ever since ( the final ) . '' The next two years saw mixed results , but in 1981 the team reached the semifinals , losing to Australia . It would be their last semifinal until 2015 . Declining fortunes ( 1986 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Warren Jacques , an Australian , was appointed captain in 1988 as Hutchins ' replacement . He was appointed due to his former role in coaching Kevin Curren , the 1985 Wimbledon finalist . However , the idea to appoint a person who was not of the team 's nationality was so foreign that the LTA sought `` special dispensation '' from the International Tennis Federation . The team 's results continued to slide under Jacques leadership . Following the team 's 0 -- 5 defeat to France , Jacques was removed as captain and replaced by Tony Pickard . When asked about the defeat , Jacques claimed `` We 're ten years from being competitive in the Davis Cup . '' In the ensuing years , under Pickard 's leadership , Great Britain would manage to keep its place in the World Group . In 1994 , Pickard `` delivered a scathing attack on the Lawn Tennis Association 's training department and threatened to resign as captain unless his views ( were ) acted upon '' after the team 's defeat to Portugal . In response the LTA did not renew Pickard 's contract . The team lost the last four matches under Pickard 's stewardship , marking the worst performance in twenty years . David Lloyd took over as captain later that year . His captaincy started well , with Great Britain winning the Europe / Africa Zone II , and being promoted to the Europe / Africa Zone I . The team would remain in Europe / Africa Zone I throughout the rest of Lloyd 's captaincy . The defeat to the Czech national team in 2000 led to the resignation of David Lloyd as captain . Before his departure he criticised the British player for not being fit enough . On his departure , Lloyd went on to criticise the LTA and it 's work . In response John Crowther , the Executive Director of the LTA , stated they had `` lost confidence '' his Lloyd 's abilities , and appointed former top 10 player Roger Taylor as his replacement . During Taylor 's captaincy , the post itself was under criticism , with Tim Henman claiming `` It 's mainly handing out the drinks and the bananas '' since most of the players had their own coaches . Taylor 's first match as captain was against Ecuador , in which Britain lost 2 -- 3 at home on grass . The Guardian quipped that `` In one hundred years of the Davis Cup there had never been a more embarrassing defeat . '' Despite this , the team continued to decline in the ranking . In their 2003 match against Australia the team 's top player was ranked 163 in the world ; both Henman and Greg Rusedski were hampered by injury , and could not take part . On 1 January 2004 Jeremy Bates was appointed as team captain . He led the national team to two victories in eight ties , and resigned after the team 's 2 -- 3 defeat to Israel . John Lloyd was employed later that year as the team 's new captain . He is the brother of David Lloyd , a former team captain . The decline continued , and John Lloyd captained his last match in 2010 , when the team lost 2 -- 3 to Lithuania . On his resignation , he stated `` Call me old - fashioned , but when is it a convenience , and not a privilege , to play for your country ? '' He went on to criticise the mentality that Andy Murray did n't need to play as long as the rest of the team were not good enough , claiming that neither the British public or media would accept such a position if Wayne Rooney had used the same argument . Henman backed Lloyd , claiming it would be wrong to fault Lloyd and coach Paul Annacone for the team 's bad performance over the years . The problem was structural he argued , and lamented the failture of the LTA to produce talented players . Resurgence under Leon Smith ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) From left to right : Smith , Ward , Evans , Colin Fleming and Jonathan Marray after their 2013 tie against Russia Leon Smith was appointed as team captain in 2010 . His first tie was against Turkey in the play - offs of the Europe / Africa Zone Group II ( the second lowest tier in the game ) at home in Eastbourne , UK . A defeat would have sent the national team to the lowest tier of the game . Smith picked James Ward , Jamie Baker , Colin Fleming and Ken Skupski to play the tie , and defeated Turkey 5 -- 0 . This would mark the beginning of the team 's resurgence . In 2011 , the team won the Europe / Africa Zone Group II ( third division ) , and was promoted to the Europe / Africa Zone Group I. Andy Murray , who had not played in the 2009 competition , returned in 2010 for the match against Luxembourg , winning 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 against Laurent Bram in the first rubber . Explaining his hiatus , Murray quipped that he `` wanted the younger guys to step up and experience it '' , claiming `` There was no use for us being in the World Group because we were n't ready for it . '' 2012 started well , with a 3 -- 2 victory over Slovakia , but ended with the first defeat under Smith 's captaincy against Belgium . In its second round of the 2013 Europe / Africa Zone Group I the team won from 0 -- 2 down , to defeat Russia 3 -- 2 . Both Dan Evans and Ward had lost five setters on the first day , but a victory in the doubles and a five - set win by Ward on the third day , gave way to a straight sets victory in the fifth rubber . It was the first time since 1930 that the national team had managed to win from 0 -- 2 down . In the World Group play - offs that year Murray returned after a two - year hiatus , and helped defeat Croatia 4 -- 1 . It would mark the team 's return to the World Group , having dropped out in 2007 . In the team 's first match in the World Group since 2007 , Great Britain won 3 -- 1 over the United States , marking its first victory in the World Group since 1986 . The tie was played on clay courts in the United States in the hope that the Americans would defeat Murray on his weakest surface . The team would lose its next tie against Italy 1 -- 3 . The team started 2015 in the World Group , and would win the title for the first time in 79 years ( last victory was in 1936 ) . On their run to the final , the team defeated the United States , France and Australia before defeating Belgium in the final . It would mark the first final reached since 1978 . As defending champions in 2016 the team reached the semifinals , in which they were defeated by Argentina 2 -- 3 . Captain ( edit ) 34 different individuals has served as Captain of the Great Britain Davis Cup team . Arthur Gore ( 1900 ) William Collins ( 1902 -- 1908 ) Josiah Ritchie ( 1908 -- 1909 ) James Parke ( 1909 -- 1911 ) Charles Dixon ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Roger McNair ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Alfred Hickson ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roger McNair ( 1919 -- 1922 ) Arthur Bately ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Frank Riseley ( 1923 -- 1924 ) Anthony Sabelli ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Albert Prebble ( 1925 -- 1927 ) Herbert Barrett ( 1927 -- 1928 ) Anthony Sabelli ( 1928 -- 1930 ) Herbert Barrett ( 1930 -- 1938 ) Francis Stowe ( 1938 -- 1948 ) Colin Gregory ( 1948 -- 1953 ) Herman David ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Geoff Paish ( 1956 -- 1959 ) John Barrett ( 1959 -- 1962 ) Headley Baxter ( 1962 -- 1967 ) Peter Hare ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Headley Baxter ( 1968 -- 1971 ) Ken Jarvis ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Tony Pickard ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Paul Hutchins ( 1976 -- 1986 ) Warren Jacques ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Tony Pickard ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Bill Knight ( 1994 -- 1995 ) David Lloyd ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Roger Taylor ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Jeremy Bates ( 2004 -- 2006 ) John Lloyd ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Leon Smith ( 2010 -- present ) Players ( edit ) For a list of former Davis Cup representatives , see List of Great Britain Davis Cup team representatives . Current ( edit ) The following players have been picked to play matches in the 2017 season . Player Date of birth ( age ) Singles ( W -- L ) Doubles ( W -- L ) Latest call - up Edmund , Kyle Kyle Edmund ( 1995 - 01 - 08 ) 8 January 1995 ( age 22 ) 3 -- 5 -- 2017 First Round Evans , Dan Dan Evans ( 1990 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1990 ( age 27 ) 6 -- 14 -- 2017 First Round Inglot , Dominic Dominic Inglot ( 1986 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1986 ( age 31 ) -- 2 -- 3 2017 First Round Murray , Jamie Jamie Murray ( 1986 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1986 ( age 31 ) 0 -- 1 11 -- 4 2017 First Round Recent ( edit ) The following players played for the national team in the past 12 months , but are not part of the current squad . Player Date of birth ( age ) Singles ( W -- L ) Doubles ( W -- L ) Latest call - up Murray , Andy Andy Murray ( 1987 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1987 ( age 30 ) 30 -- 3 9 -- 5 2016 Semifinals Ward , James James Ward ( 1987 - 02 - 09 ) 9 February 1987 ( age 30 ) 10 -- 11 -- 2016 Quarterfinals Results and fixtures ( edit ) Main article : Great Britain Davis Cup team results Year Competition Date Surface Venue Opponent Score Result 2016 World Group , First round 4 -- 6 March Hard ( i ) Barclaycard Arena , Birmingham ( GBR ) Japan 3 -- 1 Win World Group , Quarterfinals 15 -- 17 July Clay Tašmajdan Stadium , Belgrade ( SRB ) Serbia ( 7 ) 3 -- 2 Win World Group , Semifinals 16 -- 18 September Hard ( i ) Commonwealth Arena , Glasgow ( GBR ) Argentina ( 6 ) 2 -- 3 Loss 2017 World Group , First round 3 -- 5 Feb Hard ( i ) TD Place Arena , Ottawa ( CAN ) Canada 3 -- 2 Win World Group , Quarterfinals 7 -- 9 Apr Clay ( i ) Kindarena , Rouen ( FRA ) France 1 -- 4 Loss Notes = Played on hardcourt indoor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowers , Chris . `` What a racquet : Britain 's Davis Cup history '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` Andy and Jamie Murray win Davis Cup doubles thriller '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Britain '' . Davis Cup . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Former Davis Cup captain Paul Hutchins '' . The Scotsman. 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frozen in time : 7 October 1978 '' . The Guardian . 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Simon ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Davis Cup final : From humiliation in Vilnius to one match from glory '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feinstein 2011 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 28 March 1994 ) . `` Tennis : Britain plummet to new depths : Davis Cup captain attacks LTA 's training '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , John ( 31 March 1994 ) . `` Tennis : Pickard 's angry exit as Davis Cup captain '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lloyd sacked as Davis Cup captain '' . BBC News . 28 February 1998 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor braves the storm '' . The Guardian . 21 September 2001 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Jim ( 3 February 2003 ) . `` Taylor made '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bates quits as Davis Cup captain '' . BBC News . 24 July 2006 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lloyd is new GB Davis Cup captain '' . BBC News . 9 August 2006 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkinson , Mark ( 17 March 2010 ) . `` John Lloyd resigns as GB Davis Cup coach '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkinson , Mark ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Tim Henman rules himself out of GB Davis Cup job '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schooler , Andy ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Davis Cup : How Great Britain went from no - hopers to champions '' . Sky News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray guides Great Britain back to Davis Cup World Group '' . BBC World News . 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup , Canada v Great Britain : Vasek Pospisil levels after Dan Evans wins opener '' . Davis Cup 2013 : Great Britain shock Russia in Coventry . BBC World News . 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Davis Cup 2014 : Andy Murray completes Great Britain 's passage into quarter - finals with win over Sam Querrey '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy bounce back to defeat Great Britain in Davis Cup quarter - final '' . The Guardian . 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Davis Cup 2015 : Great Britain win competition for the first time in 79 years after Andy Murray beats David Goffin '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newbery , Piers ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` Andy Murray puts Great Britain into Davis Cup semi-finals '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mirza , Raz ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Great Britain 's hold on the Davis Cup ended after semi-final defeat to Argentina '' . Sky News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Feinstein , John ( 2011 ) . Hard Courts : Real Life on the Professional Tennis Tours . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 0307800962 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Britain Davis Cup team . Team page on DavisCup.com National sports teams of the United Kingdom A1GP American football Australian football Baseball Basketball men women Football men women Olympic men women Paralympic cerebral palsy Field hockey men women Gymnastics Handball men women Ice hockey men women Korfball Muggle Quidditch Pitch and Putt Rugby League men women Rugby Sevens men women Rugby Union men women Squash men women Tennis men women Track racing Long track Speedway Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair basketball men women The Olympics The Paralympics European Games Team GB British Olympic Association British Paralympic Association Davis Cup Current champions ( 2017 ) : France Editions 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Groups 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Groups Play - offs 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Group teams Australia Belgium Canada Croatia France Germany Great Britain Hungary Italy Japan Kazakhstan Netherlands Serbia Spain Switzerland United States Former World Group teams Argentina Austria Brazil Belarus Chile Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Ecuador India Indonesia Ireland Israel Mexico Morocco New Zealand Paraguay Peru Poland Romania Russia Slovakia South Africa South Korea Sweden Yugoslavia Zimbabwe Players American Argentine Australian Austrian Belarusian Belgian Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Croatian Cuban Czech Czechoslovak Danish Dutch Ecuadorian French German Hungarian Indian Indonesian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Kazakhstani Korean Mexican Montenegrin Moroccan New Zealand Paraguayan Peruvian Polish Romanian Russian Serbian Slovakian South African Soviet Spanish Swedish Swiss Yugoslavian Zimbabwean List of champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britain_Davis_Cup_team&oldid=815996663 '' Categories : Davis Cup teams Great Britain national tennis team Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did great britain win the davis cup	[ "In the team's first match in the World Group since 2007, Great Britain won 3–1 over the United States, marking its first victory in the World Group since 1986.[20] The tie was played on clay courts in the United States in the hope that the Americans would defeat Murray on his weakest surface.[20] The team would lose its next tie against Italy 1–3.[21] The team started 2015 in the World Group, and would win the title for the first time in 79 years (last victory was in 1936).[22] On their run to the final, the team defeated the United States, France and Australia before defeating Belgium in the final.[23] It would mark the first final reached since 1978.[23] As defending champions in 2016 the team reached the semifinals, in which they were defeated by Argentina 2–3.[24]" ]	[ "2015" ]
6997460348339339154	Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States	Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . The procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States are governed by the U.S. Constitution , various federal statutes , and the Court 's own internal rules . Since 1869 , the Court has consisted of one chief justice and eight associate justices . Justices are nominated by the president , and with the advice and consent ( confirmation ) of the U.S. Senate , appointed to the Court by the president . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed from office . Established pursuant to Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution in 1789 , it has original jurisdiction over a small range of cases , such as suits between two or more states , and those involving ambassadors . It also has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal court and state court cases that involve a point of constitutional or statutory law . Most of the cases the Supreme Court hears are appeals from lower courts . Moreover , the Court has the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution or an executive act for being unlawful . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions . Contents 1 Terms and sittings 2 The Court 's authority to hear cases 2.1 Appellate jurisdiction 2.2 Original jurisdiction 3 Selection of cases 4 Hearing cases 4.1 Filing briefs 4.2 Oral arguments 5 Forming opinions 5.1 The conference : assignment of opinions 5.2 Circulating draft opinions and changing of views 5.2. 1 Tied votes and lack of quorum 5.3 Announcement of opinions 6 Reporting and citation of cases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Terms and sittings ( edit ) A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of approximately two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . The Court 's authority to hear cases ( edit ) Appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) In nearly all of the cases heard by the Supreme Court , the Court exercises the appellate jurisdiction granted it by Article III of the Constitution . This authority permits the Court to review -- and affirm or overturn -- decisions made by lower courts and tribunals . Procedures for bringing cases before the Supreme Court have changed significantly over time . Today , cases are brought before the Supreme Court by one of several methods , of which the first two account for the overwhelming majority of cases decided : By petition for a writ of certiorari , filed by a party to a case that has been decided by one of the United States courts of appeals or by the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . By petition for writ of certiorari with respect to a decision of one of the territorial or state courts , after all state appeals have been exhausted , where an issue of federal constitutional or statutory law is in question . The writ is usually issued to a state supreme court ( including high courts of the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa ) , but is occasionally issued to a state 's intermediate appellate court for cases where the state supreme court denied certiorari or review and thereby refused to hear the appeal . By petition for certiorari before judgment , which permits the Court to expedite a case pending before a United States court of appeals by accepting the case for review before the appellate court has decided it . However , Supreme Court Rule 11 provides that a case may be taken by the Court before judgment in a lower court `` only upon a showing that the case is of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation from normal appellate practice and to require immediate determination in this Court . '' By appeal from certain decisions of United States district courts in certain cases involving redistricting of congressional or state legislative districts , or when specifically authorized in a particular statute . By a certified question or proposition of law from one of the United States Courts of Appeals , meaning that the Court of Appeals requests the Supreme Court to instruct it on how to decide the case . This procedure was once common but is now rarely invoked ; the last certificate accepted for review was in 1981 . By petition for an `` extraordinary writ '' such as mandamus , prohibition , or habeas corpus . These writs are rarely granted by the Supreme Court though they are more frequently granted by lower courts . Original jurisdiction ( edit ) Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction . The Supreme Court 's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution , which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction `` in all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party . '' The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251 . This statute provides further that , in the case of disputes between two or more states , the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases . The number of original jurisdiction cases heard by the court is small ; generally only one or two such cases are heard per term . Because the nine - member Supreme Court is not well - suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials , original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well - qualified lawyer or lower - court judge to serve as special master , conduct the proceedings , and report recommendations to the Court . The Court then considers whether to accept the special master 's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report . Although jury trials are in theory possible in the Court 's original jurisdiction cases , there has not been one since Georgia v. Brailsford in 1794 . In 1950 , in the case United States v. Louisiana , the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial , but the Court denied the motion , ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law , and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply . If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court , however , a jury would likely be empaneled and would hear the case alongside the justices of the Court . Selection of cases ( edit ) Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 ( `` The Certiorari Act '' in some texts ) , the majority of the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction has been discretionary . Each year , the court receives approximately 9,000 -- 10,000 petitions for certiorari , of which less than 1 % ( approximately 80 -- 100 ) , are granted plenary review with oral arguments , and an additional 50 to 60 are disposed of without plenary review . The Court strictly enforces its requirements for the preparation and timely filing of certiorari petitions , in order to manage such a massive caseload . This occasionally results in harsh consequences , as Justice Thomas acknowledged in a 2007 opinion : `` Just a few months ago , the Clerk , pursuant to this Court 's Rule 13.2 , refused to accept a petition for certiorari submitted by Ryan Heath Dickson because it had been filed one day late ... Dickson was executed on April 26 , 2007 , without any Member of this Court having even seen his petition for certiorari . The rejected certiorari petition was Dickson 's first in this Court , and one can only speculate as to whether denial of that petition would have been a foregone conclusion . '' In theory , each Justice 's clerks write a brief for the Justice outlining the questions presented , and offering a recommendation as to whether certiorari should be granted ; in practice , most Justices ( all of the current court , except Justices Alito and Gorsuch ) have their clerks participate in the cert pool . During the Justices ' regular conference , the Justices discuss the petitions , and grant certiorari in less than five percent of the cases filed . ( During the 1980s and 1990s , the number of cases accepted and decided each term approached 150 per year ; more recently , the number of cases granted has averaged well under 100 annually ) . Before each conference , the Chief Justice prepares a list of those petitions he believes have sufficient merit to warrant discussion . Any other Justice may also add a case to the `` discuss list '' ; cases not designated for discussion by any Justice are automatically denied review . The Court or a Justice may also decide that a case be `` re-listed '' for discussion at a later conference ; this occurs , for example , where the Court decides to request input from the Solicitor General of the United States on whether a petition should be granted . The votes of four Justices at conference ( see Rule of four ) will suffice to grant certiorari and place the case on the court 's calendar . If the Supreme Court grants certiorari ( or the certified question or other extraordinary writ ) , then a briefing schedule is arranged for the parties to submit their briefs in favor of or against a particular form of relief . During this time , an individual or group having an interest in a case but not a party to the case may submit a motion to appear before the court as amicus curiae ( `` friend of the court '' ) . Except for certain specific categories ( such as lawyers for state and local governments ) or where all parties to the case consent , it is in the Court 's discretion whether such motions are granted . The grant or denial of certiorari petitions by the Court are usually issued as one - sentence orders without explanation . Cases that fall within the Court 's original jurisdiction are initiated by filing a complaint directly with the Supreme Court , and normally are assigned to a special master appointed by the Court for the taking of evidence and making recommendations , after which the Court may accept briefs and hear oral arguments as in an appellate case . Hearing cases ( edit ) Filing briefs ( edit ) Before oral arguments , the parties to a case file legal briefs outlining their arguments . An amicus curiae may also submit a brief in support of a particular outcome in the case if the Court grants it permission . Formal rules govern every aspect of these briefs ; Chief Justice William Rehnquist described the rules thus : The rules direct what information must be included in a brief , describe the size of paper and type of print , and limit the number of pages . Even the colors of the covers of the briefs are specified : the petitioner 's brief must have a blue cover and the respondent 's must have a red cover . The Court also often receives briefs from amici curiae ( friends of the Court ) in particular cases , and these must have a green cover . This color - coding comes in very handy when you have a stack of eight or ten briefs in a particular case and can locate the brief you want by its color without having to read the covers of each . Oral arguments ( edit ) Thereafter , if the Court chooses to hold a hearing , each side has thirty minutes to present its case orally . In exceptional and controversial cases , however , the time limit may be extended . In the Court 's early years , attorneys might argue a single case for hours or even days ; but as the judicial workload increased , the time available for argument has been restricted . The late Chief Justice Rehnquist was noted for his especially strict enforcement of the argument time limits . To file pleadings or to argue a case , an attorney must be a member of the bar of the Court . ( The primary requirement for admission to the Bar is that the attorney must have been admitted to practice in the highest court of a state or territory for at least the past three years . ) Justices are allowed to interrupt the attorney speaking in order to ask him or her questions , and particularly since the arrival of Justice Antonin Scalia in 1986 , do so often . The Court began recording Oral Arguments in October 1955 . Beginning in October 2010 , the Supreme Court began the practice of posting recordings and transcripts of the oral arguments made during the preceding week on Fridays on the Court 's website . In an interview for C - SPAN , former Justice Scalia , speaking for himself , noted that by the time the Justices hear oral arguments , having read the submissions by the parties and amici , it was `` very rare , though not unheard of '' , for the discussion during the oral arguments to change his view of a case in which he had already made up his mind based on the submissions and his research about the case . However , he also made the point that it was `` quite common '' for him to go into Oral Arguments with his mind not made up yet , as the cases are usually very hard and difficult , and that in those situations a persuasive attorney could make the difference for him . Forming opinions ( edit ) The conference : assignment of opinions ( edit ) At the end of a week in which the Court has heard oral arguments , the Justices hold a conference to discuss the cases and vote on any new petitions of certiorari . The Justices discuss the points of law at issue in the cases . No clerks are permitted to be present , which would make it exceedingly difficult for a justice without a firm grasp of the matters at hand to participate . At this conference , each justice -- in order from most to least senior -- states the basis on which he or she would decide the case , and a preliminary vote is taken . Former Justice Scalia professed frustration that there is little substantive discussion , while former Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote that this makes the conference more efficient . The votes are tallied , and the responsibility for writing the opinion in the case is assigned to one of the justices ; the most senior Justice voting in the majority ( but always the Chief Justice if he is in the majority ) makes the assignment , and can assign the responsibility to him - or herself . Circulating draft opinions and changing of views ( edit ) The justice writing the opinion for the court will produce and circulate a draft opinion to the other justices . Each justice 's law clerks may be involved in this phase . In modern Supreme Court history only a few justices , such as former Justice Antonin Scalia , have regularly written their own first drafts . Once the draft opinion has been reviewed , the remaining Justices may recommend changes to the opinion . Whether these changes are accommodated depends on the legal philosophy of the drafters as well as on how strong a majority the opinion garnered at conference . A justice may instead simply join the opinion at that point without comment . Votes at conference are preliminary ; while opinions are being circulated , it is not unheard of for a justice to change sides . A justice may be swayed by the persuasiveness ( or lack thereof ) of the opinion or dissent , or as a result of reflection and discussion on the points of law at issue . The evolution of the justices ' views during the circulation of draft opinions can change the outcome of the case ; an opinion that begins as a majority opinion can become a dissenting opinion , and vice versa . At the conference for Planned Parenthood v. Casey , Justice Kennedy is said to have initially voted with Chief Justice Rehnquist , but then changed his mind , feeling unable to join Rehnquist 's draft opinion . While working for the Justice Department , present - day Chief Justice John Roberts -- a former Rehnquist law clerk -- wrote an analysis of Wallace v. Jaffree in which he indicated his belief ( based on the length and structure ) that Rehnquist 's dissent had started out as an opinion for the court , but lost its majority ; similar speculation is often heard of Justice O'Connor 's dissent in Kelo v. New London . Justice Kennedy is known within the Court for changing his mind subsequent to the conference , and Justice Thomas is known for having the tendency to lose a majority . Justices may change sides at any time prior to the handing down of the Court 's opinion . Generally , the Court 's decision is the opinion which a majority ( five or more ) of justices have joined . In rare instances , the Court will issue a plurality opinion in which four or fewer Justices agree on one opinion , but the others are so fractured that they can not agree on a position . In this circumstance , in order to determine what the decision is lawyers and judges will analyze the opinions to determine on which points a majority agrees . An example of a case decided by a plurality opinion is Hamdi v. Rumsfeld . A justice voting with the majority may write a concurring opinion ; this is an opinion where the justice agrees with the majority holding itself , but where he or she wishes to express views on the legal elements of the case that are not encompassed in the majority opinion . Justices who do not agree with the decision made by the majority may also submit dissenting opinions , which may give alternative legal viewpoints . Dissenting opinions carry no legal weight or precedent , but they can set the argument for future cases . John Marshall Harlan 's dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson set down for the majority opinion later in Brown v. Board of Education . After granting a writ of certiorari and accepting a case for review , the justices may decide against further review of the case . For example , the Court may feel the case presented during oral arguments did not present the constitutional issues in a clear - cut way , and that adjudication of these issues is better deferred until a suitable case comes before the court . In this event the writ of certiorari is `` dismissed as improvidently granted '' ( DIG ) -- saying , in effect that the Court should not have accepted the case . As with the granting or denial of cert , this dismissal is customarily made using a simple per curiam decision without explanation . Customarily , justices who were not seated at the time oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court do not participate in the formulation of an opinion . Likewise , a justice leaving the Court prior to the handing down of an opinion does not take part in the Court 's opinion . Should the composition of the Court materially affect the outcome of a pending case , the justices will likely elect to reschedule the case for rehearing . Tied votes and lack of quorum ( edit ) If not all of the nine justices vote on a case , or the Court has a vacancy , then a tied vote is possible . If this occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but the case is not considered to be binding precedent . The effect is a return to the status quo ante . No opinions ( or voting alignments ) are issued in such a case , only the one - sentence announcement that `` ( t ) he judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court . '' Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp. is an example of such a case . The court tries to avoid such rulings when possible : After the retirement of Justice O'Connor in 2006 three cases would have ended with a tie . All cases were reargued to allow the newly appointed Samuel Alito to cast a decisive vote . A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six . If , through recusals or vacancies , fewer than six justices can participate in a case , and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case can not be heard in the next term , then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case . An exception exists when this situation arises in one of the now - rare cases brought directly to the Supreme Court on appeal from a United States District Court ; in this situation , the case is referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the corresponding circuit for a final decision there by either the Court of Appeals sitting en banc , or a panel consisting of the three most senior active circuit judges . Announcement of opinions ( edit ) Throughout the term , but mostly during the last months of the term -- May , June , and , if necessary , July -- the Court announces its opinions . The decision of the Court is subsequently published , first as a slip opinion , and subsequently in the United States Reports . In recent years , opinions have been available on the Supreme Court 's website and other legal websites on the morning they are announced . Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom , the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns . The opinion of the Court is usually signed by the author ; occasionally , the Supreme Court may issue an unsigned opinion per curiam . The practice of issuing a single opinion of the Court was initiated during the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall during the early 19th century . This custom replaced the previous practice under which each Justice , whether in the majority or the minority , issued a separate opinion . The older practice is still followed by appellate courts in many common law jurisdictions outside the United States . Reporting and citation of cases ( edit ) For more specific details on how cases are cited , see case citation . Supreme Court decisions are typically cited as in the following example : `` Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) . '' The court citation consists of the names of the opposing parties ; the volume number ; `` U.S. '' ( signifying United States Reports , the official reporter of Supreme Court decisions ) ; the page number on which the decision begins ; and the year in which the case was decided . The names of the opposing parties are listed in the format `` Petitioner v. Respondent '' or `` Appellant v. Appellee . '' The Reporter of Decisions is responsible for publication of the Court 's rulings . Two other widely used citation formats exist : the Supreme Court Reporter and the Lawyers ' Edition , corresponding to two privately published collections of decisions . Citations to cases in the Supreme Court Reporter would be structured as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 64 S. Ct. 397 ( 1944 ) . Citations to cases in the Lawyers ' Edition would be as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 88 L. Ed . 497 ( 1944 ) . Judicial opinions often use the citation from all three sources ( the United States Reports , Supreme Court Reporter , and Lawyers ' Edition ) , as seen here : Martin v. Texas , 200 U.S. 316 , 26 S. Ct. 338 , 50 L. Ed . 497 ( 1906 ) . Since the 1930s , prior to publication of the decisions in these reporters , they are available from the United States Law Week ( U.S.L.W. ) . In more recent years , opinions have been available electronically soon after they appeared on commercial sites such as Lexis or Westlaw , on Internet sites such as FindLaw and on the Court 's own website . The Reporter of Decisions is the court official responsible for the publication of the Court 's opinions and orders . The current Reporter of Decisions is Christine Luchok Fallon . Decisions of the Supreme Court are precedents that bind all lower courts , both federal and state . The Supreme Court generally respects its own precedents , but has in some cases overturned them . See also ( edit ) Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court Case Selections Act United States Supreme Court building References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Supreme Court '' . Washington , D.C. : Administrative Office of the United States Courts . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford , Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 ( 1950 ) . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin . `` Originalism : The Lesser Evil '' . University of Cincinnati Law Review . 57 : 849 , 850 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2006 ; Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Lazarus , Edward ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` Closed Chambers '' . Booknotes ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Brian Lamb. C - SPAN . Jump up ^ `` The Justices ' Caseload '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. 205 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Law.com . Regarding the picking of cases , see generally , Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 224 -- 238 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , David C. ; Wachtell , Melanie F. ( 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Certiorari Petition Procedures '' . George Mason University Law Review . 16 ( 2 ) : 237 , 241 . SSRN 1377522 . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico ; cf . `` Part VII . Practice and Procedure . Rule 33 . Document Preparation : Booklet Format ; 8 1 / 2 - by 11 - Inch Paper Format '' . Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States . Supreme Court of the United States . April 19 , 2013 -- via Legal Information Institute , Cornell University . Jump up ^ Talbot , Margaret ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Confidence : The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2005 -- via New America Foundation . In his early years on the Court , Scalia 's exuberant questioning was not well received by his colleagues ... In Scalia 's first oral argument he asked so many questions that Powell whispered , ' Do you think he knows that the rest of us are here ? ' The other Justices have since caught up with Scalia . Now all of them -- with the exception of Clarence Thomas -- are garrulous Linder , Doug . `` Justices Brennan & Scalia Debate Creation - Science '' . On a bench lined with solemn gray figures who often sat as silently as pigeons on a railing , Scalia stood out like a talking parrot . Jump up ^ `` About the Oyez Project '' . Oyez Project . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Justice Antonin Scalia '' ( PDF ) ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Susan Swain. C - SPAN . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . ( I ) t is probably quite rare , although not unheard of , that oral argument will change my mind . But it is quite common that I go in with my mind not made up . I mean a lot of these cases are very close , and you go in on the knife 's edge . Persuasive counsel can make the difference . There are things you can do with oral argument that can not be done in a brief . You can convey the relative importance of your various points . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . p. 253 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 285 . ISBN 9780143035275 . to call our discussion of a case a conference is really something of a misnomer . It 's much more a statement of the views of each of the nine justices . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 254 -- 58 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 271 . ISBN 9780143035275 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Zimmerman , Carol ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Blackmun 's Papers Reveal Near Overturn of Roe '' . Catholic Herald . Catholic News Service . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Roberts , memo to Fred F. Fielding , June 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Claeys , Eric ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Did O'Connor Lose the Majority ? '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2005 ) . A Court Divided : The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law . New York : Norton . ISBN 9780393058680 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( January 2002 ) . `` Adarand Did n't Add Up : Lawyers Now Wonder Which Affirmative Action Case Court Will Take '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 88 : 26 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 1 ; U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 2109 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Court Rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2010 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rule revisions from the U.S. Supreme Court website ( with `` clerk comments '' that clarify what 's changing for 2013 and why ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timeline Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=865127782 '' Categories : United States procedural law Supreme Court of the United States United States appellate procedure Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 22 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a quorum for a decision in the supreme court is	[ "A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six. If, through recusals or vacancies, fewer than six justices can participate in a case, and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case cannot be heard in the next term, then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case. An exception exists when this situation arises in one of the now-rare cases brought directly to the Supreme Court on appeal from a United States District Court; in this situation, the case is referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the corresponding circuit for a final decision there by either the Court of Appeals sitting en banc, or a panel consisting of the three most senior active circuit judges.[25]\n" ]	[ "six" ]
1029440281696092603	Sparta, Mississippi	Sparta , Mississippi - wikipedia Sparta , Mississippi Jump to : navigation , search Sparta is a small unincorporated community in Chickasaw County , Mississippi , in the northeastern area of the state . A fictionalized Sparta was featured in the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night and the television series in the 1980s and ' 90s . This fictional version of Sparta differs geographically from the real Sparta in several ways . The fictional version was shown as being across the river from Arkansas and adjacent to Interstate 20 , but the real Sparta is nowhere near any interstate highway or state boundary . ( The real I - 20 also crosses the Mississippi at Vicksburg from Louisiana , not Arkansas ; the only sizeable Mississippi city near Arkansas , Greenville , has a bridge but no interstate , though future I - 69 will run nearby . ) The film was actually made in Sparta , Illinois , while most seasons of the television series were filmed in Covington , Georgia , east of Atlanta ( and near the real I - 20 ) . Most of the first season of the TV Series as well as the intro sequence with the Chief sitting at the railroad crossing was filmed in Hammond , Louisiana . Some of the features of this town that can be recognized are : The Sanitary Barber Shop The Columbia Theatre The Hammond Cafe The Hammond Finance Company Stafford Furniture . Presently either out of business or moved to a new location . A young man delivering news papers with the logo `` Daily Star , '' The Hammond Post Office was made over to be Sparta 's City Hall The `` One Hour Martinizing '' dry cleaner shop was made over to be the Sparta Police Station . The Toggery Shop Anderson 's Shoe Store Billy Abel 's Land of Sports was made over to be `` Sonny Mims Land of Sports . '' Presently is a Fitness Center . To see some of the features of Hammond that were included in this seasons , use Google Maps and enter `` W Thomas and South Cate St Hammond LA '' . Most of the scenes are in a 4 block radius from that intersection . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb : Most Popular Titles With Location Matching `` Hammond , Louisiana , USA '' `` . IMDb . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Municipalities and communities of Chickasaw County , Mississippi , United States County seats : Houston and Okolona Cities Houston Okolona Town New Houlka Village Woodland Unincorporated communities Buena Vista Egypt McCondy Pyland Shake Rag Sparta Thorn Trebloc Van Vleet Coordinates : 33 ° 46 ′ N 88 ° 59 ′ W / 33.767 ° N 88.983 ° W / 33.767 ; - 88.983 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparta,_Mississippi&oldid=781691487 '' Categories : Unincorporated communities in Mississippi Unincorporated communities in Chickasaw County , Mississippi Talk About Wikipedia Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2017 , at 18 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	sparta ms in the heat of the night	[]	[]
9173396253448080847	Stand and Deliver	Stand and Deliver - Wikipedia Stand and Deliver Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stand and Deliver ( disambiguation ) . Stand and Deliver Theatrical release poster Directed by Ramón Menéndez Produced by Tom Musca Written by Ramón Menéndez Tom Musca Starring Edward James Olmos Lou Diamond Phillips Rosanna DeSoto Andy García Music by Craig Safan Cinematography Tom Richmond Edited by Nancy Richardson Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date February 13 , 1988 ( 1988 - 02 - 13 ) ( Miami ) March 11 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.6 million Box office $13.9 million Stand and Deliver is a 1988 American drama film based on the true story of high school math teacher Jaime Escalante . For portraying Escalante , Edward James Olmos was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 61st Academy Awards . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Historical accuracy 4 Accolades 5 Legacy 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Escalante ( Olmos ) becomes a math teacher at James A. Garfield High School in East Los Angeles . The school is full of Hispanic students from working - class families who are far below their grade level in terms of academic skills and also have a lot of social problems . Escalante seeks to change the school culture to help the students excel in academics . He soon realizes the untapped potential of his class and sets a goal of having the students taking AP Calculus by their senior year . Escalante instructs his class under the philosophy of ganas , roughly translating to `` desire '' or `` motivation . '' The students begin taking summer classes in advanced mathematics with Escalante , who must withstand the cynicism of the other faculty , which feels that the students are not capable enough . As they struggle with the lower expectations that they face in society , Escalante helps them to overcome adversity and to pass the AP Calculus exams . To his dismay , the Educational Testing Service questions the success of the students , insisting there is too much overlap in their errors and suggesting the students cheated . Escalante defends his students and feels that the allegations are based more on racial and economic perceptions . He offers to have the students retake the test months later , and the students all succeed in passing the test again , despite only a day to prepare , which ends all concerns of cheating . Cast ( edit ) Edward James Olmos as Jaime Escalante Lou Diamond Phillips as Angel David Guzman Rosanna DeSoto as Fabiola Escalante Andy García as Dr. Ramirez Ingrid Oliu as Lupe Will Gotay as Pancho Lydia Nicole as Rafaela Fuentes Vanessa Marquez as Ana Delgado James Victor as Mr. Delgado , Ana 's father Estelle Harris as school secretary Historical accuracy ( edit ) Ten of the students agreed to sign waivers to allow the College Board their exam parts to Jay Mathews , the author of Escalante : The Best Teacher in America . Mathews found that nine of them had made `` identical silly mistakes '' on free response question 6 . Mathews heard from two of the students that during the exam , a piece of paper had been passed around with that flawed solution . Twelve students , including the nine with the identical mistakes , retook the exam , and most of them received the top 4 and 5 scores . In 1987 , 27 % of all Mexican Americans who scored 3 or higher on the calculus AP exam were students at Garfield High . Mathews wrote in Los Angeles Times that the Ana Delgado character `` was the only teenage character in the film based on a real person '' and that her name had been changed . Escalante first began teaching at Garfield High School in 1974 and taught his first AP Calculus course in 1978 with a group of 14 students . Only five students remained in the course at the end of the year , only two of whom passed the AP Calculus exam . Reason stated , `` Unlike the students in the movie , the real Garfield students required years of solid preparation before they could take calculus . So Escalante established a program at East Los Angeles College where students could take those classes in intensive seven - week summer sessions . Escalante and ( principal Henry ) Gradillas were also instrumental in getting the feeder schools to offer algebra in the eighth and ninth grades . Escalante himself described the film as `` 90 % truth , 10 % drama . '' He stated that several points were left out of the film . He pointed out that no student who did not know multiplication tables or fractions was ever taught calculus in a single year . Also , he suffered inflammation of the gall bladder , not a heart attack . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards Best Actor Edward James Olmos Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Lou Diamond Phillips Independent Spirit Awards Best Feature Tom Musca Won Best Director Ramón Menéndez Best Male Lead Edward James Olmos Best Supporting Male Lou Diamond Phillips Best Supporting Female Rosanna De Soto Best Screenplay Ramón Menéndez Tom Musca Best Cinematography Tom Richmond Nominated Legacy ( edit ) In December 2011 , Stand and Deliver was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . The Registry said the film was `` one of the most popular of a new wave of narrative feature films produced in the 1980s by Latino filmmakers '' and that it `` celebrates in a direct , approachable , and impactful way , values of self - betterment through hard work and power through knowledge . '' The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Jaime A. Escalante -- Nominated Hero 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 86 In popular culture ( edit ) The episode of South Park entitled `` Eek , a Penis ! '' borrows heavily from the plot of Stand and Deliver , with Cartman assuming a similar role to that played by Edward James Olmos , but in the film , the students were falsely accused of cheating . In the episode , the students actually cheated and got away with it . American senator Rand Paul ( R - KY ) was accused of plagiarizing near - verbatim portions of the plot summary from the Wikipedia article on Stand and Deliver in two speeches on immigration . See also ( edit ) 1988 in film AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers List of American films of 1988 Greater Los Angeles portal Film portal 1980s portal Education portal Latino and Hispanic American portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard ( January 8 , 1989 ) . `` Box Office Champs , Chumps : The hero of the bottom line was the 46 - year - old ' Bambi ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Stand and Deliver ( 1988 ) '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rain Man ' Given 8 Oscar Nominations ; Sigourney 2 : Hoffman Wins 6th Acting Nod '' . Articles.LATimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Mathews : Retest D.C. Classes That Had Dubious Exam Results in ' 08 '' . The Washington Post . 2009 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Mathews : Retest D.C. Classes That Had Dubious Exam Results in ' 08 '' . The Washington Post . 2009 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Mathews : Lessons For a Lifetime '' . Los Angeles Times . 2010 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Woo , Elaine ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Jaime Escalante dies at 79 ; math teacher who challenged East L.A. students to ' Stand and Deliver ' - pp. 1 - 2 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Jesness : Stand and Deliver Revisited '' . Reason . July 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` THE 61ST ACADEMY AWARDS - 1989 '' . Oscars.org . Academy Awards . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 1989 '' . GoldenGlobes , org . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 32 Years of Nominees & Winners , 1986 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FilmIndependent.org . Independent Spirit Awards . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates '' . Library of Congress . December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` South Park : `` Eek , A Penis ! '' `` . The A.V. Club . 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South Park : `` Eek ! , A Penis ! '' Review `` . IGN . IGN . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rand Paul Has Given Speeches Plagiarized From Wikipedia Before '' . Buzzfeed. 29 Oct 2013 . Retrieved 30 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Wikipedia copying in Rand Paul Speeches '' . The Rachel Maddow Show . 29 Oct 2013 . Retrieved 30 Oct 2013 . External links ( edit ) Stand and Deliver on IMDb Stand and Deliver at AllMovie Stand and Deliver at Rotten Tomatoes Stand and Deliver at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Ramón Menéndez Stand and Deliver ( 1988 ) Money for Nothing ( 1993 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Film After Hours ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) River 's Edge ( 1987 ) Stand and Deliver ( 1988 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) The Grifters ( 1990 ) Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Short Cuts ( 1993 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) Leaving Las Vegas ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Apostle ( 1997 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Election ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) Precious ( 2009 ) Black Swan ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand_and_Deliver&oldid=800679482 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films 1980s drama films American drama films American biographical films American films American coming - of - age films Directorial debut films American high school films Films about educators Films about mathematics Films about race and ethnicity Films directed by Ramón Menéndez Films based on actual events Films set in Los Angeles American gang films Independent Spirit Award for Best Film winners Mexican - American films United States National Film Registry films Warner Bros. films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happened to the real students from stand and deliver	[]	[]
-6172732873065482783	Star (TV series)	Star ( TV series ) - wikipedia Star ( TV series ) This article is about the American television series . For the Filipino television series title that translates to `` star '' in English , see Bituin . For other uses , see Star ( disambiguation ) . Star Genre Musical drama Teen drama Created by Lee Daniels Tom Donaghy Starring Jude Demorest Brittany O'Grady Ryan Destiny Amiyah Scott Quincy Brown Benjamin Bratt Queen Latifah Miss Lawrence Luke James Michael Michele Stephen Dorff Brandy Norwood William Levy Composer ( s ) James S. Levine Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Lee Daniels Tom Donaghy Pamela Oas Williams Effie Brown Karin Gist Jason Richman Producer ( s ) Michelle Fowler Production location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Cinematography Rodney Taylor Editor ( s ) Joe Leonard Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Lee Daniels Entertainment 20th Century Fox Television Release Original network Fox Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Star is an American musical drama television series created by Lee Daniels and Tom Donaghy for Fox . It revolves around three talented young singers who navigate the music business on their road to success . The series , which is set in Atlanta , consists of original music , along with musical fantasy sequences , as dreams of the future . Queen Latifah , Benjamin Bratt , Amiyah Scott and Quincy Brown co-star . The series premiered on December 14 , 2016 . With the premiere of the series , Amiyah Scott became the third openly transgender person to play a trans major character in a scripted television drama series in America , after Laverne Cox on Orange is the New Black and Jamie Clayton on Sense8 . On February 22 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on September 27 , 2017 and crossed over with other Fox series Empire . On May 10 , 2018 , Fox renewed the series for a third season . Season 3 is set to premiere on September 26 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming 4 Ratings 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jude Demorest as Star Davis , a tough 18 - year - old who spent her childhood in and out of foster homes after the death of her mother Mary . Wanting to pursue a career in music , she forms a girl group , Take 3 ( formerly Big Trouble ) , with her half sister Simone and best friend Alex in Atlanta . Though she has a lot of talent , her egotistical nature tends to bother others . Brittany O'Grady as Simone Davis , Star 's biracial 16 - year - old half sister . She is rescued by Star from the abusive foster home in which she was placed five years before . While supportive of her sister 's ambitions , Simone has dreams of her own , and will do whatever it takes to achieve them . In Season 2 , she ends up in state custody for abusing marijuana . She is then liberated from juvie by Ayanna and ends up marrying Angel in a bid to avoid being recommitted . Ryan Destiny as Alexandra `` Alex '' Crane , a wealthy 19 - year - old who grew up in New York and is Star 's best friend . She is looking to step out of the shadows of her famous father and make it on her own , and becomes increasingly involved in political advocacy through her boyfriend Derek . However , she struggles to escape her toxic relationship with her parents , especially her alcoholic mother Rose . Amiyah Scott as Cotton Brown , Carlotta 's transgender daughter . She works at her mother 's salon and helps the girls kickstart their career . She also has a troubled relationship with Carlotta , as the latter has not accepted her daughter 's transition , and is not understanding or fully supportive of the difficulties she faces as a trans woman , although she slowly comes around . After stealing money from her boyfriend Elliot , Cotton is sent to prison , but eventually gets released . Quincy Brown as Derek Jones , Alexandra 's boyfriend who lives next door to the girls . He is a civil rights activist affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement , and is committed to civil disobedience . After a car accident leaves him paralyzed from the waist down , their relationship becomes strained . Derek ultimately breaks up with Alex to start a relationship with his physical therapist . Benjamin Bratt as Jahil Rivera ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , a talent manager who believes Take 3 is his ticket back to the top . However , he is hobbled by both a cocaine addiction and money problems . In Season 2 , it is revealed that he faked his death with the help of Carlotta to avoid being framed for Hunter 's murder . He ends up forming a new duo with his nephew Angel to compete with Take 3 . In the mid-season 2 finale , Angel fires him as manager and he goes on a drug - fueled bender before briefly slipping into a coma . He is later shot in a drive - by shooting while shielding Andy and dies in season 2 . Queen Latifah as Carlotta Renee Brown , the owner of an Atlanta beauty salon , who worked with Mary Davis in the R&B duo Mixed Harmony back in the 1990s . She becomes a surrogate mother to the three girls , even though she does n't approve of their musical dreams . At the end of Season 1 , she takes over as manager from Jahil . Her attempts to make Take 3 a success prove largely ineffective as the girls struggle with their own problems , and in the mid-season 2 finale , her salon is burned down . She is eventually promoted to a senior position within Midtown by Ayanna . Miss Lawrence as Miss Bruce ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , a genderqueer hairdresser who works at Carlotta 's salon , taking over from her as owner when she commits to managing Take 3 . Luke James as Noah Brooks ( season 2 ) , a formerly top - selling R&B artist at Midtown Sound looking to make a much - needed comeback after his career collapsed due to alcoholism . He is a charming sweet talker with an ambitious streak , and strikes up a relationship with Alex , Star and Gigi , at first for promotion , but it gradually evolves into an affair . Michael Michele as Ayanna Floyd ( season 2 ) , the unsympathetic president and CEO of Midtown Sound , the record label that signed Take 3 . She forms a maternal bond with Simone , even becoming her legal guardian , but also enables her to maintain her addiction to prescription drugs . At the mid-season 2 finale , she is disgraced and removed as president of Midtown after being caught trying to buy the label out from under her father . She is later restored to her former position after getting him fired for sexual harassment of a Midtown artist . Stephen Dorff as Brody Dean ( season 2 ) , Star 's long lost biological father who re-emerges as the girls get their first taste of fame , but turns out to have an agenda concerning Hunter 's death . Upon discovering the abuse Hunter inflicted on Star , however , he leaves town after murdering Hunter 's mother , Arlene . He is subsequently electrocuted to death by Arlene 's twin sister in revenge . Brandy Norwood as Cassandra `` Cassie '' Brown ( season 3 ; recurring season 2 ) , Carlotta 's younger sister , who is deeply involved in organized crime . She and Andy strike up a relationship , but after he steals money from her , she tries to have him murdered , only to kill Jahil by accident . Andy later reveals her involvement to Carlotta out of guilt after accidentally shooting Ayanna while trying to forge a check in her name . William Levy as Mateo Ferarra ( season 3 ) , a driven media mogul who can charm the devil into church . He is rich , successful , smooth as silk and married to his equal , Nina . Mateo makes and breaks his own rules as he sprints toward success . The first generation son of immigrant parents , he is determined to make his mark and build his legacy by any means necessary . Recurring ( edit ) Lenny Kravitz as Roland Crane , a legendary rock star and Alexandra 's father . ( season 1 ) Darius McCrary as Otis Leecan , Simone 's abusive foster father . He is murdered by his wife when he tries to force Simone to return home . ( season 1 ) Chad James Buchanan as Hunter Morgan , Star 's ex-boyfriend , who was physically abusive towards her . He is Jahil 's godson and a young NFL star , but has secretly been using banned substances to prolong his career . He is killed along with Eva , when a hitman mistakes him for Jahil . ( season 1 ) Nealla Gordon as Arlene Morgan , Hunter 's mother . She did n't approve of Hunter 's relationship with Star , and blames her for her son 's death . After failing to get a police investigation , she starts blackmailing Star 's father Brody to spy on his daughter . However , he stabs her to death after learning about Hunter 's abuse . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Naomi Campbell as Rose Spencer - Crane , Alexandra 's mother , who struggles with alcoholism . ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Tyrese Gibson as Pastor Bobby Harris , Carlotta 's ex-boyfriend . He does not accept her transgender daughter Cotton as a woman , and Carlotta eventually breaks up with him . ( season 1 ) Jasmine Burke as Danielle Jackson , a worker in Carlotta 's shop and Gladys Knight 's niece . She is shot and killed by police during a traffic stop after they assume she has a gun . ( season 1 ) Sharlene Taulé as Eva , a Dominican girl whom Jahil saves from a trafficking ring . He later discovers that she is an amateur singer , and has plans to take Star 's place in his girl group . She and Hunter are killed on the season finale when a hitman mistakes Hunter for Jahil . ( season 1 ) Joseline Hernandez as Michelle , a stripper at the Magic City strip club and one of Jahil 's lovers . She becomes Cotton 's roommate halfway through the first season . However , she ends up betraying Cotton by stealing her money and fleeing Atlanta . ( season 1 ) Caroline Vreeland as Mary Davis , Star and Simone 's mother who died of a drug overdose , which turns out to have been partially caused by Star . Mary was a member of the R&B duo Mixed Harmony with Carlotta in the 1990s . Jack J. Yang as Elliot , Cotton 's boyfriend . He abandons her when she refuses to give up prostitution , and she steals money from him for her surgery . After her release from prison , however , he gives her a secretarial job at his construction firm . He dies after being severely beaten by Cotton 's former cellmate , Omari . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Paris Jackson as Rachel Wallace , a social media expert hired by Jahil to promote Take 3 . In Season 2 , she becomes a consultant for Midtown Records , but leaves after Ayanna is fired . Elijah Kelley as Andy , a aspiring singer who is an assistant to Ayanna Floyd . Jahil taps him to form a duo with his nephew , Angel , then dies while trying to protect Andy from hitmen . ( season 2 ) Evan Ross as Angel Rivera , Jahil 's nephew who helps him record new music . In turn , Jahil gets him to form a singing duo with Andy . After realizing that his uncle is more concerned with his interests than theirs , however , he fires him as their manager . He then learns that his father , Jahil 's brother , is not his biological dad , and that he is an undocumented immigrant . After his attempt to get DACA protection is denied , he is arrested at Jahil 's funeral and sentenced to deportation . ( season 2 ) Lance Gross as Maurice Jetter , A&R at Midtown Records . He helps Carlotta navigate the treacherous currents of the company and his boss , Ayanna , but their relationship is destroyed when she catches him kissing his old girlfriend , Natalie . Maurice then sets his sights on persuading Star to leave Take 3 for a shot at a solo career . ( season 2 ) Imani Lewis as Karen , a juvie teen and troubled friend of Simone . After her friend commits suicide , the two start a relationship , but Karen is soon transferred to a new facility after breaking curfew . During the mid-season 2 finale , she tracks down Simone , who vows to take care of her and lets her stay in Carlotta 's salon . She is killed in the salon fire . ( season 2 ) Justin Marcel McManus as Omari , Cotton 's former cellmate and lover . He protected Cotton from transphobic inmates during her prison sentence . After getting an early release , he tries to force his way back into Cotton 's life . When she breaks off their relationship for Elliot , he violently kills him and seemingly drowns Cotton in her bathtub . After Cotton survives , her aunt Cassie arranges a hit on Omari , but Cotton chooses to spare his life so long as he agrees never to return to Atlanta . ( season 2 ) Patti LaBelle as Christine Brown , Carlotta 's tough but loving mother . ( season 2 ) Keke Palmer as Gigi Nixon , a famous , but hotheaded singer with a rough attitude who lands at Midtown Sound after befriending Alex and encourages her romance with Noah . Ayanna and Carlotta later learn that Ayanna 's father Charles sexually abused Gigi during the early years of her career , and use that information to force him out of Midtown . ( season 2 ) Guest stars ( edit ) Missy Elliott as Pumpkin , a legendary rapper hired by Hunter to help Star with her block party . In episode 10 of the first season , she helps Jahil produce a new song for Take 3 . Mike Epps as Jay Holland , the former label president of Midtown Sound , but was fired and replaced by Ayanna after Star slept with him to help further Take 3 's career . Jussie Smollett as Jamal Lyon , a member of the Lyon family , from New York , who co-owns a powerful record company in the music industry ( Empire Entertainment ) , for which he also works as an artist . Richard Roundtree as Charles Floyd , a legendary music label executive and Ayanna 's father . He has a low opinion of his daughter 's business acumen , and threatens to sell the label if she is unable to make it profitable . In the mid-season 2 finale , he receives photos from Jahil implying that Ayanna orchestrated Midtown 's financial troubles in order to buy it out with one of his business rivals . Enraged by her disloyalty , he fires her as president and disowns her . In turn , Ayanna uses evidence of sexual harassment to get him fired from his own company . Teyana Taylor as Joyce Sheree , a popular singer who happens to be an old friend of Noah 's . Star schemes to get Joyce on one of Take 3 's songs after meeting her at a party , but Noah ends up snagging her for his song instead , sparking an argument between them . Joyce ends up overdosing on cough syrup while trying to destress , and winds up hospitalized . Meagan Good as Natalie Knight , a promoter and Maurice 's ex-girlfriend who helps set up a tour for Noah and Take 3 . Additionally , Big Boi , Tiny , Gladys Knight , Porsha Williams , Kelly Price , Monica Brown , and Quavo make appearances as themselves . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 18 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) TBA September 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 26 ) Spring 2019 Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , Fox announced it had ordered a pilot for a potential new musical drama series titled Star from Empire - creator Lee Daniels about three girls forming a girl group . In October that same year , casting for the series began . It was revealed that the series would feature a transgender character . On December 7 , 2015 , it was announced that Queen Latifah had joined the cast as Carlotta , Jude Demorest as Star , Brittany O'Grady as Simone and Ryan Destiny as Alexandra . On December 11 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Benjamin Bratt has joined the cast as Jahil , a talent manager . On December 14 , 2015 , Darius McCrary joined the series as the abusive foster father of Simone ( O'Grady ) . Production for the pilot began in December 2015 . The series was picked up , with a 12 - episode order , on April 27 , 2016 . On October 9 , 2017 , FOX ordered an additional five episodes for the second season , bringing the season total to 18 episodes . Filming ( edit ) On May 4 , 2016 , it was announced that Charles Murray would serve as showrunner during its first season . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Charles Pratt Jr. would replace Murray as the series ' showrunner , following his decision to depart the series , due to creative differences . Following the conclusion of the show 's first season , Pratt stepped down as showrunner and was subsequently replaced by Karin Gist . Ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Episodes Season premiere Season finales TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 12 December 14 , 2016 6.71 March 15 , 2017 3.95 2016 -- 17 # 76 5.73 18 September 27 , 2017 5.40 May 23 , 2018 3.95 2017 -- 18 TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 19th Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Star Nominated 2018 29th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated 20th Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pending Choice TV Actress : Drama Ryan Destiny Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' 24 Legacy ' , Lee Daniels ' ' Star ' Get Series Orders By Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star ' Series Premiere To Follow ' Empire ' Season 3 Fall Finale On Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Monica ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) . `` TransGriot : Amiyah Scott 's Making History On The FOX Show ' Star ' '' . Transgriot.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Monica . `` TransGriot : Black Trans People Are STILL Making Black History '' . Transgriot.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star ' Renewed For Second Season By Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including ' Empire , ' ' The Gifted , ' ' The Orville ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Empire / Star Crossover Confirmed -- It 's Cookie vs. Carlotta ( Watch Teaser ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star ' Renewed For Third Season By Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` DevWatch - STAR on FOX '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt to Co-Star in Lee Daniels ' Fox Music Drama Pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star ' : Brandy Norwood Upped To Series Regular For Season 3 Of Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Brittany ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lee Daniels ' ' Star ' Casts Darius McCrary '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Brittany ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star ' Casts Chad Buchanan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star ' : Naomi Campbell Joins Lee Daniels ' Fox Series As Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star ' : Tyrese Gibson To Recur On Lee Daniels ' Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joseline Hernandez Discusses Filming Lee Daniels ' New Series '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ `` Who Plays the Mother on Star ? Caroline Vreeland , Mary Davis '' . Empireboobookitty.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Star ' : Elijah Kelley To Recur In Season 2 Of Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Orders Lee Daniels Music Drama Pilot ' Star ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lee Daniels ' Fox Pilot ' Star ' Casting Diverse Girl Group Including Transgender Actress '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Queen Latifah Lands Lead Role in Lee Daniels ' Fox Music Pilot '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` TVLine Items : Madoff Trailer , Benjamin Bratt Joins Lee Daniels ' Pilot and More '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Nicholas Gonzalez Joins Lee Daniels ' Fox Music Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star ' will burn longer with 5 more episodes in Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Charles Murray Set As Showrunner On Lee Daniels ' Fox Series ' Star ' As Part Of Overall Deal With 20th Century Fox TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-Y&R Headwriter Chuck Pratt Named New Showrunner of Lee Daniels ' Star '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Gig For Y&R 's Charles Pratt , Jr '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Karin Gist Tapped as Showrunner On Fox 's ' Star ' Under Overall Deal With 20th TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Star ' finales adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Star on IMDb Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Masked Singer ( 2019 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) Mental Samurai ( TBA ) Spin the Wheel ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_(TV_series)&oldid=856521222 '' Categories : African - American television 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows American musical television series American teen drama television series Empire ( 2015 TV series ) Fox network shows Hip hop television Hispanic and Latino American media Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Television shows set in Atlanta Transgender - related television programs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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-4120384054619745827	Function overloading	Function overloading - wikipedia Function overloading Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Polymorphism Ad hoc polymorphism Function overloading Operator overloading Parametric polymorphism Double dispatch Multiple dispatch Single and dynamic dispatch Subtyping Virtual function In some programming languages , function overloading or method overloading is the ability to create multiple methods of the same name with different implementations . Calls to an overloaded function will run a specific implementation of that function appropriate to the context of the call , allowing one function call to perform different tasks depending on context . For example , doTask ( ) and doTask ( object O ) are overloaded methods . To call the latter , an object must be passed as a parameter , whereas the former does not require a parameter , and is called with an empty parameter field . A common error would be to assign a default value to the object in the second method , which would result in an ambiguous call error , as the compiler would n't know which of the two methods to use . Another appropriate example would be a Print ( object O ) method . In this case one might like the method to be different when printing , for example , text or pictures . The two different methods may be overloaded as Print ( text_object T ) ; Print ( image_object P ) . If we write the overloaded print methods for all objects our program will `` print '' , we never have to worry about the type of the object , and the correct function call again , the call is always : Print ( something ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules in function overloading 2 Constructor overloading 3 Complications 4 Caveats 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Rules in function overloading ( edit ) The same function name is used for more than one function definition The functions must differ either by the arity or types of their parameters It is a classification of static polymorphism in which a function call is resolved using some `` best match '' algorithm , where the particular function to call is resolved by finding the best match of the formal parameter types with the actual parameter types . The details of this algorithm vary from language to language . Function overloading is usually associated with statically - typed programming languages that enforce type checking in function calls . An overloaded function is really just a set of different functions that happen to have the same name . The determination of which function to use for a particular call is resolved at compile time . In the Java programming language , function overloading is also known as compile - time polymorphism and static polymorphism . Function overloading should not be confused with forms of polymorphism where the choice is made at runtime , e.g. through virtual functions , instead of statically . Example : function overloading in C++ # include < iostream > / / volume of a cube int volume ( const int s ) ( return s * s * s ; ) / / volume of a cylinder double volume ( const double r , const int h ) ( return 3.1415926 * r * r * static_cast < double > ( h ) ; ) / / volume of a cuboid long volume ( const long l , const int b , const int h ) ( return l * b * h ; ) int main ( ) ( std : : cout < < volume ( 10 ) ; std : : cout < < volume ( 2.5 , 8 ) ; std : : cout < < volume ( 100 , 75 , 15 ) ; return 0 ; ) In the above example , the volume of each component is calculated using one of the three functions named `` volume '' , with selection based on the differing number and type of actual parameters . Constructor overloading ( edit ) Constructors , used to create instances of an object , may also be overloaded in some object - oriented programming languages . Because in many languages the constructor 's name is predetermined by the name of the class , it would seem that there can be only one constructor . Whenever multiple constructors are needed , they are to be implemented as overloaded functions . In C++ , default constructors take no parameters , instantiating the object members with their appropriate default values . For example , a default constructor for a restaurant bill object written in C++ might set the tip to 15 % : Bill ( ) : tip ( 0.15 ) , / / percentage total ( 0.0 ) ( ) The drawback to this is that it takes two steps to change the value of the created Bill object . The following shows creation and changing the values within the main program : Bill cafe ; cafe. tip = 0.10 ; cafe. total = 4.00 ; By overloading the constructor , one could pass the tip and total as parameters at creation . This shows the overloaded constructor with two parameters . This overloaded constructor is placed in the class as well as the original constructor we used before . Which one gets used depends on the number of parameters provided when the new Bill object is created ( none , or two ) : Bill ( double tip , double total ) : tip ( tip ) , total ( total ) ( ) Now a function that creates a new Bill object could pass two values into the constructor and set the data members in one step . The following shows creation and setting the values : Bill cafe ( 0.10 , 4.00 ) ; This can be useful in increasing program efficiency and reducing code length . Another reason for constructor overloading can be to enforce mandatory data members . In this case the default constructor is declared private or protected ( or preferably deleted since C + + 11 ) to make it inaccessible from outside . For the Bill above total might be the only constructor parameter - since a Bill has no sensible default for total - whereas tip defaults to 0.15 . Complications ( edit ) Two issues interact with and complicate function overloading : name masking ( due to scope ) and implicit type conversion . If a function is declared in one scope , and then another function with the same name is declared in an inner scope , there are two natural possible overloading behaviors : the inner declaration masks the outer declaration ( regardless of signature ) , or both the inner declaration and the outer declaration are both included in the overload , with the inner declaration masking the outer declaration only if the signature matches . The first is taken in C++ : `` in C++ , there is no overloading across scopes . '' As a result , to obtain an overload set with functions declared in different scopes , one needs to explicitly import the functions from the outer scope into the inner scope , using the using keyword Implicit type conversion complicates function overloading because if the types of paremeters do not exactly match the signature of one of the overloaded functions , but can match after type conversion , resolution depends on which type conversion is chosen . These can combine in confusing ways : an inexact match declared in an inner scope can mask an exact match declared in an outer scope , for instance . For example , to have a derived class with an overloaded function taking a double or an int , using the function taking an int from the base class , in C++ , one would write class B ( public : void f ( const int i ) ; ) ; class D : public B ( public : using B : : f ; void f ( const double d ) ; ) ; Failing to include the using results in an int parameter passed to f in the derived class being converted to a double and matching the function in the derived class , rather than in the base class ; including using results in an overload in the derived class and thus matching the function in the base class . Caveats ( edit ) If a method is designed with an excessive number of overloads , it may be difficult for developers to discern which overload is being called simply by reading the code . This is particularly true if some of the overloaded parameters are of types that are inherited types of other possible parameters ( for example `` object '' ) . An IDE can perform the overload resolution and display ( or navigate to ) the correct overload . Type based overloading can also hamper code maintenance , where code updates can accidentally change which method overload is chosen by the compiler . See also ( edit ) Abstraction ( computer science ) Constructor ( computer science ) Dynamic dispatch Factory method pattern Method signature Method overriding Object - oriented programming Operator overloading References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why does n't overloading work for derived classes ? '' , Bjarne Stroustrup 's C++ Style and Technique FAQ , Bjarne Stroustrup Jump up ^ Bracha , Gilad ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Systemic Overload '' . Room 101 . External links ( edit ) Bertrand Meyer : Overloading vs Object Technology , in Journal of Object - Oriented Programming ( JOOP ) , vol. 14 , no . 4 , October -- November 2001 , available online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Function_overloading&oldid=831422833 '' Categories : Method ( computer programming ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with example C++ code Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 14 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	select appropriate option which is not example of function overloading	[]	[]
-2290383736956140719	Governor-General of Australia	Governor - General of Australia - Wikipedia Governor - General of Australia Jump to : navigation , search Governor - General of the Commonwealth of Australia Badge of the Governor - General of Australia Flag of the Governor - General of Australia Incumbent General Sir Peter Cosgrove AK MC since 28 March 2014 Style His Excellency the Honourable Residence Government House ( Canberra ) Admiralty House ( Sydney ) Nominator Prime Minister of Australia Appointer Monarch of Australia Term length At Her Majesty 's pleasure ( under convention , usually 5 years ) Formation 1 January 1901 First holder The Earl of Hopetoun Salary $425,000 Website gg.gov.au Australia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Australia Statute of Westminster Adoption Act Australia Act The Crown ( show ) Monarch : Elizabeth II Governor - General : Sir Peter Cosgrove Executive ( show ) Prime Minister : Malcolm Turnbull Deputy Prime Minister : Barnaby Joyce Federal Executive Council Ministry Current ( 71st ) Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Parliament Senate President : Scott Ryan House of Representatives Speaker : Tony Smith Opposition Leader : Bill Shorten Shadow Ministry Judiciary ( show ) High Court Lower Courts Laws of Australia Elections ( show ) Federal electoral system Electoral divisions Political parties Recent elections Federal : 2016 2013 Federal by - elections Referendums States and territories ( show ) Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State courts State electoral systems Local government ( show ) NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Related topics ( show ) Regions Foreign relations Defence Force Public holidays Republicanism Other countries Atlas The Governor - General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch , currently Queen Elizabeth II . The Governor - General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia . The Governor - General has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is Commander - in - Chief of the Australian Defence Force . The functions of the Governor - General include appointing ministers , judges , and ambassadors ; giving royal assent to legislation passed by Parliament ; issuing writs for election ; and bestowing Australian honours . In general , the Governor - General observes the conventions of the Westminster system and responsible government , maintaining a political neutrality , and has almost always acted only on the advice of the prime minister or other ministers or , in certain cases , the Parliament . The Governor - General also has a ceremonial role : hosting events at either of the two viceregal residences -- Government House in the capital , Canberra , and Admiralty House in Sydney -- and travelling throughout Australia to open conferences , attend services and commemorations , and generally provide encouragement to individuals and groups who are contributing to their communities . When travelling abroad , the Governor - General is seen as the representative of Australia , and of the Queen of Australia . The Governor - General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor - General . A Governor - General is not appointed for a specific term , but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension . Since 28 March 2014 , the Governor - General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove . From Federation in 1901 until 1965 , 11 out of the 15 Governors - General were British aristocrats ; they included four barons , three viscounts , three earls , and one royal duke . Since then , all but one of the Governors - General have been Australian - born , the exception , Ninian Stephen , arrived in Australia as a teenager . As of 2017 , only one Governor - General , Dame Quentin Bryce , has been a woman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method of appointment 2 Styles and titles of Governors - General 3 Backgrounds of Governors - General 4 Tenure 5 Constitutional role and functions 5.1 Role in Australia 's parliament 5.2 Role in executive government 5.3 Reserve powers 6 Ceremonial role 7 Official state car 8 History 9 Patronage 10 Spouse 11 List of Governors - General of Australia 12 Living former Governors - General 13 Timeline of Governors - General 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Method of appointment ( edit ) The selection of a Governor - General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia , who may consult privately with staff or colleagues , or with the monarch . The candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment . The Prime Minister then advises the monarch to appoint their nominee . This has been the procedure since November 1930 , when James Scullin 's proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government . This was not because of any lack of regard for Isaacs personally , but because the British government considered that the choice of Governors - General was , since the 1926 Imperial Conference , a matter for the monarch 's decision alone . ( However , it became very clear in a conversation between Scullin and King George V 's Private Secretary , Lord Stamfordham , on 11 November 1930 , that this was merely the official reason for the objection , with the real reason being that an Australian , no matter how highly regarded personally , was not considered appropriate to be a Governor - General . ) Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime minister 's direct advice ( the practice until 1926 was that Dominion prime ministers advised the monarch indirectly , through the British government , which effectively had a veto over any proposal it did not agree with ) . Scullin cited the precedents of the Prime Minister of South Africa , J.B.M. Hertzog , who had recently insisted on his choice of the Earl of Clarendon as Governor - General of that country , and the selection of an Irishman as Governor - General of the Irish Free State . Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections . Despite these precedents , George V remained reluctant to accept Scullin 's recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood . However , Scullin stood firm , and , on 29 November , the King agreed to Isaacs 's appointment , but made it clear that he did so only because he felt he had no option . This right to not only advise the monarch directly , but also to expect that advice to be accepted , was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers . This , among other things , led to the Statute of Westminster 1931 and to the formal separation of the Crowns of the Dominions . Now , the Queen of Australia is generally bound by constitutional convention to accept the advice of the Australian prime minister and state premiers about Australian and state constitutional matters , respectively . Having agreed to the appointment , the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance , usually several months before the end of the current Governor - General 's term . During these months , the person is referred to as the Governor - General - designate . The actual appointment is made by the monarch . After receiving his or her commission , the Governor - General takes an Oath of Allegiance to the Australian monarch , an Oath of Office , undertaking to serve Australia 's monarch `` according to law , in the office of Governor - General of the Commonwealth of Australia '' , and issues a proclamation assuming office . The oaths are usually taken in a ceremony on the floor of the Senate and are administered by the Chief Justice of Australia in the presence of the Prime Minister of Australia , the Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives , and the President of the Australian Senate . Styles and titles of Governors - General ( edit ) Governors - General have during their tenure the style His / Her Excellency the Honourable and their spouses have the style His / Her Excellency . Since May 2013 , the style used by a former Governor - General is the Honourable ; it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office . From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975 , the Governor - General was , ex officio , Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order , and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC . In 1976 , the Letters Patent for the Order were amended to introduce the rank of Knight and Dame to the Order , and from that time the Governor - General became , ex officio , the Chancellor and Principal Knight of the Order . In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again , and Governors - General appointed from that time were again , ex officio , entitled to the post-nominal AC ( although if they already held a knighthood in the Order that superior rank was retained ) . Until 1989 , all Governors - General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life . The same individuals were also usually either peers , knights , or both ( the only Australian peer to be appointed as Governor - General was the Lord Casey ; and Sir William McKell was knighted only in 1951 , some years into his term , but he was entitled to the style `` The Honourable '' during his tenure as Premier of New South Wales , an office he held until almost immediately before his appointment ) . In 1989 , Bill Hayden , a republican , declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours . From that time until 2014 , Governors - General did not receive automatic titles or honours , other than the post-nominal AC by virtue of being Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Australia . Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor - General to have had no prior title or pre-nominal style . She was in office when , on 19 March 2014 , the Queen , acting on the advice of Prime Minister Tony Abbott , amended the Letters Patent of the Order of Australia to provide , inter alia , that the Governor - General would be , ex officio , Principal Knight or Principal Dame of the Order . Until 2015 , the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor - General . Formerly , the Governor - General automatically became a knight or dame ( if he or she was not already one previously ) upon being sworn in . Backgrounds of Governors - General ( edit ) All the Governors - General until 1965 were British born , except for Australian - born Sir Isaac Isaacs ( 1931 -- 36 ) and Sir William McKell ( 1947 -- 53 ) . There have been only Australian occupants since then , although Sir Ninian Stephen ( 1982 -- 89 ) had been born in Britain . Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , was a senior member of the Royal family . Dame Quentin Bryce , Governor - General 2008 -- 2014 , was the first woman to be appointed to the office . Sir Isaac Isaacs and Sir Zelman Cowen were Jewish ; Bill Hayden is an avowed atheist and he made an affirmation rather than swear an oath at the beginning of his commission ; the remaining Governors - General have been at least nominally Christian . Various Governor - General had previously served as governors of an Australian state or colony : Lord Hopetoun ( Victoria 1889 -- 95 ) ; Lord Tennyson ( South Australia 1899 -- 1902 ) ; Lord Gowrie ( South Australia 1928 -- 34 ; and New South Wales 1935 -- 36 ) ; Major General Michael Jeffery ( Western Australia 1993 -- 2000 ) ; Dame Quentin Bryce ( Queensland 2003 -- 08 ) . Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson had been offered the governorship of South Australia in 1895 and of Victoria in 1910 , but refused both appointments . Lord Northcote was Governor of Bombay . Lord Casey was Governor of Bengal in between his periods of service to the Australian Parliament . Former leading politicians and members of the judiciary have figured prominently . Lord Dudley was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1902 -- 05 . Lord Stonehaven ( as John Baird ) was Minister for Transport in the Cabinets of Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin ; and after his return to Britain he became Chairman of the UK Conservative Party . Sir Isaac Isaacs was successively Commonwealth Attorney - General , a High Court judge , and Chief Justice . Sir William McKell was Premier of New South Wales . Lord Dunrossil ( as William Morrison ) was Speaker of the UK House of Commons . Lord De L'Isle was Secretary of State for Air in Winston Churchill 's Cabinet 1951 -- 55 . More recent Governors - General in this category include Lord Casey , Sir Paul Hasluck , Sir John Kerr , Sir Ninian Stephen , Bill Hayden and Sir William Deane . Of the ten Australians appointed governor - general since 1965 , Lord Casey , Sir Paul Hasluck and Bill Hayden were former federal parliamentarians ; Sir John Kerr was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales ; Sir Ninian Stephen and Sir William Deane were appointed from the bench of the High Court ; Sir Zelman Cowen was a vice-chancellor of the University of Queensland and constitutional lawyer ; Peter Hollingworth was the Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane ; and Major - General Michael Jeffery was a retired military officer and former Governor of Western Australia . Quentin Bryce 's appointment was announced during her term as Governor of Queensland ; she had previously been the Federal Sex Discrimination Commissioner . Significant post-retirement activities of earlier Governors - General have included : Lord Tennyson was appointed Deputy Governor of the Isle of Wight ; Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson ( by now Lord Novar ) became Secretary of State for Scotland ; and Lord Gowrie became Chairman of the Marylebone Cricket Club ( Lord Forster had also held this post , before his appointment as Governor - General ) . Tenure ( edit ) The constitution does not set a term of office , so a Governor - General may continue to hold office for any agreed length of time ; however , a typical term of office is five years . At the end of this period , a commission is occasionally extended for a short time . The salary of the Governor - General is regulated by the constitution , which fixed an annual amount of 10,000 pounds , unless the Parliament decides otherwise . The salary of the Governor - General can not be `` altered '' during his or her term of office . Under the Governor - General Act 1974 ( Cth ) , each new commission has resulted in a pay increase . Today , the law ensures the salary is higher than that for the Chief Justice of the High Court , over a five - year period . The annual salary during Michael Jeffery 's term was $365,000 . Quentin Bryce 's salary was $394,000 . The current salary is $425,000 and there is a generous pension . Until 2001 , Governors - General did not pay income tax on their salary ; this was changed after the Queen agreed to pay tax . Three Governors - General have resigned their commission . The first Governor - General , Lord Hopetoun , asked to be recalled to Britain in 1903 over a dispute about funding for the post . Sir John Kerr resigned in 1977 , with his official reason being his decision to accept the position of Australian Ambassador to UNESCO in Paris , a post which ultimately he did not take up . In 2003 , Archbishop Peter Hollingworth voluntarily stood aside while controversial allegations against him were managed , and the letters patent of the office were amended to take account of this circumstance . He later `` stepped down over the church 's handling '' of `` allegations '' of sexual abuse of boys , for which he apologised before the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in 2016 . In 1961 , Lord Dunrossil became the first and , to date , only Governor - General to die while holding office . A Governor - General may be recalled or dismissed by the monarch before their term is complete . By convention , this may only be upon advice from the prime minister , who retains responsibility for selecting an immediate replacement or letting the vacancy provisions take effect . No Australian Governor - General has ever been dismissed , and it is unclear how quickly the monarch would act on such advice . The constitutional crisis of 1975 raised the possibility of the prime minister and the Governor - General attempting to dismiss each other at the same time . According to William McMahon , Harold Holt considered having Lord Casey dismissed from the governor - generalship , and went as far as to have the necessary documents drawn up . Casey had twice called McMahon into Yarralumla to give him a `` dressing down '' over his poor relationship with Deputy Prime Minister John McEwen , which he believed was affecting the government . Holt believed that this was an improper use of his authority , but no further action was taken . A vacancy occurs on the resignation , death , or incapacity of the Governor - General . A temporary vacancy occurs when the Governor - General is overseas on official business representing Australia . A temporary vacancy also occurred in 2003 when Peter Hollingworth stood aside . Section 4 of the constitution allows the Queen to appoint an administrator to carry out the role of Governor - General when there is a vacancy . By convention , the longest - serving state governor holds a dormant commission , allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs . In 1975 , Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam advised the Queen that Sir Colin Hannah , then Governor of Queensland , should have his dormant commission revoked for having made public political statements . Constitutional role and functions ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Australian head of state dispute The Constitution of Australia , section 2 , provides : A Governor - General appointed by the Queen shall be Her Majesty 's representative in the Commonwealth , and shall have and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the Queen 's pleasure , but subject to this Constitution , such powers and functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign to him . Such further powers are currently set out in letters patent of 2008 from Queen Elizabeth II ; these contain no substantive powers , but provide for the case of a Governor - General 's absence or incapacity . The constitution also provides that the Governor - General is the monarch 's `` representative '' in exercising the executive power of the Commonwealth ( section 61 ) and as commander - in - chief of the armed forces ( section 68 ) . Australian Solicitor - General Maurice Byers stated in 1974 : `` The constitutional prescription is that executive power is exercisable by the Governor - General although vested in the Queen . What is exercisable is original executive power : that is , the very thing vested in the Queen by section 61 . And it is exercisable by the Queen 's representative , not her delegate or agent . '' The letters patent issued by Queen Victoria in 1900 creating the office of Governor - General The 1988 Constitutional Commission report explained : `` the Governor - General is in no sense a delegate of the Queen . The independence of the office is highlighted by changes which have been made in recent years to the Royal Instruments relating to it . '' The changes occurred in 1984 when Queen Victoria 's letters patent and instructions were revoked and replaced with new letters patent , on Prime Minister Bob Hawke 's advice , who stated that this would clarify the Governor - General 's position under the constitution . This remains the case even when the sovereign is in the country : Solicitor - General Kenneth Bailey , prior to the first tour of Australia by its reigning monarch in 1954 , explained the position by saying : the Constitution expressly vests in the Governor - General the power or duty to perform a number of the Crown 's functions in the Legislature and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth ... The executive power of the Commonwealth , by section 61 of the Constitution , is declared to be vested in the Queen . It is also , in the same section , declared to be `` exercisable '' by the Governor - General as the Queen 's representative . In the face of this provision , I feel it is difficult to contend that the Queen , even though present in Australia , may exercise in person functions of executive government which are specifically assigned by the constitution to the Governor - General . '' As early as 1901 , the authoritative commentary by Quick and Garran had noted that the Governor - General of Australia was distinguished from other Empire Governors - General by the fact that `` ( t ) he principal and most important of his powers and functions , legislative as well as executive , are expressly conferred on him by the terms of the Constitution itself ... not by Royal authority , but by statutory authority '' . This view was also held by Senior Judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania Andrew Inglis Clark , who , with W. Harrison Moore ( a contributor to the first draft of the constitution put before the 1897 Adelaide Convention and professor of law at the University of Melbourne ) , postulated that the letters patent and the royal instructions issued by Queen Victoria were unnecessary `` or even of doubtful legality '' . The monarch chose not to intervene during the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , in which Governor - General Sir John Kerr dismissed the Labor government of Gough Whitlam , on the basis that such a decision is a matter `` clearly placed within the jurisdiction of the Governor - General '' . Through her Private Secretary , she wrote that she `` has no part in the decisions which the Governor - General must take in accordance with the Constitution '' . In an address to the Sydney Institute , January 2007 , in connection with that event , Sir David Smith , a retired Official Secretary to the Governor - General of Australia , described the constitution as conferring the powers and functions of Australia 's head of state on the Governor - General in `` his own right '' . He stated that the Governor - General was more than a representative of the sovereign , explaining : `` under section 2 of the Constitution the Governor - General is the Queen 's representative and exercises certain royal prerogative powers and functions ; under section 61 of the Constitution the Governor - General is the holder of a quite separate and independent office created , not by the Crown , but by the Constitution , and empowered to exercise , in his own right as Governor - General ... all the powers and functions of Australia 's head of state . '' Role in Australia 's Parliament ( edit ) The constitution describes the parliament of the commonwealth as consisting of the Queen , the Senate and the House of Representatives . Section 5 states that `` the Governor - General may appoint such times for holding the sessions of the Parliament ... prorogue the Parliament ( and ) dissolve the House of Representatives . '' These provisions make it clear that the Queen 's role in the parliament is in name only and the actual responsibility belongs to the Governor - General . Such decisions are usually taken on the advice of the prime minister , although that is not stated in the constitution . The Governor - General has a ceremonial role in swearing in and accepting the resignations of Members of Parliament . They appoint a deputy , to whom members make an oath of allegiance before they take their seats . On the day parliament opens , the Governor - General makes a speech , entirely written by the government , explaining the government 's proposed legislative program . The most important power is found in section 58 : `` When a proposed law passed by both Houses of Parliament is presented to the Governor - General for the Queen 's assent , he shall declare ... that he assents in the Queen 's name . '' The Royal Assent brings such laws into effect , as legislation , from the date of signing . Sections 58 to 60 allow the Governor - General to withhold assent , suggest changes , refer to the Queen or proclaim that the Queen has annulled the legislation . A number of Governors - General have reserved Royal Assent for particular legislation for the Queen . Such assent has usually been given during a scheduled visit to Australia by the Queen . On other occasions Royal Assent has been given elsewhere . Examples of this have been the Flags Act ( 1953 ) , the Royal Styles and Titles Acts ( 1953 and 1973 ) , and the Australia Act ( 1986 ) . Role in executive government ( edit ) At the start of Chapter 2 on executive government , the constitution says `` The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor - General as the Queen 's representative '' . The Governor - General presides over a Federal Executive Council . By convention , the prime minister is appointed to this council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries . In the constitution , the words `` Governor - General - in - council '' mean the Governor - General acting with the advice of the Council . Powers exercised in council , which are not reserve powers , include : establishing government departments appointing federal judges , and appointing ambassadors and high commissioners . All such actions are taken on the advice of ministers . Section 68 , says `` command - in - chief of naval and military forces ... is vested in the Governor - General as the Queen 's representative '' . In practice , that role is ceremonial , with actual authority in the hands of the Defence Minister and the Chief of the Defence Force ( CDF ) . In an administrative sense , the office of Governor - General is regulated by the Governor - General Act 1974 . Reserve powers ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the reserve powers of the monarch ( which are typically referred to as the `` royal prerogative '' ) are not explicitly stated in constitutional enactments , and are the province of convention and common law . In Australia , however , the powers are explicitly given to the Governor - General in the constitution ; it is their use that is the subject of convention . The reserve powers are : The power to dissolve ( or refuse to dissolve ) the House of Representatives . ( Section 5 of the constitution ) The power to dissolve Parliament on the occasion of a deadlock . ( Section 57 ) The power to withhold assent to Bills . ( Section 58 ) The power to appoint ( or dismiss ) Ministers . ( Section 64 ) Those powers are generally and routinely exercised on ministerial advice , but the Governor - General retains the ability to act independently in certain circumstances , as governed by convention . It is generally held that the Governor - General may use powers without ministerial advice in the following situations : if an election results in a parliament in which no party has a majority , the Governor - General may select the prime minister if a prime minister loses the support of the House of Representatives , the Governor - General may appoint a new prime minister if a prime minister advises a dissolution of the House of Representatives , the Governor - General may refuse that request , or request further reasons why it should be granted . It is worth noting that convention does not give the Governor - General the ability to dissolve either the House of Representatives or the Senate without advice . The use of the reserve powers may arise in the following circumstances : if a prime minister advises a dissolution of Parliament on the occasion of a deadlock between the Houses , the Governor - General may refuse that request if the Governor - General is not satisfied with a legislative Bill as presented , they may refuse Royal Assent if a prime minister resigns after losing a vote of confidence , the Governor - General may select a new replacement contrary to the advice of the outgoing prime minister if a prime minister is unable to obtain Supply and refuses to resign or advise a dissolution , the Governor - General may dismiss him or her and appoint a new prime minister . The above is not an exhaustive list , and new situations may arise . The most notable use of the reserve powers occurred in November 1975 , in the course of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis . On this occasion the Governor - General , Sir John Kerr , dismissed the government of Gough Whitlam when the Senate withheld Supply to the government , even though Whitlam retained the confidence of the House of Representatives . Kerr determined that he had both the right and the duty to dismiss the government and commission a new government that would recommend a dissolution of the Parliament . Events surrounding the dismissal remain extremely controversial . Ceremonial role ( edit ) Viscount Dunrossil , 14th Governor - General of Australia ( 1960 -- 61 ) , in his court uniform , with his vice-regal consort , Viscountess Dunrossil . In addition to the formal constitutional role , the Governor - General has a representative and ceremonial role , though the extent and nature of that role has depended on the expectations of the time , the individual in office at the time , the wishes of the incumbent government , and the individual 's reputation in the wider community . Governors - General generally become patrons of various charitable institutions , present honours and awards , host functions for various groups of people including ambassadors to and from other countries , and travel widely throughout Australia . Sir William Deane ( Governor - General 1996 -- 2001 ) described one of his functions as being `` Chief Mourner '' at prominent funerals . In Commentaries on the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia , Garran noted that , since the Australian executive is national in nature ( being dependent on the nationally elected House of Representatives , rather than the Senate ) , `` the Governor - General , as the official head of the Executive , does not in the smallest degree represent any federal element ; if he represents anything he is the image and embodiment of national unity and the outward and visible representation of the Imperial relationship of the Commonwealth '' . Flag of the Governor - General of Australia since 1936 That role can become controversial , however , if the Governor - General becomes unpopular with sections of the community . The public role adopted by Sir John Kerr was curtailed considerably after the constitutional crisis of 1975 ; Sir William Deane 's public statements on political issues produced some hostility towards him ; and some charities disassociated themselves from Peter Hollingworth after the issue of his management of sex abuse cases during his time as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane became a matter of controversy . At one time , Governors - General wore the traditional court uniform , consisting of a dark navy wool double - breasted coatee with silver oak leaf and fern embroidery on the collar and cuffs trimmed with silver buttons embossed with the Royal Arms and with bullion edged epaulettes on the shoulders , dark navy trousers with a wide band of silver oak - leaf braid down the outside seam , silver sword belt with ceremonial sword , bicorne cocked hat with plume of ostrich feathers , black patent leather Wellington boots with spurs , etc. , that is worn on ceremonial occasions . There is also a tropical version made of white tropical wool cut in a typical military fashion worn with a plumed helmet . However , that custom fell into disuse during the tenure of Sir Paul Hasluck . The Governor - General now wears an ordinary lounge suit if a man or day dress if a woman . Official state car ( edit ) 1970 Rolls - Royce Phantom VI limousine , the official car used on ceremonial occasions to transport the Governor - General of Australia and visiting heads of state . Governor - General 's Holden WM Caprice with St. Edward 's Crown on the number plate The Governor - General travels in a Rolls - Royce Phantom VI limousine for ceremonial occasions , such as the State Opening of Parliament . They more commonly use Australian - built luxury cars when on official business . The official cars of the Governor - General fly the Flag of the Governor - General of Australia and display St. Edward 's Crown instead of number plates . A similar arrangement is used for the governors of the six states . When the Queen is in Australia , the Queen 's Personal Australian Flag is flown on the car in which she is travelling . During the Queen 's 2011 visit to Australia , she and the Duke of Edinburgh were driven in a Range Rover Vogue . History ( edit ) The Earl of Hopetoun , the first Governor - General , 1901 -- 1903 Sir Isaac Isaacs , the first Australian - born Governor - General , 1931 -- 1936 The office of Governor - General was previously used during the mid-19th century in Australia . Sir Charles FitzRoy ( Governor of New South Wales from 1846 -- 1855 ) and Sir William Denison ( Governor of New South Wales from 1855 -- 1861 ) also carried the additional title of Governor - General because their jurisdiction extended to other colonies in Australia . The office of Governor - General for the Commonwealth of Australia was conceived during the debates and conventions leading up to federation . The first Governor - General , the Earl of Hopetoun , was a previous Governor of Victoria . He was appointed in July 1900 , returning to Australia shortly before the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901 . After the initial confusion of the Hopetoun Blunder , he appointed the first Prime Minister of Australia , Edmund Barton , to a caretaker government , with the inaugural 1901 federal election not occurring until March . Early Governors - General were British and were appointed by the Queen or King on the recommendation of the Colonial Office . The Australian Government was merely asked , as a matter of courtesy , whether they approved of the choice or not . Governors - General were expected to exercise a supervisory role over the Australian Government in the manner of a colonial governor . In a very real sense , they represented the British Government . They had the right to `` reserve '' legislation passed by the Parliament of Australia : in other words , to ask the Colonial Office in London for an opinion before giving the royal assent . They exercised this power several times . The Queen ( that is , the UK monarch acting upon advice of the British Government ) could also disallow any Australian legislation up to a year after the Governor - General had given it the assent ; although this power has never been used . These powers remain in the constitution , but today are regarded as dead letters . The early Governors - General frequently sought advice on the exercise of their powers from two judges of the High Court of Australia , Sir Samuel Griffith and Sir Edmund Barton . That practice has continued from time to time . During the 1920s , the importance of the position declined . As a result of decisions made at the 1926 Imperial Conference , the Governor - General ceased to represent the British Government diplomatically , and the British right of supervision over Australian affairs was abolished . As the Balfour Declaration of 1926 , later implemented as the Statute of Westminster 1931 , put it : It is desirable formally to place on record a definition of the position held by the Governor - General as His Majesty 's representative in the Dominions . That position , though now generally well recognised , undoubtedly represents a development from an earlier stage when the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice of His Majesty 's Ministers in London and acted also as their representative . In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor - General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown , holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain , and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty 's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government . However , it remained unclear just whose prerogative it now became to decide who new Governors - General would be . In 1930 , King George V and the Australian Prime Minister James Scullin discussed the appointment of a new Governor - General to replace Lord Stonehaven , whose term was coming to an end . The King maintained that it was now his sole prerogative to choose a Governor - General , and he wanted Field - Marshal Sir William Birdwood for the Australian post . Scullin recommended the Australian jurist Sir Isaac Isaacs , and he insisted that George V act on the advice of his Australian prime minister in this matter . Scullin was partially influenced by the precedent set by the Government of the Irish Free State , which always insisted upon having an Irishman as the Governor - General of the Irish Free State . The King approved Scullin 's choice , albeit with some displeasure . The usual wording of official announcements of this nature read `` The King has been pleased to appoint ... '' , but on this occasion the announcement said merely `` The King has appointed ... '' , and his Private Secretary ( Lord Stamfordham ) asked the Solicitor - General , Sir Robert Garran , to make sure Scullin was aware of the exact wording . The opposition Nationalist Party of Australia denounced the appointment as `` practically republican '' , but Scullin had set a precedent . The convention gradually became established throughout the Commonwealth that the Governor - General is a citizen of the country concerned , and is appointed on the advice of the government of that country . In 1931 , the transformation was concluded with the appointment of the first Australian Governor - General , Isaacs , and the first British Representative in Australia , Ernest Crutchley. 1935 saw the appointment of the first British High Commissioner to Australia , Geoffrey Whiskard ( in office 1936 -- 1941 ) . After Scullin 's defeat in 1931 , non-Labor governments continued to recommend British people for appointment as Governor - General , but such appointments remained solely a matter between the Australian government and the monarch . In 1947 , Labor appointed a second Australian Governor - General , William McKell , who was in office as the Labor Premier of New South Wales . The then Leader of the Opposition , Robert Menzies , called McKell 's appointment `` shocking and humiliating '' . In 1965 the Menzies conservative government appointed an Australian , Lord Casey , and thereafter only Australians have held the position . Suggestions during the early 1980s that the Prince of Wales might become the Governor - General came to nothing due to the prospective constitutional difficulty that might ensue if Prince Charles became King . In 2007 media outlets reported that Prince William might become Governor - General of Australia . Both the Prime Minister , John Howard , and Clarence House repudiated the suggestion . Patronage ( edit ) The Governor - General is generally invited to become Patron of various charitable and service organisations . Historically the Governor - General has also served as Chief Scout of Australia . The Chief Scout is nominated by the Scouting Association 's National Executive Committee and is invited by the President of the Scout Association to accept the appointment . Bill Hayden declined the office on the grounds of his atheism , which was incompatible with the Scout Promise . He did however serve as the Association 's Patron during his term of office . Spouse ( edit ) Main article : Spouse of the Governor - General of Australia Spouses of Governors - General have no official duties but carry out the role of a Vice-Regal consort . They are entitled to the courtesy style Her Excellency or His Excellency during the office - holder 's term of office . Most spouses of Governors - General have been content to be quietly supportive . Some , however , have been notable in their own right , such as Dame Alexandra Hasluck , Lady Casey and Michael Bryce . List of Governors - General of Australia ( edit ) Main article : List of Governors - General of Australia Living former Governors - General ( edit ) As of October 2017 there are five living former Governors - General of Australia . The most recently deceased Governor - General , Sir Ninian Stephen ( 1982 -- 1989 ) , died on 29 October 2017 . Name Term of office Date of birth Bill Hayden 1989 -- 1996 ( 1933 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1933 ( age 85 ) Sir William Deane 1996 -- 2001 ( 1931 - 01 - 04 ) 4 January 1931 ( age 87 ) Peter Hollingworth 2001 -- 2003 ( 1935 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1935 ( age 83 ) Michael Jeffery 2003 -- 2008 ( 1937 - 12 - 12 ) 12 December 1937 ( age 80 ) Dame Quentin Bryce 2008 -- 2014 ( 1942 - 12 - 23 ) 23 December 1942 ( age 75 ) Timeline of Governors - General ( edit ) See also ( edit ) History of Australia Constitutional history of Australia Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia Governors of the Australian states British Empire Royal Australian Air Force VIP aircraft Governor - general ( links to other countries which have Governors - General ) Australian VIP transport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Governor - General Retrieved 21 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Governor - General of the Commonwealth of Australia -- official website Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution sections 2 , 61 and 68 . ^ Jump up to : Official website -- the Governor - General 's role Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Governor - General Quentin Bryce backs gay marriage , Australia becoming a republic in Boyer Lecture '' . ABC News . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Gavin Souter , Acts of Parliament , pp. 266 -- 269 Jump up ^ The title ' the Honourable ' for Governors - General , Australian Government Special Gazette S No. 54 of 2013 . Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's media release `` A New Honour for Pre-eminent Australians '' , 25 March 2014 Archived 25 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2 May 2014 Jump up ^ Constitution section 3 . ^ Jump up to : Herald Sun , 18 June 2008 , Governor - General Quentin Bryce to get pay rise Jump up ^ Governor - General Act 1974 ( Cth ) , sections 3 and 4 ; the pension is 60 % of the salary of the Chief Justice at the end of the Governor - General 's term . Jump up ^ `` Former Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane Apologizes . '' Retrieved 21 June 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` McMahon ' in Casey row ' '' . The Canberra Times . 4 April 1988 . Jump up ^ Constitution section 4 . Jump up ^ Constitution , section 2 . Jump up ^ Letters Patent , 21 August 2008 . They also provide for appointment of a deputy , although this has never been done . Jump up ^ Constitution , sections 61 and 68 . ^ Jump up to : A Mate for Head of State Jump up ^ http://www.samuelgriffith.org.au/papers/html/volume8/v8chap8.htm Jump up ^ Office of Governor - General of the Commonwealth of Australia -- Principal -- Letters Patent -- 21 August 1984 , Prerogative Instrument -- C2004Q00670 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ David Smith , The Role of the Governor - General Jump up ^ Statement by the Prime Minister to the House of Representatives , Parliamentary Debates , Vol . H of R. 138 , 24 August 1984 , p. 380 . The Prime Minister tabled a copy of the amended Letters Patent relating to the office of Governor - General , together with the text of a statement relating to the document , but for some unknown reason he did not read the statement to the House , nor did he seek leave to have it incorporated in Hansard . The statement was later issued by the Prime Minister 's Press Office. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Quick , John ; Garran , Robert Randolph ( 1901 ) . The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth . Sydney : Angus & Robertson . p 390 . Jump up ^ `` The Governor - General is our Head of State '' Jump up ^ `` House of Representatives Practice ( 5th Edition ) '' . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal prerogative '' . A Dictionary of British History , online edition . Oxford University Press . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maer , Lucinda ; Oonagh , Gay ( 30 December 2009 ) . `` The Royal Prerogative '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Sir Garfield Barwick ( 17 -- 19 November 1995 ) . `` A View of the External Affairs Power '' . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ p700 Jump up ^ Dress worn at His Majesty 's court : issued with the authority of the Lord Chamberlain ( 1912 ) , pp. 49 , 50 Jump up ^ `` USRS Australia : Blog for the U.S. Mission to Australia '' . Usrsaustralia.state.gov . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2004 . Retrieved 19 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Constitution section 58 . Jump up ^ Constitution section 59 . Jump up ^ Donald Markwell , `` Griffith , Barton and the Early Governor - Generals : Aspects of Australia 's Constitutional Development '' ( 1999 ) 10 Public Law Review 280 . Jump up ^ Gavin Souter , Acts of Parliament , p. 269 Jump up ^ Lamont , Leonie ( 11 March 2004 ) . `` Signposts '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 37 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Squires , Nick ( 30 June 2007 ) . `` Australians reject role for Prince William '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Andrew ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` Prince William and Prince Harry : A firm foundation for the brothers in arms '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Scout '' . Scouts Australia . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brief Comments '' . On Target from Australia . Australian League of Rights . 25 ( 13 ) . 14 April 1989 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Cowen , Sir Zelman ( 2006 ) . A Public Life : The Memoirs of Zelman Cowen . Melbourne : Miegunyah Press . Cunneen , Christopher ( 1983 ) . King 's Men : Australia 's Governors - General from Hopetoun to Isaacs . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 86861 - 238 - 3 . Gerangelos , George A. , ed. ( 2013 ) . Winterton 's Australian Federal Constitutional Law ( 3 ed . ) . Pyrmont , NSW : Thomson Reuters . ISBN 978 - 0 - 45523 - 041 - 2 . Hayden , Bill ( 1996 ) . Hayden : an Autobiography . Pymble , NSW : Angus & Robertson . ISBN 0 - 207 - 18769 - X . ( pp 515 , 519 , 548 ) Markwell , Donald ( 1999 ) . `` Griffith , Barton and the Early Governor - Generals : Aspects of Australia 's Constitutional Development '' . Public Law Review . 10 : 280 . Markwell , Donald ( 2016 ) . Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State : Australian Experience . Connor Court . ISBN 9781925501155 . Williams , George ; Brennan , Sean ; Lynch , Andrew ( 2014 ) . Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory ( 6 ed . ) . Annandale , NSW : Federation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 918 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of Australia . `` The Office of the Governor - General '' . Official website . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . `` Governors - General '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . `` Letters Patent , 21 August 1984 '' . Federal Register of Legislation . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . `` Governor - General Act 1974 ( Cth ) '' . Federal Register of Legislation . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . `` The Constitution ( full text download ) '' . Federal Register of Legislation . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . `` The Constitution as in force on 1 June 2003 together with proclamation declaring the establishment of the Commonwealth , letters patent relating to the Office of Governor - General , Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 , Australia Act 1986 . '' A Mirror to the People a 58 - minute documentary film on the Office of Governor - General of Australia 1999 . Dir : Daryl Dellora . Features Sir William Deane , Sir Zelman Cowen , Sir Ninian Stephen . Special Commendation ATOM Awards . Governors - General of Australia Hopetoun Tennyson Northcote Dudley Denman Munro Ferguson Forster Stonehaven Isaacs Gowrie Gloucester McKell Slim Dunrossil De L'Isle Casey Hasluck Kerr Cowen Stephen Hayden Deane Hollingworth Jeffery Bryce Cosgrove Parliament of Australia Components Queen ( represented by the Governor - General ) Senate House of Representatives Parliamentary officers Senate President of the Senate Clerk Leader of the Government in the Senate Manager of Government Business Leader of the Opposition in the Senate Manager of Opposition Business Whips ( list ) House of Representatives Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives Clerk Prime Minister Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Manager of Opposition Business Whips ( list ) Members Served in both houses Represented multiple states 30 + years Father of the Parliament Senate Current ( previous ) Appointees Women Father of the Senate House of Representatives Current ( previous ) Women Father of the House Parliaments Chronology of Australian federal parliaments 44th 45th Parliament of Australia Procedure Speech from the throne Joint meetings Question time Matter of public importance Readings of bills Queen 's Consent Royal assent List of Acts of the Parliament of Australia Committees : Senate House of Reps Elections Last Next List Double dissolution Senate : Single transferable vote House of Representatives : Instant - runoff voting Two - party - preferred vote Divisions By - elections Caretaker government Court of Disputed Returns Locations Parliament House , Melbourne Old Parliament House Parliament House , Canberra Politics of Australia Commonwealth Monarch Governor - General Prime Minister Cabinet ( Shadow Cabinet ) Executive Council Ministry Foreign relations Parliament House of Representatives Senate Opposition Leader High Court Lower courts Constitution Statute of Westminster Australia Act Federal elections pre-1969 1969 1972 1977 1980 1984 1998 2007 2013 2016 next by - elections State / Territory governments Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT State / Territory elections Vic 2014 NSW 2015 ACT 2016 NT 2016 WA 2017 Qld 2017 Tas 2018 SA 2018 Vic 2018 NSW 2019 ACT 2020 NT 2020 WA 2021 Qld 2020 Tas 2022 SA 2022 Timeline of Elections Amalgamated Timeline Local government NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Political parties Coalition ( Liberal , National , Liberal National , Country Liberal ) Conservatives Greens Hinch Katter Labor Liberal Democrat One Nation Xenophon Other parties Political terminology Bjelkemander Branch stacking Casual vacancies Caucus revolt Champagne socialist Contempt of Parliament Despatch box Donkey vote Dorothy Dixer Double dissolution Faceless men Group voting ticket Hardworking families How - to - vote card Independent politicians Kirribilli agreement Langer vote Leadership spill Mortgage belt Nationalism Parliamentary secretary Responsible government Stolen Generations Working family Worm Constitution of Australia Chapters I : The Parliament II : The Executive III : Courts IV : Finance and Trade V : The States VI : New States VII : Miscellaneous VIII : Amendments Sections 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 51 Powers of interstate trade and commerce taxation communication defence quarantine fisheries currency banking insurance copyrights , patents and trademarks naturalization and aliens corporations marriage divorce pensions social security race immigration external affairs Pacific islands acquisition of property conciliation and arbitration transition referral incident Amendments Category : Amendments to the Constitution of Australia Referendums Other documents Statute of Westminster 1931 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 Australia Act 1986 Australian Constitution ( Public Record Copy ) Act 1990 Institutions Constitutional Conventions ( 1998 ) Governor - General Monarchy Parliament High Court Inter-State Commission Theories and doctrines Responsible government Separation of powers Federalism Reserved powers doctrine Implied immunity of instrumentalities Other topics Australian constitutional law Constitutional convention Reserve power Constitutional history of Australia 1975 Australian constitutional crisis 2017 -- 18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis List of proposed states of Australia Republicanism in Australia Commerce clause Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and Territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - 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-5681691406481683053	In the Heart of the Sea (film)	In the Heart of the Sea ( film ) - Wikipedia In the Heart of the Sea ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search In the Heart of the Sea Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Brian Grazer Ron Howard Will Ward Joe Roth Paula Weinstein Screenplay by Charles Leavitt Story by Charles Leavitt Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on In the Heart of the Sea by Nathaniel Philbrick Starring Chris Hemsworth Benjamin Walker Cillian Murphy Tom Holland Ben Whishaw Brendan Gleeson Music by Roque Baños Cinematography Anthony Dod Mantle Edited by Dan Hanley Mike Hill Production companies Village Roadshow Pictures RatPac - Dune Entertainment COTT Productions Enelmar Productions A.I.E. Roth Films Spring Creek Pictures Imagine Entertainment Kia Jam Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) ( New York City ) December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Spain Language English Budget $100 million Box office $93.9 million In the Heart of the Sea is a 2015 adventure - drama film directed and produced by Ron Howard and written by Charles Leavitt . It is based on Nathaniel Philbrick 's non-fiction book of the same name , about the sinking of the American whaling ship Essex in 1820 , an event that inspired the novel Moby - Dick . An international co-production between the United States and Spain . The film stars Chris Hemsworth , Benjamin Walker , Cillian Murphy , Tom Holland , Ben Whishaw and Brendan Gleeson . The film premiered in New York City on December 7 , 2015 and was released in cinemas in the United States on December 11 , 2015 by Warner Bros. Pictures . In the Heart of the Sea received mixed reviews from critics , and grossed $93 million against a $100 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1850 , author Herman Melville visits innkeeper Thomas Nickerson , the last survivor of the sinking of the whaleship Essex , offering money in return for his story . Nickerson initially refuses , but finally agrees when his wife intervenes . The story turns to 1820 : a whaling company in Nantucket has refitted the Essex to participate in the lucrative whale oil trade , and 14 - year - old Nickerson signs on as a cabin boy . The owners hire veteran whaler Owen Chase as first mate , though he is disappointed not to receive a captain 's commission . The captain is George Pollard , an inexperienced mariner from an established whaling family who envies Chase 's skill and popularity . Chase and Pollard clash , leading Pollard to sail into a storm against Chase 's advice . The two agree to put their differences aside , rather than risking their reputations by returning to port without profit , and soon , the crew kills their first bull sperm whale . Three months pass with no further successes , and Pollard realizes that the Atlantic Ocean holds no sighting of whales . The Essex sails past Cape Horn to the Pacific , hoping for better luck in catching one . In Atacames , Ecuador , the officers meet a Spanish captain who tells them his crew found the bountiful `` Offshore Grounds '' 2,000 miles to the west , but claims that a vengeful `` white whale '' destroyed his ship , killing six of his men . Denying the story as a myth , Pollard and Chase lead the expedition west . They find the undisturbed grounds , but when they launch the whaling boats , the white whale , a massive albino bull sperm whale attacks , damaging the boats and turning on the ship . Chase harpoons it from the Essex 's deck , but the whale staves the ship in half , killing two men . The crew abandons the sinking Essex in the three intact whaling boats , and must sail hundreds of miles to shore with very limited supplies . The whale follows and attacks again , but they escape to the tiny Henderson Island . While gathering food , Chase discovers the corpses of earlier castaways , and concludes that the crew will soon die on the island before another ship passes by . Four men decide to stay , while the rest set sail again on the boats with hopes to find land . Soon after , one of the men dies , and the remaining crew reluctantly decide to cannibalize him . The older Nickerson is overcome by emotion and stops his story ; however , when his wife comforts him , he feels encouraged enough to finish . Back in the 1820s , the three boats separate and one is lost . The other two further resort to cannibalism to survive , with Pollard 's cousin Henry Coffin sacrificing himself . The whale returns , and Chase gets into position for a final attack . The whale breaches for a moment , allowing Chase to observe a portion of his previously thrown harpoon still embedded in the whale 's skull . Chase hesitates , and stares into the whale 's left eye . He decides not to attack . Following this encounter , the whale swims away peacefully , and is never seen again . A passing ship rescues Pollard 's boat , but Chase 's boat continues to drift with no food or water . Finally , with the survivors on the verge of death , they reach land . The survivors return to Nantucket and finally reunite with their distraught families . The ship 's owners ask Pollard and Chase to cover up the story to protect the industry , but after Chase refuses to go along , Pollard reveals the truth in the inquiry . Nickerson relates that Chase continued sailing the seas and became a merchant captain , while Pollard led another expedition to kill the whale , but the ship wrecked and he was forced to retire . Melville departs , to compose his novel , Moby - Dick , beginning by writing its first line : `` Call me Ishmael '' . Cast ( edit ) Chris Hemsworth as Owen Chase , the first mate Benjamin Walker as Captain George Pollard Jr . Cillian Murphy as Matthew Joy , the second mate Tom Holland as young Thomas Nickerson , the cabin boy Brendan Gleeson as old Thomas Nickerson Ben Whishaw as Herman Melville Michelle Fairley as Mrs. Nickerson Gary Beadle as William Bond Frank Dillane as Henry Coffin Edward Ashley as Barzallai Ray Charlotte Riley as Peggy Gardner Chase Donald Sumpter as Paul Macy Brooke Dimmock as Phoebe Chase Jamie Sives as Isaac Cole Joseph Mawle as Benjamin Lawrence Paul Anderson as Caleb Chappel Luca Tosi as William Wright Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Chris Hemsworth was cast to play the lead , Owen Chase , in June 2012 . Tom Holland won the role of young Nickerson in April 2013 . Cillian Murphy signed on as Matthew Joy in June . Before Benjamin Walker was set to play the Captain , other actors that were considered included Benedict Cumberbatch , Tom Hiddleston , and Henry Cavill . The film was in development back in 2000 , with Barry Levinson set to direct for Miramax Films . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in September 2013 in London and at Leavesden Studios in Hertfordshire , England . It was also shot on location on the island of La Gomera ( plus some scenes on Lanzarote ) in the Canary Islands , Spain . For the storm scenes , the production team built a water tank at Leavesden Studios , where a deck was built on top of a gimbal to mimic the pitch of a storm . To get the right effect , 500 gallons of icy water were poured from cannons . During one point of filming , the cast and crew were forced to retreat to their hotel by a storm off the Canary Islands , which turned into a rare flash flood . The production shut down for a day and a half , expanding the shoot to 73 days , exactly as filmmakers expected . In an interview with Jimmy Kimmel , Hemsworth stated that to prepare for the role of starving sailors , the cast were on a diet of 500 -- 600 calories a day to lose weight . Hemsworth also had to drop his weight from 215 to 175 pounds to play Owen , saying that In the Heart of the Sea is `` physically and emotionally the hardest movie that I 've been a part of ... Losing the weight to this length , I just never want to do it again , but it had such an emotional effect on us ... in some small way , we felt like we were doing what these men went through justice . '' Music ( edit ) Roque Baños composed the film score . Release ( edit ) For its release in the United States and Canada , the film was originally scheduled for March 13 , 2015 , but was later pushed back to December 11 , in order to convert the film into 3D , as well as giving it higher chances of being an awards season contender . Internationally , Warner Bros. decided to open the film early overseas -- a week before its United States December 11 opening -- to avoid competition with Star Wars : The Force Awakens , which began its theatrical overseas from December 16 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in North America . Home media ( edit ) In the Heart of the Sea was released on DVD , Blu - ray & Blu - ray 3D on March 8 , 2016 . It was released on 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray on May 17 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In the Heart of the Sea was one of two flops released by Warner Bros in 2015 , the other being Pan . It grossed $25 million in North America and $68.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $93.9 million , against a production budget of $100 million . In the United States and Canada , the film opened on December 11 , 2015 in 3,103 theaters , including a number of 3D and IMAX theaters . Box Office Mojo projected an opening weekend gross of $18 million , noting that the film 's only competition was with the holdover of The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( in its fourth weekend of play ) . The film earned $3.8 million on its opening day , including $575,000 from its early Thursday night showings . In its opening weekend , it earned $11.1 million , finishing below expectations and narrowly losing to Mockingjay -- Part 2 , which earned $11.4 million . Many box office analysts said the low opening was because audiences ' enthusiasm was focused on the arrival of Star Wars : The Force Awakens the following week . Regarding the film 's disappointing opening , Jeff Goldstein , Warner Bros. distribution executive vice president said , `` We stand behind Ron and his vision for the story , we believe in him . He 's a terrific filmmaker . But some movies work and unfortunately some movies do n't . '' In its third weekend the film was pulled from 72.3 % of theaters ( 3,103 to 685 ) , the 4th biggest drop in history at the time . In the Heart of the Sea was released internationally a week prior to its United States opening in 38 markets and grossed a total of $18.5 million with 3.3 million admissions on over 9,500 screens . 50 % of the plays were in 3D with 156 IMAX theaters which accounted for 7 % of the total opening . It went No. 1 in Russia and the CIS ( $2 million ) , Italy ( $1.7 million ) and several other Asian markets such as Thailand and Taiwan and No. 2 in South Korea with $2.6 million , behind local hit Inside Men , Mexico with $1.9 million , behind The Good Dinosaur and Brazil with $1.3 million , behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 42 % based on 214 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The admirably old - fashioned In the Heart of the Sea boasts thoughtful storytelling to match its visual panache , even if it ca n't claim the depth or epic sweep to which it so clearly aspires . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic gives it an average score of 47 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore reports that mainstream audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominees Result 2015 Heartland Film Truly Moving Picture Award Ron Howard , Imagine Entertainment , Warner Bros. Pictures Won 2016 15th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Jody Johnson , Leslie Lerman , Sean Stranks , Bryan Hirota , Mark Holt Nominated 37th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor ( 14 - 21 ) Tom Holland Nominated 18th Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action In the Heart of the Sea Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Action Chris Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Action Charlotte Riley Nominated See also ( edit ) Adaptations of Moby - Dick Ann Alexander , a ship sunk by a whale on August 20 , 1851 The Whale , a 2013 BBC One television film which depicted the same events Into the Deep : America , Whaling & the World , a 2010 documentary that appeared on the American Experience television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IN THE HEART OF THE SEA ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` In the Heart of the Sea '' . Variety . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , Julie ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Cillian Murphy 's ' Peaky Blinders ' Renewed for a Second Season '' . The Irish Film & Television Network . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' Adds Charlotte Riley ; Cheyenne Jackson To Sing ' The Song ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1390411/ Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Boards Whale Of A Tale ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' ; Will DreamWorks Bite ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Ron Howard Whaling Tale ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' Casts Tom Holland '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Ben Walker in Talks for ' The Heart of the Sea ' with Chris Hemsworth '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth To Topline Maritime Adventure ' In The Heart Of The Sea , ' DreamWorks Circling '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard starts shooting ' Heart of the Sea ' in the U.K. '' . United Press International . 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Alex ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth on Rush , Thor and being a God '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Ron Howard 's Heart of the Sea '' . ComingSoon.net. 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ethan Sacks ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' In the Heart of the Sea ' was an ordeal to make '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steve Knopper ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` How ' In the Heart of the Sea ' Tamed the Elements '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth / Jane 's Addiction ; Episode # 11.69 '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . 4 November 2013 . ABC . Jimmy : You 're on some crazy diet right now I heard because of this movie you 're shooting . Chris : ... and we have to get rather skinny , we 're on about 500 or 600 calories a day Jump up ^ `` In The Heart Of The Sea Score '' . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Warner Bros. Delays Chris Hemsworth - Led In the Heart of the Sea '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' In the Heart of the Sea ' Hits Stormy Waters With $17.1 M Foreign Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Time Warner Reports Mixed Quarterly Results Due to Movie Flops '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' In the Heart of the Sea ' Goes Hunting for # 1 Before ' Star Wars ' Arrives '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' Drowns With $3.78 M Friday , ' The Big Short ' Hits Jackpot '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : Ron Howard 's ' Heart of the Sea ' Capsizes With $11 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mikael Wood ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Box office : ' In the Heart of the Sea ' could be sunk by ' Mockingjay ' ( and ' Star Wars ' ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' In the Heart of the Sea ' Flops With $11 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Theater Drops '' . Box Office Mojo . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Holdovers Top Chart ; ' Heart Of The Sea ' , ' Point Break ' See Small Swells -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In the Heart of the Sea reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In the Heart of the Sea reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katniss & Ron Howard 's Whale In A Staring Contest For No. 1 '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ ' Star Wars , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Peanuts Movie ' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website In the Heart of the Sea at AllMovie In the Heart of the Sea on IMDb In the Heart of the Sea at Metacritic In the Heart of the Sea at Box Office Mojo In the Heart of the Sea at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Ron Howard Grand Theft Auto ( 1977 ) Cotton Candy ( 1978 ) Skyward ( 1980 ) Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Cocoon ( 1985 ) Gung Ho ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Backdraft ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) EDtv ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Made in America ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) The Beatles : Eight Days a Week ( 2016 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . 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Edgar Tower Heist Katy Perry : Part of Me Rush In the Heart of the Sea Inferno Lowriders American Made TV series created Shadow Chasers Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) Characters Captain Ahab Ishmael Moby Dick Queequeg Father Mapple Ships Pequod Special subjects Cetology Fast - Fish and Loose - Fish Adaptations Film The Sea Beast ( 1926 ) Moby Dick ( 1930 ) Moby Dick ( 1956 ) Moby Dick ( 1971 ) Moby Dick ( 1978 ) Moby Dick ( 2010 ) Television Hakugei : Legend of the Moby Dick ( 1997 ) Moby Dick ( 1998 ) Moby Dick ( 2011 ) Stage Moby Dick -- Rehearsed ( 1955 ) Moby Dick ( 1990 musical ) Moby - Dick ( 2010 opera ) Other Age of the Dragons The Call of the Wretched Sea Capitaine Achab Dopey Dick the Pink Whale Dicky Moe Leviathan `` Möbius Dick '' Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor Railsea Related Moby Dick Coin Essex ( whaleship ) In the Heart of the Sea ( book ) In the Heart of the Sea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea_(film)&oldid=806717617 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2015 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s disaster films 2010s drama films American 3D films American adventure drama films American drama films American films American survival films Disaster films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events Films about death Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents Films about whales Films about whaling Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Ron Howard Films produced by Joe Roth Films set in Massachusetts Films set in the 1820s Films set in the Pacific Ocean Films shot in the Canary Islands IMAX films Imagine Entertainment films Seafaring films Spanish 3D films Spanish disaster films Spanish drama films Spanish films Village Roadshow Pictures films Films based on Moby - Dick Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 18 : 46 . 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4964713894097321427	Stolen Generations	Stolen Generations - Wikipedia Stolen Generations `` Stolen Children '' redirects here . For the film , see The Stolen Children . A portrayal entitled The Taking of the Children on the 1999 Great Australian Clock , Queen Victoria Building , Sydney , by artist Chris Cook . The Stolen Generations ( also known as Stolen Children ) were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions , under acts of their respective parliaments . The removals of those referred to as `` half - caste '' children were conducted in the period between approximately 1905 and 1967 , although in some places mixed - race children were still being taken into the 1970s . Official government estimates are that in certain regions between one in ten and one in three indigenous Australian children were forcibly taken from their families and communities between 1910 and 1970 . Contents 1 Emergence of the child removal policy 1.1 Northern Territory 2 Policy in practice 3 Effects on members of the Stolen Generations 4 Public awareness and recognition 5 Australian federal parliament apology 6 Legal status and compensation 7 Historical debate over the Stolen Generations 7.1 Nomenclature and debate over the use of the word `` stolen '' 7.2 History Wars 7.3 Genocide debate 8 Representation in other media 8.1 Documentary 8.2 Feature film and television drama 8.3 Stage 8.4 Literature 9 Notable people 10 Comparisons 10.1 The White Stolen Generations 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading and external links 13.1 Bibliography and guides 13.2 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 13.3 Government 13.4 Academic sources 13.5 News 13.6 Other Emergence of the child removal policy Numerous 19th - and early 20th - century contemporaneous documents indicate that the policy of removing mixed - race Aboriginal children from their mothers related to an assumption that the Aborigines were dying off . Given their catastrophic population decline after white contact , whites assumed that the full - blood tribal Aboriginal population would be unable to sustain itself , and was doomed to extinction . The idea expressed by A.O. Neville , the Chief Protector of Aborigines for Western Australia , and others as late as 1930 was that mixed - race children could be trained to work in white society , and over generations would marry white and be assimilated into the society . Some European Australians considered any proliferation of mixed - descent children ( labelled `` half - castes '' , `` crossbreeds '' , `` quadroons '' , and `` octoroons '' ) ( these terms are now considered derogatory to indigenous Australians ) to be a threat to the nature and stability of the prevailing culture , or to a perceived racial or cultural `` heritage '' . The Northern Territory Chief Protector of Aborigines , Dr. Cecil Cook , argued that `` everything necessary ( must be done ) to convert the half - caste into a white citizen '' . Walter Baldwin Spencer reported in the 1920s , that many mixed - descent children were born to Aboriginal women and white fathers ; the latter worked on construction of The Ghan railway and left the women and children when the project was completed . Northern Territory In the Northern Territory , the segregation of Indigenous Australians of mixed descent from `` full - blood '' indigenous people began with the government removing children of mixed descent from their communities and placing them in church - run missions , and later creating segregated reserves and compounds to hold all Indigenous Australians . This was a response to public concern over the increase in the number of mixed - descent children and sexual exploitation of young Aboriginal women by non-Indigenous men , as well as fears among non-indigenous people of being outnumbered by a mixed - descent population . Under the Northern Territory Aboriginals Act of 1906 , The Chief Protector of Aborigines was appointed the `` legal guardian of every Aboriginal and every half - caste child up to the age of 18 years '' , thus providing the legal basis for enforcing segregation . After the Commonwealth took control of the Territory , under the 1918 Aborigines Ordinance , the Chief Protector was given total control of all Indigenous women regardless of their age , unless married to a man who was `` substantially of European origin '' , and his approval was required for any marriage of an indigenous woman to a non-indigenous man . Policy in practice The Victorian Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 included the earliest legislation to authorise child removal from Aboriginal parents . The Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines had been advocating such powers since 1860 . Passage of the Act gave the colony of Victoria a wide suite of powers over Aboriginal and `` half - caste '' persons , including the forcible removal of children , especially `` at risk '' girls . Through the late 19th and early 20th century , similar policies and legislation were adopted by other states and territories , such as the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 ( Qld ) , the Aborigines Ordinance 1918 ( NT ) , the Aborigines Act 1934 ( SA ) , and the 1936 Native Administration Act ( WA ) . As a result of such legislation , states arranged widespread removal of ( primarily ) mixed - race children from their Aboriginal mothers . In addition , appointed Aboriginal protectors in each state exercised wide - ranging guardianship powers over Aborigines up to the age of 16 or 21 , often determining where they could live or work . Policemen or other agents of the state ( some designated as `` Aboriginal Protection Officers '' ) were given the power to locate and transfer babies and children of mixed descent from their mothers , families , and communities into institutions for care . In these Australian states and territories , institutions ( both government and missionary ) for half - caste children were established in the early decades of the 20th century to care and educate the mixed - race children taken from their families . Examples of such institutions include Moore River Native Settlement in Western Australia , Doomadgee Aboriginal Mission in Queensland , Ebenezer Mission in Victoria , and Wellington Valley Mission in New South Wales , as well as Catholic missions such as Beagle Bay and Garden Point . The exact number of children removed is unknown . Estimates of numbers have been widely disputed . The Bringing Them Home report says that `` at least 100,000 '' children were removed from their parents . This figure was estimated by multiplying the Aboriginal population in 1994 ( 303,000 ) , by the report 's maximum estimate of `` one in three '' Aboriginal persons separated from their families . The report stated that `` between one in three and one in ten '' children were separated from their families . Given differing populations over a long period of time , different policies at different times in different states ( which also resulted in different definitions of target children ) , and incomplete records , accurate figures are difficult to establish . The academic Robert Manne has stated that the lower - end figure of one in 10 is more likely ; he estimates that between 20,000 and 25,000 Aboriginal children were removed over six decades , based on a survey of self - identified indigenous people by the television station ABS . According to the Bringing Them Home report : In certain regions and in certain periods the figure was undoubtedly much greater than one in ten . In that time not one Indigenous family has escaped the effects of forcible removal ( confirmed by representatives of the Queensland and WA ( Western Australia ) Governments in evidence to the Inquiry ) . Most families have been affected , in one or more generations , by the forcible removal of one or more children . The report closely examined the distinctions between `` forcible removal '' , `` removal under threat or duress '' , `` official deception '' , `` uninformed voluntary release '' , and `` voluntary release '' . The evidence indicated that in numerous cases , children were brutally and forcibly removed from their parent or parents , possibly even from the hospital shortly after birth , when identified as mixed - race babies . Aboriginal Protection Officers often made the judgement to remove certain children . In some cases , families were required to sign legal documents to relinquish care to the state . In Western Australia , the Aborigines Act 1905 removed the legal guardianship of Aboriginal parents . It made all their children legal wards of the state , so the government did not require parental permission to relocate the mixed - race children to institutions . In 1915 , in New South Wales , the Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 gave the Aborigines ' Protection Board authority to remove Aboriginal children `` without having to establish in court that they were neglected . '' At the time , some members of Parliament objected to the NSW amendment ; one member stated it enabled the Board to `` steal the child away from its parents . '' At least two members argued that the amendment would result in children being subjected to unpaid labour ( at institutions or farms ) tantamount to `` slavery '' . Writing in the 21st century , Professor Peter Read said that Board members , in recording reasons for removal of children , noted simply `` For being Aboriginal . '' But the number of files bearing such a comment appear to be on the order of either one or two , with two others being noted only with `` Aboriginal '' . In 1909 , the Protector of Aborigines in South Australia , William Garnet South , reportedly `` lobbied for the power to remove Aboriginal children without a court hearing because the courts sometimes refused to accept that the children were neglected or destitute . '' South argued that `` all children of mixed descent should be treated as neglected . '' His lobbying reportedly played a part in the enactment of the Aborigines Act 1911 . This designated his position as the legal guardian of every Aboriginal child in South Australia , not only the so - called `` half - castes '' . The Bringing Them Home report identified instances of official misrepresentation and deception , such as when caring and able parents were incorrectly described by Aboriginal Protection Officers as not being able to properly provide for their children . In other instances , parents were told by government officials that their child or children had died , even though this was not the case . One first - hand account referring to events in 1935 stated : I was at the post office with my Mum and Auntie ( and cousin ) . They put us in the police ute and said they were taking us to Broome . They put the mums in there as well . But when we 'd gone ( about ten miles ( 16 km ) ) they stopped , and threw the mothers out of the car . We jumped on our mothers ' backs , crying , trying not to be left behind . But the policemen pulled us off and threw us back in the car . They pushed the mothers away and drove off , while our mothers were chasing the car , running and crying after us . We were screaming in the back of that car . When we got to Broome they put me and my cousin in the Broome lock - up . We were only ten years old . We were in the lock - up for two days waiting for the boat to Perth . The report discovered that removed children were , in most cases , placed into institutional facilities operated by religious or charitable organisations . A significant number , particularly females , were `` fostered '' out . Children taken to such institutions were trained to be assimilated to Anglo - Australian culture . Policies included punishment for speaking their local indigenous languages . The intention was to educate them for a different future and to prevent their being socialised in Aboriginal cultures . The boys were generally trained as agricultural labourers and the girls as domestic servants ; these were the chief occupations of many Europeans at the time in the largely rural areas outside cities . A common aspect of the removals was the failure by these institutions to keep records of the actual parentage of the child , or such details as the date or place of birth . As is stated in the report : the physical infrastructure of missions , government institutions and children 's homes was often very poor and resources were insufficient to improve them or to keep the children adequately clothed , fed and sheltered . The children were taken into care purportedly to protect them from neglect and abuse . However , the report said that , among the 502 inquiry witnesses , 17 % of female witnesses and 7.7 % of male witnesses reported having suffered a sexual assault while in an institution , at work , or while living with a foster or adoptive family . Documentary evidence , such as newspaper articles and reports to parliamentary committees , suggest a range of rationales . Apparent motivations included the belief that the Aboriginal people would die out , given their catastrophic population decline after white contact , the belief that they were heathens and were better off in non-indigenous households , and the belief that full - blooded Aboriginal people resented miscegenation and the mixed - race children fathered and abandoned by white men . Effects on members of the Stolen Generations The stated aim of the `` resocialisation '' programme was to improve the integration of Aboriginal people into modern ( European - Australian ) society , however a recent study conducted in Melbourne reported that there was no tangible improvement in the social position of `` removed '' Aboriginal people as compared to `` non-removed '' . Particularly in the areas of employment and post-secondary education , the removed children had about the same results as those who were not removed . In the early decades of the program , post-secondary education was limited for most Australians , but the removed children lagged behind their white contemporaries as educational opportunities improved . The study indicated that removed Aboriginal people were less likely to have completed a secondary education , three times as likely to have acquired a police record , and were twice as likely to use illicit drugs as were Aboriginal people who grew up in their ethnic community . The only notable advantage `` removed '' Aboriginal people achieved was a higher average income . The report noted this was likely due to the increased urbanisation of removed individuals , and greater access to welfare payments than for Aboriginal people living in remote communities . There seemed little evidence that removed mixed - race Aborigines had been successful in gaining better work even in urbanised areas . By around the age of 18 , the children were released from government control . In cases where their files were available , individuals were sometimes allowed to view their own files . According to the testimony of one Aboriginal person : I was requested to attend at the Sunshine Welfare Offices , where they formerly ( sic ) discharged me from State ward ship . It took the Senior Welfare Officer a mere 20 minutes to come clean , and tell me everything that my heart had always wanted to know ... that I was of `` Aboriginal descent '' , that I had a Natural mother , father , three brothers and a sister , who were alive ... He placed in front of me 368 pages of my file , together with letters , photos and birthday cards . He informed me that my surname would change back to my Mother 's maiden name of Angus . The Bringing Them Home report condemned the policy of disconnecting children from their `` cultural heritage '' . One witness said to the commission : I 've got everything that could be reasonably expected : a good home environment , education , stuff like that , but that 's all material stuff . It 's all the non-material stuff that I did n't have -- the lineage ... You know , you 've just come out of nowhere ; there you are . In 2015 , many of the recommendations of Bringing Them Home were yet to be fulfilled . From 1997 to 2017 the percent of indigenous children living in out - of - home care has risen from 20 % to 35 % Public awareness and recognition This section focuses too much on specific examples without explaining their importance to its main subject . Please help improve this section by citing reliable , secondary sources that evaluate and synthesize these or similar examples within a broader context . ( March 2017 ) Historian Professor Peter Read , then at the Australian National University , was the first to use the phrase `` stolen generation '' . He published a magazine article on the topic with this title , based on his research . He expanded the article into a book , The Stolen Generations ( 1981 ) . Widespread awareness of the Stolen Generations , and the practices which created it , grew in the late 1980s through the efforts of Aboriginal and white activists , artists , and musicians ( Archie Roach 's `` Took the Children Away '' and Midnight Oil 's `` The Dead Heart '' being examples of the latter ) . The Mabo v Queensland ( No 2 ) case ( commonly known as the Mabo case ) attracted great media and public attention to itself and to all issues related to the government treatment of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia , and most notably the Stolen Generations . In early 1995 , Rob Riley , an activist with the Aboriginal Legal Service , published Telling Our Story . It described the large - scale negative effects of past government policies that resulted in the removal of thousands of mixed - race Aboriginal children from their families and their being reared in a variety of conditions in missions , orphanages , reserves , and white foster homes . The Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 's National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families commenced in May 1995 , presided over by the Commission 's president Sir Ronald Wilson and its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner Mick Dodson . During the ensuing 17 months , the Inquiry visited every state and Territory in Australia , heard testimony from 535 Aboriginal Australians , and received submissions of evidence from more than 600 more . In April 1997 , the Commission released its official Bringing Them Home report . Between the commissioning of the National Inquiry and the release of the final report in 1997 , the government of John Howard had replaced the Paul Keating government . At the Australian Reconciliation Convention in May 1997 , Howard was quoted as saying : `` Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies . '' Following publication of the report , the parliament of the Northern Territory and the state parliaments of Victoria , South Australia , and New South Wales passed formal apologies to the Aborigines affected . On 26 May 1998 , the first `` National Sorry Day '' was held ; reconciliation events were held nationally , and attended by a total of more than one million people . As public pressure continued to increase on the government , Howard drafted a motion of `` deep and sincere regret over the removal of Aboriginal children from their parents '' , which was passed by the federal parliament in August 1999 . Howard said that the Stolen Generation represented `` the most blemished chapter in the history of this country . '' Activists took the issue of the Stolen Generations to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights . At its hearing on this subject in July 2000 , the Commission on Human Rights strongly criticised the Howard government for its handling of issues related to the Stolen Generations . The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination concluded its discussion of Australia 's 12th report on its actions by acknowledging `` the measures taken to facilitate family reunion and to improve counselling and family support services for the victims '' , but expressed concern : that the Commonwealth Government does not support a formal national apology and that it considers inappropriate the provision of monetary compensation for those forcibly and unjustifiably separated from their families , on the grounds that such practices were sanctioned by law at the time and were intended to `` assist the people whom they affected '' . The Committee recommended `` that the State party consider the need to address appropriately the extraordinary harm inflicted by these racially discriminatory practices . '' Activists highlighted the Stolen Generations and related Aboriginal issues during the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics . They set up a large `` Aboriginal Tent City '' on the grounds of Sydney University to bring attention to Aboriginal issues in general . Cathy Freeman is an Aboriginal athlete who was chosen to light the Olympic flame and won the gold medal in the 400 metre sprint . In interviews , she said that her own grandmother was a victim of forced removal . The internationally successful rock group Midnight Oil attracted worldwide media interest by performing at the Olympic closing ceremony in black sweatsuits with the word `` SORRY '' emblazoned across them . In 2000 , Phillip Knightley summed up the Stolen Generations in these terms : This can not be over-emphasized -- the Australian government literally kidnapped these children from their parents as a matter of policy . White welfare officers , often supported by police , would descend on Aboriginal camps , round up all the children , separate the ones with light - coloured skin , bundle them into trucks and take them away . If their parents protested they were held at bay by police . According to the archaeologist and writer Josephine Flood , `` The well - meaning but ill - conceived policy of forced assimilation of mixed - race Aborigines is now universally condemned for the trauma and loss of language and culture it brought to the stolen children and their families . '' Australian Federal Parliament apology Main article : Apology to Australia 's Indigenous peoples Kevin Rudd on screen in Federation Square , Melbourne , apologising to the stolen generations . Apology to Australia 's Indigenous Peoples . Taken at Parliament House , Canberra . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apology to the Stolen Generations . Wikinews has related news : Australian Parliament apologises to the Stolen Generations One of the recommendations of the 1997 Bringing Them Home report was for Australian parliaments to offer an official apology . A decade later , on 13 February 2008 , Prime Minister Kevin Rudd presented an apology to Indigenous Australians as a motion to be voted on by the house . The apology text was as follows : I move : That today we honour the Indigenous peoples of this land , the oldest continuing cultures in human history . We reflect on their past mistreatment . We reflect in particular on the mistreatment of those who were Stolen Generations -- this blemished chapter in our nation 's history . The time has now come for the nation to turn a new page in Australia 's history by righting the wrongs of the past and so moving forward with confidence to the future . We apologise for the laws and policies of successive Parliaments and governments that have inflicted profound grief , suffering and loss on these our fellow Australians . We apologise especially for the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families , their communities and their country . For the pain , suffering , and hurt of these Stolen Generations , their descendants and for their families left behind , we say sorry . To the mothers and the fathers , the brothers and the sisters , for the breaking up of families and communities , we say sorry . And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted on a proud people and a proud culture , we say sorry . We the Parliament of Australia respectfully request that this apology be received in the spirit in which it is offered as part of the healing of the nation . For the future we take heart ; resolving that this new page in the history of our great continent can now be written . We today take this first step by acknowledging the past and laying claim to a future that embraces all Australians . A future where this Parliament resolves that the injustices of the past must never , never happen again . A future where we harness the determination of all Australians , Indigenous and non-Indigenous , to close the gap that lies between us in life expectancy , educational achievement , and economic opportunity . A future where we embrace the possibility of new solutions to enduring problems where old approaches have failed . A future based on mutual respect , mutual resolve and mutual responsibility . A future where all Australians , whatever their origins , are truly equal partners , with equal opportunities and with an equal stake in shaping the next chapter in the history of this great country , Australia . -- Kevin Rudd , Prime Minister of Australia , 13 February 2008 , at a sitting of the Parliament of Australia . The text of the apology did not refer to compensation to Aboriginal people as a whole , nor to members of the Stolen Generations specifically . Rudd followed the apology with a 20 - minute speech to the house about the need for this action . The government 's apology and his speech were widely applauded among both Indigenous Australians and the non-indigenous general public . Opposition leader Brendan Nelson also delivered a 20 - minute speech . He endorsed the apology but in his speech Nelson referred to the `` under - policing '' of child welfare in Aboriginal communities , as well as a host of social ills blighting the lives of Aboriginal people . His speech was considered controversial and received mixed reactions . Thousands of people who had gathered in public spaces in around Australia to hear the apology turned their backs on the screens that broadcast Nelson speaking . In Perth , people booed and jeered until the screen was switched off . In Parliament House 's Great Hall , elements of the audience began a slow clap , with some finally turning their backs . The apology was unanimously adopted by the House of Representatives , although six members of Nelson 's opposition caucus left the House in protest at the apology . Later that day , the Senate considered a motion for an identical apology , which was also passed unanimously . Beforehand , the Leader of the Greens , Senator Bob Brown , attempted to amend the motion to include words committing parliament to offering compensation to those who suffered loss under past indigenous policies , but was opposed by all the other parties . Legal status and compensation The legal circumstances regarding the Stolen Generations remain unclear . Although some compensation claims are pending , a court can not rule on behalf of plaintiffs simply because they were removed , because , at the time , such removals were authorised under Australian law . Australian federal and state governments ' statute law and associated regulations provided for the removal from their birth families and communities of known mixed - race Aboriginal children , or those who visibly appeared mixed . Compensation claims have been heard by the NSW Supreme Court 's Court of Appeal in Williams v The Minister Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 and New South Wales ( 2000 ) NSWCA 255 and the Australian Federal Court in Cubillo v Commonwealth of Australia ( 2000 ) FCA 1084 . In Williams , an individual ( rather than a group of plaintiffs ) made claims in negligence arising from having been placed under the control of the Aborigines Welfare Board pursuant to s 7 ( 2 ) of the Aborigines Welfare Act 1909 shortly after her birth , and was placed by the Board with the United Aborigines Mission at its Aborigines Children Home at Bomaderry near Nowra , NSW . The trial judge found that there was no duty of care and therefore that an action in negligence could not succeed . This was upheld by the NSW Court of Appeal in 2000 . In relation to whether the action in NSW courts was limited by the passage of time , the Court of Appeal , reversing Studdert J , extended the limitation period for the non-equitable claims by about three decades pursuant to s 60G of the Limitation Act 1969 ( NSW ) : Williams v Minister , Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 ( 1994 ) 35 NSWLR 497 . The apology is not expected to have any legal effect on claims for compensation . Historical debate over the Stolen Generations Nomenclature and debate over the use of the word `` Stolen '' The word `` stolen '' is used here to refer to the Aboriginal children having been taken away from their families . It has been in use for this since the early 20th century . For instance , Patrick McGarry , a member of the Parliament of New South Wales , objected to the Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 which authorised the Aborigines ' Protection Board to remove Aboriginal children from their parents without having to establish cause . McGarry described the policy as `` steal ( ing ) the child away from its parents '' . In 1924 , the Adelaide Sun wrote : `` The word ' stole ' may sound a bit far - fetched but by the time we have told the story of the heart - broken Aboriginal mother we are sure the word will not be considered out of place . '' In most jurisdictions , Indigenous Australians were put under the authority of a Protector , effectively being made wards of the State . The protection was done through each jurisdiction 's Aboriginal Protection Board ; in Victoria and Western Australia these boards were also responsible for applying what were known as Half - Caste Acts . More recent usage has developed since Peter Read 's publication of The Stolen Generations : The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969 ( 1981 ) , which examined the history of these government actions . The 1997 publication of the government 's Bringing Them Home -- Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families heightened awareness of the Stolen Generations . The acceptance of the term in Australia is illustrated by the 2008 formal apology to the Stolen Generations , led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and passed by both houses of the Parliament of Australia . Previous apologies had been offered by State and Territory governments in the period 1997 -- 2001 . There is some opposition to the concept of the term `` Stolen Generations '' . Former Prime Minister John Howard did not believe the government should apologise to the Australian Aborigines . Then Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs John Herron disputed usage of the term in April 2000 . Others who disputed the use of the term include Peter Howson , who was Minister for Aboriginal Affairs from 1971 to 1972 , and Keith Windschuttle , an Australian historian who argues that various abuses towards Australian Aborigines have been exaggerated and in some cases invented . Many historians argue against these denials , including to Windschuttle in particular . Anthropologist Ron Brunton also criticised the proceedings on the basis that there was no cross-examination of those giving their testimonies or critical examination of the factual basis of the testimony . History wars Main article : History wars The Bringing Them Home report provided extensive details about the removal programs and their effects . Sir Ronald Wilson , former President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission and a Commissioner on the Inquiry , stated that `` when it comes to the credibility of those stories , there is ample credibility , not from the cross-examination of the children themselves , but from the governments whose laws , practices and policies enabled these forced removals to take place . We had the support of every State government ; they came to the Inquiry , came with lever - arch files setting out the laws from the earliest days right up to the end of the assimilation policy , that is up to the 1970s and more importantly , senior government offices attended . In every case , these senior officers acknowledged that there was a lot of cruelty in the application of those laws and policies . '' In April 2000 , Aboriginal Affairs Minister John Herron tabled a report in the Australian Parliament in response to the Human Rights Commission report which stated that , as `` only 10 % of Aboriginal children '' had been removed , they did not constitute an entire `` generation '' . The report attracted media attention and protests . Herron apologised for the `` understandable offence taken by some people '' as a result of his comments , although he refused to alter the report as it had been tabled . Historian Peter Read referred to the children affected as the `` Stolen Generations '' . Another historian , Robert Manne , defended that terminology , making the analogy that other people refer to the `` generation that lost their lives in the First World War '' without meaning over 50 per cent of the young people at the time ; rather , people use that phrasing as a metaphor for a collective experience . Similarly , he believes , some of the Aboriginal community use the term to describe their collective suffering . Genocide debate This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is ongoing contention among politicians , commentators , and historical , political , and legal experts as to whether the forced removals of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children that occurred during the Stolen Generations can be accurately described as genocidal acts and particularly whether they meet the definition of genocide in article II ( e ) of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . While it is generally not disputed that these forced removals occurred , the contention surrounds whether they were enacted with the intention of destroying the Indigenous people of Australia . There is further contention as to whether those responsible for the Stolen Generations should be criminally liable for genocide . In response to a submission by the National Aboriginal and Islander Legal Services Secretariat to the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody , Commissioner Johnston considered whether the policies and practices of the Australian Governments pertinent to the Stolen Generations constituted a breach of the Convention but concluded that `` ( i ) t is not my function to interpret the Convention or to decide whether it has been breached , particularly since the policies involved were modified in 1962 somewhat and abandoned by 1970 '' . The Bringing Them Home report concluded that : The Australian practice of Indigenous child removal involved both systematic racial discrimination and genocide as defined by international law . Yet it continued to be practised as official policy long after being clearly prohibited by treaties to which Australia had voluntarily subscribed . However , in the subsequent case of Kruger v Commonwealth , the High Court judges rejected the claim of the plaintiffs that the Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 authorised genocide as defined by the Convention and ruled that there was no legislation to implement the Convention under Australian municipal law at the time . One of the recommendations of the Bringing Them Home report was that ' the Commonwealth legislate to implement the Genocide Convention with full domestic effect ' . While genocide has been a crime under international law since the commencement of the Convention in 1951 , in accordance with Section 51 ( xxix ) of the Australian Constitution , it has only been a crime under Australian law since the commencement of the International Criminal Court ( Consequential Amendments ) Act 2002 , and so the Stolen Generations can not be considered genocide under Australian law because the Act is not retrospective . In its twelfth report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , the Australian Government argued that the removal policies and programs did not constitute a breach of the Convention . Sir Ronald Wilson , then President of the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission , commissioner of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families , and co-author of the Bringing Them Home report , argued that the policies resulting in the Stolen Generations constitute attempted genocide by the government , as it was widely believed at the time that the Aborigines would die out . Manne argues that the expressed views of government bureaucrats , such as A.O. Neville , to assimilate the mixed - race children into the white population by means of `` breeding out the colour '' , and therefore eventually resulting in the full - bloods being `` forgotten '' , bore strong similarities to the racial views of the Nazis in 1930s Nazi Germany . Manne points out that , though the term `` genocide '' had not yet entered the English language , the policies of Neville and others were termed by some contemporaries as the `` die out '' or `` breed out '' policy , giving an indication of their proposed intent . He also states that academics `` generally acknowledge '' that the authors of the Bringing Them Home report were wrong to argue that Australian authorities had committed genocide by removing indigenous children from their families . Social assimilation has never been regarded in law as equivalent to genocide . Though historian Paul Bartrop rejects the use of the word genocide to describe Australian colonial history in general , he does believe that it applies to describing the Stolen Generations . Bartrop and US scholar Samuel Totten together wrote the Dictionary of Genocide , for which Bartrop wrote the entry on Australia . He said he used as the benchmark for usage of the term genocide the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide , which is also cited in the Bringing Them Home report . Historian Inga Clendinnen suggests that the term genocide rests on the `` question of intentionality '' , saying : `` There 's not much doubt , with great murderous performances that were typically called genocide , that they were deliberate and intentional . Beyond that , it always gets very murky . '' Representation in other media Documentary The documentary Lousy Little Sixpence ( 1983 ) was the first film to deal with the Stolen Generations . Directed and produced by Alec Morgan , it won several international and Australian awards . The Australian Broadcasting Corporation did not air it for two years . The film is now standard fare in educational institutions , and has been highly influential . The documentary film Kanyini ( 2006 ) , directed by Melanie Hogan , featured Bob Randall . He is an elder of the Yankunytjatjara people and one of the listed traditional owners of Uluru . He was taken away from his mother as a child , living at the government reservation until he was 20 , and working at various jobs , including as a carpenter , stockman , and crocodile hunter . He helped establish the Adelaide Community College and has lectured on Aboriginal cultures . He served as the director of the Northern Australia Legal Aid Service and established Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander centres at the Australian National University , University of Canberra , and University of Wollongong . Episode 5 , `` Unhealthy Government Experiment '' , of the 1998 SBS documentary television series First Australians concerns the Stolen Generations in Western Australia . Feature film and television drama The Australian film Rabbit - Proof Fence ( 2002 ) , directed by Phillip Noyce , was based on the book Follow the Rabbit - Proof Fence by Doris Pilkington Garimara . It concerns the author 's mother and two other mixed - race Aboriginal girls who ran away from Moore River Native Settlement , north of Perth , and returned to their Aboriginal families . In a subsequent interview with the ABC , Doris recalled her removal in 1931 from her mother at age three or four , and subsequent rearing at the settlement . She was not reunited with her mother until she was 25 ; all those years , she believed that her mother had given her away . When the two women were reunited , Doris was no longer able to speak her native language and had been taught to regard Indigenous culture as evil . Baz Luhrmann 's 2008 film Australia , starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman , deals with the Stolen Generations . Stage Stolen ( 1998 ) is a play by Australian playwright Jane Harrison . It tells the story of five fictional Aboriginal people by the names of Sandy , Ruby , Jimmy , Anne , and Shirley who dealt with the issues for forceful removal by Australian governments . Sandy has spent his entire life on the run , never having a set home to live in . Stolen tracks his quest for a place to be , a place where he does not have keep hiding from the government ( even though they are no longer after him ) , and a place he can call home . Ruby was forced to work as a domestic servant from a young age and was sent insane by the constant pressure forced upon her by her white masters . She spends a lot of her time mumbling to herself , whilst her family desperately tries to help her . Jimmy was separated from his mother at a very young age , and she spent her entire life looking for him . He spent a lot of time in prison and , on the day he finally got out , he was told about his mother 's search . As he went to meet her , she died , and he committed suicide in anger . Anne was removed from her family and placed in a Caucasian family 's home . She was materially happy in this home , a lot happier than many of the other characters , but when her indigenous family tried to meet her , she was caught in crossfire between her two `` families '' . Shirley was removed from her parents and had her children removed from her . She only felt relief , safety , and comfort when her granddaughter was born and not removed . The indigenous opera Pecan Summer ( 2010 ) by Deborah Cheetham , which premiered in Mooroopna , is set at Federation Square , in Melbourne , on the day of Kevin Rudd 's apology , and quotes some of his words . Literature Bryce Courtenay 's novel Jessica tells of a case brought in a New South Wales court against the Aboriginal Protection Board . It challenged the Aboriginal Protection Act of 1909 in order to return two children from Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls to the Aboriginal mother . Aboriginal artist and author Sally Morgan has written several novels based on the lives of her and her family members , featuring intimate portrayals of the impact of forced removal on individuals , their families , and communities , although Sally herself was not a stolen child . Her first , My Place , involves her quest to uncover her Aboriginal heritage which had previously been denied by her family , who insisted `` as a survival mechanism '' that they were of Indian extraction . My Place ( Fremantle : Fremantle Arts Centre Press ; first published 1987 ) . ISBN 1 - 86368 - 278 - 3 . Sally 's Story ( Fremantle : Fremantle Arts Centre Press , 1990 ) , edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( My Place for young readers , part 1 . For children ) . ISBN 0 - 949206 - 78 - 4 . Arthur Corunna 's story ( Narkaling Productions , 1995 ) , edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( My Place for young readers , part 2 . For children ) . ISBN 0 - 949206 - 77 - 6 . Mother and daughter : The Story of Daisy and Glady 's Corunna ( Narkaling Productions , 1994 ) , edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( My Place for young readers , part 3 . For children ) . ISBN 0 - 949206 - 79 - 2 . Wanamurraganya : The Story of Jack McPhee ( Narkaling Productions , 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 949206 - 99 - 7 . Benang is Indigenous Australian Kim Scott 's second novel . Benang in about forced assimilation and finding how one can return to their own culture . The novel presents how difficult it is to form a working history of a population who had been historically uprooted from their past . Benang follows Harley , a young man who has gone through the process of `` breeding out the colour '' , as he pieces together his family history through documentation , such as photograph and his grandfather 's notes , as well as memories and experiences . Harley and his family have undergone a process of colonial scientific experimentation called `` breeding of the colour '' , which separated individuals from their indigenous families and origins . Notable people Gordon Briscoe , Doctor of Indigenous History , Order of Australia Deborah Cheetham , Aboriginal soprano , actor , composer and playwright Katherine Mary Clutterbuck ( Sister Kate ) Ken Colbung , political activist and leader Ningali Cullen ( deceased ) , co-chair of the National Sorry Day Committee Belinda Dann , born as Quinlyn Warrakoo , forced name change to Belinda Boyd , deceased at 107 years of age making her the longest lived member of the stolen generation Polly Farmer , Australian rules footballer Lorna Fejo , the Warumungu woman named by Kevin Rudd , in his historic Apology to the Stolen Generations , on 13 February 2008 . Sue Gordon , retired Perth Children 's Court magistrate . Ruby Hunter , musician A.O. Neville , WA Protector Of Aborigines from 1915 -- 45 and advocate of the removal of children May O'Brien , WA educator and author Doris Pilkington Garimara , author of Follow the Rabbit - Proof Fence Bob Randall , Indigenous Australian of the Year Rob Riley ( deceased ) , CEO of the Aboriginal Legal Service 1990 -- 1995 , author of Telling Our Story which instigated the National Inquiry into Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families Archie Roach , musician Cedric Wyatt , Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs in Western Australia Comparisons The white Stolen Generations Main article : Forced adoption in Australia During the same period from the 1930s to 1982 , 250,000 Australian - born non-Indigenous children were also removed from parents who were deemed `` unfit '' . At the time this was widely seen as a positive thing by society for both the mothers and the children . The term white stolen generations is now used to distinguish this group from the Indigenous stolen generations . The mothers were sometimes drugged , tied to beds , or told their babies had died . Many hospitals engaged in what is now known as institutionalised baby farming , these babies were often adopted into middle class families . Organisations such as the Apology Alliance and Adoption Loss Adult Support have actively campaigned for a parliamentary apology similar to that given for the Aboriginal Stolen Generations . In 2001 , then treasurer of NSW Michael Egan made a statement of public acknowledgement in the NSW Parliament . In October 2010 , West Australian Premier Colin Barnett delivered a parliamentary apology on behalf of state institutions involved in the aggressive adoption practices . Prime Minister Julia Gillard made a personal public apology . See also American Indian boarding schools Canadian Indian residential school system Cultural assimilation of Native Americans Cultural genocide Devshirme , enslavement of the sons of mostly Balkan Christians to serve in the military of the Ottoman Empire Institutional abuse Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany Kinder der Landstrasse ( `` children of the highway '' ) , program of forced removal and institutionalization of children of nomadic Yenish groups in Switzerland during the 20th century Lost children of Francoism , children of Republican parents abducted during the Spanish Civil War Moseley Royal Commission ( 1934 ) , officially `` the Royal Commission Appointed to Investigate , Report and Advise Upon Matters in Relation to the Condition and Treatment of Aborigines '' Our Generation ( film ) Sixties Scoop , the removal of children from Indigenous families in Canada beginning in the 1960s Yemenite Children Affair in Israel References Jump up ^ Marten , J.A. , ( 2002 ) , Children and War , NYU Press , New York , p. 229 ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5667 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Indigenous Australia : Family Life '' . Australian Museum . 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Read , Peter ( 2006 ) ( 1982 ) . The Stolen Generations : The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969 ( PDF ) . Surry Hills , N.S.W : New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs . ISBN 0 - 646 - 46221 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing Them Home : Part 2 : 4 Victoria '' . Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission . 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via AustLII : In its submission to the Bringing Them Home report , the Victorian government stated that `` despite the apparent recognition in government reports that the interests of Indigenous children were best served by keeping them in their own communities , the number of Aboriginal children forcibly removed continued to increase , rising from 220 in 1973 to 350 in 1976 . '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Wendy ; Simon Balderstone ; John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia 's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples , Oct 2010 ( final ) '' . abs.gov.au. 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population '' . www.abs.gov.au . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Neville , AO ( 1930 ) . West Australian , 18 April . ^ Jump up to : Western Australia State Archives , 993 / 423 / 38 , `` Absorption of Half Castes into the White Population '' . Jump up ^ Russell McGregor , Imagined Destinies . Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory , 1900 -- 1972 , Melbourne : MUP , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Warwick ( 2003 ) . The Cultivation of Whiteness : Science , health and racial destiny in Australia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 46 - 500305 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History : Northern Territory '' ( PDF ) . Sydney , Australia : Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Mulvaney , D.J. ( 1990 ) . `` Spencer , Sir Walter Baldwin ( 1860 -- 1929 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 12 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ M.F. Christie , Aboriginal People in Colonial Victoria , 1835 -- 86 , pp. 175 -- 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Appendices '' . 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via AustLII . Jump up ^ Tim Richardson on The Stolen Generations : Robert Manne Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ J. Franklin ( 2016 ) . `` Catholic missions to aboriginal Australia : an evaluation of their overall effect '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Flood , Josephine ( 2006 ) . The Original Australians : Story of the Aboriginal People . Crows Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 74114 - 872 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing them Home Part 2 : Tracing the History Chapter 2 : National Overview '' . Sydney : Australian Human Rights Commission . 1997 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( 1997 ) . `` Indigenous Law Resources : Bringing them Home : Part 1 : Scope of the Inquiry '' . Australasian Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 2 : Tracing the History '' . 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via AustLII . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing Them Home : Part 2 : 7 Western Australia '' . 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via AustLII . Jump up ^ `` The Acts of the Parliament of Western Australia : Aborigines Act of 1905 '' . National Library of Australia . 23 December 1905 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 2 : 3 New South Wales and the ACT '' . 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via AustLII . Jump up ^ Read , Peter ( 18 February 2008 ) . `` Do n't let facts spoil this historian 's campaign '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 2 : 8 South Australia '' . 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via AustLII . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 3 : 10 Childrens Experiences '' . 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 -- via AustLII . Jump up ^ Wahlquist , Calla ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Australia 's stolen generations : a legacy of intergenerational pain and broken bonds '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . We were taken off our mother , we were told that we were taken off her because she was a heathen , she was not capable of looking after us ... Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy ( 1938 ) . The Passing of the Aborigines : A Lifetime Spent among the Natives of Australia . Project Gutenberg of Australia . Half - castes came among them , a being neither black nor white , whom they detested ( ... ) I did what I set out to do -- to make their passing easier and to keep the dreaded half - caste menace from our great continent . ^ Jump up to : Bereson , Itiel ( 1989 ) . Decades of Change : Australia in the Twentieth Century . Richmond , Victoria : Heinemann Educational Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85859 - 483 - 8 . Jump up ^ Confidential submission 133 , Victoria . Jump up ^ Rule , John ; Rice , Elizabeth ( 28 February 2015 ) . Bringing them home : Scorecard Report 2015 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Canberra : National Sorry Day Committee Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarra , Chris ( 23 May 2017 ) . Too many Indigenous children are taken from their families -- it does n't have to happen . The Guardian ( Report ) . Canberra . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Publications '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Howard , John ( 27 May 1997 ) . `` Opening Ceremony Speeches : ... The Prime Minister , Australian Reconciliation Convention '' . Jump up ^ `` No stolen generation : Australian Govt '' . The 7.30 Report ( ABC ) . 3 April 2000 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Paragraphs 104 -- 114 of report at UNHCHR.ch Archived 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Concluding Observations by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination : Australia . 19 April 2000 . CERD / C / 304 / Add. 101 . ( Concluding Observations / Comments ) para 13 . at UNHCHR.ch Jump up ^ Zuel , Bernard ( 4 December 2002 ) . `` The sun sets on Midnight Oil '' . The Age . Archived from the original on 20 December 2002 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knightley , Phillip ( 2001 ) . Australia : A Biography of a Nation . Vintage . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 977291 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lo , Ping ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` The words Rudd will use to say ' sorry ' '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Dylan ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Kevin Rudd says sorry '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 27 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Watch Kevin Rudd 's full apology '' . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of Kevin Rudd 's speech '' . News Limited . 13 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thunderous applause in Sydney for Rudd 's speech '' , Australian Associated Press , The Sydney Morning Herald , 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenny , Leesha , `` Speech gets standing ovation in Redfern '' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 13 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fury over Nelson 's ' sorry ' response '' . The Age . 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senate : Official Hansard , No. 1 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of Australia , Hansard. 13 February 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Crawshaw , David ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Brown defeated in ' sorry ' compo bid '' . news.com.au . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apology will not legally impact compo claims : Law Society '' . ABC News . 13 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ The Haebich interview gives the year as 1923 , but see Foster , Robert . `` ' endless trouble and agitation ' : Aboriginal agitation in the protectionist era , '' Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia , 2000 ; 28 : 15 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Interview with Dr Anna Haebich , `` The Stolen Generation , '' Ockham 's Razor , ABC Radio National , broadcast Sunday 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Haebich is author of Broken Circles , Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 -- 2000 , Fremantle : Fremantle Arts Centre Press ISBN 1 - 86368 - 305 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foster , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` ' endless trouble and agitation ' : Aboriginal activism in the protectionist era '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia . pp. 15 -- 27 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 : refers to the clipping on this case as Endnote 81 : The Sun , 16 April 1924 ; Register 9 April 1924 ; Sport 's Newsclipping Books GRG 52 / 90 SRSA ( State Records of South Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Legislation Affecting Aboriginal People '' ( PDF ) . Government of South Australia , Aboriginal Education and Employment Services . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting a Democracy : Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 ( Vic ) '' . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 : In Victoria , for example , `` The ( Aboriginal Protection ) Act gave powers to the Board for the Protection of Aborigines which subsequently developed into an extraordinary level of control of people 's lives including regulation of residence , employment , marriage , social life and other aspects of daily life . '' Jump up ^ `` Bringing them home : The ' Stolen Children ' report '' . Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission . 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Welch , Dylan ( 13 February 2008 ) , `` Kevin Rudd says sorry '' , The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Content of apologies by State and Territory Parliaments '' . Australian Human Rights Commission . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senator the Hon John Herron , Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs to the Senate Legal And Constitutional References Committee , ' Inquiry Into The Stolen Generation ' , Federal Government Submission '' . australianpolitics.com/ . March 2000 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 22 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Windschuttle , Keith ( 2002 ) . The Fabrication of Aboriginal History : The stolen generations , 1881 - 2008 . Macleay Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876492 - 19 - 9 . Jump up ^ Disputing the appropriateness of the term : Windschuttle , Keith ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Do n't let facts spoil the day '' . The Australian . argues that the removals were done for the children 's good and that Peter Read in Read , Peter ( 1981 ) . The Stolen Generations : The Removal of Aboriginal children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969 . Department of Aboriginal Affairs ( New South Wales government ) . ISBN 0 - 646 - 46221 - 0 . misrepresented the evidence . Jump up ^ Dr Naomi Parry , Debunking Windschuttle 's benign interpretation of history , Crikey , 12 February 2008 , also Peter Read addresses Windschuttle 's article of 9 February 2008 in Read , Peter ( 18 February 2008 ) . `` Do n't let facts spoil this historian 's campaign '' . The Australian . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . , and Manne , Robert ( 18 February 2008 ) . `` The cruelty of denial '' . The Age . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stolen Generations , Background Briefing '' . ABC Radio National . 2 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No stolen generation : Australian Govt '' , The 7.30 Report , ABC TV , 3 April 2000 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Academics debate contents of Stolen Generations report '' , The 7.30 Report , 29 March 2001 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Barta , Tony ( 2008 ) . `` Sorry , and not sorry , in Australia : how the apology to the stolen generations buried a history of genocide '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 214 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520802065438 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Julie . `` Unhelpful and inappropriate ? : The question of genocide and the stolen generations '' ( PDF ) . ( 2009 ) 13 ( 1 ) , Australian Indigenous Law Review 114 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Windschuttle , Keith ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Why There Were No Stolen Generations '' . Quadrant . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Elliott Frank Johnston ( 1991 ) . `` 36.3 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide '' . Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody National Report ( Report ) . 5 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 -- via AustLII . Jump up ^ Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 , Act No. 9 of 1918 . Retrieved on 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ International Criminal Court ( Consequential Amendments ) Act 2002 , Act No. 42 of 27 June 2002 . Retrieved on 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Shirley ( 2004 ) . `` Why was n't genocide a crime in Australia ? Accounting for the half century delay in Australia implementing the Genocide Convention '' . Australian Journal of Human Rights . 10 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 178 . doi : 10.1080 / 1323238X. 2004.11910775 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Australian Government ( 14 December 1999 ) . Twelfth periodic reports of States parties due in 1998 ( Report ) . United Nations . pp. 24 -- 25 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Michael ( 20 May 1997 ) . `` A Stolen Generation Cries Out '' . Hartford Web Publishing . Reuters . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Manne , Robert ( March 2008 ) . `` Sorry Business : The Road to the Apology '' . themonthly.com.au . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sorensen , Rosemary ; Wilson , Ashleigh ( 24 March 2008 ) . `` Stolen Generations listed as genocide '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 26 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Peter ( 27 August 2006 ) . `` Film review : Kanyini '' . Sunday Nine MSN . Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ___ '' . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Molitorisz , Sacha ( 6 September 2006 ) . `` Film reviews : Kanyini : Film review '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Pilkington '' . abc.net.au. 24 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Jenna ( 8 September 2012 ) . `` Pecan Summer 's ray of sunshine through song '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Liz Hannan , Liz ( 8 December 2010 ) , `` White mothers of stolen children also deserve an apology '' , The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ Jump up to : Calligeros , Marissa ( 24 December 2010 ) , `` ' Your son is gone . He 's with his adoptive parents ' '' , Brisbane Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Governor - General 's Speech : Address in Reply : Senator Andrew Murray '' ( PDF ) . Parliament House -- Canberra. 12 March 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2008 . Further reading and external links Library resources about Stolen Generations Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Bibliography and guides Stolen Generations Bibliography : A select bibliography of published references to the separation of Aboriginal families ( and ) the removal of Aboriginal children Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies ( AIATSIS ) Background note : `` Sorry '' : the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report , Australian Parliamentary Library , 4 February 2008 Bibliography on Kahlin Compound at the Northern Territory Library . ( PDF ) Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Response to government to the national apology to the Stolen Generations ' by Tom Calma -- 13 February 2008 Resources on Bringing Them Home Bringing them Home Report ( 1997 ) , Australian Human Rights Commission Education module on the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families ( 2007 ) Apologies by State and Territory Parliaments ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Government Reparations for the Stolen Generations in New South Wales Parliament of NSW Bringing Them Home oral history interviews at the National Library of Australia Moseley , Henry Doyle 1935 , Report of the Royal Commissioner appointed to investigate , report , and advise upon matters in relation to the condition and treatment of Aborigines Aboriginal welfare : initial conference of Commonwealth and state Aboriginal authorities held at Canberra , 21 to 23 April 1937 An Index to the Chief Protector of Aborigines Files 1898 -- 1908 Guide to Institutions Attended by Aboriginal People in Western Australia Compiled by researchers employed by the State Solicitor 's Office ( PDF ) Sister Kate 's on the WA Government Heritage Register West Australian Government history of Noongar in the South West Aboriginal Western Australia and Federation Queenslanders reflect -- digital stories capturing responses to the 2008 Apology Mount Isa responses to the Apology -- digital stories Response to the Apology - Collection of digital stories held at State Library of Queensland Academic sources Buti , Tony . `` The systematic removal of indigenous children from their families in Australia and Canada : the history -- similarities and differences '' ( PDF ) . New South Wales : University of Newcastle . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Copland , Mark Stephen ( 2005 ) . Calculating Lives : The Numbers and Narratives of Forced Removals in Queensland 1859 - 1972 ( Thesis ) . Brisbane , Australia : Griffith University . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . < Delmege , Sharon . `` A Trans - Generational Effect of The Aborigines Act 1905 ( WA ) : The Making of the Fringedwellers in the South - West of Western Australia '' . E Law : Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law . Perth , Western Australia . 12 ( 1 & 2 ) . van Krieken , Robert . `` The stolen generations : implications for Australian civilization , citizenship and governance '' . University of Sydney ( Australia ) . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Research project . Larbalestier , Jen ( 2004 ) . `` White Over Black : Discourses of Whiteness in Australian Culture '' . Borderlands e-journal. 3 ( 2 ) . Focuses on debates about representing Australia 's colonial history , specifically in regard to child removal . Richardson , Tim ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` The Stolen Generations : Robert Manne '' . Reproduction of a 1998 essay by historian Robert Manne `` Stolen generations ( Australia ) '' . Analysis & Policy Observatory . Collection of articles and reports related to public policy and the Stolen Generations News `` The agony of Australia 's Stolen Generation '' . BBC News . 9 August 2007 . Bolt , Andrew ( 8 September 2006 ) . `` Robert Manne 's list Opinion '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , Australia . Archived from the original on 19 May 2008 . McMahon , Barbara ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Australia 's ' stolen ' children get apology but no cash '' . The Guardian . Neubauer , Ian Lloyd ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Australian Child Protection Accused of Repeating Sins of ' Stolen Generations ' '' . Time . Summers , Anne ( 12 January 2008 ) . `` A sorry way to right a terrible wrong Opinion '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . `` WA 's Black Chapter '' . ABC Radio National . 23 June 1996 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Other Rob Riley , CEO ALS 1990 -- 1995 Telling Our Story ALSWA Home page of the Kimberley Stolen Generation Aboriginal Corporation Biographical Entry -- The Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Sue Gordon becomes a force for her people Fremantle Arts Centre Press -- My Place by Sally Morgan History News Network article on Rabbit Proof Fence and Sister Kates Genocide in Australia by Colin Tatz , AIATSIS Research Discussion Papers No 8 Journey of Healing : Rabbit Proof Fence Indigenous Australians Peoples Aboriginal Australians Blackfellas Communities Groups Half - castes Tasmanians Torres Strait Islanders Victorians Western Australians Individuals Activists Musicians People from politics and public service Performing artists Sportspeople Visual artists Writers Culture Astronomy Avoidance Bora Corroboree Deadly Awards Deities Dreamtime Enumeration Flag Kinship Kurdaitcha Literature of Indigenous Australians Marn Grook Message stick NAIDOC Week National Indigenous Human Rights Awards Outstation movement Religion and mythology Riji Seasons Sacred sites Smoking ceremony Songlines Tjurunga Torres Strait Islands Woggabaliri Languages Avoidance speech Australian Aboriginal English Macro-Gunwinyguan languages Australian Creole Language groups Loanwords into English Palawa Pama -- Nyungan languages Placenames Sign languages Torres Strait Island languages Organisations ATSIC Aboriginal Medical Service Aborigines Advancement League Aborigines Progressive Association AIATSIS Australian Aboriginal Progress Association Australian Aborigines ' League Central Land Council Media National Congress of Australia 's First Peoples National Indigenous Council Northern Land Council Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations Politics Reconciliation Australia Sorry Day TSRA Bushcraft Boomerang Buka Bush bread Bush tucker Bush medicine Coolamon Dugout canoe Fibrecraft Fire - stick farming Food groups Humpy Possum - skin cloak Scarred tree Soaks Spinifex resin Sweet foods Waddy Woomera Arts Artifacts Bark painting Contemporary visual art Dance Didgeridoo Dreaming Music Music groups Rock NATSIA Award Papunya Tula Sandpainting Vibe Visual art Yininmadyemi History Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 Australian Frontier Wars Bathurst War Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars Caledon Bay crisis Cummeragunja walk - off Day of Mourning Gurindji Strike Historical figures History Prehistory History wars King plates Massacres Black War Missions Native police Pilbara strike Pintupi Nine Stolen Generations Apology Tent embassy Western Australia Issues Crime Health Land rights Native title Protected Area Media portrayal Northern Territory National Emergency Response Self - determination Stolen Generations Half - Caste Act Voting rights 1967 Referendum Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge ecological medical Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan American Indian reservation Indian reserve Ranchería Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - 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-148072022261729335	List of battles by casualties	List of battles by casualties - wikipedia List of battles by casualties Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the casualties count in battles in world history . The list includes both sieges ( not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat - related deaths ) and civilian casualties during the battles . Large battle casualty counts are almost impossible to calculate precisely . Many of these figures are estimates , and , where possible , a range of estimates is presented . Figures display numbers of all types of casualties when available ( killed , wounded , missing , and sick ) but may only include number killed . Where possible , the list specifies whether or not prisoners are included in the count . This list does not include bombing runs ( such as the attack on Pearl Harbor and the bombing of Tokyo ) or massacres such as the Rape of Nanking , which , despite potentially massive casualties , are not typically classified as `` battles '' , since they are usually one - sided engagements or the nation attacked upon is not officially at war with the attackers . Tactical or strategic strikes , however , may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sieges and urban combat 2 Major operations 3 Classical formation battles 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Sieges and urban Combat This list includes sieges , as well as modern battles that were fought primarily in urban areas . Major military operations that included city fighting are listed below . The battles included here inflicted at least 50,000 casualties . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Siege Conflict Casualties ( High est . ) Casualties ( Low est . ) Year Siege of Jerusalem First Jewish -- Roman War 1,300,000 60,000 70 Siege of Constantinople Arab -- Byzantine wars 170,000 130,000 717 -- 18 Siege of Tenochtitlan Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 240,000 100,000 1521 Siege of Rhodes Ottoman wars in Europe 55,200 55,200 1522 Siege of Ostend Eighty Years ' War 115,000 90,000 1601 -- 04 Second Siege of Zaragoza Peninsular War 64,000 64,000 1808 -- 09 Third Battle of Nanking Taiping Rebellion 100,000 100,000 1863 Siege of Petersburg American Civil War 70,000 70,000 1864 -- 65 Battle of Gettysburg American Civil War 50,000 50,000 1863 Siege of Port Arthur Russo - Japanese War 100,000 100,000 1904 -- 05 Siege of Adrianople First Balkan War 93,282 93,282 1912 -- 13 Battle of Verdun World War I 976,000 714,231 1916 First Battle of the Somme World War I 1,120,000 1,120,000 1916 Battle of Taiyuan Second Sino - Japanese War 130,000 130,000 1937 Battle of Xinkou Second Sino - Japanese War 200,000 200,000 1937 Battle of Shanghai Second Sino - Japanese War 400,000 400,000 1937 Battle of Wuhan Second Sino - Japanese War 540,000 540,000 1938 First Battle of Changsha Second Sino - Japanese War 80,000 + 80,000 + 1939 Battle of Nanchang Second Sino - Japanese War 75,328 75,328 1939 Battle of South Shanxi Second Sino - Japanese War 120,000 + 120,000 + 1941 Siege of Odessa World War II 133,813 133,813 1941 Siege of Sevastopol World War II 236,437 236,437 1941 -- 42 Third Battle of Changsha Second Sino - Japanese War 84,862 84,862 1942 Battle of Stalingrad World War II 1,798,619 1,250,000 1942 -- 43 Battle of Changde Second Sino - Japanese War 100,000 100,000 1943 Battle of West Hubei Second Sino - Japanese War 115,830 115,830 1943 Siege of Leningrad World War II 4,500,000 1,117,000 1941 -- 44 Warsaw Uprising World War II 200,000 + 200,000 + 1944 Siege of Budapest World War II 422,000 422,000 1944 -- 45 Battle of Berlin World War II 1,298,745 1,298,745 1945 Battle of Okinawa World War II 82,000 82,000 1945 Siege of Changchun Chinese Civil War 425,000 425,000 1948 Battle of Kiev World War II 700,544 700,544 1941 Battle of Manila World War II 500,000 100,000 1945 Battle of Normandy World War II 795,400 650,600 1944 Battle of the Bulge World War II 218,900 161,370 1944 - 45 Siege of Sarajevo Bosnian War 62,000 62,000 1992 -- 96 Battle of Dunkirk World War II 88,000 88,000 1940 Major operations This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time . The duration of some operations , like the Battle of Moscow , are disputed so numbers found in various sources may differ for that reason alone . Operation Conflict Casualties Year Six Days ' Campaign War of the Sixth Coalition 0,080,000 80,000 # 1814 Peninsula Campaign American Civil War 0,036,463 36,463 # 1862 Battle of Chancellorsville American Civil War 0,030,000 30,000 -- 30,500 # 1863 Overland Campaign American Civil War 0,087,000 87,000 -- 92,000 # 1864 Appomattox Campaign American Civil War 0,016,500 16,500 # 1865 Battle of Mukden Russo - Japanese War 0,160,000 160,000 # 1905 Battle of Lule Burgas First Balkan War 0,042,162 42,162 + # 1912 First Battle of Çatalca First Balkan War 0,022,000 22,000 # 1912 Battle of Bregalnica Second Balkan War 0,036,620 36,620 # 1913 The Rape of Belgium World War I 0,032,000 32,000 # 1914 Battle of Tannenberg World War I 0,145,000 145,000 -- 160,000 # 1914 First Battle of the Marne World War I 0,513,000 513,000 # 1914 First Battle of Ypres World War I 0,210,000 210,000 # 1914 Battle of Łódź World War I 0,130,000 130,000 # 1914 Second Battle of Ypres World War I 0,104,208 104,208 -- 107,000 # 1915 Gallipoli Campaign World War I 0,503,000 503,000 -- 552,000 # 1915 Second Battle of Artois World War I 0,186,000 186,000 # 1915 Second Battle of Champagne -- Third Battle of Artois World War I 0,075,000 75,000 -- 440,000 # 1915 Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive World War I 0,300,000 300,000 # 1915 Serbian Campaign ( 1915 ) World War I 0,331,000 331,000 , including prisoners # 1915 Battle of Verdun World War I 0,755,000 755,000 -- 976,000 # 1916 Battle of Asiago World War I 0,250,000 250,000 # 1916 Brusilov Offensive World War I 1,600,000 1,600,000 # 1916 Battle of the Somme World War I 1,120,000 1,120,000 -- 1,215,000 # 1916 Monastir Offensive World War I 0,111,000 111,000 # 1916 Romanian Campaign World War I 0,240,000 240,000 # 1916 -- 1917 Nivelle Offensive World War I 0,354,000 354,000 # 1917 Battle of Messines World War I 0,042,000 42,000 # 1917 Tenth Battle of the Isonzo World War I 0,200,000 200,000 # 1917 Third Battle of Ypres World War I 0,585,000 Over 585,000 # 1917 Battle of Caporetto World War I 0,060,000 60,000 # 1917 Battle of Cambrai World War I 0,095,000 95,000 # 1917 Spring Offensive World War I 0,900,000 900,000 # 1918 Second Battle of the Marne World War I 0,288,000 288,000 # 1918 Battle of Warsaw Polish -- Soviet War 0,130,000 About 130,000 , not including prisoners # 1920 Invasion of Manchuria Second Sino - Japanese War 0,035,000 35,000 # 1931 Battle of Guadalajara Spanish Civil War 0,012,000 12,000 # 1937 Battle of Teruel Spanish Civil War 0,110,000 110,000 , including prisoners # 1937 -- 38 Battle of the Ebro Spanish Civil War 0,106,500 106,500 # 1938 Battle of Xuzhou Second Sino - Japanese War 0,130,000 130,000 # 1938 1938 Yellow River Flood Second Sino - Japanese War 0,800,000 800,000 # 1938 Battles of Khalkhin Gol Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 0,042,000 42,000 # 1939 Invasion of Poland World War II 0,310,000 310,000 # 1939 Battle of Suixian -- Zaoyang Second Sino - Japanese War 0,049,000 49,000 # 1939 Winter War World War II 0,152,000 152,000 -- 225,000 # 1939 -- 40 Winter Offensive Second Sino - Japanese War 0,100,000 100,000 + # 1939 -- 1940 Operation Weserübung World War II 0,012,800 12,800 # 1940 Battle of France World War II 0,469,000 469,000 # 1940 Hundred Regiments Offensive Second Sino - Japanese War 0,062,900 62,900 # 1940 Greco - Italian War World War II 0,100,000 100,000 dead # 1940 -- 41 Battle of Keren World War II 0,100,000 34,000 including over 12,600 killed # 1941 Battle of Greece World War II 0,046,295 46,295 dead # 1941 Battle of Shanggao Second Sino - Japanese War 0,042,000 42,000 # 1941 Battle of Crete World War II 0,016,007 16,007 dead # 1941 Operation Barbarossa World War II 1,800,000 1,400,000 -- 5,000,000 # 1941 Battle of Moscow World War II 1,000,000 1,000,000 # 1941 Battle of Hong Kong World War II 0,018,000 18,000 including prisoners # 1941 Battle of Malaya / Battle of Singapore World War II 0,143,800 143,800 , and 60,000 prisoners # 1941 -- 42 Battle of Bataan / Battle of Corregidor World War II 0,030,000 30,000 killed # 1942 Battle of the Kerch Peninsula World War II 0,176,000 Over 176,000 # 1942 Second Battle of Kharkov World War II 0,300,000 300,000 # 1942 Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign Second Sino - Japanese War 0,356,000 356,000 # 1942 Battle of Gazala World War II 0,148,000 148,000 # 1942 Guadalcanal Campaign World War II 0,031,100 29,100 -- 31,100 # 1942 -- 43 Second Battle of El Alamein World War II 0,039,400 39,400 -- 82,500 # 1942 Operation Iskra World War II 0,129,332 129,332 # 1943 Battle of Kursk World War II 0,257,125 257,125 -- 388,000 # 1943 Hundred Days Offensive World War I 0,900,000 2,240,000 # 1918 Dnieper Campaign World War II 1,582,000 1,582,000 ( lowest est . ) -- 2,480,000 ( highest est . ) # 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily World War II 0,036,000 At least 36,000 killed , and over 100,000 Italian POWs # 1943 Allied invasion of Italy World War II 0,017,092 17,092 killed # 1943 Bougainville Campaign World War II 0,021,929 21,929 killed , and 23,571 Japanese prisoners # 1943 -- 45 Battle of Monte Cassino World War II 0,185,000 185,000 # 1944 Battle of Narva World War II 0,550,000 550,000 all causes # 1944 Operation Shingle World War II 0,052,200 52,200 killed # 1944 Ichi - Go Second Sino - Japanese War 1,300,000 1,300,000 + # 1944 Normandy landings World War II 0,014,000 14,000 -- 19,000 # 1944 First Jassy -- Kishinev Offensive World War II 0,195,000 195,000 # 1944 Battle of Saipan World War II 0,043,500 43,500 killed , including mass suicides # 1944 Operation Bagration World War II 0,528,000 528,000 -- 1,430,000 # 1944 Falaise pocket World War II 0,140,000 140,000 # 1944 Second Jassy -- Kishinev Offensive World War II 0,485,424 485,424 , including prisoners # 1944 Operation Market Garden World War II 0,027,200 27,200 # 1944 Battle of Hürtgen Forest World War II 0,063,000 63,000 # 1944 -- 45 Battle of Leyte Gulf World War II 0,012,000 12,000 killed # 1944 Battle of the Bulge World War II 0,186,369 186,369 # 1944 -- 45 Battle of Luzon World War II 0,340,330 332,330 -- 345,330 , including sick # 1945 Battle of the Rhineland World War II 0,082,000 82,000 and 250,000 prisoners # 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima World War II 0,044,821 44,821 -- 48,700 # 1945 Battle of Okinawa World War II 0,113,920 113,920 -- 158,400 # 1945 Burma Campaigns World War II 0,700,000 700,000 # 1942 -- 45 Battle of West Hunan Second Sino - Japanese War 0,050,000 50,000 # 1945 Second Guangxi Campaign Second Sino - Japanese War 1,000,000 1,000,000 # 1945 Arab -- Israeli War Arab -- Israeli conflict 0,012,000 12,000 -- 19,000 # 1948 -- 49 Liaoshen Campaign Chinese Civil War 0,542,000 542,000 , including captured # 1948 Huaihai Campaign Chinese Civil War 0,689,000 689,000 , including captured # 1948 Pingjin Campaign Chinese Civil War 0,560,000 560,000 , including captured # 1948 -- 49 Shanghai Campaign Chinese Civil War 0,213,073 213,073 # 1949 Battle of Inchon Korean War 0,017,429 17,429 # 1950 Invasion of North Korea Korean War 0,051,700 51,700 # 1950 Battle of Dien Bien Phu First Indochina War 0,031,500 31,500 , not including prisoners # 1954 Tet Offensive Vietnam War 0,065,000 65,000 # 1968 Operation OAU Nigerian Civil War 0,030,000 30,000 # 1968 Easter Offensive Vietnam War 0,150,000 150,000 # 1972 Yom Kippur War Arab -- Israeli conflict 0,021,688 21,688 , not including prisoners # 1973 Falklands War Falklands War 0,001,000 Under 1000 , not including prisoners # 1982 1982 Lebanon War Israeli -- Lebanese conflict 0,018,500 18,500 # 1982 -- 85 Gulf War Gulf War 0,025,678 25,678 # 1991 Invasion of Iraq Iraq War 0,034,543 34,543 # 2003 Battle of Aleppo Syrian Civil War 0,031,053 31,053 # 2012 - 2016 Classical formation battles These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days . With more advanced weapons , military formations lost their impact and use of this type of battle died out in favor of grander military operations . Many of these battles are ancient , and in several cases , the few extant historical records differ , sometimes wildly , on casualties . Entries here use modern figures when available . Battle Conflict Casualties Year Assyrian Conquest of Syria Assyrian Conquest of Syria 0,014,001 Approximately 14,000 ! 9146 853 BC Battle of Thymbra Lydian -- Persian War 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 ! 9452 547 BC Battle of Thermopylae Greco - Persian Wars 0,022,300 22,300 -- 22,500 ! 9519 480 BC Battle of Plataea Greco - Persian War 0,051,500 51,500 -- 257,000 ! 9520 479 BC Battle of Chaeronea Rise of Macedon 0,020,000 20,000 or more ! 9661 338 BC Battle of the Granicus Wars of Alexander the Great 0,015,000 15,000 or more ! 9665 334 BC Battle of Issus Wars of Alexander the Great 0,050,450 50,450 ! 9666 333 BC Battle of Gaugamela Wars of Alexander the Great 0,053,500 53,500 ! 9668 331 BC Battle of the Hydaspes Wars of Alexander the Great 0,023,310 23,310 ! 9673 326 BC Battle of Sentinum Third Samnite War 0,033,500 33,500 ! 9704 295 BC Battle of Heraclea Pyrrhic War 0,011,001 11,000 -- 26,000 ! 9719 280 BC Battle of Kalinga Kalinga - Maurya Empire 0,150,001 150,000 -- 200,000 ( including civilians ) ! 9737 262 BC Battle of Changping Qin 's wars of unification 0,700,000 700,000 ( according to ancient sources ) ! 9739 260 BC Battle of Yehuling Mongol conquest of the Jin Dynasty 0,450,000 Army of 450,000 annihilated . # 1212 Battle of the Trebia Second Punic War 0,035,000 35,000 ! 9781 218 BC Battle of Lake Trasimene Second Punic War 0,030,001 Approximately 30,000 ! 9782 217 BC Battle of Cannae Second Punic War 0,056,001 56,000 -- 92,000 or more ! 9783 216 BC Battle of the Metaurus Second Punic War 0,012,000 12,000 ! 9792 207 BC Battle of Zama Second Punic War 0,021,500 21,500 ! 9797 202 BC Battle of Magnesia Roman -- Syrian War 0,053,350 53,350 ! 9809 190 BC Battle of Pydna Third Macedonian War 0,021,000 21,000 ! 9831 168 BC Battle of Arausio Germanic Wars ( Cimbrian War ) 0,084,000 84,000 ! 9894 105 BC Battle of Carrhae Roman -- Persian Wars 0,024,000 24,000 ! 9946 53 BC Battle of Pharsalus Caesar 's Civil War 0,017,000 17,000 ! 9951 48 BC Battle of the Teutoburg Forest Roman -- Germanic wars 0,020,000 20,000 ! Expression error : Unrecognized punctuation character `` # '' . # 000 9 AD Battle of Watling Street Iceni Revolt 0,080,400 80,400 ! Expression error : Unrecognized punctuation character `` # '' . # 00 61 AD Battle of Mons Graupius Roman conquest of Britain 0,010,360 10,360 ! Expression error : Unrecognized punctuation character `` # '' . # 00 84 AD Battle of Red Cliffs Three Kingdoms 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 # 0208 Battle of Adrianople Gothic War 0,040,000 40,000 or more # 0378 Battle of Fei River Wu Hu Era 0,150,001 150,000 or more # 0383 Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Hunnic Invasion 0,165,000 165,000 ( doubtful , according to one ancient source ) # 0451 Battle of Salsu Goguryeo -- Sui Wars 0,302,300 302,300 # 0612 Battle of al - Qādisiyyah Muslim conquest of Persia 0,031,000 31,000 # 0636 Battle of Muzayyah Muslim conquest of Persia 0,010,000 10,000 # 0633 Battle of Ullais Muslim conquest of Persia 0,035,000 35,000 # 0633 Battle of River Muslim conquest of Persia 0,015,001 more than 15,000 # 0633 Battle of Walaja Muslim conquest of Persia 0,022,000 22,000 # 0636 Battle of Saniyy Muslim conquest of Persia 0,005,000 5,000 # 0633 Battle of Nahāvand Muslim conquest of Persia 0,028,500 28,500 # 0642 Battle of Yarmouk Arab -- Byzantine wars 0,070,001 Approximately 70,000 # 0636 Battle of Didgori Georgian -- Seljuk wars 0,210,001 Approximately 210,000 # 1121 Battle of Hattin Ayyubid -- Crusader War 0,017,001 17,000 -- 20,000 # 1187 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Reconquista 0,060,001 Approximately 60,000 # 1212 Battle of the Kalka River Mongol invasion of Rus ' 0,050,001 Around 50,000 # 1223 Battle of Legnica Mongol invasion of Poland 0,030,001 Approximately 30,000 # 1241 Battle of Mohi Mongol invasion of Europe 0,015,001 Approximately 15,000 # 1241 Battle of Yamen Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 # 1279 Battle of Bannockburn First War of Scottish Independence 0,019,001 Approximately 19,000 # 1314 Battle of Kulikovo List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus ' 0,136,001 Approximately 136,000 # 1380 Battle of the Terek River Tokhtamysh -- Timur war 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 # 1395 Conquest of Delhi Timur 's Indian campaign 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 # 1398 Battle of Ankara Ottoman -- Timur War 0,015,000 15,000 or more # 1402 Battle of Grunwald Polish -- Lithuanian -- Teutonic War 0,013,001 Approximately 13,000 # 1410 Tumu Crisis Ming -- Mongol War 0,200,001 200,000 or more # 1449 Battle of Towton Wars of the Roses 0,028,000 28,000 # 1461 Battle of Kabul Campaigns of Babur 0,020,001 20,000 or more # 1504 Battle of Ravenna War of the League of Cambrai 0,013,500 13,500 # 1512 Battle of Marignano War of the League of Cambrai 0,011,000 11,000 -- 15,000 # 1515 Battle of Ridaniya Ottoman wars in the Near East 0,013,000 13,000 # 1517 First Battle of Panipat Mughal Conquest 0,020,001 20,000 -- 50,000 # 1526 Battle of Mohács Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars 0,030,000 Probably 30,000 # 1526 Battle of Ghaghra Mughal Conquest 0,013,001 Approximately 13,000 # 1529 Battle of Lepanto Ottoman -- Venetian Wars 0,022,566 22,566 -- 27,566 # 1571 Battle of Chungju Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 98 ) 0,008,000 8,000 -- 16,000 100,000 # 1592 Battle of Byeokjegwan Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 98 ) 0,006,000 6,000 # 1593 Battle of Sacheon ( 1598 ) Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 98 ) 0,030,000 30,000 # 1598 Battle of Sekigahara Sengoku period 0,060,000 60,000 or less # 1600 First Battle of Breitenfeld Thirty Years ' War 0,020,000 20,000 or more # 1631 Battle of Lützen Thirty Years ' War 0,011,000 11,000 -- 14,000 # 1632 Battle of Nördlingen Thirty Years ' War 0,017,000 17,000 # 1634 Battle of the Downs Eighty Years ' War 0,015,000 15,000 or more # 1639 Battle of Berestechko Khmelnytsky Uprising 0,030,200 30,000 -- 40,000 # 1651 Battle of Samugarh Mughal Conquest 0,032,000 32,000 # 1658 Battle of Khajwa Mughal Conquest 0,020,000 20,000 # 1659 Battle of Vienna Ottoman -- Habsburg wars 0,019,500 19,500 # 1683 Battle of Bijapur Mughal Conquest 0,017,000 17,000 # 1686 Battle of Landen War of the Grand Alliance 0,028,000 28,000 # 1693 Battle of Zenta Ottoman -- Habsburg wars 0,030,300 30,300 # 1697 Battle of Jinji Mughal Conquest 0,016,000 16,000 # 1698 Battle of Blenheim War of the Spanish Succession 0,032,000 32,000 # 1704 Battle of Ramillies War of the Spanish Succession 0,015,600 15,600 # 1706 Battle of Malplaquet War of the Spanish Succession 0,095,000 95,000 # 1709 Battle of Fontenoy War of the Austrian Succession 0,014,000 14,000 # 1745 Battle of Leuthen Seven Years ' War 0,011,800 11,800 # 1757 Battle of Zorndorf Seven Years ' War 0,030,000 30,000 # 1758 Third Battle of Panipat Marathas and Afghans 0,100,001 Approximately 100,000 ; up to 200,000 ( including civilian camp followers ) # 1761 Battle of Arcole War of the First Coalition 0,011,000 11,000 # 1796 Battle of Marengo War of the Second Coalition 0,016,400 16,400 # 1800 Ulm Campaign War of the Third Coalition 0,011,500 11,500 # 1805 Battle of Austerlitz War of the Third Coalition 0,024,300 24,300 # 1805 Battle of Jena -- Auerstedt War of the Fourth Coalition 0,052,000 52,000 including prisoners later killed # 1806 Battle of Eylau War of the Fourth Coalition 0,040,000 40,000 # 1807 Battle of Wagram War of the Fifth Coalition 0,077,000 77,000 -- 79,000 # 1809 Battle of Talavera Peninsular War 0,013,900 13,900 # 1809 Battle of Salamanca Peninsular War 0,018,800 18,800 # 1812 Battle of Borodino French invasion of Russia 0,074,000 74,000 # 1812 Battle of Berezina French invasion of Russia 0,060,000 60,000 # 1812 Battle of Vitoria Peninsular War 0,013,000 13,000 # 1813 Battle of Leipzig War of the Sixth Coalition 0,124,000 124,000 # 1813 Battle of Ligny Hundred Days 0,028,000 28,000 # 1815 Battle of Waterloo Hundred Days 0,047,000 47,000 or more ( not including prisoners and missing ) # 1815 Battle of Blood River Zulu purge of Voortrekkers 0,003,000 3,000 or more to Zulu side only ( not including wounded ) # 1838 Battle of Inkerman Crimean War 0,015,857 15,857 # 1854 Battle of Shiloh American Civil War 0,024,000 24,000 # 1862 Battle of Antietam American Civil War 0,023,000 23,000 -- 26,193 # 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg American Civil War 0,017,300 17,300 -- 17,962 # 1862 Battle of Gettysburg American Civil War 0,051,000 51,000 # 1863 Battle of Chickamauga American Civil War 0,034,001 Approximately 34,000 # 1863 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House American Civil War 0,030,001 Approximately 30,000 # 1864 Battle of Stones River American Civil War 0,024,001 Approximately 24,000 # 1862 -- 1863 Battle of Königgrätz Austro - Prussian War 0,047,500 47,500 # 1866 Battle of Tuyutí Paraguayan War 0,007,001 7,000 -- 16,000 # 1866 Battle of Mars - la - Tour / Battle of Gravelotte Franco - Prussian War 0,034,000 34,000 # 1870 Battle of Sedan Franco - Prussian War 0,026,000 26,000 # 1870 Battle of Adwa First Italo - Ethiopian War 0,017,300 17,300 # 1896 Battle of Binakayan - Dalahican Philippine Revolutionary War 0,002,001 2,000 -- 15,000 # 1896 Battle of Omdurman Mahdist War 0,020,430 20,430 # 1898 Battle of Mons / Battle of Le Cateau World War I 0,018,000 18,000 # 1914 Battle of Sakarya Greco -- Turkish War of 1919 -- 22 0,061,000 61,000 # 1921 See also List of wars and disasters by death toll List of battles Notes Jump up ^ Josephus , The Wars of the Jews VI. 9.3 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 74 Jump up ^ Mann , p. 143 Jump up ^ Hassig ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 129 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 230 Jump up ^ Third Battle of Nanking , p. 678 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 231 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 252 ^ Jump up to : Hall , p. 112 Jump up ^ 太原大会战 . ISBN 978 - 7221096166 . Jump up ^ `` 忻口会战 _ 互动百科 '' . www.hudong.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Second Battle of Shanghai '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Wuhan '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` First Battle of Changsha '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Nanchang '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of South Shanxi '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Glantz ( 1995 ) , p. 293 Jump up ^ Hsiung , James . China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan , 1937 -- 1945 . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 528 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 308 Jump up ^ China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan 1937 - 1945 . p. 161 . Jump up ^ Tuchman , Barbara . Stilwell and the American Experience in China . Jump up ^ Glantz , David ( 2001 ) , The Siege of Leningrad 1941 -- 44 : 900 Days of Terror , Zenith Press , Osceola , WI , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0941 - 8 . p. 220 Jump up ^ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко - фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб , Ф. 8357 . Оп. 6 . Д. 1108 Л. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Harrison Evans Salisbury ( 1969 ) . The 900 Days : The Siege of Leningrad . Da Capo Press . p. 590 . Jump up ^ World War 2 : Warsaw Uprising : : FAQ ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 318 Jump up ^ Glantz , p. 271 Jump up ^ Krivosheev , pp. 219 -- 220 ^ Jump up to : `` The Cornerstone of Peace : Number of Names Inscribed '' . Okinawa Prefecture . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Jung ; Halliday , Jon . 2006 . Mao : The Unknown Story . London : Vintage Books . p383 . Jump up ^ ANDREW JACOBS ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) . `` China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists ' Rise '' . New York Times . 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Jump up ^ `` Articles on 1945 in China , Including : Battle of West Hunan , Battle of West Henan North Hubei , Second Guangxi Campaign , Shangdang Campaign , Handan Cam ( English ) -- Buy Articles on 1945 in China , Including : Battle of West Hunan , Battle of West Henan North Hubei , Second Guangxi Campaign , Shangdang Campaign , Handan Cam ( English ) by Books , Hephaestus author ; Online at Best Prices in India - Flipkart.com '' . Flipkart.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 344 Jump up ^ Liaoning - Shenyang Campaign Jump up ^ Yu and Huaihai Campaign , p. 5 Jump up ^ Pingjin rewrite history ? ? Tianjin Campaign Jump up ^ `` Chinese Civil War , 1945 -- 1949 -- Military History -- Oxford Bibliographies -- obo '' . www.oxfordbibliographies.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . 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Jump up ^ The Muqaddimah : An Introduction to History By Ibn Khaldūn , Franz Rosenthal , N.J. . Dawood pg , 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Sword of Allah '' , Chapter 22 , by Lieutenant - General Agha Ibrahim Akram , Nat . Publishing . House , Rawalpindi ( 1970 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7101 - 0104 - 4 . Jump up ^ A.I. Akram , Sword of Allah , Khalid ibn Walid , ch. 13th , pg. 137 Jump up ^ A.I. Akram ( 1970 ) . The Sword of Allah : Khalid bin al - Waleed , His Life and Campaigns . National Publishing House , Rawalpindi . ISBN 0 - 7101 - 0104 - X . Jump up ^ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Riley - Smith , the Crusades , 2005 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 89 Jump up ^ Richard Gabriel , Subotai the Valiant . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 92 Jump up ^ Carey , Brian Todd , p. 124 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 118 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 94 Jump up ^ B.F. Manz , `` Tīmūr Lang '' , in Encyclopaedia of Islam . Jump up ^ Volume III : To the Year A.D. 1398 , Chapter : XVIII . Malfúzát - i Tímúrí , or Túzak - i Tímúrí : The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr ( Taimur the lame ) . Page 389 . 1 . Online copy , 2 . Online copy from : Elliot , Sir H.M. , Edited by Dowson , John . The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 95 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 121 Jump up ^ The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh ( Chap. 8 ) Jump up ^ David , Saul : War , 2009 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 144 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 145 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 136 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 132 Jump up ^ A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur , Báber and Humáyun By William Erskine Published by Longman , Brown , Green , and Longmans , 1854 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 134 Jump up ^ 류성룡 ( Ryu Seong - ryong ) < 징비록 ( Jingbirok : Book of Corrections ) > , 선조 수정 실록 26 권 , 25 ( 1592 임진 / 명 만력 20 년 ) 4 월 14 일 ( 계묘 ) 6 번째 기사 , 연려실 기술 인용 < 조야 기문 > Jump up ^ `` 十萬精兵 , 一敗塗地 '' Annals of the Joseon Dynasty http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wna_12901024_003&tabid=w Jump up ^ sillok.history.go.kr Jump up ^ Turnbull , Stephen ; Samurai Invasion : Japan 's Korean War 1592 -- 98 . London : Cassell & Co , 2002 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Stephen ; Samurai Invasion : Japan 's Korean War 1592 -- 98 . London : Cassell & Co , 2002 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 151 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 152 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Romuald Romański . Książę Jeremi Wiśniowiecki . Warszawa : Bellona. 2009 , p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 83 - 11 - 11524 - 8 Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . Battles That Changed History : An Encyclopedia of World Conflict . ABC - CLIO . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 429 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 1911 Archived 23 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 160 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 161 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 186 Jump up ^ Duff , ch . V , p. 110 Jump up ^ Rawlinson , p. 40 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 201 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 202 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 205 Jump up ^ Castle , I. Aspern / Wagram ( 1809 ) , Osprey ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Grant , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 212 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 214 Jump up ^ Barbero , pp 419 -- 420 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2005 ) . The Battle : A New History of Waterloo . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 310 - 9 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 215 Jump up ^ NOD , pp 1 -- 5 Prof AWG Raath ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Grant , p. 260 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 226 Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 36 Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 38 Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 46 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 228 Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 48 Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 52 Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/stri/faqs.htm%7C#1838 ^ Jump up to : Grant , p. 258 Jump up ^ The Paraguayan War by William Henry Koebel Jump up ^ Grant , p. 259 Jump up ^ Grant , p. 240 Jump up ^ Davis , George W. ( 1903 ) , Annual report of Major General George W. Davis , United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1 , 1902 to July 26 , 1903 , Manila , P.I. . Archived on the Internet Archive Jump up ^ Grant , p. 241 Jump up ^ Zeki Sarıhan : Kurtuluş Savaşı günlüğü : açıklamalı kronoloji . Sakarya savaşı'ndan Lozan'ın açılışına ( 23 Ağustos 1921 - 20 Kasım 1922 ) ( engl. : Diary of the independence war : commented chronology . From battle of Sakarya to the opening of Lausanne ( 23 August 1921 -- 20 November 1922 ) ) , Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları ( publishing house ) , 1996 , ISBN 975 - 16 - 0517 - 2 , page 62 . ( in Turkish ) Jump up ^ Σαγγάριος 1921 , Η επική μάχη που σφράγησε την τύχη του Μικρασιατικού Ελληνισμού , Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο , Ιούλιος 2008 , ISBN 978 - 960 - 6740 - 45 - 9 , page 32 ( in Greek ) References Brewer , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Chronicle of War : A Year - by - Year Account of Conflict from 1854 to the Present Day . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 1 - 74181 - 342 - 5 . Erickson , John ( 2001 ) . Hitler versus Stalin : The Second World War on the Eastern Front in Photographs . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 1 - 84222 - 260 - 0 . Glantz , David M. ( 1998 ) . When Titans Clashed : How the Red Army Stopped Hitler . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0899 - 0 . Grant , R.G. ( 2005 ) . Battle : A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1360 - 4 . Hassig , Ross ( 1994 ) . Mexico and the Spanish Conquest . New York : Longman . ISBN 9780806137933 . Krivosheev , G.F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . Mann , Charles ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . New York : Vintage Books . Tucker , Spencer , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. 4 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Wagner , Margaret ; Kennedy , D.M. ; Osborne , L.B. ; Reyburn , S. ( 2007 ) . The Library of Congress World War II Companion . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5219 - 5 . 《 White blood - red 》 Zhang Zhenglong PLA Publishing House in August 1989 ISBN 7 - 01 - 000381 - 5 / ISBN 7 - 01 - 000413 - 7 Liaoning - Shenyang Campaign Alistair Horne. ( 1977 ) . A Savage War of Peace : Algeria 1954 -- 1962 . ISBN 1590172183 . James Grant Duff . ( 2001 ) . A history of the Mahrattas ( 3 volumes ) . Yokai Publishing . ISBN 0857924621 . H.R.G Rawlinson. ( 2006 ) . An account of the last battle of Panipat , and the events leading to it . Hesperides Publishing . ISBN 9781406726251 . Hall , Richard C. ( 2000 ) . The Balkan Wars , 1912 -- 1913 : Prelude to the First World War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22946 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_battles_by_casualties&oldid=817528792 '' Categories : Lists of battles War casualties Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with Turkish - language external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2013 Incomplete lists from August 2008 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch فارسی 한국어 Монгол 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 00 : 11 . 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-413937987150219589	Earth system science	Earth system science - wikipedia Earth system science Jump to : navigation , search An ecological analysis of CO 2 in an ecosystem . As systems biology , systems ecology seeks a holistic view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems . Earth system science ( ESS ) is the application of systems science to the Earth sciences . In particular , it considers interactions between the Earth 's `` spheres '' -- atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , geosphere , pedosphere , biosphere , and , even , the magnetosphere -- as well as the impact of human societies on these components . At its broadest scale , Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences , from fields including ecology , economics , geology , glaciology , meteorology , oceanography , paleontology , sociology , and space science . Like the broader subject of systems science , Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth 's spheres and their many constituent subsystems , the resulting organization and time evolution of these systems , and their stability or instability . Subsets of Earth system science include systems geology and systems ecology , and many aspects of Earth system science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Origins 3 Climate science 4 Relationship to the Gaia hypothesis 5 Education 6 See also 7 References Definition ( edit ) The Science Education Resource Center , Carleton College , offers the following description : `` Earth system science embraces chemistry , physics , biology , mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system . It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical , chemical , biological and human interactions that determine the past , current and future states of the Earth . Earth system science provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability '' . Origins ( edit ) For millennia , humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine , with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements . The notion that the Earth , itself , is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion . Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of geology , initially in the Middle East and China , and largely focused on aspects such as the age of the Earth and the large - scale processes involved in mountain and ocean formation . As geology developed as a science , understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased , leading to the inclusion of factors such as the Earth 's interior , planetary geology and living systems . In many respects , the foundational concepts of Earth system science can be seen in the holistic interpretations of nature promoted by the 19th century geographer Alexander von Humboldt . In the 20th century , Vladimir Vernadsky ( 1863 -- 1945 ) saw the functioning of the biosphere as a geological force generating a dynamic disequilibrium , which in turn promoted the diversity of life . In the mid-1960s , James Lovelock first postulated a regulatory role for the biosphere in feedback mechanisms within the Earth system . Initially named the `` Earth Feedback hypothesis '' , Lovelock later renamed it the Gaia hypothesis , and subsequently further developed the theory with American evolutionary theorist Lynn Margulis during the 1970s . In parallel , the field of systems science was developing across numerous other scientific fields , driven in part by the increasing availability and power of computers , and leading to the development of climate models that began to allow the detailed and interacting simulations of the Earth 's weather and climate . Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of `` Earth system models '' ( ESMs ) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere . As an integrative field , Earth system science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines , but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s , particularly at NASA , where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983 . The earliest reports of NASA 's ESSC , Earth System Science : Overview ( 1986 ) , and the book - length Earth System Science : A Closer View ( 1988 ) , constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science . Early works discussing Earth system science , like these NASA reports , generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo - sciences , making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of global change studies and programs . Climate science ( edit ) The dynamic interaction of the Earth 's oceans , climatological , geochemical systems . Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth system science since its inception , as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above . The Earth 's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system which can not be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity . It is also a property of the system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades , lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth system science research . As just one example of the centrality of climatology to the field , leading American climatologist Michael E. Mann is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth system science research , the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University , and its mission statement reads , `` the Earth System Science Center ( ESSC ) maintains a mission to describe , model , and understand the Earth 's climate system '' . Relationship to the Gaia hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Gaia hypothesis The Gaia hypothesis posits that living systems interact with physical components of the Earth system to form a self - regulating whole that maintains conditions that are favourable for life . Developed initially by James Lovelock , the hypothesis attempts to account for key features of the Earth system , including the long period ( several billion years ) of relatively favourable climatic conditions against a backdrop of steadily increasing solar radiation . Consequently , the Gaia hypothesis has important implications for Earth system science , as noted by NASA 's Director for Planetary Science , James Green , in October 2010 : `` Dr. Lovelock and Dr. Margulis played a key role in the origins of what we now know as Earth system science '' . Although the Gaia hypothesis and Earth system science take an interdisciplinary approach to studying systems operations on a planetary - scale , they are not synonymous with one another . A number of potential Gaian feedback mechanisms have been proposed -- such as the CLAW hypothesis -- but the hypothesis does not have universal support within the scientific community , though it remains an active research topic . Education ( edit ) Earth system science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities , with notable programs at such institutions as the University of California , Irvine , University of Pennsylvania , and Stanford University . In general education , the American Geophysical Union , in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation , convened a workshop in 1996 , `` to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences '' . In its report , participants noted that , `` The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems '' . Recognizing the rise of this systems approach , the workshop report recommended that an Earth system science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation . In 2000 , the Earth System Science Education Alliance was begun , and currently includes the participation of 40 + institutions , with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009 `` . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Ecology portal Geography portal Global warming portal Systems science portal Weather portal Biosphere Earth science Earth System Science Partnership Earth systems engineering and management Ecology Ecosphere Gaia hypothesis Geosphere Global change Systems geology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanley , Steven M. ( 2005 ) . Earth System History . Macmillan . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Michael ; et al. ( 2000 ) . Earth System Science , From Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Changes ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0123793706 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kump , Lee ; et al. ( 2004 ) . The Earth System ( 2nd edition ) . New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 142059 - 3 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , E.H. ; Hamblin , W.K. ( 2014 ) . Dynamic Earth . Jones & Bartlett Learning . Jump up ^ Harris , Charles ; Murton , Julian B. ( 2005 ) . Cryospheric Systems : Glaciers and Permafrost . Geological Society of London . Jump up ^ Cockell , Charles . An Introduction to the Earth - Life System . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Ohtani , Shin - ichi ; Fujii , Ryoichi ; Hesse , Michael ; Lysak , Robert L. ( 2000 ) . Magnetospheric Current Systems . American Geophysical Union . Jump up ^ Ehlers , Eckart ; Moss , C. ; Krafft , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Earth System Science in the Anthropocene : Emerging Issues and Problems . Springer Science + Business Media . Jump up ^ Butz , Stephen D. ( 2004 ) . Science of Earth Systems . Thomson Learning . Jump up ^ Hergarten , Stefan ( 2002 ) . Self - Organized Criticality in Earth Systems . Springer - Verlag . Jump up ^ Tsonis , Anastasios A. ; Elsner , James B. ( 2007 ) . Nonlinear Dynamics in Geosciences . Springer Science + Business Media . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Horst J. ; Simmer , Clemens ( 2003 ) . Dynamics of Multiscale Earth Systems . Springer . Jump up ^ Merritts , Dorothy ; De Wet , Andrew ; Menking , Kirsten ( 1998 ) . Environmental Geology : An Earth System Science Approach . W.H. Freeman . Jump up ^ Martin , Ronald ( 2011 ) . Earth 's Evolving Systems : The History of Planet Earth . Jones & Bartlett Learning . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , David M. ( 2006 ) . Fundamental Processes in Ecology : An Earth Systems Approach . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Pidwirny , Michael ; Jones , Scott ( 1999 -- 2015 ) . `` Physical Geography '' . Jump up ^ Marsh , William M. ; Kaufman , Martin M. ( 2013 ) . Physical Geography : Great Systems and Global Environments . Cambridege University Press . Jump up ^ Cornell , Sarah E. ; Prentice , I. Colin ; House , Joanna I. ; Downy , Catherine J. ( 2012 ) . Understanding the Earth System : Global Change Science for Application . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Earth System Science in a Nutshell '' . Carleton College . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Tickell , Crispin ( 2006 ) . `` Earth Systems Science : Are We Pushing Gaia Too Hard ? '' . 46th Annual Bennett Lecture - University of Leicester . London : University of Leicester . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fielding H. Garrison , An introduction to the history of medicine , W.B. Saunders , 1921 . Jump up ^ Asimov , M.S. ; Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( eds . ) . The Age of Achievement : A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : The Achievements . History of civilizations of Central Asia . pp. 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 102719 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Stephen T. `` Alexander von Humboldt and the General Physics of the Earth '' ( PDF ) . Science . 324 . pp. 596 -- 597 . Jump up ^ Kasting , James . `` The Gaia Hypothesis is Still Giving Us Feedback '' . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Stephen ; Boston , Penelope ( 1992 ) . `` The Gaia Hypothesis and Earth System Science '' ( PDF ) . University of Florida . MIT Press . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Highfield , Roger . `` Unlocking Lovelock , science 's greatest maverick '' . The Telegraph . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gribbon , John and Mary ( 2009 ) . James Lovelock : In Search of Gaia . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Edwards , P.N. ( 2010 ) . `` History of climate modelling '' . Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Climate Change . John Wiley & Sons . 2 : 128 -- 139 . doi : 10.1002 / wcc. 95 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Washington , W.M. ; Buja , L. ; Craig , A. ( 2009 ) . `` The computational future for climate and Earth system models : on the path to petaflop and beyond '' . Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc . A. Royal Society . 367 : 833 -- 846 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2008.0219 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Harold ; et al. ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 ( Supplement 1 , 3665 - 3672 ) : 3665 -- 3672 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1107484110 . PMC 3586612 . PMID 23297237 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael . `` Earth System Science Center '' . Penn State University . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ NASA , 50th Anniversary Symposium : Seeking Signs of Life . `` Opening Keynote - ' Exobiology in the Beginning ' '' . livestream.com . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlson , R.J. , Lovelock , J.E. , Andreae , M.O. and Warren , S.G. ( 1987 ) . `` Oceanic phytoplankton , atmospheric sulphur , cloud albedo and climate '' . Nature . 326 ( 6114 ) : 655 -- 661 . Bibcode : 1987Natur. 326 ... 655C . doi : 10.1038 / 326655a0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kirchner , James W. ( 2002 ) , `` Toward a future for Gaia theory '' , Climatic Change , 52 : 391 -- 408 , doi : 10.1023 / a : 1014237331082 Jump up ^ Volk , Tyler ( 2002 ) , `` The Gaia hypothesis : fact , theory , and wishful thinking '' , Climatic Change , 52 : 423 -- 430 , doi : 10.1023 / a : 1014218227825 Jump up ^ Beerling , David ( 2007 ) . The Emerald Planet : How plants changed Earth 's history . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280602 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Toby ( 2013 ) , On Gaia : A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth , Princeton : Princeton University Press , ISBN 9780691121581 Jump up ^ Hamilton , W.D. ; Lenton , T.M. ( 1998 ) . `` Spora and Gaia : how microbes fly with their clouds '' . Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 10 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 08927014.1998. 9522867 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lenton , TM ; Lovelock , JE ( 2000 ) . `` Daisyworld is Darwinian : Constraints on adaptation are important for planetary self - regulation '' . Journal of Theoretical Biology . 206 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 14 . doi : 10.1006 / jtbi. 2000.2105 . PMID 10968941 . Jump up ^ Kirchner , James W. ( 2003 ) . `` The Gaia Hypothesis : Conjectures and Refutations '' . Climatic Change . 58 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 21 -- 45 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023494111532 . Jump up ^ Quinn , P.K. ; Bates , T.S. ( 2011 ) , `` The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions '' , Nature , 480 : 51 -- 56 , doi : 10.1038 / nature10580 , PMID 22129724 Jump up ^ `` Shaping the Future of Undergraduate Earth Science Education '' . American Geophysical Union . Archived from the original on 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Earth System Science Education Alliance '' . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Systems science Systems types Anatomical Art Biological Complex Complex adaptive Conceptual Coupled human -- environment Database Dynamical Ecological Economic Energy Formal Holarchic Information Legal Measurement Metric Multi-agent Nervous Nonlinear Operating Physical Planetary Political Sensory Social Star Writing Theoretical fields Chaos theory Complex systems Control theory Cybernetics Earth system science Living systems Sociotechnical system Systemics Urban metabolism World - systems theory analysis biology dynamics ecology engineering neuroscience pharmacology psychology theory thinking Systems scientists Alexander Bogdanov Russell L. Ackoff William Ross Ashby Ruzena Bajcsy Béla H. Bánáthy Gregory Bateson Anthony Stafford Beer Richard E. Bellman Ludwig von Bertalanffy Margaret Boden Kenneth E. Boulding Murray Bowen Kathleen Carley Mary Cartwright C. West Churchman George Dantzig Edsger W. Dijkstra Heinz von Foerster Stephanie Forrest Jay Wright Forrester Barbara Grosz Charles AS Hall Lydia Kavraki James J. Kay Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James Grier Miller Radhika Nagpal Howard T. Odum Talcott Parsons Ilya Prigogine Qian Xuesen Anatol Rapoport Peter Senge Claude Shannon Katia Sycara Francisco Varela Manuela M. Veloso Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Jennifer Wilby Anthony Wilden Applications Systems theory in anthropology Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in political science Organizations List Principia Cybernetica Systems science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&oldid=810415602 '' Categories : Earth system sciences Global natural environment Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français हिन्दी Italiano Latina Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 03 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1622269033243818647	The Man in the Moon	The Man in the Moon - wikipedia The Man in the Moon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Man in the Moon ( disambiguation ) . The Man in the Moon Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Mulligan Produced by Mark Rydell Written by Jenny Wingfield Starring Sam Waterston Tess Harper Jason London Emily Warfield Reese Witherspoon Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Freddie Francis Edited by Trudy Ship Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date October 4 , 1991 Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $2 , 8 million The Man in the Moon is a 1991 American coming of age drama film directed by Robert Mulligan ( in his final film ) and is also Reese Witherspoon 's film debut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1957 , Dani Trant ( Reese Witherspoon ) is a 14 - year - old girl in Louisiana who , according to her father , is `` too big to be running off by herself . '' Dani and her older sister Maureen ( Emily Warfield ) , who is going off to college in the fall , are very close . Maureen helps take care of their younger sister , Missy , while their mother Abigail ( Tess Harper ) is pregnant . Dani however prefers to run off to the neighbor 's creek to go swimming in the nude . It is here that she meets her new neighbor , 17 - year - old Court Foster ( Jason London ) . Court kicks Dani out of his creek . When Dani goes home , her mother tells her to wash up because an old friend is coming for dinner with her children . The Trants ' old friend turns out to be a widow , Mrs. Foster ( Gail Strickland ) with her three sons Court , Dennis , and Rob . When Dani realizes who Court is , the two dislike each other . Court calls Dani `` a little girl '' . When Dani 's father Matthew ( Sam Waterston ) tells Dani to accompany Court into town for groceries , Dani and Court drive into town and start to get along . Dani finally realizes that she is in love with Court . Maureen goes on a date to a dance with her boyfriend Billy Sanders ( Bentley Mitchum ) . When they leave the dance , Billy wants to park his car and have sex . Maureen gets angry and breaks up with Billy because she believes `` love should be beautiful '' . The next day , Dani asks Maureen for advice on how to kiss a boy . Maureen demonstrates by practicing on her hand . Dani and Court continue to go swimming during the hot sunny days and become very close friends . The two agree to meet to go swimming at night , since Court has too much work to do during the day . Dani sneaks off and swims with Court until they reach the point where they are about to kiss . Court pushes Dani away and says she is a little girl that does n't know what she 's doing , and runs off home . Dani leaves too just as a thunderstorm is breaking out . Abigail wakes up , knowing Dani is n't home , and runs outside looking for her . Just as Dani gets home , and runs to her mother , her mother also runs and trips on a root , landing on her stomach . Dani 's father races her to the hospital , where she is kept for treatment . When her father returns home from the hospital , he spanks Dani with his belt . The next day , Court brings food to the Trant house and apologizes to Dani for the other night . Dani , still hurt , just ignores him at first , until Court says he would still like to be friends . The next time they go swimming the two share Dani 's first kiss . Dani is still hurt and angry at her father for hitting her . When he tries to talk to her the next day feeling remorseful for using his belt on her , she only replies with `` Yes Sir '' or `` No Sir '' to his questions . Once Dani has made up with her father , he tells Dani to invite Court over once in a while so he can get to know him better . When Court comes over for dinner , he finally meets Maureen . Dani can tell it is love at first sight for the two of them . While Dani visits her mother in the hospital , Court comes over to the Trant house and kisses Maureen . Over the next few days , Dani is getting pushed away by Court . While the rest of the family goes to pick up Abigail and the new baby from the hospital , Court and Maureen claim their love for each other , consummating their love in a field . When Maureen leaves for home , Court goes back to plowing the fields and falls off the tractor , and is badly injured . Dani sees this , and races home to tell her father . When Matthew returns home , he has some of Court 's blood on his clothes and the family realizes that Court has died . Maureen hides her pain at first , while Dani bursts into tears . After Court 's funeral , Dani continues to be angry at Maureen for stealing Court away from her . Matthew tells Dani that although she has a right to be hurt , being mad wo n't bring Court back , and Maureen will be her sister for life . Dani comforts Maureen as she weeps on Court 's fresh grave , and the film ends with Maureen and Dani talking outside on the porch at night as the summer draws to a close , looking up at the moon becoming close again . Cast ( edit ) Sam Waterston as Matthew Trant Tess Harper as Abigail Trant Gail Strickland as Marie Foster Reese Witherspoon as Dani Trant Jason London as Court Foster Emily Warfield as Maureen Trant Bentley Mitchum as Billy Sanders Ernie Lively as Will Sanders Dennis Letts as Doc White Earleen Bergeron as Eileen Sanders Anna Chappell as Mrs. Taylor Brandi and Sandi Smith as Missy Trant Derek and Spencer Ball as Foster Twins Production ( edit ) The Man in the Moon marked the film debut of Reese Witherspoon at the age of 14 years . Director Mulligan commented that casting her in the role of Dani was `` risky business , to say the least . We had a casting team that went out and saw several thousand kids and tested them on video . When I saw Reese 's test , she just jumped off the screen , simply as a personality . I could n't tell whether she could act or not , but she 's got a wonderful face and there 's a brightness and intelligence there . Then , when I tested her in Santa Monica , a strange breakthrough took place . Early in the movie , Dani is a bit of a tomboy . Reese was trying to project this in a scene where she had to get angry with the boy , but it had a false ring to it . Because in real life she is n't a tomboy . She 's a real ' girl ' girl . Just before we did another rehearsal , I told her I wanted her to chew gum . Well , she started chewing gum and all of a sudden the performance happened . She was tough . Strong . Direct . And the scene worked . Like that . In an instant , it was there . What was marvelous was , at the end of the scene , Reese knew that something happened . Her compass , her sense of what 's real , kicked in . The motor was running and she knew it . It was funny because she said : ' Can I always chew gum ? ' And I said : ' Yeah . ' '' The photography was by Academy Award - winning cinematographer Freddie Francis . Reception ( edit ) The film was highly praised by Roger Ebert , who included it at No. 8 in his Top 10 list of the best films of 1991 , declaring , `` Nothing else ( Mulligan ) has done ... approaches the purity and perfection of The Man in the Moon . As the film approached its conclusion without having stepped wrong once , I wondered whether he could do it - whether he could maintain the poetic , bittersweet tone , and avoid the sentimentalism and cheap emotion that could have destroyed this story . Would he maintain the integrity of this material ? He would , and he does . '' Versions ( edit ) Later , Mulligan became disenchanted with how the film was edited and cut by airlines , particularly American and Delta Air Lines , for in - flight showings . He became so disturbed by these airline edits to the picture that he insisted that his name be removed from the credits of the film . See also ( edit ) Man in the Moon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Mojo . `` Man in the Moon '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From the archives : Robert Mulligan discovers Reese Witherspoon - Film Journal International '' . www.filmjournal.com . Jump up ^ `` Siskel and Ebert Top Ten Lists ( 1969 - 1998 ) '' . Innermind.com. 2012 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) . `` The Man in the Moon Movie Review ( 1991 ) Roger Ebert '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Director pulls credit after airlines cut film Roger Ebert 's Journal Roger Ebert '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the Moon External links ( edit ) The Man in the Moon at the Internet Movie Database The Man in the Moon at AllMovie The Man in the Moon at Rotten Tomatoes The Man in the Moon at Box Office Mojo Roger Ebert 's four - star review of the film ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Mulligan Fear Strikes Out ( 1957 ) The Rat Race ( 1960 ) The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) Come September ( 1961 ) The Spiral Road ( 1962 ) To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) Baby the Rain Must Fall ( 1965 ) Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) Up the Down Staircase ( 1967 ) The Stalking Moon ( 1968 ) The Pursuit of Happiness ( 1971 ) Summer of ' 42 ( 1971 ) The Other ( 1972 ) The Nickel Ride ( 1974 ) Bloodbrothers ( 1978 ) Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) Kiss Me Goodbye ( 1982 ) Clara 's Heart ( 1988 ) The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_Moon&oldid=806001787 '' Categories : English - language films 1991 films 1990s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American romantic drama films American films Film scores by James Newton Howard Films directed by Robert Mulligan Films set in 1957 Films set in Louisiana Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Teen romance films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 01 : 00 . 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-6818734967355811244	Vehicle identification number	Vehicle identification number - wikipedia Vehicle identification number Jump to : navigation , search `` VIN '' redirects here . For other uses , see Vin ( disambiguation ) . `` VINs '' redirects here . For the non-profit organization , see Vermont Institute of Natural Science . For the Russian Baptist pastor , see Vins . VIN on a Chinese moped VIN on a 1996 Porsche 993 GT2 VIN visible in the windshield VIN is recorded in Vehicle License of China . A vehicle identification number ( VIN ) is a unique code , including a serial number , used by the automotive industry to identify individual motor vehicles , towed vehicles , motorcycles , scooters and mopeds , as defined in ISO 3779 : 2009 . VINs were first used in 1954 in the United States . From 1954 to 1981 , there was no accepted standard for these numbers , so different manufacturers used different formats . In 1981 , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States standardized the format . It required all on - road vehicles sold to contain a 17 - character VIN , which does not include the letters I ( i ) , O ( o ) , and Q ( q ) ( to avoid confusion with numerals 1 and 0 ) . There are vehicle history services in several countries that help potential car owners use VINs to find vehicles that are defective or have been written off . See the Used car article for a list of countries where this service is available . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Components 2.1 World manufacturer identifier 2.1. 1 Country or Region codes 2.2 Vehicle descriptor section 2.2. 1 North American check digits 2.3 Vehicle identifier section 2.3. 1 Model year encoding 2.3. 2 Plant code 2.3. 3 Production number 3 Check - digit calculation 3.1 Transliterating the numbers 3.2 Weights used in calculation 3.3 Worked example 3.4 Example code 4 VIN scanning 5 List of common WMI 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification ( edit ) There are at least four competing standards used to calculate the VIN . FMVSS 115 , Part 565 : Used in United States and Canada ISO Standard 3779 : Used in Europe and many other parts of the world SAE J853 : Very similar to the ISO standard ADR 61 / 2 used in Australia , referring to ISO 3779 and 3780 Components ( edit ) Modern VINs are based on two related standards , originally issued by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) in 1979 and 1980 : ISO 3779 and ISO 3780 , respectively . Compatible but different implementations of these ISO standards have been adopted by the European Union and the United States , respectively . The VIN comprises the following sections : Standard 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ISO 3779 World manufacturer identifier VDS VIS European Union more than 500 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' European Union 500 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' North America more than 2000 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Sequential number North America 2000 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Manufacturer identifier Sequential number VIN in a GM - T - Platform body next to a passenger seat World manufacturer identifier ( edit ) The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the world manufacturer identifier or WMI code . A manufacturer who builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit , and the 12th , 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification . Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category ( e.g. , bus or truck ) , a division within a manufacturer , or both . For example , within 1G ( assigned to General Motors in the United States ) , 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars ; 1G2 , Pontiac passenger cars ; and 1GC , Chevrolet trucks . The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) in the U.S. assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers . The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located . In practice , each is assigned to a country of manufacture , although in Europe the country where the continental headquarters is located can assign the WMI to all vehicles produced in that region ( Example : Opel / Vauxhall cars whether produced in Germany , Spain , the United Kingdom or Poland carry a WMI of W0L because Adam Opel AG is based in Rüsselsheim , Germany ) . In the notation below , assume that letters precede numbers and that zero is the last number . For example , 8X -- 82 denotes the range 8X , 8Y , 8Z , 81 , 82 , excluding 80 . Country or Region codes ( edit ) A -- H = Africa J -- R = Asia S -- Z = Europe 1 -- 5 = North America 6 -- 7 = Oceania 8 -- 9 = South America AA - AH South Africa AJ - AN Cote d'Ivoire AP - A0 not assigned BA - BE Angola BF - BK Kenya BL - BR Tanzania BS - B0 not assigned CA - CE Benin CF - CK Madagascar CL - CR Tunisia CS - C0 not assigned DA - DE Egypt DF - DK Morocco DL - DR Zambia DS - D0 not assigned EA - EE Ethiopia EF - EK Mozambique EL - E0 not assigned FA - FE Ghana FF - FK Nigeria FL - F0 not assigned GA - G0 not assigned HA - H0 not assigned J Japan KA - KE Sri Lanka KF - KK Israel KL - KR Korea ( South ) KS - K0 Kazakhstan L China ( Mainland ) MA - ME India MF - MK Indonesia ML - MR Thailand MS - M0 Myanmar MT - M0 not assigned NA - NE Iran NF - NK Pakistan NL - NR Turkey NS - N0 not assigned PA - PE Philippines PF - PK Singapore PL - PR Malaysia PS - P0 not assigned RA - RE United Arab Emirates RF - RK Taiwan , China RL - RR Vietnam RS - R0 Saudi Arabia SA - SM United Kingdom SN - ST formerly East Germany SU - SZ Poland S1 - S4 Latvia S5 - S0 not assigned TA - TH Switzerland TJ - TP Czech Republic TR - TV Hungary TW - T1 Portugal T2 - T0 not assigned UA - UG not assigned UH - UM Denmark UN-UT Ireland UU - UZ Romania U1 - U4 not assigned U5 - U7 Slovakia U8 - U0 not assigned VA - VE Austria VF - VR France VS - VW Spain VX - V2 Serbia V3 - V5 Croatia V6 - V0 Estonia W Germany ( formerly West Germany ) XA - XE Bulgaria XF - XK Greece XL - XR Netherlands XS - XW former USSR XX - X2 Luxembourg X3 - X0 Russia YA - YE Belgium YF - YK Finland YL - YR Malta YS - YW Sweden YX - Y2 Norway Y3 - Y5 Belarus Y6 - Y0 Ukraine ZA - ZR Italy ZS - ZW not assigned ZX - Z2 Slovenia Z3 - Z5 Lithuania Z6 - Z0 not assigned 1 , 4 , or 5 United States 2 Canada 3A - 3W Mexico 3X - 37 Costa Rica 38 - 39 Cayman Islands 6 Australia 7 New Zealand 8A - 8E Argentina 8F - 8K Chile 8L - 8R Ecuador 8S - 8W Peru 8X - 82 Venezuela 83 - 80 not assigned 9A - 9E Brazil 9F - 9K Colombia 9L - 9R Paraguay 9S - 9W Uruguay 9X - 92 Trinidad & Tobago 93 -- 99 Brazil 90 not assigned Vehicle descriptor section ( edit ) The fourth to ninth positions in the VIN are the vehicle descriptor section or VDS . This is used , according to local regulations , to identify the vehicle type , and may include information on the automobile platform used , the model , and the body style . Each manufacturer has a unique system for using this field . Most manufacturers since the 1980s have used the eighth digit to identify the engine type whenever there is more than one engine choice for the vehicle . Example : for the 2007 Chevrolet Corvette , U is for a 6.0 - liter V8 engine , and E is for a 7.0 L V8 . North American check digits ( edit ) One element that is fairly consistent is the use of position nine as a check digit , compulsory for vehicles in North America and China , and used fairly consistently elsewhere . Vehicle identifier section ( edit ) The 10th to 17th positions are used as the ' vehicle identifier section ' ( VIS ) . This is used by the manufacturer to identify the individual vehicle in question . This may include information on options installed or engine and transmission choices , but often is a simple sequential number . In North America , the last five digits must be numeric . Model year encoding ( edit ) One consistent element of the VIS is the 10th digit , which is required worldwide to encode the model year of the vehicle . Besides the three letters that are not allowed in the VIN itself ( I , O and Q ) , the letters U and Z and the digit 0 are not used for the model year code . The year code is the model year for the vehicle . The year 1980 was encoded by some manufacturers , especially General Motors and Chrysler , as `` A '' ( since the 17 - digit VIN was not mandatory until 1981 , and the `` A '' or zero was in the manufacturer 's pre-1981 placement in the VIN ) , yet Ford and AMC still used a zero for 1980 . Subsequent years increment through the allowed letters , so that `` Y '' represents the year 2000 . 2001 to 2009 are encoded as the digits 1 to 9 , and subsequent years are encoded as `` A '' , `` B '' , `` C '' , etc . Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year A = 1980 L = Y = 2000 A = L = 2020 Y = 2030 B = 1981 M = 1991 1 = B = 2011 M = 2021 1 = 2031 C = 1982 N = 2 = 2002 C = 2012 N = 2022 2 = 2032 D = P = 3 = 2003 D = 2013 P = 2023 3 = 2033 E = 1984 R = 4 = E = 2014 R = 2024 4 = 2034 F = 1985 S = 1995 5 = 2005 F = 2015 S = 2025 5 = 2035 G = 1986 T = 6 = 2006 G = 2016 T = 2026 6 = 2036 H = V = 7 = 2007 H = 2017 V = 2027 7 = 2037 J = W = 1998 8 = 2008 J = 2018 W = 2028 8 = 2038 K = X = 1999 9 = 2009 K = 2019 X = 2029 9 = 2039 On April 30 , 2008 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration adopted a final rule amending 49 CFR Part 565 , `` so that the current 17 character vehicle identification number ( VIN ) system , which has been in place for almost 30 years , can continue in use for at least another 30 years '' , in the process making several changes to the VIN requirements applicable to all motor vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States . There are three notable changes to the VIN structure that affect VIN deciphering systems : The make may only be identified after looking at positions one through three and another position , as determined by the manufacturer in the second section or fourth to eighth segment of the VIN . In order to identify the exact year in passenger cars and multipurpose passenger vehicles with a GVWR of 10,000 or less , one must read position 7 as well as position 10 . For passenger cars , and for multipurpose passenger vehicles and trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) or less , if position seven is numeric , the model year in position 10 of the VIN refers to a year in the range 1980 -- 2009 . If position seven is alphabetic , the model year in position 10 of VIN refers to a year in the range 2010 -- 2039 . The model year for vehicles with a GVWR greater than 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) , as well as buses , motorcycles , trailers and low - speed vehicles , may no longer be identified within a 30 - year range . VIN characters 1 -- 8 and 10 that were assigned from 1980 -- 2009 can be repeated beginning with the 2010 model year . Plant code ( edit ) Compulsory in North America and China is the use of the 11th character to identify the factory at which the vehicle was built . Each manufacturer has its own set of plant codes . Production number ( edit ) In the United States and China , the 12th to 17th digits are the vehicle 's serial or production number . This is unique to each vehicle , and every manufacturer uses its own sequence . Check - digit calculation ( edit ) Check - digit validation is compulsory for all road vehicles sold in North America . When trying to validate a VIN with a check digit , first either ( a ) remove the check digit for the purpose of calculation or ( b ) use a weight of zero ( see below ) to cancel it out . The original value of the check digit is then compared with the calculated value . If the calculated value is 0 -- 9 , the check digit must match the calculated value . If the calculated value is 10 , the check digit must be X . If the two values do not match ( and there was no error in the calculation ) , then there is a mistake in the VIN . However , a match does not prove the VIN is correct , because there is still a 1 / 11 chance that any two distinct VINs have a matching check digit : for example , the valid VINs 5GZCZ43D13S812715 ( correct with leading five ) and SGZCZ43D13S812715 ( incorrect with leading character `` S '' ) . The VINs in the Porsche image , WP0ZZZ99ZTS392124 , and the GM - T body image , KLATF08Y1VB363636 , do not pass the North American check - digit verification . Transliterating the numbers ( edit ) Transliteration consists of removing all of the letters , and substituting them with their appropriate numerical counterparts . These numerical alternatives ( based on IBM 's EBCDIC ) are in the following chart . I , O , and Q are not allowed in a valid VIN ; for this chart , they have been filled in with N / A ( not applicable ) . Numerical digits use their own values . Transliteration key : values for VIN decoding A : 1 B : 2 C : 3 D: 4 E : 5 F : 6 G : 7 H : 8 N / A J : 1 K : 2 L : 3 M : 4 N : 5 N / A P : 7 N / A R : 9 S : 2 T : 3 U : 4 V : 5 W : 6 X : 7 Y : 8 Z : 9 S is 2 , and not 1 . There is no left - alignment linearity . Weights used in calculation ( edit ) The following is the weight factor for each position in the VIN . The 9th position is that of the check digit . It has been substituted with a 0 , which will cancel it out in the multiplication step . Weight factor table Position 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Worked example ( edit ) Consider the hypothetical VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 , where the underscore will be the check digit . VIN 8 9 0 7 8 8 Value 8 7 9 0 7 0 7 8 8 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Products 8 28 48 35 16 12 18 10 0 18 56 0 24 10 28 24 16 The VIN 's value is calculated from the above transliteration table . This number is used in the rest of the calculation . Copy the weights from the above weight factor table . The products row is the result of the multiplication of the vertical columns : Value and Weight . The products ( 8 , 28 , 48 , 35 ... 24 , 16 ) are all added together to yield a sum , 351 . Find the remainder after dividing by 11 351 MOD 11 = 10 351 ÷ 11 = 31 / The remainder is the check digit . If the remainder is 10 , the check digit is X . In this example , the remainder is 10 , so the check digit is transliterated as X . With a check digit of X , the VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 is written 1M8GDM9AXKP042788 . A VIN with straight - ones ( seventeen consecutive 1s ) has the nice feature that its check digit 1 matches the calculated value 1 . This is because a value of one multiplied by 89 ( sum of weights ) is 89 , and 89 divided by 11 is 8 with remainder ⁄ ; thus 1 is the check digit . This is a way to test a VIN - check algorithm . Example code ( edit ) Java private static int transliterate ( char c ) ( return `` 0123456789. ABCDEFGH ... JKLMN. P.R.. STUVWXYZ ''. indexOf ( c ) % 10 ; ) private static char getCheckDigit ( String vin ) ( String map = `` 0123456789X '' ; String weights = `` 8765432X098765432 '' ; int sum = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < 17 ; + + i ) ( sum + = transliterate ( vin. charAt ( i ) ) * map. indexOf ( weights. charAt ( i ) ) ; ) return map. charAt ( sum % 11 ) ; ) private static boolean validate ( String vin ) ( if ( vin. length ( ) ! = 17 ) return false ; return getCheckDigit ( vin ) = = vin. charAt ( 8 ) ; ) VIN scanning ( edit ) VINs may be optically read with barcode scanners or digital cameras , or digitally read via OBD - II in newer vehicles . There are smartphone applications that can pass the VIN to websites to decode the VIN . List of common WMI ( edit ) The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) assigns the WMI ( world manufacturer identifier ) to countries and manufacturers . The following list shows a small selection of world manufacturer codes . WMI Manufacturer AAV ( South Africa ) Volkswagen AHT ( South Africa ) Toyota AFA ( South Africa ) Ford CL9 ( Tunisia ) Wallyscar JA ( Japan ) Isuzu JC1 ( Japan ) Fiat Automobiles / Mazda JF ( Japan ) Fuji Heavy Industries JHL ( Japan ) Honda JHM ( Japan ) Honda JMB ( Japan ) Mitsubishi JM6 ( Japan ) Mazda JN ( Japan ) Nissan JS ( Japan ) Suzuki JT ( Japan ) Toyota JY ( Japan ) Yamaha KL ( South Korea ) Daewoo / GM Korea KMH ( South Korea ) Hyundai KN ( South Korea ) Kia KPT ( South Korea ) SsangYong L6T ( China ) Geely LBE ( China ) Beijing Hyundai LBV ( China ) BMW Brilliance LC0 ( China ) BYD Bus LDC ( China ) Dongfeng Peugeot - Citroën LE4 ( China ) Beijing Benz LFM ( China ) FAW Toyota LFP ( China ) FAW Car LFV ( China ) FAW - Volkswagen LGB ( China ) Dongfeng Nissan LGJ ( China ) Dongfeng Fengshen LGW ( China ) Great Wall ( Havel ) LGX ( China ) BYD Auto LH1 ( China ) FAW Haima LHG ( China ) Guangzhou Honda LJ1 ( China ) JAC LJD ( China ) Dongfeng Yueda Kia LLV ( China ) Lifan LMG ( China ) GAC Trumpchi LPA ( China ) Changan PSA ( DS Automobiles ) LS5 ( China ) Changan Suzuki LSG ( China ) SAIC General Motors LSJ ( China ) SAIC MG LSV ( China ) SAIC Volkswagen LTV ( China ) FAW Toyota ( Tianjin ) LVG ( China ) GAC Toyota LVH ( China ) Dongfeng Honda LVR ( China ) Changan Mazda LVS ( China ) Changan Ford LVV ( China ) Chery LWV ( China ) GAC Fiat LZW ( China ) SAIC GM Wuling LZY ( China ) Yutong MM0 ( Thailand ) Mazda MS0 ( Myanmar ) KIA Myanmar NMT ( Turkey ) Toyota NM0 ( Turkey ) Ford Otosan PL1 ( Malaysia ) Proton SAJ ( United Kingdom ) Jaguar SAL ( United Kingdom ) Land Rover SAR ( United Kingdom ) Rover SAT ( United Kingdom ) Triumph SB1 ( United Kingdom ) Toyota SCC ( United Kingdom ) Lotus Cars SCF ( United Kingdom ) Aston Martin Lagonda Limited SCE ( United Kingdom ) DeLorean SFD ( United Kingdom ) Alexander Dennis SHH ( United Kingdom ) Honda SHS ( United Kingdom ) Honda SJN ( United Kingdom ) Nissan TCC ( Switzerland ) Micro Compact Car AG ( SMART 1998 - 1999 ) TMA ( Czech Republic ) Hyundai TMB ( Czech Republic ) Škoda TRU ( Hungary ) Audi TSM ( Hungary ) Suzuki U5Y ( Slovakia ) Kia UU ( Romania ) Dacia VA0 ( Austria ) ÖAF VF1 ( France ) Renault VF2 ( France ) Renault VF3 ( France ) Peugeot VF4 ( France ) Talbot VF5 ( France ) Iveco Unic SA VF6 ( France ) Renault Trucks / Volvo VF7 ( France ) Citroën VF8 ( France ) Matra / Talbot / Simca VF9 ( France ) Bugatti VFE ( France ) IvecoBus VNK ( France ) Toyota VSS ( Spain ) SEAT VV9 ( Spain ) Tauro Sport Auto WAG ( Germany ) Neoplan WAU ( Germany ) Audi WAP ( Germany ) Alpina WBA ( Germany ) BMW WBS ( Germany ) BMW M WBX ( Germany ) BMW WDB ( Germany ) Mercedes - Benz WDC , WDD , WMX ( Germany ) DaimlerChrysler AG / Daimler AG WEB ( Germany ) EvoBus WF0 ( Germany ) Ford of Europe WJM ( Germany ) Iveco WJR ( Germany ) Irmscher WKK ( Germany ) Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke WMA ( Germany ) MAN WME ( Germany ) Smart WMW ( Germany ) Mini WP0 ( Germany ) Porsche car WP1 ( Germany ) Porsche SUV WUA ( Germany ) Quattro WVG ( Germany ) Volkswagen WVW ( Germany ) Volkswagen WV1 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles WV2 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles W09 ( Germany ) Ruf Automobile W0L ( Germany ) Opel / Vauxhall W0SV ( Germany ) Opel Special Vehicles XLR ( Netherlands ) DAF Trucks YK1 ( Finland ) Saab YS2 ( Sweden ) Scania , Södertälje YS3 ( Sweden ) Saab YS4 ( Sweden ) Scania , Katrineholm YTN ( Sweden ) Saab NEVS YV1 ( Sweden ) Volvo Cars YV2 ( Sweden ) Volvo Trucks YV3 ( Sweden ) Volvo Buses ZA9 ( Italy ) Bugatti ZAM ( Italy ) Maserati ZAR ( Italy ) Alfa Romeo ZCF ( Italy ) Iveco ZFA ( Italy ) Fiat Automobiles ZFF ( Italy ) Ferrari ZGA ( Italy ) IvecoBus ZHW ( Italy ) Lamborghini ZLA ( Italy ) Lancia 1B ( United States ) Dodge 1C ( United States ) Chrysler 1F ( United States ) Ford 1G ( United States ) General Motors 1G1 ( United States ) Chevrolet 1G3 ( United States ) Oldsmobile 1G9 ( United States ) Google 1GC ( United States ) Chevrolet 1GM ( United States ) Pontiac 1HG ( United States ) Honda 1J ( United States ) Jeep 1L ( United States ) Lincoln 1M ( United States ) Mercury 1N ( United States ) Nissan 1VW ( United States ) Volkswagen 1YV ( United States ) Mazda 2DG ( Canada ) Ontario Drive & Gear 2F ( Canada ) Ford 2Gx ( Canada ) General Motors 2G1 ( Canada ) Chevrolet 2G2 ( Canada ) Pontiac 2G9 ( Canada ) Gnome Homes 2HG ( Canada ) Honda 2HH ( Canada ) Acura 2HJ ( Canada ) Honda 2HK ( Canada ) Honda 2HM ( Canada ) Hyundai 2M ( Canada ) Mercury 2T ( Canada ) Toyota 3F ( Mexico ) Ford 3G ( Mexico ) General Motors 3HG ( Mexico ) Honda 3HM ( Mexico ) Honda 3KP ( Mexico ) Kia 3N ( Mexico ) Nissan 3VW ( Mexico ) Volkswagen 4F ( United States ) Mazda 4J ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 4M ( United States ) Mercury 4S3 ( United States ) Subaru 4S4 ( United States ) Subaru 4S6 ( United States ) Honda 4T ( United States ) Toyota 4US ( United States ) BMW 5FN ( United States ) Honda 5J6 ( United States ) Honda 5L ( United States ) Lincoln 5N1 ( United States ) Nissan 5NM ( United States ) Hyundai 5NP ( United States ) Hyundai 5T ( United States ) Toyota 5U ( United States ) BMW 5X ( United States ) Hyundai / Kia 5YJ ( United States ) Tesla 55 ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 6F ( Australia ) Ford 6G ( Australia ) General Motors 6G1 ( Australia ) Chevrolet 6G2 ( Australia ) Pontiac 6H ( Australia ) Holden 6MM ( Australia ) Mitsubishi 6T1 ( Australia ) Toyota 7A3 ( New Zealand ) Honda 8AP ( Argentina ) Fiat 8AF ( Argentina ) Ford 8AG ( Argentina ) General Motors 8AW ( Argentina ) Volkswagen 8AJ ( Argentina ) Toyota 8A1 ( Argentina ) Renault 8AC ( Argentina ) Mercedes Benz 8BC ( Argentina ) Citroën 8AD ( Argentina ) Peugeot 8C3 ( Argentina ) Honda 8AT ( Argentina ) Iveco 9BD ( Brazil ) Fiat Automóveis 9BG ( Brazil ) General Motors 9BW ( Brazil ) Volkswagen 9BF ( Brazil ) Ford 93H ( Brazil ) Honda 9BR ( Brazil ) Toyota 936 ( Brazil ) Peugeot 935 ( Brazil ) Citroën 93Y ( Brazil ) Renault 93X ( Brazil ) Souza Ramos - Mitsubishi / Suzuki 9BH ( Brazil ) Hyundai Motor Company / Hyundai 95P ( Brazil ) CAOA / Hyundai 94D ( Brazil ) Nissan 98R ( Brazil ) Chery 988 ( Brazil ) Jeep 98M ( Brazil ) BMW 9BM ( Brazil ) Mercedes Benz 99A ( Brazil ) Audi 99J ( Brazil ) JLR Jaguar Land Rover 9C2 ( Brazil ) Honda Motorcycles 9C6 ( Brazil ) Yamaha 9CD ( Brazil ) Suzuki Motorcycles 93W ( Brazil ) Fiat Professional 93Z ( Brazil ) Iveco 953 ( Brazil ) VW Trucks / MAN 9BS ( Brazil ) Scania 9BV ( Brazil ) Volvo Trucks 9UJ ( Uruguay ) Chery 9UK ( Uruguay ) Lifan 9UW ( Uruguay ) Kia See also ( edit ) Builder 's plate Danish bicycle VIN - system Engine number Name plate Serial number VIN etching RPO Code References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VINs ) '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` eCFR -- Code of Federal Regulations -- Title 49 : Transportation -- PART 565 -- VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ( VIN ) REQUIREMENTS '' . www.ecfr.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ComLaw Legislative Instruments -- Vehicle Standard ( Australian Design Rule 61 / 02 -- Vehicle Marking ) 2005 ( ADR 61 / 02 ) '' . Comlaw.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ ISO 3779 : 2009 Road vehicles -- Vehicle identification number ( VIN ) -- Content and structure Jump up ^ ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code Jump up ^ `` United States Federal VIN Requirements ( Title 49 , Chapter V , Part 565 ) '' . Access.gpo.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directive 76 / 114 / EEC - Automotive - Enterprise and Industry '' . European Commission . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code '' . ISO. 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VIN codes ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vehicle Identification Number . ISO 3779 : 2009 FMVSS 115 , Part 565 VIN entry in the National Transportation Library FAQ ( hide ) Automotive design Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Car platform Backbone chassis Beltline Body - on - frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Roof rack Shaker scoop Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Trunk / boot / dickie Hood / bonnet Doors Butterfly doors Gull - wing door Scissor doors Sliding door Suicide door Vehicle canopy Glass Greenhouse Power window Quarter glass Opera window Sunroof Windshield / windscreen Windshield / windscreen wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front - end bra Hood ornament Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Run - flat tire Spare tire Tire / tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory Window deflector Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution Exterior equipment Lighting Daytime running lamp Headlamp sealed beam high - intensity discharge lamp Hidden headlamps Turn signals trafficators Rear position lamps Stop lamps Reversing lamps Safety reflector retroreflector Other elements Vehicle horn Vehicle registration plate vanity plate Windshield / windscreen washer fluid Wing mirror power side - view mirror Legal Motor vehicle theft Vehicle identification number Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_identification_number&oldid=843486499 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Classification systems 1981 introductions Vehicle security systems Country codes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 18 . 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-8570055739166502761	Matthew 4:4	Matthew 4 : 4 - wikipedia Matthew 4 : 4 Juan de Flandes ' The Temptation of Christ in the Wilderness shows Jesus rebuffing Satan 's proffered stone Matthew 4 : 4 is the fourth verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . Jesus , who has been fasting in the desert , has just been encouraged by Satan to make bread from stones to relieve his hunger , in this verse he rejects this idea . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : But he answered and said , It is written , Man shall not live by bread alone , but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God . The World English Bible translates the passage as : But he answered , `` It is written , ' Man shall not live by bread alone , but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God . ' '' For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 4 : 4 A Simplified Explanation for the Non-theologian : The meaning of this scripture verse can be explained by referencing another ( Luke 10 : 38 - 42 New International Version ) in which the two sisters , Martha and Mary are visited by Christ and His disciples . Martha is concerned with worldly ( not sinful ) concerns such as being a good hostess , while Mary her sister is concerned only with the spiritual , learning from Christ Jesus . When Martha ask Jesus to correct her sister for neglecting her work Jesus replies , `` Martha , Martha , you are worried and upset about many things , but few things are needed -- or indeed only one . Mary has chosen what is better , and it will not be taken away from her . '' This example shows that although we live in the world we can not place the needs of the world above those things that are most needful , the Word of God and the will of God . All things are temporary except the Word of God which will last forever . Thus , man shall not live by bread alone ( can not be consumed by or place the needs of the carnal nature above the needs of the Spirit ) but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God . In short , God 's Word and His will takes precedence over our own needs and desires . More In - depth Explanation : Jesus rebuts Satan 's advances by quoting scripture . The verse in question is from Deuteronomy 8 : 3 . In its original context the verse is describing how while wandering through the wilderness in Exodus the Israelites lacked food . Despite God 's promises they complained and worried about their hunger , but in the end God provided manna to feed them all . This same reply is also quoted in Luke 4 : 4 , though in Luke it is somewhat abbreviated not containing `` but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God . '' The quote uses the exact wording of the Septuagint , but Hill notes that it is not an exact translation of the original Hebrew which has `` everything '' rather than `` every word . '' Gundry feels the author of Matthew added this section to emphasize Jesus ' obedience to God . Jones states that by replying with nothing but quotes from scripture Jesus illustrates his `` perfect detachment from everything except God 's will . '' Jesus rejects Satan 's idea , and uses nothing but a word of scripture as his argument . France notes that God 's word would not literally make up for not having any food . Instead it is a question of priority . If God instructed Jesus to fast in the desert , then it is that word that must be followed and it takes priority over any feelings such as hunger . There are a number of explanations for why Satan attempted to have Jesus turn stones into bread and why it was important that Jesus refuse . The act of using God 's powers to create bread is not in itself wrong , as demonstrated in Matthew 14 and 15 where Jesus actually does perform this miracle . In the Middle Ages it became common to argue that Satan was simply tempting Christ into gluttony . Most modern scholars do not accept this view . France notes that tempt should better be translated as test that Satan was testing Jesus ' understanding of his role rather than luring him into evil . Jones notes that calling someone who has fasted for forty days gluttonous because they want food is not very fair . Most modern scholars thus reject the sin explanation . Another view that was popular for a time was that this represented Jesus rejecting the role of the `` economic messiah , '' that in this verse he demonstrates that it is not his role to feed the hungry of the world , but rather to provide spiritual sustenance . The most popular view today is that this passage echoes the history of Israel . The quote itself comes from the part of the Old Testament describing the period after the Exodus when the Israelites were wandering hungry in the wilderness and complaining about their hunger . This verse is seen to demonstrate that Jesus does not make the same mistake they did and accepts that God will ensure his safety . The phrase `` man shall not live by bread alone '' is today a common expression meaning that people need more than material things to truly live . However , it is also sometimes used in almost the opposite sense to justify materials luxuries beyond simple things like bread . Fortna notes that the word usually translated as man would more accurately be replaced by human beings as in the original Greek it is gender neutral . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Jump up ^ Gundry , Robert H. Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art . Grand Rapids : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1982 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alexander . The Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : Geoffrey Chapman , 1965 . Jump up ^ France , R.T. . The Gospel of Matthew . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2007 pg. 131 Jump up ^ France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alexander . The Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : Geoffrey Chapman , 1965 . Jump up ^ Fortna , Robert . The Gospel of Matthew - Scholars Bible Polebridge Press , 2005 pg. 49 Preceded by Matthew 4 : 3 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 4 Succeeded by Matthew 4 : 5 Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_4:4&oldid=861992412 '' Categories : Matthew 4 Satan in Bible verses Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 13 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bible verse that says man shall not live by bread alone	[]	[]
2438679853230459609	Hormone receptor	Hormone receptor - wikipedia Hormone receptor Jump to : navigation , search A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone . Hormone receptors are a wide family of proteins made up of receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones , retinoids and Vitamin D , and a variety of other receptors for various ligands , such as fatty acids and prostaglandins . There are two main classes of hormone receptors . Receptors for peptide hormones tend to be cell surface receptors built into the plasma membrane of cells and are thus referred to as trans membrane receptors . An example of this is insulin . Receptors for steroid hormones are usually found within the cytoplasm and are referred to as intracellular or nuclear receptors , such as testosterone . Upon hormone binding , the receptor can initiate multiple signaling pathways which ultimately lead to changes in the behavior of the target cells . Hormonal therapy and hormone receptors play a very large part in breast cancer treatment ( therapy is not limited to only breast cancer ) . By influencing the hormones , the cells ' growth can be changed along with its function . These hormones can cause cancer to not survive in the human body . Contents ( hide ) 1 General Ligand Binding 2 Functions 2.1 Transmission of Signal 2.1. 1 Intracellular ( Nuclear Receptors ) 2.1. 2 Trans - Membrane Receptors 2.2 Aiding Gene Expression 3 Classification 3.1 Receptors for water - soluble hormones 3.2 Receptors for lipid - soluble hormones 4 List of hormone receptors 5 References General ligand binding ( edit ) Signal molecule binds to its hormone receptor , inducing a conformational change in the receptor to begin a signaling cascade that will induce a cellular response . Hormone receptor proteins bind to a hormone as a result of an accumulation of weak interactions . Because of the relatively large size of enzymes and receptors , the large amount of surface area provides the basis for these weak interactions to occur . This binding is actually highly specific because of the complementarity of these interactions between polar , non-polar , charged , neutral , hydrophilic , or hydrophobic residues . Upon binding , the receptor often undergoes a conformational change and may bind further signaling ligands in order to activate a signaling pathway . Because of these highly specific and high affinity interactions between hormones and their receptors , very low concentrations of hormone are needed to produce significant cellular response . Receptors can have various different structures depending on the function of the hormone and the structure of its ligand . Therefore , hormone binding to its receptor is a complex process which can be mediated by cooperative binding , reversible and irreversible interactions , and multiple binding sites . Functions ( edit ) Transmission of signal ( edit ) The presence of hormone or multiple hormones enables a response in the receptor which begins a cascade of signaling . The hormone receptor interacts with different molecules in order to induce a variety of changes , such as the increase or decrease of nutrient sources , growth , and other metabolic functions . These signaling pathways are complex mechanisms mediated by feedback loops where different signals activate and inhibit other signals . If a signaling pathway ends with the increase in production of a nutrient , that nutrient is then a signal back to the receptor that acts as a competitive inhibitor to prevent further production . Signaling pathways regulate cells through activating or inactivating gene expression , transport of metabolites , and controlling enzymatic activity in order to manage growth and functions of metabolism . Intracellular ( nuclear receptors ) ( edit ) Intracellular and nuclear receptors are a direct way for the cell to respond to internal changes and signals . Intracellular receptors are activated by hydrophobic ligands which pass through the cellular membrane . All nuclear receptors are very similar in structure , and are described with intrinsic transcriptional activity . Intrinsic transcriptional involves the three following domains : transcription - activating , DNA - binding , and ligand - binding . These domains and ligands are hydrophobic and are able to travel through the membrane . The movement of macromolecules and ligand molecules into the cell enables a complex transport system of intracellular signal transfers through different cellular environments until response is enabled . Nuclear receptors are a special class of intracellular receptor which specifically aid the needs of the cell to express certain genes . Nuclear receptors often bind directly to DNA by targeting specific DNA sequences in order to express or repress transcription of nearby genes . Trans - membrane receptors ( edit ) The extracellular environment is able to induce changes within the cell . Hormones , or other extracellular signals , are able to induce changes within the cell by binding to membrane - bound receptors . This interaction allows the hormone receptor to produce second messengers within the cell to aid response . Second messengers may also be sent to interact with intracellular receptors in order to enter the complex signal transport system that eventually changes cellular function . Aiding gene expression ( edit ) Hormone receptors can behave as transcription factors by interacting directly with DNA or by cross-talking with signaling pathways . This process is mediated through co-regulators . In the absence of ligand , receptor molecules bind corepressors in order to repress gene expression , compacting chromatin through histone deacetylatase . When a ligand is present , nuclear receptors undergo a conformational change to recruit various coactivators . These molecules work to remodel chromatin . Hormone receptors have highly specific motifs which are able to interact with coregulator complexes . This is the mechanism through which receptors can induce regulation of gene expression depending on both the extracellular environment and the immediate cellular composition . Steroid hormones and their regulation by receptors are the most potent molecule interactions in aiding gene expression . Problems with nuclear receptor binding as a result of shortages of ligand or receptors can have drastic effects on the cell . The dependency on the ligand is the most important part in being able to regulate gene expression , so the absence of ligand is drastic to this process . For example , estrogen deficiency is a cause of osteoporosis and the inability to undergo a proper signaling cascade prevents bone growth and strengthening . Deficiencies in nuclear receptor - mediated pathways play a key role in the development of disease , like osteoporosis . Classification ( edit ) Receptors for water - soluble hormones ( edit ) Water - soluble hormones include glycoproteins , catecholamines , and peptide hormones composed of polypeptides , e.g. thyroid - stimulating hormone , follicle - stimulating hormone , luteinizing hormone and insulin . These molecules are not lipid - soluble and therefore can not diffuse through cell membranes . Consequently , receptors for peptide hormones are located on the plasma membrane because they have bound to a receptor protein located on the plasma membrane . Water - soluble hormones come from amino acids and are located and stored in endocrine cells until actually needed . The main two types of transmembrane receptor hormone receptor are the G - protein - coupled receptors and the enzyme - linked receptors . These receptors generally function via intracellular second messengers , including cyclic AMP ( cAMP ) , cyclic GMP ( cGMP ) , inositol 1 , 4 , 5 - trisphosphate ( IP3 ) and the calcium ( Ca ) - calmodulin system . Receptors for lipid - soluble hormones ( edit ) Cartoon representation of the human hormone estrogen receptor DBD . DNA = Orange and Blue . DBD of Estrogen Receptor = white . Zinc Atoms = Green . Steroid hormone receptors and related receptors are generally soluble proteins that function through gene activation . Lipid - soluble hormones target specific sequences of DNA by diffusing into the cell . When they have diffused into the cell , they bind to receptors ( intracellular ) , and migrate into the nucleus . heir response elements are DNA sequences ( promoters ) that are bound by the complex of the steroid bound to its receptor . The receptors themselves are zinc - finger proteins . These receptors include those for glucocorticoids ( glucocorticoid receptors ) , estrogens ( estrogen receptors ) , androgens ( androgen receptors ) , thyroid hormone ( T3 ) ( thyroid hormone receptors ) , calcitriol ( the active form of vitamin D ) ( calcitriol receptors ) , and the retinoids ( vitamin A ) ( retinoid receptors ) . Receptor - protein interactions induce the uptake and destruction of their respective hormones in order to regulate their concentration in the body . This is especially important for steroid hormones because many body systems are entirely steroid dependent . List of hormone receptors ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . For some of these classes , in any given species ( such as , for example , humans ) , there is a single molecule encoded by a single gene ; in other cases , there are several molecules in the class . Androgen receptors Calcitriol receptors Corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor 1 Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 Estrogen receptors Follicle - stimulating hormone receptors Glucagon receptors Gonadotropin receptors Gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptors Growth hormone receptors Luteinizing hormone Progesterone receptors Retinoid receptors Somatostatin receptors Thyroid hormone receptors Thyrotropin receptors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aranda , A. ; Pascual , A. ( 2001 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression '' . Physiological Reviews . 81 ( 3 ) : 1269 -- 1304 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 2001.81. 3.1269 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 11427696 . ^ Jump up to : Gammeltoft , S. ( 1984 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Insulin receptors : binding kinetics and structure - function relationship of insulin '' . Physiological Reviews . 64 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1378 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 6387730 . Jump up ^ McEwen , B.S. ; Kloet , E.R. De ; Rostene , W. ( 1986 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system '' . Physiological Reviews . 66 ( 4 ) : 1121 -- 1188 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 3532143 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Hormone Receptors and What They Do '' . Breastcancer.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1 , Cox 2 , Lehninger 3 . Principles of Biochemistry . New York : Worth . p. 81 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mullur , Rashmi ; Liu , Yan - Yun ; Brent , Gregory A. ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism '' . Physiological Reviews . 94 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 382 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00030.2013 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMC 4044302 . PMID 24692351 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , L.S. ; Carter - Su , C. ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Mechanism of signaling by growth hormone receptor '' . Physiological Reviews . 76 ( 4 ) : 1089 -- 1107 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 8874495 . Jump up ^ `` Mechanism of Action : Hormones with Intracellular Receptors '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Molecular Biology '' . www.uh.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Follis , Ariele Viacava ; Llambi , Fabien ; Ou , Li ; Baran , Katherine ; Green , Douglas R. ; Kriwacki , Richard W. ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The DNA - binding domain mediates both nuclear and cytosolic functions of p53 '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 21 ( 6 ) : 535 -- 543 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 2829 . ISSN 1545 - 9993 . PMC 4134560 . PMID 24814347 . Jump up ^ `` Ligand Binding Domain '' . www.ks.uiuc.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cell signalling '' . OpenLearn . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stockert , R.J. ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The asialoglycoprotein receptor : relationships between structure , function , and expression '' . Physiological Reviews . 75 ( 3 ) : 591 -- 609 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 7624395 . Jump up ^ Vasudevan , Nandini ; Ogawa , Sonoko ; Pfaff , Donald ( 2002 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Estrogen and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interactions : Physiological Flexibility by Molecular Specificity '' . Physiological Reviews . 82 ( 4 ) : 923 -- 944 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00014.2002 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 12270948 . Jump up ^ Imai , Yuuki ; Youn , Min - Young ; Inoue , Kazuki ; Takada , Ichiro ; Kouzmenko , Alexander ; Kato , Shigeaki ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Nuclear Receptors in Bone Physiology and Diseases '' . Physiological Reviews . 93 ( 2 ) : 481 -- 523 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00008.2012 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMC 3768103 . PMID 23589826 . Jump up ^ Boundless ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Mechanisms of Hormone Action '' . Boundless . Jump up ^ `` e. hormone Endocrine System : Types of Hormones '' . e.hormone.tulane.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Endocrine System '' . classes.midlandstech.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steroid Hormone Receptors and their Response Elements Jump up ^ Gimpl , Gerald ; Fahrenholz , Falk ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Oxytocin Receptor System : Structure , Function , and Regulation '' . Physiological Reviews . 81 ( 2 ) : 629 -- 683 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 11274341 . Jump up ^ `` Luteinizing hormone '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 15 . Neuropeptide receptors G protein - coupled receptor Hormone receptors Hypothalamic CRH FSH LHRH TRH Somatostatin Pituitary Vasopressin 1A 1B Oxytocin LHCG TSH Other Atrial natriuretic factor NPR3 Calcitonin Cholecystokinin VIP Opioid receptors Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin Other neuropeptide receptors Angiotensin Bradykinin B1 B2 Tachykinin TACR1 Calcitonin gene - related peptide Galanin GPCR neuropeptide B / W FF Y Neurotensin Type I cytokine receptor GH Prolactin Enzyme - linked receptor Atrial natriuretic factor NPR1 NPR2 Other Sigma Transcription factors and intracellular receptors ( 1 ) Basic domains ( 1.1 ) Basic leucine zipper ( bZIP ) Activating transcription factor AATF 5 6 7 AP - 1 c - Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c - Jun JUNB JunD BACH BATF BLZF1 C / EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF NFE L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF XBP1 ( 1.2 ) Basic helix - loop - helix ( bHLH ) ATOH1 AhR AHRR ARNT ASCL1 BHLH 9 ARNTL ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK EPAS1 FIGLA HAND HES 5 6 HEY HES1 HIF 1A 3A ID LYL1 MESP2 MXD4 MYCL1 MYCN Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 Neurogenins NeuroD NPAS OLIG Pho4 Scleraxis SIM TAL Twist USF1 ( 1.3 ) bHLH - ZIP AP - 4 MAX MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MXI1 Myc SREBP ( 1.4 ) NF - 1 NFI X SMAD R - SMAD 5 9 I - SMAD 6 7 4 ) ( 1.5 ) RF - X RFX 5 6 ANK ( 1.6 ) Basic helix - span - helix ( bHSH ) AP - 2 α β γ δ ε ( hide ) ( 2 ) Zinc finger DNA - binding domains ( 2.1 ) Nuclear receptor ( Cys ) subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β / δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev - ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP - TF ( I II Ear - 2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH - 1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP ( 2.2 ) Other Cys GATA 5 6 MTA TRPS1 ( 2.3 ) Cys His General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE TFIIF TFIIH 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR ERV3 GFI1 GLI - Krüppel family REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC HIVEP IKZF ILF KLF 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL SP 7 8 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 32 33 40 zinc finger 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 295 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 ( 2.4 ) Cys HIVEP1 ( 2.5 ) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D JMJD1B ( 2.6 ) WRKY WRKY ( 3 ) Helix - turn - helix domains ( 3.1 ) Homeodomain ARX CDX CRX CUTL1 DBX DLX 5 6 EMX EN FHL HESX1 HHEX HLX Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 HOPX IRX 5 6 MKX LMX 1A 1B MEIS MEOX2 MNX1 MSX NANOG NKX 2 - 1 2 - 2 2 - 3 2 - 5 3 - 1 3 - 2 6 - 1 6 - 2 NOBOX PBX PHF 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A PHOX 2A 2B PITX POU domain PIT - 1 BRN - 3 : A Octamer transcription factor : 1 3 / 4 6 7 11 OTX PDX1 SATB2 SHOX2 SIX 5 VAX1 ZEB ( 3.2 ) Paired box PAX 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX RAX ( 3.3 ) Fork head / winged helix E2F 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 D3 D4 E1 E3 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 J2 K1 K2 L2 M1 N1 N3 O1 O3 O4 P1 P2 P3 P4 ( 3.4 ) Heat shock factors HSF ( 3.5 ) Tryptophan clusters ELF 5 EGF ELK ERF ETS ERG SPIB ETV 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 ( 3.6 ) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor ( 4 ) β - Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts ( 4.1 ) Rel homology region NF - κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 ( 4.2 ) STAT STAT 5 6 ( 4.3 ) p53 p53 TBX 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF TP63 ( 4.4 ) MADS box Mef2 SRF ( 4.6 ) TATA - binding proteins TBP TBPL1 ( 4.7 ) High - mobility group BBX HMGB HMGN HNF 1A 1B LEF1 SOX 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF TOX ( 4.9 ) Grainyhead TFCP2 ( 4.10 ) Cold - shock domain CSDA YBX1 ( 4.11 ) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 ( 0 ) Other transcription factors ( 0.2 ) HMGI ( Y ) HMGA HBP1 ( 0.3 ) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 ( 0.5 ) AP - 2 / EREBP - related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 ( 0.6 ) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL T1 MNDA NFY Rho / Sigma see also transcription factor / coregulator deficiencies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_receptor&oldid=831026514 '' Categories : Receptors Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Incomplete lists from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 08 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are receptors for water soluble hormones located	[ "Water-soluble hormones include glycoproteins, catecholamines, and peptide hormones composed of polypeptides, e.g. thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and insulin. These molecules are not lipid-soluble and therefore cannot diffuse through cell membranes. Consequently, receptors for peptide hormones are located on the plasma membrane because they have bound to a receptor protein located on the plasma membrane.[16]" ]	[ "on the plasma membrane" ]
-844482504900261039	Mike's Hard Lemonade Co.	Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. . - Wikipedia Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. . Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co . ( USA ) Type Privately held company Industry Flavored Malt Beverages Founded April 1 , 1999 ( April 1 , 1999 ) Headquarters Chicago , Illinois , United States Area served United States of America Website mikeshard.com Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. is a flavored malt beverage supplier based in Chicago , IL . It is part of Mark Anthony Brands , Inc. : the fastest growing beer company in the U.S. as of 2017 . Founded in 1999 , Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. defined the $3.2 billion flavored malt beverage category with the introduction of its groundbreaking mike 's hard Lemonade . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Products 3 Drink on the bright side campaign 4 Involvement in charities 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Mike 's was introduced in Canada in 1996 as a mix of vodka , natural flavors , and carbonated water . mike 's entered the U.S. market on April 1 , 1999 , replacing the vodka base with a proprietary malt base . Products ( edit ) Mike 's is offered in a variety of formats in both bottles and cans : singles , 6 - packs , and multi-packs . All flavors and formats are 5 % ABV , or 3.2 % ABV where required by law , and have been crafted to remove gluten . Besides their flagship lemonade , Mike 's offers a variety of permanent and seasonal flavors including Black Cherry , Strawberry , Watermelon , and many more . Drink on the bright side campaign ( edit ) In 2017 , Mike 's launched the `` Drink on the bright side '' campaign , illustrating how consumers 's favorite times pair perfectly with mike 's . Utilizing the brand 's notorious yellow color , early internet culture , and happy imagery , the campaign received accolades for disrupting traditional beer advertising techniques . The campaign is continuing in 2018 with sponsored comedy tours , Snapchat filter integration , and a limited edition 6 - pack of the brand 's iconic lemonade . Involvement in charities ( edit ) Mike 's has a long history of working with charities , specifically supporting U.S. troops and breast cancer research . Mike 's donated nearly $1 MM to Boot Campaign throughout their partnership . Mike 's partnered with the USO in 2018 , donating $250,000 . As part of a fall seasonal package takeover , Mike 's contributes $250,000 / year to breast cancer research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holden , Ronald . `` America 's Fastest - Growing Beer Brand , Mike 's Hard Lemonade , To Refocus On 25 - 29 Year Old Males '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mike 's Hard FAQ ( nutrition ) '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike 's Hard homepage '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hoping to Attract Millennial Men , Mike 's Hard Lemonade Rebrands With a Bright New Campaign '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%27s_Hard_Lemonade_Co.&oldid=850254804 '' Categories : Lemonade Alcopop Beer Hidden categories : Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what are the different kinds of mike's hard lemonade	[ "Besides their flagship lemonade, Mike's offers a variety of permanent and seasonal flavors including Black Cherry, Strawberry, Watermelon, and many more.[3]", "Besides their flagship lemonade, Mike's offers a variety of permanent and seasonal flavors including Black Cherry, Strawberry, Watermelon, and many more.[3]", "Besides their flagship lemonade, Mike's offers a variety of permanent and seasonal flavors including Black Cherry, Strawberry, Watermelon, and many more.[3]", "Besides their flagship lemonade, Mike's offers a variety of permanent and seasonal flavors including Black Cherry, Strawberry, Watermelon, and many more.[3]" ]	[ "lemonade", "Black Cherry", "Strawberry", "Watermelon" ]
4898443839403791805	Blood plasma	Blood plasma - wikipedia Blood plasma Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A unit of donated fresh plasma Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension ; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells . It makes up about 55 % of the body 's total blood volume . It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid ( all body fluid outside cells ) . It is mostly water ( up to 95 % by volume ) , and contains dissolved proteins ( 6 -- 8 % ) ( i.e. -- serum albumins , globulins , and fibrinogen ) , glucose , clotting factors , electrolytes ( Na , Ca , Mg , HCO , Cl , etc . ) , hormones , carbon dioxide ( plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation ) and oxygen . Plasma also serves as the protein reserve of the human body . It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders . Blood plasma is separated from the blood by spinning a tube of fresh blood containing an anticoagulant in a centrifuge until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube . The blood plasma is then poured or drawn off . Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1025 kg / m , or 1.025 g / ml . Blood serum is blood plasma without clotting factors . Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy that involves blood plasma extraction , treatment , and reintegration . Fresh frozen plasma is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . It is of critical importance in the treatment of many types of trauma which result in blood loss , and is therefore kept stocked universally in all medical facilities capable of treating trauma ( ex. trauma centers , hospitals , and ambulances ) or that pose a risk of patient blood loss such as surgical suite facilities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Volume 3 History 3.1 Blood for Britain 4 Plasma donation 4.1 United Kingdom 5 Synthetic blood plasma 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Ion Normal concentration range ( mEq. L ) Sodium 135 -- 145 Potassium 3.6 -- 5.1 Chloride 95 -- 105 Calcium 2.0 Further information : Reference ranges for blood tests Reference ranges for blood tests , showing normal mass concentration of blood plasma constituents . The same information , shown in molarity rather than mass . Volume ( edit ) Blood plasma volume may be expanded by or drained to extravascular fluid when there are changes in Starling forces across capillary walls . For example , when blood pressure drops in circulatory shock , Starling forces drive fluid into the interstitium , causing third spacing . Standing still for a prolonged period will cause an increase in transcapillary hydrostatic pressure . As a result , approximately 12 % of blood plasma volume will cross into the extravascular compartment . This causes an increase in hematocrit , serum total protein , blood viscosity and , as a result of increased concentration of coagulation factors , it causes orthostatic hypercoagulability . History ( edit ) Private Roy W. Humphrey is being given blood plasma after he was wounded by shrapnel in Sicily in August 1943 . Dried plasma packages used by the British and US militaries during WWII The use of blood plasma as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes was proposed in March 1918 , in the correspondence columns of the British Medical Journal , by Gordon R. Ward . `` Dried plasmas '' in powder or strips of material format were developed and first used in World War II . Prior to the United States ' involvement in the war , liquid plasma and whole blood were used . Blood for Britain ( edit ) The `` Blood for Britain '' program during the early 1940s was quite successful ( and popular in the United States ) based on Charles Drew 's contribution . A large project began in August 1940 to collect blood in New York City hospitals for the export of plasma to Britain . Drew was appointed medical supervisor of the `` Plasma for Britain '' project . His notable contribution at this time was to transform the test tube methods of many blood researchers into the first successful mass production techniques . Nevertheless , the decision was made to develop a dried plasma package for the armed forces as it would reduce breakage and make the transportation , packaging , and storage much simpler . The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 cc bottles . One bottle contained enough distilled water to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle . In about three minutes , the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours . The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months , with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood , and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma . Following the `` Plasma for Britain '' invention , Drew was named director of the Red Cross blood bank and assistant director of the National Research Council , in charge of blood collection for the United States Army and Navy . Drew argued against the armed forces directive that blood / plasma was to be separated by the race of the donor . Drew insisted that there was no racial difference in human blood and that the policy would lead to needless deaths as soldiers and sailors were required to wait for `` same race '' blood . By the end of the war the American Red Cross had provided enough blood for over six million plasma packages . Most of the surplus plasma was returned to the United States for civilian use . Serum albumin replaced dried plasma for combat use during the Korean War . Plasma donation ( edit ) Plasma as a blood product prepared from blood donations is used in blood transfusions , typically as fresh frozen plasma ( FFP ) or plasma Frozen Within 24 Hours After Phlebotomy ( PF24 ) . When donating whole blood or packed red blood cell ( PRBC ) transfusions , O - is the most desirable and is considered a `` universal donor , '' since it has neither A nor B antigens and can be safely transfused to most recipients . Type AB+ is the `` universal recipient '' type for PRBC donations . However , for plasma the situation is somewhat reversed . Blood donation centers will sometimes collect only plasma from AB donors through apheresis , as their plasma does not contain the antibodies that may cross react with recipient antigens . As such , AB is often considered the `` universal donor '' for plasma . Special programs exist just to cater to the male AB plasma donor , because of concerns about transfusion related acute lung injury ( TRALI ) and female donors who may have higher leukocyte antibodies . However , some studies show an increased risk of TRALI despite increased leukocyte antibodies in women who have been pregnant . United Kingdom ( edit ) Following fears of variant Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease ( vCJD ) being spread through the blood supply , the British government began to import American plasma to meet its needs . In 2002 , it purchased Life Resources Incorporated to be able to secure plasma supply from the United States . The company became Plasma Resources UK ( PRUK ) . It owned Bio Products Laboratory . In 2013 , the British government sold an 80 % stake in PRUK to American hedge fund Bain Capital , in a deal estimated to be worth £ 230 million . The sale was met with criticism in the UK , over both the oversight of the company , and the impact on British blood needs . Confusion arose as some thought that the blood of British blood donors voluntarily donating to NHS Blood and Transplant Services would be sold for profit . Currently , plasma donated in the United Kingdom is still not used due to concerns about vCJD , and is incinerated after component parts have been separated from it . Synthetic blood plasma ( edit ) Simulated body fluid ( SBF ) is a solution having a similar ion concentration to that of human blood plasma . SBF is normally used for the surface modification of metallic implants , and more recently in gene delivery application . See also ( edit ) Blood plasma fractionation Chromatography in blood processing Hypoxia preconditioned plasma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis O'Neil ( 1999 ) . `` Blood Components '' . Palomar College . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuskegee University ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9 Blood '' . tuskegee.edu . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ways to Keep Your Blood Plasma Healthy '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Physics Factbook -- Density of Blood Jump up ^ `` 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( April 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . WHO. April 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masoud M , Sarig G , Brenner B , Jacob G ( June 2008 ) . `` Orthostatic hypercoagulability : a novel physiological mechanism to activate the coagulation system '' . Hypertension. 51 ( 6 ) : 1545 -- 51 . doi : 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA. 108.112003 . PMID 18413485 . Jump up ^ Transfusion before World War I Jump up ^ Plasma Equipment and Packaging , and Transfusion Equipment Jump up ^ Starr , Douglas P. ( 2000 ) . Blood : An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce . New York : Quill . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17649 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Eric ( 1991 ) . What Your 1st Grader Needs to Know : Fundamentals of a Good First - Grade Education . pp 232 -- 233 . New York : Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Plasma Program Jump up ^ `` AB Plasma Donor Program '' . NIH Clinical Center . March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Female Plasma May Not Increase Risk for Transfusion - Related Acute Lung Injury '' . Medscape . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` UK buys ' safe ' blood supply for NHS '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2002 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bain Capital buys stake in UK government blood company '' . BBC News . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHSBT reassures blood donors that Government 's sale of PRUK does not affect them '' . NHS Blood and Transplant Services . Jump up ^ Joint United Kingdom ( UK ) Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee . `` Position Statement on Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease '' ( PDF ) . transfusionguidelines.org.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Blood plasma pioneer , English physician Gordon R. Ward Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&oldid=832705457 '' Categories : Blood Blood products Body fluids Hematology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from May 2017 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from May 2017 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what percentage of blood is composed of plasma	[ "Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.[1] It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside cells). It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains dissolved proteins (6–8%) (i.e.—serum albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen),[2] glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, Cl−, etc.), hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation) and oxygen. Plasma also serves as the protein reserve of the human body. It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders.[3]" ]	[ "55%" ]
-569877001335832550	United States Senate election in New Jersey, 2018	United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 - wikipedia United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 ← 2012 November 6 , 2018 2024 → Nominee Bob Menendez Bob Hugin Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Bob Menendez Democratic Elections in New Jersey Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 2000 2008 2012 2016 Primary elections Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1982 1984 1988 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2013 2014 2018 Congressional elections 1798 2006 5 13 2008 7 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections At - large , 1795 At - large , 1808 At - large , 1810 At - large , 1814 At - large , 1821 At - large , 1828 10 district , 2012 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 Other State elections 2009 2015 2017 City of Newark ( show ) Mayoral elections 2014 2018 City of Jersey City ( show ) Mayoral elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 Other cities ( show ) Atlantic City Mayoral elections 2017 Hoboken city elections 2005 2017 The 2018 United States Senate election in New Jersey will take place on November 6 , 2018 , in order to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the state of New Jersey . Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Menendez is running for reelection to a third term . The candidate filing deadline was April 2 , 2018 , and the primary election was held on June 5 , 2018 . Contents 1 Democratic primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.1. 2 Withdrew 1.1. 3 Declined 1.2 Polling 1.3 Results 2 Republican primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Withdrew 2.1. 3 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Libertarian Party 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 4 Green Party 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Declared 5 Independents 5.1 Candidates 5.1. 1 Declared 6 General election 6.1 Fundraising 6.2 Predictions 6.3 Polling 6.4 Results 7 References 8 External links Democratic primary ( edit ) While he never lost support from any major New Jersey officials , after a mistrial was declared in Senator Menendez 's corruption trial , party figures across New Jersey lined up with public endorsements of his reelection bid , including the `` full support '' of Governor Phil Murphy . He formally declared his intention to run for reelection on March 28 , 2018 , alongside Governor Murphy and Senator Cory Booker . Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Lisa McCormick , activist and candidate for Union County Clerk in 2010 Bob Menendez , incumbent U.S. Senator Withdrew ( edit ) Michael Starr Hopkins , attorney Declined ( edit ) Robert Torricelli , former U.S. Senator Rob Andrews , former U.S. Representative Richard Codey , State Senator and former Governor Rush D. Holt Jr. , former U.S. Representative Donald Norcross , U.S. Representative Frank Pallone , U.S. Representative Stephen M. Sweeney , President of the State Senate Polling ( edit ) Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Rob Andrews Richard Codey Frank Pallone Stephen Sweeney Undecided Harper Polling March 24 -- 25 , 2013 285 ± 5.8 % 13 % 33 % 13 % 6 % 35 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Menendez -- 70 -- 80 % Menendez -- 60 -- 70 % Menendez -- 50 -- 60 % McCormick -- 50 -- 60 % McCormick -- 60 -- 70 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bob Menendez ( incumbent ) 262,477 62.3 Democratic Lisa McCormick 158,998 37.7 Total votes 421,475 100.0 Republican primary ( edit ) Bob Hugin launched his primary campaign on February 13 in Springfield . He began advertising on television two weeks later , attacking Menendez on the airwaves and was soon considered the presumptive nominee . His opponent , Brian Goldberg , attempted to connect himself to President Donald Trump and his supporters by inserting the President 's abbreviated slogan , `` MAGA '' , in to his ballot slogans and aligning himself with other pro-Trump , anti-establishment candidates . Goldberg also attacked Hugin 's running mates , urging Republicans to write - in the deceased Charlton Heston in primary races where a Republican congressional candidate was running unopposed . Ultimately , Hugin won overwhelmingly with a majority of votes in each of the state 's 21 counties . Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Brian D. Goldberg , businessman and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Bob Hugin , businessman and former Executive Chairman of Celgene Corporation Withdrew ( edit ) Rich Pezzullo , businessman and perennial candidate ( endorsed Bob Hugin , running for NJ - 6 ) Hirsh Singh , aerospace engineer and candidate for Governor in 2017 ( running for NJ - 2 ) Dana Wefer , former Chairwoman of the Hoboken Housing Authority and candidate for Governor in 2017 ( Did not submit enough petition signatures ) Declined ( edit ) Jon Bramnick , Minority Leader of the New Jersey General Assembly ( endorsed Hugin ) Jack Ciattarelli , former State Assemblyman and candidate for Governor in 2017 Michael J. Doherty , State Senator Kim Guadagno , former Lieutenant Governor and nominee for Governor in 2017 Thomas Kean Jr. , Minority Leader of the New Jersey Senate and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2006 Tom MacArthur , U.S. Representative ( endorsed Hugin ) Jay Webber , State Assemblyman and former Chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee ( running for NJ - 11 ) Jason Huf , Attorney ( endorsed Menendez ) Jeffrey Chiesa , former U.S. Senator Chris Christie , former Governor John Crowley , biotechnology executive Joe Kyrillos , former State Senator and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2012 Alison Littell McHose , former State Assemblywoman Bill Spadea , radio and TV show host and nominee for NJ - 12 in 2004 Jerry Watson Endorsements ( edit ) show Bob Hugin State Politicians Tom Kean , former Governor of New Jersey Christine Todd Whitman , former Governor of New Jersey Kim Guadagno , former Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and nominee for Governor in 2017 U.S. Representatives Leonard Lance ( R - NJ - 07 ) Mike Ferguson ( R - NJ - 07 , former ) Tom MacArthur ( R - NJ - 03 ) NJ State Legislators Michael Patrick Carroll , state assemblyman Tom Kean Jr. , state senator and senate Minority Leader Jon Bramnick , state assemblyman and assembly minority leader Anthony Bucco , state senator Tony Bucco , state assemblyman Nancy Munoz , state assemblywoman Kristin Corrado , state senator Jose Arango , former state assemblyman , chairman of the Hudson County Republican Party Holly Schepisi , state assemblywoman BettyLou DeCroce , state assemblywoman Parker Space , state assemblyman Steve Oroho , state senator Harold J. Wirths , state assemblyman Sheriffs James Gannon , Morris County Mayors Carlos Rendo , Mayor of Woodcliff Lake and nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in 2017 Doug Steinhardt , former Mayor of Lopatcong Township and Chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee Others Richard Pezzullo , businessman and former candidate for U.S. Senate Jennifer Williams , first openly transgender delegate at the Republican National Convention Polling ( edit ) Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Kim Guadagno Thomas Kean Joe Kyrillos Undecided Harper Polling March 24 -- 25 , 2013 224 ± 6.6 % 14 % 41 % 12 % 33 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bob Hugin 168,052 75.1 Republican Brian Goldberg 55,624 24.9 Total votes 223,676 100.0 Libertarian Party ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Murray Sabrin , Ramapo College finance professor and perennial candidate Green Party ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Madelyn R. Hoffman , peace activist and 1997 Green Party gubernatorial candidate Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Muhammad Usman General election ( edit ) Fundraising ( edit ) Campaign finance reports as of June 30 , 2018 Candidate ( party ) Total receipts Total disbursements Cash on hand Bob Hugin ( R ) $16,720,776 $8,606,770 $8,114,006 Bob Menendez ( D ) $6,134,561 $1,350,279 $6,428,406 Source : Federal Election Commission Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Likely D September 29 , 2017 Inside Elections Solid D September 29 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Likely D September 27 , 2017 Fox News Likely D ^ July 9 , 2018 CNN Solid D July 12 , 2018 RealClearPolitics Lean D July 21 , 2018 ^ Highest rating given Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bob Menendez ( D ) Bob Hugin ( R ) Other Undecided Gravis Marketing July 6 -- 10 , 2018 563 ± 4.1 % 43 % 41 % -- 16 % Fairleigh Dickinson University May 16 -- 21 , 2018 856 ± 3.5 % 28 % 24 % 1 % 46 % Monmouth University April 6 -- 10 , 2018 632 ± 3.9 % 53 % 32 % 7 % 7 % Quinnipiac University March 8 -- 12 , 2018 1,052 ± 4.2 % 49 % 32 % 1 % 15 % Hypothetical polling Kean vs. Andrews Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Rob Andrews ( D ) Thomas Kean ( R ) Undecided Harper Polling March 24 -- 25 , 2013 760 ± 3.6 % 17 % 33 % 50 % Codey vs. Kyrillos Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Richard Codey ( D ) Joe Kyrillos ( R ) Undecided Harper Polling March 24 -- 25 , 2013 760 ± 3.6 % 34 % 25 % 41 % Results ( edit ) United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Bob Menendez ( incumbent ) Green Madelyn Hoffman Independent Tricia Flanagan Independent Kevin Kimple Independent Natalie Rivera Independent Hank Schroeder Libertarian Murray Sabrin Republican Bob Hugin Majority Turnout References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 - Ballotpedia '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gov - Elect Murphy breaks silence on Menendez '' . nj.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After a Year of Turmoil , Menendez Announces He Is Seeking Re-Election '' . The New York Times . 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa McCormick -- Fighting back to protect democracy '' . lisamccormick.org . Jump up ^ `` DDHQ 2018 Senate Races Ratings -- Democratic Seats ( Part I ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference menendez was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Former Obama , Clinton campaign official to face Sen. Bob Menendez in primary '' . Jump up ^ Guild , Blair ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Former Clinton campaign staffer explores primary challenge to Sen. Bob Menendez '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Ryan ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Former Clinton , Obama staffer drops primary challenge against Menendez '' . Politico New Jersey . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alfaro , Alyana ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Torricelli Will Not Primary Menendez in 2018 '' . Observer.com . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference cons was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Bob ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` What does the future hold for Menendez 's Senate seat ? '' . App.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hugin launches campaign to unseat Menendez '' . Save Jersey . Jump up ^ `` Hugin flexes money muscle , preempts Menendez with February TV Spot '' . Save Jersey . Jump up ^ `` Menendez could be in for dogfight for Senate seat '' . ROINJ . Jump up ^ `` GOP longshots Goldberg , Grossman team up at the Jersey Shore '' . Save Jersey . Jump up ^ `` N.J. Senate primary candidate : Write in `` Charlton Heston '' over GOP 's House incumbents ( and recruits ) `` . Save Jersey . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Unofficial Primary Results '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg Readies Second Run for U.S. Senate in 2018 - '' . savejersey.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singh to Run for U.S. Senate '' . insidernj.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Menendez just got a top - tier Republican challenger in U.S. Senate race '' . Jump up ^ `` Federal Election Commission - New Jersey - Senate '' . Sep 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wildstein , David ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Pezzullo backs Hugin '' . PoliticsDW.com . Jump up ^ `` CD6 Flashpoint : Pezzullo Declares Challenge to Pallone '' . Insider NJ . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CONFIRMED : Singh will enter the GOP 's NJ - 02 primary '' `` . 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wildstein , David ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ex-Sanders Democrat joins race for GOP Senate nod '' . PoliticsDW . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pizarro , Max ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Ciattarelli has Not Ruled out Running Against Menendez '' . Insider NJ . Jump up ^ Catalini , Michael ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` GOP Senate hopeful jabs Menendez , distances self from Trump '' . AP . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Christian ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Republicans Who Could Challenge Menendez '' . Observer . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pizarro , Max ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` Doherty Says He 'd Serve Again as Trump 's NJ State Director '' . Insider NJ . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lt. Gov. Kim Guadagno entering 2017 N.J. governor race '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate Republican Leader Tom Kean Endorses Bob Hugin For Senate - Insider NJ '' . Jump up ^ Westhoven , William ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Jay Webber says he 's ' all - in ' for run to replace Frelinghuysen '' . Daily Record . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Notes & Comments - The Law Firm of JASON HUF INTERNATIONAL , pc '' . www.huflaw.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Israel , the Democrats and why I 'm not running for Senate '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` WATSON , JERRY B - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/new-jersey/2018/06/14/republican-support-abortion-and-gay-marriage-njs-hugin-advertises/701075002/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/new-jersey/2018/06/14/republican-support-abortion-and-gay-marriage-njs-hugin-advertises/701075002/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Menendez 's Republican challenger : ' I 'm offended ' by senator 's actions '' . Jump up ^ Leonard Lance . `` Proud to be part of this morning 's announcement in support of my friend Bob Hugin for U.S. Senate . Bob is a Marine Corps veteran & successful businessman who helped bring life - saving cures to market & thousands of jobs to NJ . We need Bob Hugin 's leadership in the U.S. Senate . '' Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hugin Announces GOP Candidacy for the U.S. Senate at Springfield Elks Club '' . Jump up ^ https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/bob-hugin-receives-morris-county-gop-endorsements/ Jump up ^ `` NJ article '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Hugin Declares his Candidacy for US Senate '' . Jump up ^ `` BobHugin on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` BobHugin on Twitter '' . ^ Jump up to : `` BobHugin on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` BobHugin on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Carlos Rendo . `` Bob and I grew up one block from each other in Union City , New Jersey and attended the same high school . I am proud to support this Union City native for the United States Senate ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hugin is the Republican New Jersey needs '' . July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sabrin to Seek Libertarian Party Nomination for U.S. Senate - Insider NJ '' . 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Biryukov , Nikita ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` 20 years later , Hoffman again running with the Green Party '' . New Jersey Gloeb . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USMAN , MUHAMMAD - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Campaign finance data '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Ratings '' . The Rothenberg Political Report . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Crystal Ball Senate race ratings '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Power Rankings '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Key Races : Senate '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Senate 2018 '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Campaign finance at FEC Campaign finance at Center for Responsive Politics Official campaign websites Bob Hugin ( R ) for Senate Bob Menendez ( D ) for Senate Murray Sabrin ( L ) for Senate ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Newport News Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey,_2018&oldid=854078112 '' Categories : United States Senate elections in New Jersey United States Senate elections , 2018 New Jersey elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who won the senate election in new jersey	[]	[]
637300284474920997	Skin Wars	Skin Wars - wikipedia Skin Wars Skin Wars Genre Reality competition Presented by Rebecca Romijn Judges RuPaul Charles Craig Tracy Robin Slonina Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 28 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Levitt Jill Goularte Producer ( s ) Robin Barcus Slonina Editor ( s ) Jacob McCampbell Camera setup Johna Great Production company ( s ) Michael Levitt Productions Distributor Passion Distribution Release Original network Game Show Network Original release August 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) -- August 10 , 2016 External links Website Skin Wars is a body painting reality competition hosted by Rebecca Romijn that premiered on Game Show Network on August 6 , 2014 . Skin Wars Contestants on the series perform challenges containing body painting each episode . At the end of each episode , one contestant is eliminated and told `` It 's time to wash off your canvas . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Season 1 2.1 Contestants 2.2 Contestant Progress 3 Season 2 3.1 Contestants 3.2 Contestant Progress 4 Season 3 4.1 Contestants 4.2 Contestant Progress 5 International broadcast 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) On September 12 , 2013 , GSN ordered eight episodes of the series , making it GSN 's first television show devoted to body art . On February 4 , 2014 , GSN announced Rebecca Romijn as host of Skin Wars , with RuPaul Charles , Craig Tracy and Robin Slonina serving as judges . The series premiered on GSN August 6 , 2014 . That same night , the network also began airing an online series entitled Skin Wars : The Naked Truth with Kandee Johnson airing immediately after Skin Wars on DOOR3 , GSN 's YouTube channel targeted toward 18 - to 25 - year - olds . The series features commentary from Johnson as well as highlights from that night 's episode and a `` Skinterview '' with one of the contestants . On September 30 , 2014 , GSN announced plans to air a ten - episode second season of Skin Wars with Romijn and all three judges returning to reprise their respective roles . The second season premiered June 10 , 2015 . A spinoff called Skin Wars : Fresh Paint hosted by RuPaul aired as a special on August 26 , 2015 . It featured six highly accomplished artists , each at the top of their game , as they leave their comfort zones to compete in body painting for the first time . The artists must conquer three difficult challenges as they are mentored by three top artists from the first season , Dutch Bihary , Lawrence `` Gear '' Duran and Season One champion , Natalie Fletcher . As the artists work closely with their body painting mentors they try to quickly master the craft and win the $10,000 prize and become champion . It premiered to 456,000 viewers . Later , it became a series itself , premiering on June 15 , 2016 . On August 27 , 2015 , GSN renewed the series for a third season . Season 1 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) The 10 body painters competing in the first season were : Contestant Outcome Alan Anderson , 38 10th Sean Avram , 39 9th Angela Roberts , 22 8th Mythica Von Griffyn , 43 7th Felle Kelsaw , 41 6th Lawrence `` Gear '' Duran , 35 5th Nicole Hays , 29 4th Dutch Bihary , 41 3rd Shannon Holt , 38 Runner - Up Natalie Fletcher , 28 Winner Contestant progress ( edit ) Elimination Chart Artists 5 6 7 8 Natalie SAFE WIN WIN SAFE LOW ‡ F / O LOW ‡ WINNER Shannon WIN SAFE LOW ‡ LOW ‡ HIGH WIN HIGH RUNNER - UP Dutch HIGH ‡ HIGH LOW HIGH LOW ‡ SAFE WIN 3RD PLACE ‡ Nicole SAFE SAFE ‡ HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH ELIM Gear SAFE HIGH LOW HIGH WIN ELIM ‡ Felle HIGH SAFE HIGH ‡ WIN ELIM Mythica LOW LOW HIGH ELIM Angela SAFE LOW ELIM Sean LOW ELIM Alan ELIM The contestant won Skin Wars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant placed 3rd overall . The contestant won the weekly challenge . The contestant placed in the top , but did not win the challenge . The contestant placed in the bottom , but was not up for elimination . The contestant placed in the bottom 2 and up for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant went into a face off against another contestant and won . The contestant was eliminated after a face off against another contestant . ‡ The contestant won the mini challenge . Season 2 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) The 12 body painters competing in the second season were : Contestant Age Hometown Place Finished Marcio Karam 53 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 12th Rudy Zanzibar Campos 30 Houston , Texas 11th Rachel Deboer 40 Maui , Hawaii 10th Fernello Nelson 30 Queens , New York 9th Sammie Bartko 38 Heber City , Utah 8th Dawn Marie Svanoe 44 Madison , Wisconsin 7th Kyle Vest 25 Orlando , Florida 6th Rio Sirah 33 Atlanta , Georgia 5th Cheryl Ann Lipstreu 37 Winston - Salem , North Carolina 4th Aryn Fox 27 Newport , Kentucky 3rd Avi Ram 28 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 2nd Lana Chromium 29 San Diego , California 1st Contestant progress ( edit ) Elimination Chart Artists 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lana WIN SAFE HIGH LOW LOW HIGH ‡ WIN HIGH F / O WINNER Avi SAFE WIN HIGH HIGH ‡ HIGH WIN LOW WIN WIN RUNNER - UP ‡ Aryn SAFE HIGH SAFE WIN HIGH HIGH LOW ‡ LOW HIGH ‡ 3RD PLACE Cheryl Ann HIGH HIGH ‡ LOW LOW LOW SAFE LOW LOW ‡ ELIM Rio SAFE SAFE WIN ‡ LOW HIGH ‡ LOW HIGH ELIM Kyle HIGH SAFE HIGH SAFE WIN LOW ELIM Dawn Marie SAFE LOW LOW HIGH LOW ELIM Sammie SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE ELIM Fernello LOW ‡ SAFE SAFE ELIM Rachel LOW LOW ELIM Rudy SAFE ELIM Marcio ELIM The contestant won Skin Wars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant placed 3rd overall . The contestant won the weekly challenge . The contestant placed in the top , but did not win the challenge . The contestant placed in the bottom , but was not up for elimination . The contestant placed in the bottom 2 and up for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant went into a face off against another contestant and won . The contestant was eliminated after a face off against another contestant . ‡ The contestant won the mini challenge . Season 3 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) The 12 body painters competing in the third season are : Contestant Age Hometown Place Finished Jermaze Wade 36 Decatur , Georgia 12th Shelley Wapniak 33 Brooklyn , New York 11th Kyera Dalesandro 22 Virginia Beach , Virginia 10th Jessica `` Jess '' Watson Miller 24 Sydney , Australia 9th Hans Haveron 36 Los Angeles , California 8th Joseph `` Otto '' Ott 38 Winneconne , Wisconsin 7th Luis Martinez 21 Atlanta , Georgia 6th Tiffany Beckler 26 Rock Hill , South Carolina 5th Michael Mejia 25 Queens , New York 4th Brittney Pelloquin 28 Broussard , Louisiana 3rd Alison Kenyon 44 Grass Valley , California Runner - Up Rick Uribe 20 El Paso , Texas Winner Contestant progress ( edit ) Elimination Chart Artists 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rick SAFE WIN WIN LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH ‡ LOW WINNER Alison SAFE ‡ SAFE LOW WIN HIGH SAFE HIGH ‡ HIGH WIN RUNNER - UP ‡ Brittney HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH SAFE HIGH LOW WIN HIGH ‡ 3RD PLACE Michael HIGH LOW LOW HIGH ‡ WIN LOW ‡ WIN LOW ELIM Tiffany WIN SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE ELIM Luis SAFE SAFE SAFE ‡ LOW LOW ‡ ELIM Otto SAFE LOW HIGH SAFE ELIM Hans LOW HIGH HIGH SAFE QUIT Jess SAFE SAFE ‡ SAFE ELIM Kyera LOW SAFE ELIM Shelley SAFE ELIM Jermaze ELIM The contestant won Skin Wars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant placed 3rd overall . The contestant won the weekly challenge . The contestant placed in the top , but did not win the challenge . The contestant placed in the bottom , but was not up for elimination ... The contestant placed in the bottom 2 and up for elimination . The contestant placed in the bottom 2 , but neither of the contestants were eliminated . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant quit the competition . ‡ The contestant won the mini challenge . In Episode 5 , Hans quit the competition at panel after a fall out with the judges . International broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , the series premiered on LifeStyle You on May 26 , 2015 . All three seasons are now available on Netflix . In Canada , the series aired on GameTV in 2015 . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on truTV UK in 2015 . In Brazil , the show 's first season has been broadcast on Multishow since February , 2016 and since 2017 on E ! In South Africa it broadcasts on Sony Max . In India , the show 's first season has been broadcast on FYI TV18 since 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GSN Orders Body - Painting Competition Series ' Skin Wars ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . September 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` GSN Paints the Town With ' Skin Wars ' as Network Orders 8 Episodes of New Original Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Announces Rebecca Romijn as Host of New Original Series `` Skin Wars '' '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Announces Premiere Dates for New Original Summer Series Skin Wars and Idiotest '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . June 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN to Launch Online Series Skin Wars : The Naked Truth with Kandee Johnson , Debuting on DOOR3 YouTube Channel Wednesday , August 6 at 10 : 00PM ET / PM '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Skin Wars Renewed for Season 2 on GSN '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN 's Groundbreaking Hit Series Skin Wars Returns for Its Second Season on Wednesday , June 10 at 9PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.26. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Debuts Spinoff Series SKIN WARS : FRESH PAINT Today '' . Broadway World . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Announces Season Three Pick - up of Groundbreaking Original Hit Series Skin Wars '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20141129110843/http://skinwars.gsntv.com/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150915100301/http://skinwars.gsntv.com/ Jump up ^ `` Hit Series `` Skin Wars , '' Hosted By Rebecca Romijn , Returns for Its Third Season on Wednesday , April 20 At 10PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . GSN . March 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foxtel in May : 200 + new shows including Wayward Pines , Open Slather , Nashville and River Cottage Australia '' . The Green Room . Foxtel. April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Wars on GameTV '' . GameTV . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Wars '' . truTV UK . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Skin Wars on IMDb Skin Wars at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin_Wars&oldid=845852074 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American reality television series English - language television programs Game Show Network original programs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the winner of season 1 skin wars	[ "\n\nContestant\nOutcome\n\n\nAlan Anderson, 38\n10th\n\n\nSean Avram, 39\n9th\n\n\nAngela Roberts, 22\n8th\n\n\nMythica Von Griffyn, 43\n7th\n\n\nFelle Kelsaw, 41\n6th\n\n\nLawrence \"Gear\" Duran, 35\n5th\n\n\nNicole Hays, 29\n4th\n\n\nDutch Bihary, 41\n3rd\n\n\nShannon Holt, 38\nRunner-Up\n\n\nNatalie Fletcher, 28\nWinner\n\n" ]	[ "Natalie Fletcher" ]
7693858045410487866	Nicholas Roerich	Nicholas Roerich - wikipedia Nicholas Roerich Jump to : navigation , search Nicholas Roerich ( 1874 - 10 - 09 ) October 9 , 1874 Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire December 13 , 1947 ( 1947 - 12 - 13 ) ( aged 73 ) Naggar , Himachal Pradesh , India Nationality Russia Occupation painter , archaeologist , costume and set designer for ballets , operas , and dramas Spouse ( s ) Helena Roerich Children George de Roerich , Svetoslav Roerich Nicholas Roerich ( / ˈrɜːrɪx / ; October 9 , 1874 -- December 13 , 1947 ) -- known also as Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh ( Russian : Никола́й Константи́нович Ре́рих ) -- was a Russian painter , writer , archaeologist , theosophist , perceived by some in Russia as an enlightener , philosopher , and public figure , who in his youth was influenced by a movement in Russian society around the spiritual . He was interested in hypnosis and other spiritual practices and his paintings are said to have hypnotic expression . Born in Saint Petersburg , Russia , to a well - to - do notary public father of Baltic German ancestry and a Russian mother , he lived in various places around the world until his death in Naggar , Himachal Pradesh , India . Trained as an artist and a lawyer , his main interests were literature , philosophy , archaeology , and especially art . Roerich was a dedicated activist for the cause of preserving art and architecture during times of war . He earned several nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize long list . The so - called Roerich Pact was signed into law by the United States and most nations of the Pan-American Union in April 1935 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Revolution , emigration , and the United States 1.3 Asian Expedition ( 1925 -- 1929 ) 1.4 Manchurian expedition 1.5 Later life and World War II 2 Cultural legacy 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Guests from Overseas , 1901 ( Varangians in Rus ' ) Raised in late - 19th - century St. Petersburg , Roerich matriculated simultaneously at St. Petersburg University and the Imperial Academy of Arts during 1893 . He received the title of `` artist '' in 1897 and a degree in law the next year . He found early employment with the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts , whose school he directed from 1906 to 1917 . Despite early tensions with the group , he became a member of Sergei Diaghilev 's `` World of Art '' society ; he was president of the society from 1910 to 1916 . Artistically , he became known as his generation 's most talented painter of Russia 's ancient past , a topic that was compatible with his lifelong interest in archaeology . He also succeeded as a stage designer , achieving his greatest fame as one of the designers for Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . His best - known designs were for Borodin 's Prince Igor ( 1909 and later productions ) , and costumes and set for The Rite of Spring ( 1913 ) , composed by Igor Stravinsky . Another of Roerich 's passions was architecture . His acclaimed publication `` Architectural Studies '' ( 1904 -- 1905 ) -- the dozens of paintings he completed of fortresses , monasteries , churches , and other monuments during two long trips through Russia -- inspired his decades - long career as an activist on behalf of artistic and architectural preservation . He also designed religious art for places of worship throughout Russia and Ukraine : most notably the Queen of Heaven fresco for the Church of the Holy Spirit which the patroness Maria Tenisheva built near her Talashkino estate ; and the stained glass windows for the Datsan Gunzechoinei during 1913 -- 1915 . During the first decade of the 1900s and in the early 1910s , Roerich , largely due to the influence of his wife Helena , developed an interest in eastern religions , as well as alternative ( to Christianity ) belief systems such as Theosophy . Both Roerichs became avid readers of the Vedantist essays of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda , the poetry of Rabindranath Tagore , and the Bhagavad Gita . The Roerichs ' commitment to occult mysticism increased steadily . It was especially intense during World War I and the Russian revolutions of 1917 , to which the couple , like many Russian intellectuals , accorded apocalyptic significance . The influence of Theosophy , Vedanta , Buddhism , and other mystical topics can be detected not only in many of his paintings , but in the many short stories and poems Roerich wrote before and after the 1917 revolutions , including the Flowers of Morya cycle , begun in 1907 and completed in 1921 . Revolution , emigration , and the United States ( edit ) Nicholas Roerich. 1916 After the February Revolution of 1917 and the end of the czarist regime , Roerich , a political moderate who valued Russia 's cultural heritage more than ideology and party politics , had an active part in artistic politics . With Maxim Gorky and Aleksandr Benois , he participated with the so - called `` Gorky Commission '' and its successor organization , the Arts Union ( SDI ) . Both attempted to gain the attention of the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet on the need to form a coherent cultural policy and , most urgently , protect art and architecture from destruction and vandalism . At the same time , however , illness forced Roerich to leave the capital and reside in Karelia , the district bordering Finland . He had already quit the presidency of the World of Art society , and he now quit the directorship of the School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts . After the October Revolution and the acquisition of power of Lenin 's Bolshevik Party , Roerich became increasingly discouraged about Russia 's political future . During early 1918 , he , Helena , and their two sons George and Sviatoslav emigrated to Finland . Two unresolved historical debates are associated with Roerich 's departure . First , it is often claimed that Roerich was a major candidate to direct a people 's commissariat of culture ( the Soviet equivalent of a ministry of culture ) which the Bolsheviks considered establishing during 1917 -- 1918 , but that he refused to accept the job . In fact , Benois was the most likely choice to direct any such commissariat . It seems that Roerich was a preferred choice to manage its department of artistic education ; the topic is rendered moot by the fact that the Soviets elected not to establish such a commissariat . Second , when he wished to reconcile with the USSR , Roerich maintained later that he had not left Soviet Russia deliberately , but that he and his family , living in Karelia ( there he painted a series of pictures under the name `` Karelian Suite '' ) , had been isolated from their homeland when civil war began in Finland . However , Roerich 's extreme hostility to the Bolshevik regime -- prompted not so much by a dislike of communism as by his revulsion at Lenin 's ruthlessness and his fear that Bolshevism would result in the destruction of Russia 's artistic and architectural heritage -- was amply documented . He illustrated Leonid Andreyev 's anti-communist polemic `` S.O.S. '' and had a widely published pamphlet , `` Violators of Art '' ( 1918 -- 1919 ) . Roerich believed that `` the triumph of Russian culture would come about through a new appreciation of ancient myth and legend '' . After some months in Finland and Scandinavia , the Roerichs relocated to London , arriving in mid-1919 . Engrossed with Theosophical mysticism , the Roerichs now had millenarian expectations that a new age was imminent , and they wished to travel to India as soon as possible . They joined the English - Welsh chapter of the Theosophical Society . It was in London , in March 1920 , that the Roerichs founded their own school of mysticism , Agni Yoga , which they referred to also as `` the system of living ethics . '' To earn passage to India , Roerich worked as a stage designer for Thomas Beecham 's Covent Garden Theatre , but the enterprise ended unsuccessfully in 1920 , and the artist never received full payment for his work . Among the notable people Roerich befriended while in England were the famed British Buddhist Christmas Humphreys , philosopher - author H.G. Wells , and the poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore ( whose grand - niece Devika Rani would later marry Roerich 's son Sviatoslav ) . Later , a successful exhibition resulted in an invitation from a director at the Art Institute of Chicago , offering to arrange for Roerich 's art to tour the United States . During the autumn of 1920 , the Roerichs traveled to America by sea . Car of Nicolas Roerich in his museum at Naggar The Roerichs remained in the United States from October 1920 until May 1923 . A large exhibition of Roerich 's art , organized partly by U.S. impresario Christian Brinton and partly by the Chicago Art Institute , began in New York in December 1920 and toured the country , to San Francisco and back , during 1921 and early 1922 . Roerich befriended acclaimed soprano Mary Garden of the Chicago Opera and received a commission to design a 1922 production of Rimsky - Korsakov 's The Snow Maiden for her . During the exhibition , the Roerichs spent significant amounts of time in Chicago , New Mexico , and California . They settled in New York City , which became the base of their many American operations . The Roerichs initiated several institutions during these years : Cor Ardens and Corona Mundi , both of which were meant to unite artists around the globe in the cause of civic activism ; the Master Institute of United Arts , an art school with an exceptionally versatile curriculum , and the eventual home of the first Nicholas Roerich Museum ; and an American Agni Yoga Society . They also joined various theosophical societies , and their activities with these groups dominated their lives . Asian expedition ( 1925 -- 1929 ) ( edit ) Roerich 's family ( Kullu valley , India ) After leaving New York , the Roerichs -- together with their son George and six friends -- began the five - year - long ' Roerich Asian Expedition ' that , in Roerich 's own words : `` started from Sikkim through Punjab , Kashmir , Ladakh , the Karakoram Mountains , Khotan , Kashgar , Qara Shar , Urumchi , Irtysh , the Altai Mountains , the Oyrot region of Mongolia , the Central Gobi , Kansu , Tsaidam , and Tibet '' with a detour through Siberia to Moscow in 1926 . Roerichs ' Asian expedition attracted attention from the foreign services and intelligence agencies of the USSR , the United States , Great Britain , and Japan . In fact , prior to this expedition , Roerich himself solicited help of Soviet government and Bolshevik secret police to assist him in his expedition , promising in return to monitor British activities in the area , but received only a lukewarm response from Michail Abramowitsch Trilisser , chief of the Soviet foreign intelligence at that time . On the one hand , the Bolsheviks assisted him with logistics when Roerich was traveling through Siberia and Mongolia . Yet , on the other hand , they refused to totally commit themselves to his reckless utopian project of the Sacred Union of the East -- a spiritual utopia that boiled down to Roerich 's ambitious attempts to stir the Buddhist masses of inner Asia to create a highly spiritual cooperative commonwealth under the patronage of Bolshevik Russia . The official mission of this expedition , as Roerich put it , was to act as the embassy of Western Buddhism to Tibet . However , for Western media his expedition was presented as an artistic and scientific enterprise ; Between the summer of 1927 and June 1928 the expedition was thought to be lost , since communication with them ceased for a year . They had been attacked in Tibet and only the `` superiority of our firearms prevented bloodshed ... In spite of our having Tibet passports , the expedition was forcibly stopped by Tibetan authorities . '' The expedition was detained by the government for five months , and forced to live in tents in sub-zero conditions and to subsist on meagre rations . Five men of the expedition died during this time . In March 1928 they were allowed to leave Tibet , and trekked south to settle in India , where they founded a research center , the Himalayan Research Institute . In 1929 Nicholas Roerich was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the University of Paris . He received two more nominations in 1932 and 1935 . His concern for peace resulted in his creation of the Pax Cultura , the `` Red Cross '' of art and culture . His work for this cause also resulted in the United States and the twenty other nations of the Pan-American Union signing the Roerich Pact on April 15 , 1935 at the White House . The Roerich Pact is an early international instrument protecting cultural property . Manchurian expedition ( edit ) In 1934 -- 1935 , the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( then headed by Roerich admirer Henry A. Wallace ) sponsored an expedition by Roerich and USDA scientists H.G. MacMillan and James F. Stephens to Inner Mongolia , Manchuria , and China . The expedition 's purpose was to collect seeds of plants which prevent the destruction of benign layers of soil . The expedition consisted of two parts . In 1934 , they explored the Greater Khingan mountains and Bargan plateau in western Manchuria . In 1935 , they explored parts of Inner Mongolia : the Gobi Desert , Ordos Desert , and Helan Mountains . The expedition found almost 300 species of xerophytes , collected herbs , conducted archeological studies , and found antique manuscripts of great scientific importance . Later Life and World war ii ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru , Indira Gandhi , Nicholas Roerich , and Mohammad Yunus . ( Roerich 's estate , Kullu ) . Roerich was in India during the Second World War , where he painted Russian epic heroic and saintly themes , including : Alexander Nevsky , The Fight of Mstislav and Rededia and Boris and Gleb . In 1942 , Roerich received Jawaharlal Nehru at his house in Kullu and Nehru 's daughter , Indira Gandhi . Together they discussed the fate of the new world : `` We spoke about Indian - Russian cultural association , -- Roerich wrote , -- it is time to think about useful and creative cooperation ... '' . Gandhi would later recall about several days spent together with Roerich 's family : `` That was a memorable visit to a surprising and gifted family where each member was a remarkable figure in himself , with a well - defined range of interests . '' ... `` Roerich himself stays in my memory . He was a man with extensive knowledge and enormous experience , a man with a big heart , deeply influenced by all that he observed '' . During the visit , `` ideas and thoughts about closer cooperation between India and USSR were expressed . Now , after India wins independence , they have got its own real implementation . And as you know , there are friendly and mutually - understanding relationships today between both our countries '' . In 1942 , the American - Russian cultural Association ( ARCA ) was created in New York . Its active participants were Ernest Hemingway , Rockwell Kent , Charlie Chaplin , Emil Cooper , Serge Koussevitzky , and Valeriy Ivanovich Tereshchenko . The Association 's activity was welcomed by scientists like Robert Millikan and Arthur Compton . Roerich died on December 13 , 1947 . Cultural legacy ( edit ) Altai . Peaks and passes named in honor of the Roerich family . Vice President of the United States Henry A. Wallace was a frequent correspondent and sometime advocate of Nicholas Roerich 's teachings . Wallace became attracted to the idea of Sacred Union of the East , a spiritual and geopolitical utopia Nicholas and Helena Roerich contemplated to establish in the heart of Asia . Based on spiritual ideas , which the Roerichs claimed they received from otherworld masters , this utopia was to show the humankind a blueprint of ideal society . As the US Secretary of Agriculture , Wallace became so much interested in the whole project that he decided to sponsor the second Roerich expedition to Asia in 1933 -- 1934 . In the meantime , Helena Roerich was corresponding with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was intrigued by her `` fiery letters . '' The whole project ended in a disaster and resulted in energetic efforts by Wallace and FDR to cut their ties with the Roerichs . The whole incident later partially resurfaced and became controversial when Wallace campaigned for President in 1948 and portions of the correspondence were printed by columnist Westbrook Pegler , becoming known as the Guru Letters , The minor planet 4426 Roerich in Solar System Presently , the Nicholas Roerich Museum in New York City is a major institution for Roerich 's artistic work . Numerous Roerich societies continue to promote his theosophical teachings worldwide . His paintings can be seen in several museums including the Roerich Department of the State Museum of Oriental Arts in Moscow ; the Roerich Museum at the International Centre of the Roerichs in Moscow ; the Russian State Museum in Saint Petersburg , Russia ; a collection in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow ; a collection in the Art Museum in Novosibirsk , Russia ; an important collection in the National Gallery for Foreign Art in Sofia , Bulgaria ; a collection in the Art Museum in Nizhny Novgorod Russia ; National Museum of Serbia ; the Roerich Hall Estate in Naggar , India ; the Sree Chitra Art Gallery , Thiruvananthapuram , India ; in various art museums in India ; and a selection featuring several of his larger works in The Latvian National Museum of Art . Roerich 's biography and his controversial expeditions to Tibet and Manchuria have been examined recently by a number of authors , including two Russians , Vladimir Rosov and Alexandre Andreyev , American ( Andrei Znamenski ) , and the German Ernst von Waldenfels . H.P. Lovecraft refers numerous times to the `` strange and disturbing paintings of Nicholas Roerich '' in his Antarctic horror story At the Mountains of Madness . The minor planet 4426 Roerich in the Solar System was named in honor of Roerich . In June 2013 during Russian Art Week in London , Roerich 's Madonna Laboris sold at auction at Bonhams shop for £ 7,881,250 inc . buyer 's premium , making it the most valuable painting ever sold at a Russian art auction . Gallery ( edit ) And We are Opening the Gates , from the `` Sancta '' Series And We are Trying , from the `` Sancta '' Series Treasure of angels And We See , from the `` Sancta '' Series Monhegan , Maine The Messenger Play media Nicolas Roerich . India , Kullu , 1947 N.K. Roerich . About Shambala Phonogram of 1929 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . See also ( edit ) Agni Yoga Banner of Peace Helena Roerich George de Roerich Morya ( Theosophy ) Roerich Pact Russian cosmism Svetoslav Roerich 4426 Roerich -- minor planet Rerikhism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ПЛАНЕТА `` РЕРИХ '' - Электронная библиотека `` . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Roerich : In Search of Shambala by Victoria Klimentieva , стр. 31 Jump up ^ Nicholas Roerich Museum Jump up ^ Andrei Znamenski , Red Shambhala : Magic , Prophecy , and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia , Quest Books ( 2011 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Roerich - Russian set designer '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nobel Prize Nomination Database Jump up ^ Julie Besonen , `` Visions of a Forgotten Utopian '' , New York Times , April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowlt , John E. ( 2008 ) . Moscow and St. Petersburg 1900 -- 1920 : Art , Life and Culture . New York : The Vendome Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86565 - 191 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Andrei Znamenski , `` Nicholas Roerich Shambhala Warrior '' `` ... Jump up ^ `` Roerich Nominated for Peace Award '' . New York Times . March 3 , 1929 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database - Peace '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Leek ( 2005 ) . Russian Painting . Parkstone International . pp. 256 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78042 - 975 - 5 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ N. Roerich . Diary Leaves . V. 3 . -- Moscow , International Centre of the Roerichs. -- 1996 . -- p. 39 . ISBN 5 - 86988 - 056 - 4 Jump up ^ Interview with Indira Gandhi / Roerich 's Empire . ( Derzhava Rerikhov ) ( in Russian ) . / Collected Articles . -- Moscow , International Centre of the Roerichs , Master - Bank . -- 2004 . -- p. 65 . ISBN 5 - 86988 - 148 - X Jump up ^ Ruth Abrams Drayer ( 2005 ) . Nicholas And Helena Roerich : The Spiritual Journey of Two Great Artists And Peacemakers . Quest Books . pp. 330 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0843 - 5 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrei Znamenski , `` Utopian in Power : Henry Wallace , Roerich , and the Sacred Union of the East '' ... Jump up ^ `` Dust throws a blanket over prized paintings '' ... Jump up ^ Nicholas Roerich : the Messenger of Zvenigorod ( vol. 1 : The Great Plan , vol. 2 : The New Country ) ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( summary of the books in English at http://lebendige-ethik.net/engl/4-Rosovs_books.html ) ; Alexandre Andreyev , Gimalaiski mif i ego tvotry ( Himalayan Myth and its Makers ) ( St. Petersburg : St. Petersburg University Press , 2004 ) ( in Russian ) ; Andrei Znamenski , Red Shambhala : Magic , Prophesy , and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia ( Quest Books , 2011 ) ( see an excerpt from the book at http://www.trimondi.de/EN/Red_Shambhala.htm ) ; Ernst von Waldenfels , Nicholas Roerich : Kunst , Macht und Okkultismus ( Osburg , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Bonhams : Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich ( Russian , 1874 - 1947 ) Madonna Laboris '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nicholas Roerich Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicholas Roerich . International Centre of the Roerichs International Roerich Memorial Trust ( India ) Nicholas Roerich Museum ( New York ) Estonian Roerich Society Roerich - movement on the Internet ( in Russian ) Paintings Gallery Nicholas Roerich Estate Museum in Izvara Roerich Family Find A Grave Catalogue of Nicholas Roerich ` s works from the collection of Gorlovka Art Museum Nicholas Roerich Papers , J Murrey Atkins Library , UNC Charlotte Nicholas Roerich Lexicon ( hide ) Nicholas Roerich Legacy Agni Yoga Roerich Pact Family Helena Roerich ( wife ) George de Roerich ( son ) Svetoslav Roerich ( son ) VIAF : 14852765 LCCN : n50049053 ISNI : 0000 0001 2276 8377 GND : 118916165 SELIBR : 85912 SUDOC : 03285692X BNF : cb12380556m ( data ) ULAN : 500116907 NLA : 35911497 NDL : 00454496 NKC : jn19992014945 BNE : XX1072455 RKD : 67643 IATH : w6737h9x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Roerich&oldid=798145749 '' Categories : 1874 births 1947 deaths Painters from Saint Petersburg People from Saint Petersburg Governorate Russian philosophers Symbolist painters Russian symbolism New Age writers Ballet designers Opera designers Roerich family Rerikhism Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava Writers from Himachal Pradesh Imperial Russian emigrants to India Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States Russian people of Baltic German descent Writers from Saint Petersburg 20th - century Russian painters Russian male painters Russian landscape painters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 07 : 36 . 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6761007022839512960	The Fifth Element	The Fifth Element - wikipedia The Fifth Element Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Fifth Element . The Fifth Element International release poster Directed by Luc Besson Produced by Patrice Ledoux Screenplay by Luc Besson Robert Mark Kamen Story by Luc Besson Starring Bruce Willis Gary Oldman Chris Tucker Ian Holm Milla Jovovich Music by Éric Serra Cinematography Thierry Arbogast Edited by Sylvie Landra Production company Gaumont Distributed by Gaumont Buena Vista International ( France ) Columbia Pictures ( United States ) Release date 7 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 07 ) Running time 126 minutes Country France Language English Budget $90 million Box office $263.9 million The Fifth Element ( French : Le Cinquième Élément ) is a 1997 English - language French science - fiction action film directed and co-written by Luc Besson . It stars Bruce Willis , Gary Oldman and Milla Jovovich . Primarily set in the 23rd century , the film 's central plot involves the survival of planet Earth , which becomes the responsibility of Korben Dallas ( Willis ) , a taxicab driver and former special forces major , after a young woman ( Jovovich ) falls into his cab . Dallas joins forces with her to recover four mystical stones essential for the defence of Earth against an impending attack . Besson started writing the story that became The Fifth Element when he was 16 years old ; he was 38 when the film opened in cinemas . Besson wanted to shoot the film in France , but suitable locations could not be found ; filming took place instead in London and Mauritania . Comics writers Jean `` Moebius '' Giraud and Jean - Claude Mézières , whose comics provided inspiration for parts of the film , were hired for production design . Costume design was by Jean Paul Gaultier . The Fifth Element received mainly positive reviews , although it tended to polarize critics . It has been called both the best and worst summer blockbuster of all time . The film was a financial success , earning more than $263 million at the box office on a $90 million budget . At the time of its release it was the most expensive European film ever made , and it remained the highest - grossing French film at the international box office until the release of The Intouchables in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Effects 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Initial screening 5.2 Box office 5.3 Critical response 5.4 Legacy and related media 6 Accolades 7 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1914 , aliens known as Mondoshawans arrive at an ancient Egyptian temple to collect , for safekeeping concerning World War I , the only weapon capable of defeating a great evil that appears every 5,000 years . The weapon consists of four stones , containing the essences of the four classical elements , and a sarcophagus containing a fifth element in the form of a human , which combines the power of the other four elements into a divine light capable of defeating the evil . The Mondoshawans promise their human contact , a priest from a secret order , that they will come back with the weapon in time to stop the great evil when it returns . In 2263 , the great evil appears in deep space in the form of a giant ball of black fire , and destroys an attacking Earth spaceship . The Mondoshawans ' current contact on Earth , priest Vito Cornelius , informs the President of the Federated Territories of the history of the great evil and the weapon that can stop it . As the Mondoshawans return to Earth they are ambushed by Mangalores , a race hired by the industrialist Jean - Baptiste Emanuel Zorg , who has been directed by the great evil ( sending messages as `` Mister Shadow '' ) to acquire the element stones . The Mondoshawans ' spacecraft is destroyed , and the only `` survivor '' is a severed hand in a metal glove from the Fifth Element 's sarcophagus that still contains some living cells . Scientists take it to a New York City laboratory and use it to reconstruct a powerful humanoid woman who takes the name Leeloo . Terrified of the unfamiliar surroundings , she breaks out of confinement and jumps off a high ledge , crashing into the flying taxicab of Korben Dallas , a former major in the special forces . Dallas delivers Leeloo to Cornelius and his apprentice , David , whereupon it is revealed that she is the Fifth Element . Cornelius learns from her that the element stones were not on the Mondoshawans ' ship , as they entrusted the stones to the alien Diva Plavalaguna , an opera singer . Zorg kills many of the Mangalores because of their failure to obtain the stones , but their surviving compatriots determine to seize the artifacts in revenge . Upon learning from the Mondoshawans that the stones are in Plavalaguna 's possession , General Munro , Dallas ' former superior , recommissions Dallas and orders him to travel undercover to the planet Fhloston to meet Plavalaguna on a luxury cruise ; Dallas takes Leeloo with him . Meanwhile , Cornelius instructs David to prepare the temple designed to house the stones , then stows away on the space plane transporting Dallas to the cruise liner . Plavalaguna is killed when the Mangalores attack the cruise ship , but Dallas succeeds in retrieving the stones from the Diva . During his struggle with the Mangalores he kills their leader . Meanwhile , Zorg arrives , shooting and seriously wounding Leeloo before taking a carrying case that he presumes contains the stones back to his spacecraft , leaving behind a time bomb that forces the liner 's occupants to evacuate . Discovering the case to be empty , Zorg returns to the ship and deactivates his bomb , but a dying Mangalore sets off his own device , destroying the ship and killing Zorg . Dallas , Cornelius , Leeloo , and talk - show host Ruby Rhod escape with the stones aboard Zorg 's spacecraft . The four join up with David at the weapon chamber in the temple as the great evil approaches . They arrange the stones and activate them with their corresponding elements , but having witnessed and studied so much violence , Leeloo has become disenchanted with humanity and refuses to cooperate . Dallas confesses his love for Leeloo and kisses her . In response , Leeloo combines the power of the stones and releases the divine light on the great evil , destroying its power and causing the planet to be proclaimed dead by Earth scientists as it becomes another moon in Earth orbit . Cast ( edit ) Bruce Willis as Korben Dallas Gary Oldman as Jean - Baptiste Emanuel Zorg Milla Jovovich as Leeloo Minaï Lekatariba - Laminaï - Tchaï Ekbat de Sebat Ian Holm as Father Vito Cornelius Chris Tucker as Ruby Rhod Charlie Creed - Miles as David Brion James as General Munro Tricky as Right Arm Tommy `` Tiny '' Lister Jr. as President Lindberg Christopher Fairbank as Professor Mactilburgh Lee Evans as Fog John Bluthal as Professor Massimo Pacoli Luke Perry as Billy Masterson John Bennett as Priest Kim Chan as Mr. Kim John Neville as General Staedert Al Matthews as General Tudor Maïwenn Le Besco as Diva Plavalaguna Themes ( edit ) In an interview Besson stated The Fifth Element was not a `` big theme movie '' , although the film 's theme was an important one . He wanted viewers to reach the point where Leeloo states `` What 's the use of saving life when you see what you do with it ? '' , and agree with her . Jay P. Telotte , writing in the book Science Fiction Film , credited the film with exploring the theme of political corruption . An article by Brian Ott and Eric Aoki in the feminist journal Women 's Studies in Communication considered gender to be one of the film 's main themes . The authors accused the film of erasing women from the introductory scenes , noting that Leeloo 's reconstruction marked only the second appearance of a female in the film 's first 20 minutes ; the other is an androgynous , mostly speechless presidential aide . When females appear in the film , they do so as passive objects , such as the sexualised flight and McDonald 's attendants ; or stripped of their femininity , such as the `` butch '' Major Iceborg . Stefan Brandt , in the book Subverting Masculinity , also said that the film `` echoes stereotypical beliefs about gender '' of all females in the film , including Leeloo , who he thought only left her passive role in the film during her fight with the Mangalores . With the exception of Tiny Lister 's portrayal of the President , all males in the film were considered to be as unmanly as possible in various ways , such as Ruby Rhod 's effeminacy , Vito Cornelius 's clumsy form of speech , and General Munro 's stupidity ; their purpose was to make Korben 's masculinity appear `` god - like '' by comparison . In the book The Films of Luc Besson , Susan Hayward considered The Fifth Element to be a classic story of a man `` making his break from the tribe , proving his manhood , over-throwing the malevolent forces and killing the chief , finally to reap the rewards of security and marriage '' . Korben 's journey , however , is under threat not only from the Mangalores and Zorg , but also from Leeloo , who relents and helps him only at the last minute , accepting his declaration of love . The love story within The Fifth Element was considered to be one of the main narratives in the film , and it faces the same deadline as the main storyline . Hayward also considered the issue of environmental damage , in so far as waste and pollution are visible throughout the film . Whereas science fiction films often show a world wherein some new technology or threat either surpasses or fails humanity , The Films of Luc Besson included The Fifth Element amongst the minority of science fiction films that `` hold up a mirror '' and show humankind as responsible . The film was said to be skeptical of capitalist consumerism , in so far as the gadgets in Zorg 's office make an unhealthy obsession of his lust for technology . The tension between technology and man is treated as a problem requiring a final resolution . Production ( edit ) As a teenager , Besson envisioned the world of The Fifth Element in an attempt to alleviate boredom . He began writing the script when he was 16 , though it was not released in cinemas until he was 38 . The original storyline was set in the year 2300 , and was about a `` nobody '' named Zaltman Bleros ( later renamed Korben Dallas ) who wins a trip to the Club Med resort on the planet Fhloston Paradise . There he meets Leeloo , a `` sand - girl '' who has the `` beauty of youth '' despite being over 2,000 years old . Besson continued to work on and modify the storyline for years ; by the time his documentary film Atlantis was released in 1991 he had a 400 - page script . Nicolas Seydoux and Patrice Ledoux from Gaumont were the first people to take on the project . In November 1991 , while looking for actors for the film , Besson met French comics creators Jean Giraud and Jean - Claude Mézières and recruited them for the film 's production design . Giraud and Mézières 's comics were a major source of inspiration for Besson 's futuristic New York City . Mézières wrote the book The Circles of Power , which contains a character named S'Traks , who drives a flying taxicab through the congested air traffic of the vast metropolis on the planet Rubanis . Mézières showed images of the flying taxi to Besson , who was inspired to change the background of Korben Dallas from a worker in a rocketship factory to that of a taxi driver who flies his cab around a Rubanis - inspired futuristic New York City . Five other artists were hired for the project , and Jean Paul Gaultier was hired to design the film 's costumes . The team spent a year creating over 8,000 drawings , during which time Besson approached both Bruce Willis and Mel Gibson for the lead role . Willis expressed interest , though he was reluctant to take on the role as the film was considered risky after his previous two films , Hudson Hawk and Billy Bathgate , had been received poorly ; Gibson eventually turned down the role . While the team impressed film companies with their designs , they struggled to find one willing to take on the film 's budget of almost $100 million . In December 1992 production of the film stopped without any prior warning , and the team disbanded . Korben 's flying taxicab ( top ) , which was inspired by the comics series The Circles of Power Besson went on to direct the commercially successful film Léon : The Professional , which was released in September 1994 . While shooting and releasing Leon , he continued to work on the script for The Fifth Element , shortening it and reducing the film 's budget to $90 million before attempting to find a studio willing to produce it . Columbia Pictures , who had a partnership in Leon , agreed to finance the film . By this time Besson had decided to go with a lesser - known lead actor in order to save on production costs . Besson was in Barry Josephson 's office when Willis called regarding a different film . Besson asked to speak to Willis `` just to say hello '' , and told him that The Fifth Element was finally going ahead , explaining the decision to go with a less - expensive actor . After a short silence , Willis stated `` If I like the film , we can always come to an arrangement '' ; he agreed to take on the role after reading the script . Production of the film commenced in early August 1995 . Besson traveled to various places for casting , including Paris , London and Rome . He hired Gary Oldman ( who had starred in Léon ) for the role of Zorg , describing Oldman as `` one of the top five actors in the world . '' For the character Leeloo , Besson chose Milla Jovovich from the 200 to 300 applicants he met in person . The `` Divine Language '' spoken in the film by Leeloo is a fictional language with only 400 words , invented by Besson . Jovovich and Besson held conversations and wrote letters to each other in the language as practice . Besson was in a relationship with Maïwenn Le Besco , who played the role of Diva Plavalaguna , for six years when filming commenced ; however , he left her for Jovovich during filming . Jovovich and Besson later married , but divorced in 1999 . Wishing to shoot the film in France , Besson could not find suitable facilities and `` with a heavy heart '' filmed in London . It was primarily filmed at Pinewood Studios on seven soundstages including the 007 Stage . Construction of sets began in October 1995 . The opera scene was filmed at the Royal Opera House . Scenes depicted as being in Egypt were filmed in Mauritania ; the first shoot for the film , a background shot of the desert , occurred there on 5 January 1996 . Filming with actors began in late January , and was completed 21 weeks later . Willis finished filming on 16 May , while Oldman only commenced filming the following week ; the film 's protagonist ( Korben ) and antagonist ( Zorg ) never actually share any screen time . Despite being filmed in London , The Fifth Element was a French production , and went on to become the costliest European film ever made at the time . The buildings in New York were derived from both metabolist - inspired masses of modular apartments from the 1960s , and the futuristic designs of architect Antonio Sant'Elia in the 1910s . Besson demanded that most of the action shots in the film take place in broad daylight , as he was reportedly tired of the dark spaceship corridors and dimly lit planets common in science fiction films , and wanted a brighter `` cheerfully crazy '' look as opposed to a gloomy realistic one . Gaultier designed every one of the 900 costumes worn by extras in the film 's Fhloston Paradise scenes , and checked each costume every morning . His designs , described as `` intellectually transgressive '' , were said to challenge sexuality and gender norms . A single jacket he designed for the film cost $5,000 . The original name of the character Ruby Rhod was Loc Rhod . The name appears in both the original script and in the novelisation of the film . Speculation has been raised that the name change was a play on information in the periodic table . Rubidium is the first of the Period 5 elements , and exactly halfway down that row is the element Rhodium . Taking the first half of each element yields `` Rubi Rhod '' . Others have speculated his name is a play on his gender bending personality ; having a feminine first name and phallic surname . The term `` ruby rod '' also refers to the essential component of the first working laser design . Effects ( edit ) One of the models used to portray an NYPD car in the film Three different teams handled the three different types of special effects used in the film . Nick Allder was placed in charge of mechanical and pyrotechnical effects , Nick Dudman was placed in charge of ' creature ' effects and Mark Stetson headed the visual effects team . Visual effects company Digital Domain was hired for the film , and Karen Goulekas was given the role of digital effects supervisor . Alias , Autodesk Softimage , Arete , Side Effect 's Prisms , RenderMan , as well as in - house software , were used by Digital Domain to create effects . Some individual shots used a combination of live action , scale models , computer - generated imagery and particle systems . The lanes of traffic in the scenes in New York City were created with particle systems : We had maybe 80 cityscape shots with CG cars hurtling around , and you could n't animate them all by hand because there were just too many of them in each scene ... When the cars turned a corner , the velocity changes were automatic , so the animator did n't have to worry about that . They just planned the moves in a very blocky way , and the mathematics smoothed out the rest . Amongst the scale models used for filming were the buildings seen in New York City . Dozens of apartment blocks and 25 skyscrapers , some 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) high , were constructed in 1 / 24th scale . It took a team of 80 workers five months to build the models used in the film . The windows of the buildings were cited by the team as one of the most time - consuming tasks , along with details behind the windows , such as furniture , blinds , lightboxes and tiny pieces of flat artwork . Virtual sets built within digital environments were created to enhance the use of miniatures . Motion control cameras moved throughout the scale sets , and the data they collected was exported to track and generate the CG animation and particle systems . Other techniques used in the film included digital matte paintings for backgrounds and the NURBS mathematical model for certain animations , including the sequence in which Leeloo 's body is reconstructed . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Fifth Element is one of Besson 's films which have been described as `` intrinsically musical '' ; some kind of music is playing during about 90 percent of the film . The film 's score was composed by Éric Serra . He relies heavily on the use of orchestral textures , such as the oboe and strings heard as the surgeons prepare to regenerate Leeloo , and the pizzicato as she is reconstructed . Serra also used many exotic influences , such as the Stalinist fanfare heard before the spaceport sequence , the reggae piece played in preparation for the flight , and the hula music that greets the passengers as they arrive in Fhloston . More conventional scoring techniques are present in the leitmotif that first appears when professor Pacoli mentions the fifth element , the militaristic snares as the warship prepares to attack the dark planet , and the Mahlerian funereal piece heard when Leeloo learns about war . The music used for the taxicab chase scene , titled `` Alech Taadi '' by Algerian performer Khaled , is excluded from the film soundtrack , but is available on Khaled 's album N'ssi N'ssi . `` The Diva Dance '' A sample of Inva Mula 's vocals in The Diva Dance Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Diva Dance opera performance used music from Gaetano Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor : `` Il dolce suono '' , the mad scene of Act III , Scene 2 . It is one of the few pieces of music in the film that is diegetic . It was sung by Albanian soprano Inva Mula , while the role of Plavalaguna was played by French actress Maïwenn Le Besco . Part One ( titled `` Lucia di Lammermoor '' ) and Part Two ( titled `` The Diva Dance '' ) of this piece are included as separate tracks on The Fifth Element soundtrack , but are sequenced to create the effect of the entire performance seen in the film . The end of Part One blends into the beginning of Part Two , creating a smooth transition between the two tracks . Released as an album under Virgin Records , the soundtrack peaked at No. 99 on the Billboard 200 . More than 200,000 copies of the lengthy soundtrack were sold in France alone . Rodney Batdorf of AllMusic gave the album three out of five stars , stating it was `` diverse and accomplished , and it is just as effective outside of the film as it is within it . '' A review from Filmtracks.com also awarded the album three out of five stars . Release ( edit ) Initial screening ( edit ) The film premiered on 7 May 1997 at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival , where it was selected as the opening film . Gaumont built an area for the screening that was over 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) . Guests were given a `` Fifth Element '' Swatch , which was used as their ticket for entry . The event included a futuristic ballet , a fashion show by Jean Paul Gaultier , and fireworks . Gaumont spent between US $ 1 million and $3 million on the event , a record at the time . Box office ( edit ) The film debuted at number 1 in the US , earning $17 million on its opening weekend . It went on to become a box - office success , grossing over $263 million , almost three times its budget of $90 million . Seventy - six percent of the receipts for The Fifth Element were from markets outside the United States , and it was the ninth - highest - grossing film of the year worldwide . It was the most successful film at the box office in France in 1997 , with more than 7.69 million seeing the film . In Germany the film was awarded the Goldene Leinwand , a sales certification award for selling more than three million tickets at the box office . The Fifth Element went on to become the highest grossing French film at the foreign box - office , a record it held for 16 years until the release of The Intouchables in 2011 . Critical response ( edit ) The Fifth Element holds a 72 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 61 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Visually inventive and gleefully over the top , Luc Besson 's The Fifth Element is a fantastic piece of pop sci - fi that never takes itself too seriously . '' It has a weighted score of 52 / 100 at Metacritic , based on 22 professional reviews , indicating `` mixed or average '' reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . The Fifth Element polarised critics on release . Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times described the film as an `` elaborate , even campy sci - fi extravaganza , which is nearly as hard to follow as last year 's Mission : Impossible . '' He concluded that The Fifth Element was `` a lot warmer , more fun and boasts some of the most sophisticated , witty production and costume design you could ever hope to see . '' On film review show At the Movies , both Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel gave the film a `` thumbs up '' ; in his own review for the Chicago Sun - Times , Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 , calling it `` One of the great goofy movies '' , and concluding , `` I would not have missed seeing this film , and I recommend it for its richness of imagery . But at 127 minutes , which seems a reasonable length , it plays long . '' The film was , however , subject to a number of harsh reviews that expressed disapproval of its overblown style . Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote , `` A largely misfired European attempt to make an American - style sci - fi spectacular , The Fifth Element consists of a hodgepodge of elements that do n't comfortably coalesce . '' David Edelstein of Slate was even more critical , saying , `` It may or may not be the worst movie ever made , but it is one of the most unhinged . '' Chris Tucker 's performance as Ruby Rhod also polarised critics . He was praised in the Los Angeles Times and in Time ; the latter called him `` the summer 's most outrageous special effect . '' Josh Winning of GamesRadar , however , singled out Tucker 's performance as the low point of the film , ranking it as No. 20 on his 2011 list , `` 50 Performances That Ruined Movies '' . Legacy and related media ( edit ) The film has been described by CBS News , Rotten Tomatoes , and ComingSoon.com as a science fiction cult classic . However film critic Mark Kermode reported that The Fifth Element was one of the most divisive films among his readers , regarded as both the best and the worst summer blockbuster of all time . Kermode recalled his own experience : `` I remember very clearly being in Cannes when ( The ) Fifth Element was first played , and it really divided the audience . '' Stephen Cass of Discover ranked the film the third - best science fiction film on subscription service Hulu , writing , `` People seem to either like or loathe The Fifth Element ... Lavish visuals and entertaining performances from Bruce Willis , Milla Jovovich , and Gary Oldman make this movie worth watching . '' In some circles the film has gained a `` so - bad - it 's - good '' status ; Meredith Woerner of io9 listed The Fifth Element as one of `` The 20 Best Worst Science Fiction Movies of All Time '' . In 2007 the Visual Effects Society placed The Fifth Element at No. 50 , tied with Darby O'Gill and the Little People , on their list of the 50 most influential visual effects films of all time . In 2014 , Time Out listed the film at No. 42 on their `` 100 best sci - fi movies '' list . Willis spoke favourably of the film in a 1999 interview , concluding `` it was a real fun movie to make . '' Tucker and Jovovich also spoke favourably of both their experiences making the film and working with Besson in interviews on the Ultimate Edition DVD ; Jovovich described Besson as `` the first really amazing director I had worked with '' . Asked in a 2014 interview if he liked the film , Gary Oldman stated , `` Oh no . I ca n't bear it . '' He had explained in 2011 : `` It was me singing for my supper because Luc had come in and partly financed ( my film ) Nil by Mouth . '' Alejandro Jodorowsky and Jean Giraud sued Besson after the film was released , claiming The Fifth Element had plagiarised their comic The Incal . Giraud sued for 13.1 million euros for unfair competition , 9 million euros in damages and interest and two to five percent of the net operating revenues of the film . Jodorowsky sued for 700,000 euros . The case was dismissed in 2004 on the grounds that only `` tiny fragments '' of the comic had been used and also because Giraud had been hired by Besson to work on the film before the allegations were made . A novel adaptation of The Fifth Element , written by Terry Bisson , was published by HarperPrism in 1997 . There were rumors after the film 's release that it would be followed by a sequel , tentatively titled Mr. Shadow . In 2011 , Besson stated that a sequel was never planned , and that he has no desire to make one . A video game adaptation of The Fifth Element was created by Activision for the PlayStation game console and PC in 1998 . The PlayStation version was generally met with negative reviews , though the PC version was better received . Lauren Fielder from GameSpot called the PlayStation version `` quite possibly the worst game I 've ever played . '' Doug Perry from IGN commented : `` Take Tomb Raider , add in Leeloo Multipass and boring puzzles , and you 've got Fifth Element . '' A racing game based on the film , New York Race , was released in 2001 . Eurogamer gave the game 6 out of 10 , concluding : `` New York Race is a fun little arcade racer which oozes style , but it 's something you 'll grow tired of extremely quickly and as such remains fun only in short bursts . '' Accolades ( edit ) The Fifth Element was nominated for Best Sound Editing at the 70th Academy Awards , and for Best Sound Editing at the 1998 Golden Reel Awards , but lost to Titanic in both cases . It won the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects , and the Lumières Award for Best Director . It was nominated for seven César awards , winning three : Best Director , Best Cinematography and Best Production Design . It was nominated for Film of the Year at the 1997 European Film Awards , as well as the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and the Satellite Award for Best Visual Effects . Thierry Arbogast was awarded the Technical Grand Prize at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for his work on both The Fifth Element and She 's So Lovely . The film received four Saturn Award nominations : Best Science Fiction Film , Best Costume , Best Special Effects , and Best Supporting Actress for Milla Jovovich . Jovovich 's fight against the Mangalores was nominated for the MTV Movie Award for Best Fight , and the actress was also nominated for Best Actress -- Newcomer at the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards . Conversely , Jovovich received a Golden Raspberry nomination for Worst Supporting Actress , and Chris Tucker was nominated for Worst New Star for his performances in both The Fifth Element and Money Talks . Year Event Award Nominee Result 1998 Academy Awards Best Sound Editing Mark Mangini Nominated 1998 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Best Actress -- Newcomer Milla Jovovich Nominated 1997 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best Special Visual Effects Mark Mangini Won 1997 Cannes Film Festival Technical Grand Prize Thierry Arbogast Won 1998 César Award Best Cinematography Thierry Arbogast Won Best Director Luc Besson Won Best Production Design Dan Weil Won Best Costume Design Jean Paul Gaultier Nominated Best Editing Sylvie Landra Nominated Best Film Luc Besson Nominated Best Music Written for a Film Éric Serra Nominated Best Sound Daniel Brisseau Nominated 1997 European Film Awards Film of the Year Patrice Ledoux Nominated 1998 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Supporting Actress Milla Jovovich Nominated Worst New Star Chris Tucker Nominated 1998 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing Mark Mangini Nominated 1998 Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation The Fifth Element Nominated 1997 Lumières Award Best Director Luc Besson Won 1998 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight Milla Jovovich vs. Aliens Nominated 1998 Satellite Award Best Visual Effects Mark Stetson Nominated 1998 Saturn Award Best Science Fiction Film The Fifth Element Nominated Best Costumes Jean Paul Gaultier Nominated Best Special Effects Special effects team Nominated Best Supporting Actress Milla Jovovich Nominated Home media ( edit ) The original home video release of The Fifth Element took place in North America on 10 December 1997 , on VHS , LaserDisc , and DVD . The original DVD presented the film in its original 2.39 : 1 anamorphic widescreen format though carried no special features . The film was released in Sony 's Superbit format in October 2001 . In his review , Conrad Jeremy from IGN gave the picture quality of the original DVD release 9 out of 10 , though awarded the Superbit version a perfect score for picture quality . Overall the Superbit version was given 8 out of 10 ; the final score was brought down by the version 's complete lack of special features . An `` Ultimate Edition '' set of two DVDs was released on 11 January 2005 . The only difference between the Superbit version and the Ultimate Edition disc one is the addition of a `` fact track '' , which when turned on displays trivia about the film , cast and crew as the film plays . The second disc provides various special features , focusing on visual production , special effects , fashion in the film , featurettes and interviews with Willis , Jovovich , and Tucker , as well as featurettes on the four different alien races in the film and Diva Plavalaguna . Ian Jane of DVD Talk praised the Ultimate Edition for its special features . The first Blu - ray release of the film on 20 June 2006 was criticised as having poor picture quality by Blu - ray standards , and for its lack of special features . In what has been called `` an extremely rare move '' Sony responded to complaints by making a remastered Blu - ray version available , released on 17 July 2007 , and also offered a replacement exchange program for customers unhappy with the original Blu - ray release . Ben Williams from Blu-ray.com stated the remastered version `` absolutely '' made up for the lacklustre initial release and praised its high video and audio quality ; however , he criticised the continued lack of special features . The 20th anniversary 4K remaster was released on Ultra HD Blu - ray on July 11 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Conflicting sources stated the film 's budget to be various figures between $50 million and $100 million , however , $90 million is the most frequently cited figure , and is also the figure cited by Besson in his book , The Story of The Fifth Element . Jump up ^ The film 's opening scene states the year is 1914 , and the following scene in space states it is `` 300 years later '' , though Korben 's alarm clock clearly shows the year as being 2263 . The year is given as 2257 on the DVD sleeve notes published by Pathé in 1997 , and as 2259 by Besson in The Story of The Fifth Element . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Le Cinquième élément '' ( The Fifth Element ) . Ciné - Ressources ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fifth Element , The Le Cinquieme Elemente '' . Australian Classification Board . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Besson 1997 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 9 May 1997 ) . `` The Fifth Element '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Edelstein , David ( 11 May 1997 ) . `` Unmitigated Gaul : The Fifth Element and Irma Vep '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mazdon 2000 , p. 110 ; Hayward 2009 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Stephen . `` Filmmaker Luc Besson explains how a childhood fantasy became a hit sci - fi epic '' . IndustryCentral . Archived from the original on 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Telotte , J. P ( 2001 ) . Science Fiction Film . Cambridge University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59647 - 3 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ott , Brian L ; Aoki , Eric ( 2001 ) . `` Counter-Imagination as Interpretive Practice : Futuristic Fantasy and The Fifth Element '' . Women 's Studies in Communication . 27 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 176 . doi : 10.1080 / 07491409.2004. 10162471 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Stefan ( 2000 ) . `` American Culture X : Identity , homosexuality , and the search for a new American hero '' . In West , Russell ; Lay , Frank . Subverting Masculinity : Hegemonic and Alternative Visions of Masculinity in Contemporary Culture . Amsterdam : Rodopi . pp. 67 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1234 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward 2009 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward 2009 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on 4 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Besson 1997 , pp. 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Jason ( 10 March 2012 ) . `` R.I.P. Moebius , comics legend and Métal Hurlant co-founder '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` Luc Besson adapting classic time - travel comic created by Fifth Element concept artist '' . io9 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bizony 2001 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , p. 158 ; Mézières 2004 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Mézières 2004 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Stephen D ( 15 November 2011 ) . The Dictionary of Made - Up Languages : From Elvish to Klingon , The Anwa , Reella , Ealray , Yeht ( Real ) Origins of Invented Lexicons . Adams Media . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4405 - 2817 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Change , Kee ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Film Critic : Maïwenn 's ' Polisse ' '' . Anthem Magazine . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Buys , Sara ( January 2003 ) . `` Milla 's Tale '' . Harpers & Queen . Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paris prosecutors probe Luc Besson 's ' Film City ' studios '' . Hürriyet Daily News . 20 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Besson 1997 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element '' . Pinewood Studios . Archived from the original on 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Shipman , Chris ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Top films featuring opera 20 - 16 '' . Royal Opera House . Archived from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Elrick , Ted ( 1997 ) . `` Elemental Images '' . Cinefex ( 70 ) : 130 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Besson 1997 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Besson 1997 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Drazin , Charles ( 2011 ) . The Faber Book of French Cinema . Faber and Faber . p. 382 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 21849 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mazdon 2000 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : LaPlante , Alice ( 1999 ) . Playing for Profit : How Digital Entertainment is Making Big Business Out of Child 's Play . John Wiley & Sons . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29614 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson 2005 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Hayward , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Spindler , Amy M ( 8 May 1997 ) . `` French Futurists : No Honor at Home '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Yu , Justin ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` The 404 Yuletide Mini-sode : Where The 404 is the Fifth Element '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Townes , Charles ( 2003 ) . A Century of Nature : Twenty - One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World . Chicago , USA : University of Chicago Press . pp. 107 -- 112 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 28413 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bizony 2001 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Hanson 2005 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Bizony 2001 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bizony 2001 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Hanson 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Bizony 2001 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Bizony 2001 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Hayward 2009 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Cornea , Christine ( 2007 ) . Science Fiction Cinema : Between Fantasy and Reality . Rutgers University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4173 - 0 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Tim . `` Khaled : N'ssi N'ssi '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gemini Sun Records is Proud to Announce Vitas '' . Press release . Gemini Sun Records . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element ( Virgin ) '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Éric Serra ( 6 May 1997 ) . The Fifth Element ( Soundtrack ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element ( Virgin ) -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Batdorf , Rodney . `` The Fifth Element ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element '' . FilmTracks. 10 May 1997 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : The Fifth Element '' . Cannes Film Festival . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( 7 May 1997 ) . `` Review : `` The Fifth Element '' `` . Variety . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gray , Timothy ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Cannes parties are legendary , but sometimes the shindig can outperform the pic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 25 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mazdon 2000 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hayward 2009 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` Das fünfte Element '' ( The Fifth Element ) . Goldene Leinwand ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Palmer , Tim ( 2011 ) . Brutal Intimacy : Analyzing Contemporary French Cinema . Wesleyan University Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6827 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' Intouchables ' : plus gros succès de l'histoire pour un film non-anglophone '' ( Untouchable : biggest success in history for a non-English speaking film ) . PureMédias ( in French ) . 21 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( 9 May 1997 ) . `` ' Element ' : A Voyage as Fun , Stylish as It Is Confusing '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 8 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Week of May 10 , 1997 : The Fifth Element review '' . At the Movies . Season 11 . Episode 35 . 10 May 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Motor Mouth Man '' . Newsweek. 7 September 1997 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Steven ( 8 May 1997 ) . `` In His Element '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Tucker '' . Los Angeles ( November ) : 96 . 1998 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` 50 Performances That Ruined Movies '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 25 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Teichner , Martha ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Jean Paul Gaultier : Fashion 's wild child '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . 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Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moebius perd son procès contre Besson '' ( Moebius loses trial against Besson ) . ToutenBD ( in French ) . 28 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The fifth element : a novel '' . WorldCat . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bisson , Terry ( 1997 ) . The Fifth Element : A Novel . HarperPrism . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 105838 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` Luc Besson Reflects on His Female Leads and Explains Why a ' Fifth Element ' Sequel Will Never Happen '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fielder , Lauren ( 21 October 1998 ) . `` Fifth Element , The Review ( PS ) '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Doug ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` Fifth Element '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Martin ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` NY Race '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Note : Search for `` The Fifth Element '' . Jump up ^ `` Mark Mangini '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Reporter : C - 11 . 9 March 1998 . ISSN 0018 - 3660 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` 1998 Hugo Awards '' . Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VFX Awards '' . KEG FX . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Justin , Sarachik ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Milla Jovovich Blasts Summit Entertainment for Ignoring ' Three Musketeers ' '' . The Christian Post . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Note : Click on the ' Winners ' tab . Jump up ^ 1996 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Nominees Announced . Billboard. 17 January 1998 . p. 64 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Archive '' . Golden Raspberry Awards . 23 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Beierle , Aaron ( 28 June 2000 ) . `` The Fifth Element '' . DVD Talk . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy , Conrad ( 11 October 2001 ) . `` Fifth Element ( Superbit ) , The '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jane , Ian . `` The Fifth Element -- Ultimate Edition '' . DVD Talk . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Ben ( 5 August 2007 ) . `` The Fifth Element Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Offers New ' Fifth Element ' Blu - ray Remaster and ' Replacement Exchange Program ' '' . High - Def Digest . 18 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kyle Newton ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` The Fifth Element - 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray '' . High - Def Digest . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Besson , Luc ( 1997 ) . The Story of the Fifth Element : The Adventure and Discovery of a Film . London : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85286 - 863 - 5 . Bizony , Piers ( 2001 ) . Digital Domain : The Leading Edge of Visual Effects . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7928 - 5 . Hanson , Matt ( 2005 ) . Building Sci - Fi Moviescapes : The Science Behind the Fiction . Waltham , Massachusetts : Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 80772 - 0 . Hayward , Susan ; Powrie , Phil ( 2009 ) . The Films of Luc Besson : Master of Spectacle . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 7029 - 7 . Mazdon , Lucy ( 2000 ) . Encore Hollywood : Remaking French Cinema . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8517 - 0801 - 0 . Mézières , Jean - Claude ; Christin , Pierre ( 2004 ) . `` The Circles of Power '' . Valerian : The New Future Trilogy . Valérian : Spatio - Temporal Agent . Trans . Timothy Ryan Smith . New York : iBooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 8674 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fifth Element Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Fifth Element . Official website The Fifth Element on IMDb The Fifth Element at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Luc Besson Directed Le Dernier Combat ( 1983 ) Subway ( 1985 ) The Big Blue ( 1988 ) Nikita ( 1990 ) Atlantis ( 1991 ) Léon : The Professional ( 1994 ) The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) Angel - A ( 2005 ) Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( 2010 ) The Lady ( 2011 ) The Family ( 2013 ) Lucy ( 2014 ) Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) Anna ( 2018 ) Produced Le Dernier Combat ( 1983 ) Subway ( 1985 ) Atlantis ( 1991 ) Cold Moon ( 1991 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Taxi ( 1998 ) Taxi 2 ( 2000 ) Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) Wasabi ( 2001 ) La Turbulence des fluides ( 2002 ) The Transporter ( 2002 ) Fanfan la Tulipe ( 2003 ) Les Côtelettes ( 2003 ) Michel Vaillant ( 2003 ) Taxi 3 ( 2003 ) District 13 ( 2004 ) Taxi ( 2004 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada ( 2005 ) Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) Unleashed ( 2005 ) Angel - A ( 2005 ) Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) Bandidas ( 2006 ) Love and Other Disasters ( 2006 ) Nuovomondo ( 2006 ) Tell No One ( 2006 ) The Secret ( 2007 ) Taxi 4 ( 2007 ) Hitman ( 2007 ) Taken ( 2008 ) Transporter 3 ( 2008 ) District 13 : Ultimatum ( 2009 ) Home ( 2009 ) Staten Island ( 2009 ) Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) From Paris with Love ( 2010 ) 22 Bullets ( 2010 ) Colombiana ( 2011 ) The Source ( 2011 ) A Monster in Paris ( 2011 ) The Lady ( 2011 ) Lockout ( 2012 ) Taken 2 ( 2012 ) No Limit ( 2012 ) Collison ( 2013 ) Jack and the Cuckoo - Clock Heart ( 2013 ) 3 Days to Kill ( 2013 ) The Family ( 2013 ) Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) The Homesman ( 2014 ) Taken 3 ( 2015 ) The Transporter Refueled ( 2015 ) The Warriors Gate ( 2016 ) Renegades ( 2016 ) Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) Taxi 5 ( 2018 ) Anna ( 2018 ) Written Taxi ( 1998 ) Taxi 2 ( 2000 ) Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) Wasabi ( 2001 ) Yamakasi ( 2001 ) The Transporter ( 2002 ) Fanfan la Tulipe ( 2003 ) Taxi 3 ( 2003 ) Michel Vaillant ( 2003 ) Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse ( 2004 ) District 13 ( 2004 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) Unleashed ( 2005 ) Bandidas ( 2006 ) Taxi 4 ( 2007 ) Taken ( 2008 ) Transporter 3 ( 2008 ) District 13 : Ultimatum ( 2009 ) From Paris with Love ( 2010 ) Colombiana ( 2011 ) Lockout ( 2012 ) Taken 2 ( 2012 ) 3 Days to Kill ( 2014 ) Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) Lucy ( 2014 ) Taken 3 ( 2015 ) The Transporter Refueled ( 2015 ) The Warriors Gate ( 2016 ) Renegades ( 2017 ) Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) Anna ( 2018 ) TV series No Limit ( 2012 - 2015 ) Taxi Brooklyn ( 2014 ) Taken ( 2017 ) See also Filmography EuropaCorp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fifth_Element&oldid=808898371 '' Categories : 1997 films English - language films 1990s science fiction films Science fiction adventure films French science fiction films Fictional - language films Science fiction action films Space adventure films Action adventure films Comedy science fiction films Films directed by Luc Besson Ancient astronauts in fiction Flying cars in fiction Films whose director won the Best Director Lumières Award Films using computer - generated imagery Gaumont Film Company films 1997 soundtracks Film scores by Éric Serra Virgin Records soundtracks Films set in the 23rd century Films set in 1914 Films set in Egypt Films set in New York City Films shot in London Films shot in Mauritania Films shot at Pinewood Studios Works involved in plagiarism controversies French films Films about extraterrestrial life Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles containing French - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the bad guy in 5th element	[]	[]
-9097535538151751397	Adam Newman	Adam Newman - Wikipedia Adam Newman Jump to : navigation , search Adam Newman Justin Hartley as Adam Newman The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Chris Engen ( 2008 -- 09 ) Michael Muhney ( 2009 -- 14 ) Justin Hartley ( 2014 -- 16 ) ( and child actors ) Duration 1995 -- 97 2002 2008 -- 16 First appearance April 24 , 1995 Last appearance September 1 , 2016 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Edward J. Scott ( 1995 ) David Shaughnessy ( 2002 ) Josh Griffith ( 2008 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 2014 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Gabriel Bingham Victor Adam Newman , Jr . Victor Adam Wilson Occupation Bartender ( 2010 ) Corporate businessman Investment banker ( show ) Family Family Newman Parents Victor Newman Hope Wilson Adoptive parents Cliff Wilson Stepparents Diane Jenkins ( 1997 -- 99 , 2011 ) Nikki Newman ( 2002 -- 08 , 2013 -- ) Sabrina Costelana ( 2008 ) Ashley Abbott ( 2009 ) Sharon Newman ( 2012 ) Siblings Victoria Newman Nicholas Newman Abby Newman Wife Sharon Newman ( 2009 -- 10 ) Skye Lockhart ( 2010 ) Chelsea Lawson ( 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16 ) Sons Connor Newman Christian Newman Grandparents Albert Miller Cora Miller Uncles Matt Miller Nephews Noah Newman Reed Hellstrom Johnny Abbott ( adoptive ) Christian Newman ( Legal ) Nieces Eve Nicole Howard Cassie Newman ( adoptive ) Summer Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Victor `` Adam '' Newman Jr is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless , a soap opera on the CBS network . Adam was created by William J. Bell , as the son of Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) and Hope Wilson ( Signy Coleman ) , and was introduced April 24 , 1995 . Adam left town two years after his birth and was raised in Kansas by his mother , and grew up without knowing that Victor was his father . In 2008 , Chris Engen began portraying Adam as an adult . After a year in the role , Engen announced his exit from The Young and the Restless because of objections over his storyline , and Michael Muhney was recast in the role . Controversy arose two weeks after Muhney 's debut when Adam seduced male character Rafe Torres ( Yani Gellman ) . The media accused Engen of homophobia , but the actor dispelled these rumors , saying he was unhappy with his storyline long before the homosexuality plot twist was aired . In 2013 , Muhney was fired from the role and made his last appearance on January 30 , 2014 ; later that year , Justin Hartley was cast as Adam , who portrayed Adam for an additional two years before vacating the role on September 1 , 2016 . The character is known as an antihero , described as `` one of the most devious characters on daytime '' by The Advocate . He is notable for his relationships with Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) -- a pairing regarded as `` dark '' by SoapNet -- and Chelsea Lawson ( Melissa Claire Egan ) . Adam has a severely bad relationship with his father , who often does not accept him as part of his family . Engen 's portrayal garnered significant viewer support , while both viewers and critics have praised Muhney and Hartley 's portrayals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and creation 2 Development 2.1 Characterization and portrayal 2.2 Relationships 2.3 Controversial plot twist and recast 2.4 Muhney 's exit and controversial allegations 3 Storylines 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Casting and creation ( edit ) Series creator William J. Bell created Victor Newman , Jr. in 1995 as part of a social issue storyline . The plot involved Hope Adams ' decision to carry Victor 's child to term despite the possibility that he could inherit his mother 's blindness , which could manifest later in life . Adam was first portrayed in 1995 by infant actors , including twins Celeste and Coryn Williams , followed by Danielle and Sabrina Helper and then Spencer Klass . Hayden Tank played the role from December 1996 to August 1997 , and returned for a guest appearance on June 26 , 2002 . In 2008 , it was announced that the character had been rapidly aged to an adult . Chris Engen assumed the role of Adam on February 21 , 2008 . In May 2009 , it was announced that Engen was leaving the program and that Muhney had immediately been recast in the role . Muhney made his first appearance as Adam on June 25 , 2009 . In 2011 , Muhney signed a contract that would keep him in the role for an unspecified period . In April 2013 , Muhney announced that he had signed a new contract that would expire in June 2015 . In December , however , Muhney announced that he had been abruptly let go from the soap opera , with his last airdate on January 30 , 2014 . In August , it was announced that Hartley had been cast as Adam , due to begin taping in September ; he first aired on November 5 , 2014 . Upon the news of his casting , the actor told TV Guide : `` I 'm so pumped about joining Y&R -- I watch it all the time and ca n't wait to get in there and get my hands dirty ! '' In 2016 , it was announced that Hartley had been cast in a regular role on the NBC drama series This Is Us , which was picked up by the network , placing his future with The Young and the Restless into question . In September 2016 , Hartley confirmed his exit from the soap opera on his Facebook page , thanking fans for their support as well as encouraging them to watch him on This Is Us . Development ( edit ) Characterization and portrayal ( edit ) Michael Muhney described Adam as a `` puppeteer '' with `` survival instinct '' , but also someone with a conscience . Adam 's off - screen background was established to reflect that of his father ; the character was highly self - motivated , studying at college and beginning a career in finance . In an interview with Soaps In Depth , Engen said , `` Luckily , I 'm not going to be compared to anyone else ... anything I do and anything I try to project , and ( the ) kind of ideas that I have to influence the character are okay '' . The actor stated his intent to portray Adam as a `` rich , three - dimensional character with ambitions , flaws , and the positive qualities of his mother Hope '' . As the character 's storyline progressed , he became `` one of the most devious characters on daytime '' as part of a Gothic plot in which Adam secretly torments Ashley , Victor 's love interest , to get revenge on his father . The story called for Adam to be blind , with uncertainty whether his condition is genuine . Engen told Julie McElwain of Soaps In Depth that he was not sure how to portray the blindness . He said , `` I did n't want to nail it on the head completely with the blindness , because I was n't sure if the blindness was real . Signy ( who portrayed Hope ) won awards for her portrayal of retinitis pigmentosa , and I thought it would be a dishonor to that if I came too close to the mark . '' Engen said that he thought that former executive producers , Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch , and the writers `` know what they 're doing , and right now it would seem like Adam is instigating more ... drama . '' The actor worried whether the character 's actions might lead to him becoming `` irredeemable '' , but also said he took it as a challenge to make what Adam does `` interesting and human '' . `` It is because of how he mixes it up . I guess there is no other way to describe it but being a catalytic character . It is nicer when you can be in the center of the hub of the wheel where the spokes all meet , so I have a lot of spokes sticking out from my character that takes him in a lot of directions . It makes it interesting . It is not just a paycheck . '' -- Muhney , when asked what he likes portraying about Adam ( 2013 ) Muhney said in an interview that the plot point of seducing Rafe broadened Adam 's horizons . He said , `` What it did was move a character who represents a person who lives in Genoa City and moved him outside of a box that you can neatly check off . ' He is straight , he is this , or he is that , ' and the fact that some lines are blurred makes him more real . When they did that with this character , I loved the opportunity to play into a different realm which is usually not touched upon on television . '' Muhney described the character as a `` puppeteer '' with `` survival instinct '' , but also someone with a conscience . In another interview , when asked what he likes about portraying Adam , Muhney stated : `` You want to play a catalytic character . You know a troublemaker is good business . You know someone who does n't swim with the fishes , who swims upstream in the other direction , is someone who is going to cause friction and turbulence in storyline with other characters . I have been told by many of my cast members that the role to play is Adam . They say , `` If I were to have a choice , the character I would want to play is your role , Adam . '' Relationships ( edit ) Adam 's first romance was with Heather Stevens ( Vail Bloom ) , which received viewer support . Engen said that he `` thanked God '' for that aspect of his storyline , that he felt Adam `` genuinely loves '' Heather and that she had been `` the only light in this world of darkness that the character had lived in '' since Engen started portraying the character . Adam has been involved with his brother 's ex-wife , Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) -- a relationship which SoapNet described as `` dark '' . Adam stole Sharon 's newborn baby , Faith , and gave her to Ashley Abbott ( Eileen Davidson ) -- whom he caused to have a miscarriage and a phantom pregnancy . Despite knowing this and seeing Sharon grieve , Adam bonded with her out of guilt ; however , they fell in love and married . Muhney told SoapNet that Adam `` unequivocally loves her 100 % '' , and said , `` You can argue as much logic as you want about what Adam has done and what he is doing . '' Sharon remained in love with Adam after his kidnapping of Faith was revealed . The soap 's other characters , who viewed him as a criminal , were displeased with the romance . Case described Sharon 's ability to forgive Adam as a `` tough pill to swallow '' , and also compared it to Nick 's love for Phyllis -- who had `` blown people up and ran people over '' . Jamey Giddens of Zap2it described Adam and Sharon 's relationship as `` inappropriate '' yet `` red - hot '' . Several of Sharon 's friends , including her ex-husband Jack , disowned her because of the relationship . After Sharon 's conviction for the murder of Adam 's ex-wife Skye , she escaped after being sentenced to life imprisonment . During this storyline , Case still supported the couple -- dubbed `` Shadam '' by viewers -- saying that the pairing `` took us all by surprise '' . Case also said , `` That is what I was referring to with this storyline because of the pace and the vitality that `` Shadam '' has . '' While on the run , Sharon slept with a man named Sam when Adam thought she was dead . Feeling betrayed , Adam tricked her into a jailhouse wedding where he abandoned her , leaving Sharon heartbroken and angry . Nicholas -- Sharon 's first husband and Adam 's brother , later forced Sharon to get a restraining order against Adam . The night before it became active , she spent the night with Adam , who vowed to fight the order , refusing to give Sharon up . Jae ' Jones from Yahoo ! said that Sharon 's actions `` always '' lead her back to Adam . Adam was attacked by Patty Williams ( Stacy Haiduk ) , and his impaired vision returned . Sharon looked after Adam and even returned him to his mother 's farm in Kansas where they reconnected . Adam proposed to her and they returned to Genoa City . However , Sharon ended their relationship shortly after learning of Adam 's role in freeing Patty -- who went on to wreak havoc and hurt loved ones -- from a psychiatric hospital two years earlier . Although Sharon knew Adam had changed , she refused to bet anything on him . Despite Adam 's marriage to Chelsea Lawson ( Melissa Claire Egan ) , he helped Sharon after she had a mental breakdown and burned down the Newman ranch . Case said that Sharon 's relationship with Nick `` held more weight '' , and that Sharon and Adam is `` just as deep '' . Adam had an arsonist set fire to another building to avoid Sharon being implicated for the fire at the ranch . The arsonist burned down a restaurant owned by Chelsea 's father . Chelsea became insecure and bitter towards Sharon , and was enraged at Adam for breaking the law to save Sharon . Chelsea warned Sharon to stay away from Adam ; Sharon told her that Adam would never love Chelsea the way he loves her . Luke Kerr of Zap2It said that Chelsea was `` out of her league '' and the storyline was `` fun '' . Egan said : `` I love working with Michael Muhney . I heard about him because my mom had watched Y&R before I joined . So when I told her my character was going to be mixed up with Adam , she went , ' Oh ! He is so good , but so bad ' '' . Egan said that her mother `` told me he was a great character , but an evil one , so I was really excited . And now knowing Michael , it has been so much fun . '' She said that `` everyone seems to think we have good on - screen chemistry '' and that `` it 's an interesting energy between Chelsea and Adam being the `` bad guys '' in town . '' Egan said Adam was Sharon 's biggest supporter when Chelsea had Billy 's baby and gave him up . Controversial plot twist and recast ( edit ) `` I felt generally unhappy about my contribution to the show , and had greater and greater difficulty making any sense of the challenges they were asking me to face ... I was allowed ONE meeting with Maria Bell , and I called in sick ONCE in my 16 months on the show . In the end , I did n't feel that decisions were being made in my best interests , personally or professionally ... Ultimately , the producers were very understanding and amenable and I , in fact , worked until they told me they did n't need me anymore . '' -- Engen 's posting on his Myspace page to as why he left The Young and the Restless ( 2009 ) When news broke of Engen 's exit from the show , reporters speculated that he had quit because of personal objections over an upcoming same - sex relationship between Adam and Rafe Torres ( Yani Gellman ) . Commentators -- including celebrity blogger Perez Hilton who wrote `` homophobe '' on an image of the actor -- criticized Engen . In an interview with TV Guide Canada , former executive producer and head writer Maria Arena Bell stated that while she would not comment on Engen 's decision , she was `` saddened that they had to recast because Engen was really gelling in the role '' , but added that she had `` no doubt '' that Muhney would make Adam his own . In another interview , Eileen Davidson , who portrayed Ashley Abbott , said that she `` could n't judge '' Engen 's decision since it was a `` personal one '' . Davidson said , `` Everybody has his or her own demons -- and makes their own choices due to their creative process . '' In other interviews , Eric Braeden , who portrays Adam 's father Victor Newman , stated his disappointment with Engen 's departure , and told Soap Opera Digest that he unsuccessfully tried to convince the actor to stay with the soap opera . Braeden stated , `` He was somewhat disturbed by the fact that he was playing this evil character . I said , ' Listen , I remember Victor feeding rats to people . ' I told him to embrace it because he had the most riveting storyline around , period . '' In another interview with Soaps In Depth , Braeden said that he too was `` saddened by the fact that he left '' , saying it was a `` hell of a role '' . Braeden also said , `` Whatever personal reasons he has , you 've got to respect that . But he was a very nice guy , very professional . We all liked working with him . We were shocked when he decided to leave , but that 's his personal decision . '' After the controversy surrounding his departure from the show , Engen posted a message on his Myspace page stating he had been unhappy with Adam 's storyline long before the homosexual plot twist had emerged . Muhney 's exit and Controversial allegations ( edit ) After the sudden announcement that Muhney had been fired from the role in December 2013 , viewers and critics alike expressed their disappointment in the decision . Michael Ausiello of TVLine wrote that the news was the `` worst Christmas present ever '' , as well as Jamey Giddens of Zap2it writing : `` Outspoken and insanely - gifted , Michael Muhney has definitely shaken things up in daytime since joining The Young and the Restless . Whether he was demanding changes in the Daytime Emmy nomination process , or getting into fights with his TV pappy on Twitter , one thing was for certain -- Muhney always brought it on screen as bad seed Adam Newman . Well , not anymore . '' Immediately after the news of his firing , Muhney conducted an interview with the Huffington Post and stated : `` Part of me feels this is because I 've always been outspoken , and sometimes I 've been too outspoken . Sometimes I 've walked around with a big backpack full of hubris . That is entirely on me . CBS , Sony , and Jill Phelps are not to blame for that . '' Muhney also said that the writers were planning to `` take a break from Adam for 3 to 6 months '' and then recast the role . In January 2014 , however , celebrity gossip site TMZ reported that according to multiple sources that the reason Muhney was allegedly let go from the soap was because Muhney had sexually harassed co-star Hunter King ( who portrays Summer Newman ) . The site wrote : `` 38 - year - old Muhney allegedly bullied and harassed 20 - year - old Hunter King , who plays Summer on the show . She went to higher - ups and complained recently Muhney had fondled her breasts on 2 occasions -- and she said both were unsolicited and unwanted . '' The rumor generated significant negative publicity for the soap opera ; Margaret Eby of the New York Daily News wrote , `` The set of `` The Young and the Restless '' may have turned into a real life soap opera thanks to star Michael Muhney , who was allegedly fired for groping one of his co-workers . '' Fox News reported that several viewers were upset by Muhney 's firing and the sexual harassment allegations , writing : `` Many Y&R fans were none too pleased to find out Muhney was leaving , and several blasted the allegations . '' TMZ later reported that angered viewers had paid US $785 to have an airplane fly over CBS Studios in Los Angeles with a banner to have Muhney rehired , and the plane flew three days later . Muhney made his final appearance on January 30 , 2014 . In August 2014 , Muhney claimed on his Twitter page that the allegations were indeed false and it was only a salacious rumor . Storylines ( edit ) Hope gives birth to Victor Adam Newman , Jr. in 1995 , and soon after she and Victor divorce , prompting Hope to move to Kansas with Victor Jr . He was raised believing Cliff Wilson was his father until June 2002 , when Victor visited Kansas to see Victor Jr . Six years later in February 2008 , Hope tells Victor that she is dying from pancreatic cancer , and tells their son -- known as `` Vic '' -- that Victor is his father . A Harvard Business School graduate , Vic is resentful of Victor for abandoning his own child . He later agrees to move to Genoa City with Victor and work at his company , Newman Enterprises , but still refuses to build a relationship with his father . Vic then begins using the name Adam Newman , and is resented by Victor 's other children Victoria and Nicholas Newman ( Amelia Heinle and Joshua Morrow ) for splitting up their parents during Victor and Hope 's marriage . Victor 's girlfriend Sabrina Costelana ( Raya Meddine ) urges him to mend his relationships with his children . Adam then begins dating Heather Stevens ( Vail Bloom ) , and Victor 's dislike of her causes their romance to become secretive . When Victor is presumed dead while in Mexico searching for the men responsible for Sabrina 's death , Adam takes over at Newman Enterprises , fires his siblings and instates Victor 's nemesis Brad Carlton ( Don Diamont ) . Adam 's family are powerless to stop him after they discover Victor left most of his possessions to Adam in his will . Adam plots to frame Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) for murder , but when Victor appears alive , Jack reverses the plot and Adam is framed for murder , resulting in his imprisonment . Heather begins to notice Adam 's failing eyesight ; he may have inherited his mother 's blindness . After Adam is brutally beaten by an inmate , Victor has the charges against his son dropped . In 2009 , Adam becomes friends with Ashley Abbott ( Eileen Davidson ) , who continuously hears a baby crying and finds things supposedly left for her by Sabrina , who is dead . The housekeeper Estella Munoz ( Anne Betancourt ) is blamed and arrested ; however , Adam was secretly gaslighting Ashley . Adam dresses as Sabrina , scares Ashley and she falls down a staircase , causing her to miscarry her child , whose father is Victor . Adam then blackmails her doctor , Charles Taylor , into telling her that her child was still alive . Rafe Torres ( Yani Gellman ) is appointed to investigate Adam , who seduces him to divert his attention from Adam 's criminal activity . Heather discovers Adam 's affair with Rafe and ends her relationship with Adam . Ashley is admitted to a psychiatric hospital , where a pregnant Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) is also staying . Sharon goes into labor and Adam steals her daughter , Faith , and passes her off as Ashley 's child . Sharon believes her child had died , and guilt - ridden , Adam pursues a relationship with Sharon and they elope , but she leaves him when she remembers elements that contradict her losing her child . A note from a dying Charles Taylor saying that Ashley had miscarried and Faith is really Sharon and Nicholas ' daughter is found . Adam is jailed again , but gets the insane Patty Williams ( Stacy Haiduk ) to help him escape to attend a masquerade ball , where he unsuccessfully begs Sharon for forgiveness . An explosion at the ball occurs and a burned corpse is positively identified as Adam . Nicholas is arrested for Adam 's murder . The corpse is actually that of Richard Hightower , to whom Adam had donated bone marrow and carries Adam 's DNA . Adam meets up with Skye Lockhart ( Laura Stone ) and they plot a confidence trick together , but Adam still dreams of Sharon . Adam and Skye , now married , return to Genoa City to testify on Nicholas ' behalf , but Adam fakes a mental breakdown and is sent to the psychiatric hospital where Patty is being treated . She recollects the night of Hightower 's death to the district attorney , but Adam confuses her , leads her out of the hospital , gives her a new identity and tells her never to return . Adam and Sharon reunite in New Orleans , just before he faces charges for murdering Skye . Sharon travels to Hawaii to prove Skye is alive , but she falls to her death in a volcano and Sharon is arrested for her murder . Adam helps Sharon to escape from prison and flee the state , and she is presumed dead when her burned - out car is found . Sharon is actually carjacked and the carjacker died in the fire . Adam is devastated and still looks for proof that Sharon did not kill Skye . He eventually finds proof but when he discovers that Sharon had been living with a veterinarian in New Mexico , he disposes of the evidence in a river in July 2011 . Adam then plots with Diane Jenkins ( Maura West ) to make Victor suffer , almost framing him for Diane 's murder . However , when Diane 's murdered body is found , a six - month investigation ensues with Adam as an initial suspect . Adam again takes over at Newman Enterprises when Victor falsely confesses to the murder , and later reunites with Sharon , but she leaves him again when his scheme against Patty is revealed . Adam later befriends Chelsea Lawson ( Melissa Claire Egan ) and they begin dating in April 2012 , later eloping to Kansas where Sharon tries to stop the wedding . Chelsea becomes pregnant but miscarries in a car accident with Summer Newman ( Hunter King ) . Adam takes in Sharon , who is mentally unstable , and gets her the help she needs ; Chelsea disapproves . After he is reinstated as chief executive officer at Newman Enterprises and shares a kiss with Sharon , Adam promises Chelsea they can move to Paris , but when he can not leave the company they decide to divorce . While trying to save Victor , Adam is shot at Victor 's wedding in March 2013 , and they mend their relationship by working together at Newman Enterprises . Chelsea discovers she is pregnant again , but tells Adam the child was fathered by Dylan McAvoy ( Steve Burton ) . After Adam finds out Connor is his son , he plans to go for full custody , and plans to cut Chelsea out of Connor 's life , believing she is an unfit mother . Victor and Adam 's partnership at the company ends months later when it is revealed that Adam 's silent partner in taking Newman Enterprises private again was Jack . When Victor announces Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) left her company , Chancellor Industries , to him in her will , Adam leaves him all of his shares in the company and resigns . Shortly after , Adam suspects he may have struck Delia Abbott ( Sophie Pollono ) with his car while driving on a dark road . After Delia dies in the accident , investigations begin to find the driver , leaving Adam guilt - ridden . Chelsea moves in with him to help take care of Connor , and they eventually reunite . After not telling anyone about hitting Delia , Adam fears the investigation is closing in on him . He names Jack Connor 's godfather and makes him promise to protect him should anything happen to him , and then proposes to Chelsea again and asks her to move to Paris with him , like they had planned during their first marriage . At the same time , Victor 's private investigation on the hit - and - run driver leads him to Adam . He agrees to not turn him in as long as he can take part in Connor 's life ; a role he had initially refused him . Adam agrees as he and Chelsea remarry . Days before their flight to Paris , Delia 's father Billy Abbott ( Billy Miller ) puts the pieces together and realizes Adam is the one who killed his daughter . He holds him at gunpoint and demands he drive them to places where milestones in Delia 's life occurred . While driving , Adam attempts to grab the gun as a shot is fired and the car drives off a ravine . One of them staggers away from the crash and collapses , revealed to be Billy . Nick and Paul Williams ( Doug Davidson ) find the overturned vehicle as it catches fire and explodes . Adam 's body is thrown from the vehicle , is not recovered and he is presumed dead , devastating Chelsea just as news that Adam killed Delia breaks . However , Adam 's bloody hand is later shown to be moving , alluding that he survived . Soon after , he is shown to be lying in a bed , being held captive by an unknown captor . Later Victor informs Chelsea that his investigators have found Adam 's remains , but elsewhere Adam is seen paying off Victor 's investigator , confirming that Adam has faked his death . In November 2014 , Adam is revealed to be recovering from multiple facial reconstruction surgeries , and is in the care of Sage Warner ( Kelly Sullivan ) . When Adam is told of Chelsea and Billy 's new relationship , he attempts to leave his current dwelling , with Sage assuring him that he is not ready and that any attempt to leave would only compromise the progress of the surgeries he 'd recently had . Adam eventually recovers enough to have the bandages removed from his face ; after the bandages are removed it is revealed that his face had been replaced by Gabriel Bingham ; the man who died saving Adam 's life , he returns to Genoa City with Sage , he comes across the people he knows , but none of them recognize Adam or get the feeling that they know him somehow . Adam , under the alias of Gabriel , would pose as being married to Sage , in a ruse to claim Gabe 's inheritance from Constance , however , they would later divorce in April 2015 . He would reconnect with Chelsea , whom he confessed his true identity , and would slowly begin to piece their life back together , with plans to relocate to Paris , until Victor stepped in to sue for custody of Connor , keeping them in Genoa City . In October 2015 , Adam 's true identity was revealed and would help Sage deliver his nephew in Chancellor Park , following a heated confrontation between the two . Adam would stand trial for his role in Delia 's death . He was sentenced for ten years , and upon leaving the courthouse , was run over by an unknown assailant . Christine found out that the car is found at the south lake motel . The car was found out to be a rental and Kevin found a surveillance picture that showed that Chloe was behind the pedal to the metal . Adam regains consciousness after the surgery , and expresses no ill will towards Chloe . Reception ( edit ) `` As Adam Newman , who has seen some very dark days , and who has perpetrated some very dark misdeeds to many a resident in Genoa City , Muhney had made the role of Adam one - of - a-kind on the soap landscape . '' -- Michael Fairman of On - Air On - Soaps on Muhney 's portrayal ( 2013 ) Soaps In Depth reported that Engen quickly gained viewer support after joining the cast as Adam , as did the character 's romance with Heather . The support continued when the character took a dark turn . Engen said , `` To think there was any likability left in the character baffles me ! I 'm very grateful to the fans ... they 've been so supportive . '' The actor said fans wanted Adam either redeemed or turned into a gray character . Davidson credited the character 's likability to Engen 's looks , saying , `` ... he really nailed this character . Chris ' all - American looks add another layer to this story : he looks like he regrets being so evil , but he ca n't help himself . When Chris informed me he was leaving , I told him he really accomplished something by being so likable playing this villain . '' Nelson Branco repeatedly praised Engen 's acting and Adam 's storyline with Ashley and Victor , saying , `` ( t ) he Haunting of Ashley is fast becoming one of my favorite all - time soap storylines ever . It 's so 1970s . I have no doubt former Another World master scribe and Paul Rauch BFF / frenemy , Harding Lemay , is freaking if he 's watching this gothic , macabre and super-creepy mystery . Moreover , camp - ilicious Chris Engen ( Adam ) is stealing the story with his very bitchy , and sexy performance of a deranged son scorned . '' Soaps In Depth also commended Adam 's storyline . The magazine awarded Engen a gold star for portraying Adam as a gray character with `` sardonic humor '' . Soap Opera Digest named Engen `` performer of the week '' for his final scenes as Adam , saying the actor `` gave a performance that elevated Adam from an average villain to a complex mastermind '' . The story of Adam causing Ashley 's miscarriage was named `` editor 's choice '' by the magazine . Engen was nominated for a SoapCentral Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2009 . Some fans were upset that Adam and Rafe 's `` sex scene '' was implied rather than shown onscreen ; Branco spoke out about the issue , saying , `` ( f ) ilming a sex scene between a straight and gay man could come off as offensive . Firstly , Adam would have to appear uncomfortable in the situation which could anger gay right groups , etc . '' Muhney also approved of the decision not to show the sex scene , saying , `` ( f ) or me , the way it was done was tasteful and it almost makes the audience wonder what exactly happened . You can create that in your head and try to interpret it by how the characters reacted afterwards . '' Muhney 's performance in the role , has been met with critical acclaim , having garnered him his first nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2013 . Branco referred to him `` as the most - talked - about recast in Y&R history '' and praised his debut performance on the show . Denette Wilford of TV Guide Canada also complimented the actor 's portrayal of Adam , saying , `` ( v ) iewers are n't supposed to empathize with him , but his portrayer managed to make it happen -- a testament to Muhney . '' Michael Jensen of AfterElton.com wrote that viewers enjoyed the character as portrayed by Muhney . The actor said he received both positive and negative reviews from online fans . Paulette Cohn of About.com wrote that Adam was one of `` daytime 's best villains '' . Muhney 's onscreen romance with Chelsea has received praise ; Zap2it placed them at number three on their `` Top 10 Soap Opera Couples of 2012 '' list . Writing for Music Times , Cate Meighan observed that Muhney 's performance kept `` longtime fans glued to their television '' , noting that ratings dropped following his exit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Kambra ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Justin Hartley 's First ' Y&R ' Airdate Revealed + The 10 Things Adam Has Missed ( Or Maybe Not ) Since He Was Presumed Dead ! '' . Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cassata , Mary ; Irwin , Barbara ( 1996 ) . Hoffman , Peter , ed . The Young and the Restless Most Memorable Moments . Los Angeles , California : General Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 881649 - 87 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Devin ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` Losing Hope '' . Soap Opera Digest . pp. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . February 19 , 2008 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Star Stats : Chris Engen ( Adam / Victor Jr. , Y&R ) '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Maria ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Young and the Restless : Chris Engen Storms Off Set , Replaced by Michael Muhney '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Jennifer ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Chris Engen Leaves Y&R '' . TV Source Magazine . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Muhney Takes Over Controversial Role '' . Canyon News . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings : Chris Engen ( Adam Wilson ) '' . Soap Opera Digest . 34 ( 26 ) . June 30 , 2009 . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ins & Outs '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . June 22 , 2009 . pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Y&R Recasts Victor 's Son with Man from Mars '' . TVGuide.com . May 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings : Michael Muhney ( Adam Wilson ) '' . Soap Opera Digest . 34 ( 26 ) . June 30 , 2009 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Riel , Karen ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Muhney Inks Multi-Year Renewal With ' Y&R ' '' . TV Source Magazine . TVSourcemagazine.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Muhney Signs New Contract at The Young and the Restless '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Muhney Axed From Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest ( American Media , Inc ) . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Soaps Shocker : Y&R Fires Michael Muhney '' . TVLine . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Michael Muhney OUT at The Young and the Restless ! '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Muhney Let Go From ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . TVBytheNumbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Justin Hartley Joins The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Augments Its Stable Schedule with Ambitious New Dramas , High - Concept Comedies and Unpredictable Unscripted Series '' . The Futon Critic . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Hartley Confirms His Departure From The Young and the Restless Via Heartfelt ' Thank You ' Message ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another Son Rises '' . CBS Soaps In Depth. April 14 , 2008 . pp. 62 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy Strikes ! '' . Soaps In Depth . June 22 , 2009 . pp. 24 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Stepping in and Playing it Straight ? '' . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McElwain , Julie ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Smooth Operator '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . pp. 44 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Paulette . `` Up Close and Personal with Y&R 's Michael Muhney '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Michael ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Muhney of The Young and the Restless on Playing Heteroflexible , Machiavellian and More ! '' . AfterElton.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mom Knows Best '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . March 30 , 2009 . p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : McElwain , Julie ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Burn Notice '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . pp. 62 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Week in Review for 6 / 14 / 2010 '' . SoapNet . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SOAPnet Interviews `` Evil Adam '' `` . SoapNet . The Walt Disney Company . January 2010 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Young and The Restless Spoilers : Genoa City vs. Sharon ! '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Young and the Restless ' Q&A with Sharon Case '' . Advance Publications . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Ratings , Rants and Raves : Shadam Sex Better Than Viagra For Young and Restless Ratings '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Young and Restless Recaps -- Y&R Week of December 6 , 2010 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ( Young and Restless Recaps ) Y&R Week of April 11 , 2011 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R 's Sharon Case Interview : ' Shadam ' , ' Sham ' , ' Shick ' & more ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Badgett , Becca ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Sharon 's Jailhouse Wedding a Shambles on ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Sharon and Adam have Sex ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Week of January 2 , 2012 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jae ' ; Jae ' Jones ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Will Nick and Adam Forgive Sharon on ' The Young and the Restless ' ? '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless March 2012 '' . Sony Entertainment Television . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Young and the Restless ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Young and the Restless : Monday , March 5 , 2012 -- on '' . CBS . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless Sneak Peek : Week of 3 / 5 / 12 '' . SoapNet . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McElwain , Julie ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Crazy Talk '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Explodes ! '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon and Chelsea go Toe - to - Toe Over Adam on The Young and the Restless ! '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Melissa Claire Egan Interview -- The Young and the Restless '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Engen , Chris ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Chris Engen : Statement to the Public '' . Blogs.MySpace.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` The Suds Report : May 29 , 2009 '' . TV Guide Canada . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Soaps : The Gays of Summer '' . TVGuideMagazine.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Star Quits Because Of Gay Kiss '' . PerezHilton.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Branco , Nelson ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Whisperer '' . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` Murder at the Emmys '' . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . Jump up ^ Owens , Devin ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Adam Bomb '' . Soap Opera Digest . p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Braeden Speaks Out ! '' . CBS Soaps in Depth . July 6 , 2009 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Branco , Nelson ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Muhney , Adam Newman On ' Young And The Restless , ' Abruptly Fired , And Here 's Why ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` TMZ Reports Michael Muhney Was Fired From Y&R For Allegedly Groping Hunter King '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` TMZ Reports Michael Muhney Fired From Y&R For Allegedly Groping Co-Star's Breasts On Two Occasions ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Young & Restless Star Michael Muhney Fired For Allegedly Groping Co-Star's Breasts '' . TMZ . January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Young and the Restless ' star Michael Muhney fired for allegedly groping co-star Hunter King : report '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Michael Muhney fired from ' Y&R ' for groping much younger co-star '' . Fox News . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Muhney -- Angry Young & Restless Fans Plan AERIAL ATTACK on CBS '' . TMZ . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Muhney Firing -- Fans Protest By Getting Super High '' . TMZ . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Muhney Breaks Silence Y&R Firing Allegations Salacious Rumor ' '' . Soap Opera Network . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R 's Michael Muhney Interview : Adam Takes A Game - Changing Bullet ... But Who Has His Heart ? '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branco , Nelson ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Nelson Ratings : May 18 , 2009 '' . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . Jump up ^ Branco , Nelson ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 's Most Improved Actors '' . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . Jump up ^ `` Adam Sees Red '' . CBS Soaps In Depth. April 13 , 2008 . p. 105 . Jump up ^ `` Ins & Outs '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . June 8 , 2009 . pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week '' . Soap Opera Digest . July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Editor 's Choice '' . Soap Opera Digest . July 7 , 2009 . pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` The Dankies : 2008 -- 2009 '' . SoapCentral . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Nelson Ratings : June 29 , 2009 '' . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . emmyonline.org . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branco , Nelson ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` The Suds Report : June 26 , 2009 '' . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilford , Denette ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Y&R 's gay old time 07 - 17 - 09 '' . TVGuide.sympatico.msn.ca . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Top 10 Soap Opera Couples '' . Daytime Confidential . December 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meighan , Cate ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Will Justin Hartley 's Performance on ' Y&R ' Live Up to the Gauntlet Thrown Down by Michael Muhney ? '' . Music Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` The Young and the Restless Cast : Victor Newman Jr. / Adam Wilson '' . Soaps.com . The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton Reed Hellstrom Anita Lawson Dina Mergeron Chloe Mitchell Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Chelsea Lawson Christian Newman Connor Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Noah Newman Sharon Newman Summer Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family The Newman family on The Young and the Restless Main characters : Victor Newman Matt Miller Victoria Newman Nicholas Newman Adam Newman Abby Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Reed Hellstrom Faith Newman Johnny Abbott Connor Newman Katie Newman Spouses : Nikki Newman Chelsea Lawson Stitch Rayburn Former : Julia Newman Ashley Abbott Ryan McNeil Cole Howard J.T. Hellstrom Billy Abbott Sharon Newman Phyllis Summers Deceased : Albert Miller Cora Miller Cassie Newman Hope Adams Diane Jenkins Sabrina Costelana Brad Carlton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Newman&oldid=816784715 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional business executives Fictional businesspeople Fictional child killers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use American English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2013 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays adam newman on young and the restless	[]	[]
-4569474128677426842	Lady in White	Lady in White - wikipedia Lady in White For the 1938 film directed by Mario Mattoli , see The Lady in White . Lady in White Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank LaLoggia Produced by Frank LaLoggia Andrew G. La Marca Written by Frank LaLoggia Starring Lukas Haas Len Cariou Alex Rocco Katherine Helmond Music by Frank LaLoggia Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Steve Mann Distributed by New Century Vista Film Company Release date April 22 , 1988 Running time Theatrical cut 112 min . Extended cut 117 min . Country United States Language English Italian Budget $4.7 million Box office $1,705,139 Lady in White is a 1988 American horror film of the ghost / mystery genre . Much of the filming took place in Wayne County , New York , which took advantage of the appropriate local lore and scenery . The movie is based on a version of The Lady in White legend , concerning a woman who supposedly searches for her daughter in Durand - Eastman Park in Rochester , New York . The film was directed , produced , written , and scored by Frank LaLoggia , a native of Rochester . It starred Lukas Haas , Len Cariou , Alex Rocco , and Katherine Helmond . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.3 Home media 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In a flashback , horror author Franklin `` Frankie '' Scarlatti tells a story on the way to his hometown , Willowpoint Falls . On Halloween 1962 , Frankie , then 9 years old , is tricked by school jokesters Donald , and Louie . Frankie and ends up locked in the school 's cloakroom after the last school bell has rung . Trapped well after dark , he witnesses the ghostly scene of a brutal attack of a red - haired little girl . Suddenly , he is attacked and strangled by a dark figure . Losing consciousness , he again sees the girl , and she mysteriously asks for his help to find her mother . Without warning , Frankie is revived by his father , Angelo , and rushed to the hospital . The police arrest the janitor , Harold `` Willy '' Williams , believing him to be the attacker . As Frankie recovers at home , Frankie 's brother , Geno , brings him a newspaper article about the attack , and he learns it was linked to the deaths of eleven other children , all apparently at the hands of a child serial killer . The name of the girl he met is also revealed to be Melissa Ann Montgomery . She continues to haunt Frankie , and the two form a tenuous friendship . Striving to help her , he returns to the cloakroom to investigate . Remembering that his attacker began unscrewing the grating over the air vent prior to the attack , he removes the cover to discover several dust - laden objects , including a few toys , a hair clip and a high school class ring . He pockets the hairclip and ring , then leaves . Later , Frankie overhears the chief of police talking to his father , who reveals the case against the janitor is crumbling , and that the cloakroom is also the scene of Melissa 's murder . After considering this new information , Frankie confides in Phil Terragarossa , a family friend , that the class ring likely belongs to the killer and that he thinks the killer returned to the cloakroom to retrieve it as the air system was due to be replaced soon . Unbeknownst to Frankie , the ring , which had accidentally fallen out of his pocket earlier , has been found by Geno and hidden away again . Later , Donald and Louie lure Frankie out to the nearby cliffs , where they encounter a ghostly lady dressed in white . All three boys take off running and Frankie collides into Geno within the surrounding forest . Frankie tries to explain the link between Melissa , the attacker and the lady in white , but is unsuccessful . One evening , Melissa appears to both Geno and Frankie . The town clock begins to chime and Frankie realizes that her nightly death re-enactment is about to commence . They follow her ghost to the school then wait until her lifeless body reappears , which is then carried by an invisible figure out of the school and onto the cliffs . At the last minute , she awakes and begins screaming as she is thrown over the cliffs . A pale , red - headed woman dressed in white then comes out of the cottage . Upon seeing Melissa 's lifeless body on the rocks below , she flings herself off the cliff and also plunges to her death . The ghostly scene ends and the brothers head home . Finally , Frankie understands the source of Melissa 's anguish . He vows to help her bring her killer to justice . Willy finally has his hearing , but a grand jury fails to indict him due to insufficient evidence . Outside the courthouse , the distraught mother of one the murdered children fatally shoots him . Geno begins to research the class ring he found . Using one of his father 's old yearbooks and class ring , he realizes that their father and the killer wore the same type of class rings . Angelo 's yearbook reveals that the initials on the ring , `` MPT '' , belong to Michael P. Terragarossa . Geno quickly deduces that the `` P '' stands for Phillip -- as in their family friend Phil -- and he rushes to tell his father . Frankie happens to be with Phil at that same time , and Frankie realizes Phil is the killer after he begins whistling `` Did You Ever See a Dream Walking ? '' , Melissa 's song . Phil realizes that Frankie has deduced his secret and attacks him , but Frankie escapes and runs to the cliffs . Phil catches him and confesses to the murders just before he starts to strangle Frankie again . Suddenly , Phil is struck from behind and they both collapse to the ground . Regaining consciousness , Frankie finds himself in Melissa 's old cottage with Amanda Harper , and learns that she was the one who saved him from Phil , and that she was the lady in white Frankie earlier saw when he was with Donald and Louie . Amanda reveals that she is Melissa 's aunt and has been living in the cottage since the deaths of her sister and niece . She takes the hairclip that Frankie has been carrying with him all this time , and replaces it alongside its twin on Melissa 's dresser . Without warning , Phil attacks and kills Amanda , setting the building ablaze in the process . Pulling Frankie from the burning cottage , Phil attempts to throw him over the cliff . However , Frankie drops safely to the ground when the ghostly lady in white suddenly appears and frightens Phil , causing him to tumble over the cliff 's edge . Melissa emerges from the burning cottage and the two ghosts happily reunite , ascending into the sky in a cascade of light . As Frankie crawls away from the ledge , Phil grabs his ankle . Angelo , Geno , and the police arrive and save Frankie . Angelo also tries to save Phil , but overcome with shame , Phil lets go and falls to his death , despite Angelo 's pleas . Everyone watches the cottage burn to the ground as the snow begins to fall . Cast ( edit ) Lukas Haas as Franklin J. `` Frankie '' Scarlatti Len Cariou as Michael Phillip `` Phil '' Terragrossa Alex Rocco as Angelo J. Scarlatti Katherine Helmond as Amanda Harper Jason Presson as Geno Scarlatti Henry Harris as Harold `` Willy '' Williams Renata Vanni as Mama Assunta Angelo Bertolini as Papa Charlie Joelle Jacobi as Melissa Anne Montgomery Jared Rushton as Donald Gregory Levinson as Louie Karen Powell as Anne Montgomery ( Melissa 's mother / `` Lady in White '' ) Release ( edit ) The film had a budget of 4.7 million and only grossed around 1.7 million . Critical reception ( edit ) The film has had a mostly positive critical response focusing on the stylish small town vibe and suspense without gore . Writing in the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert stated : `` Lady in White , like most good films , depends more on style and tone than it does on story , and after awhile ( sic ) it 's the whole insidious atmosphere of the film that begins to envelop us . '' New York Times critic Caryn James mostly praised the film , but pointed out that : `` the heavy - handed subplot about 60 's racism loads the film with more social weight than it can carry . And most damaging , we guess who the murderer is very near the film 's beginning . '' Lady in White maintains a 67 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Lukas Haas and Katherine Helmond were both nominated for a Saturn Award in 1990 , Haas was also nominated for and won a Young Artist Award . The film itself received nominations for a Young Artist Award and a Fantasporto . Home media ( edit ) The film was first introduced to the home video market on VHS by Virgin Visi and later by Anchor Bay on October 15 , 1993 . It was also released on laserdisc . Elite Entertainment released a Director 's Cut with an extended 4 minutes on March 25 , 1998 . It was reissued on DVD by MGM on September 20 , 2005 and featured 36 minutes worth of deleted footage and commentary from director Frank LaLoggia . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lady in White '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Beating the System An Interview with Frank LaLoggia '' . dareland.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Lady in White , '' Chicago Sun - Times , April 22 , 1988 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn . `` Lady in White , '' The New York Times , May 13 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Lady in White '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , USA , 1990 '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasporto , 1989 '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lady in White ( 1988 ) '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Lady in White '' . dvdtalk.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Lady in White on IMDb Lady in White at the TCM Movie Database Lady in White at AllMovie Lady in White at Box Office Mojo LA Weekly , May 20 , 1988 : Interview with Frank LaLoggia on the making of Lady in White Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_in_White&oldid=851074939 '' Categories : 1988 films 1988 horror films American horror films American films English - language films Ghost films Films about bullying Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in the 1960s Serial killer films Films shot in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 21 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie lady in white filmed	[ "Lady in White is a 1988 American horror film of the ghost/mystery genre. Much of the filming took place in Wayne County, New York, which took advantage of the appropriate local lore and scenery. The movie is based on a version of The Lady in White legend, concerning a woman who supposedly searches for her daughter in Durand-Eastman Park in Rochester, New York.\n" ]	[ "Wayne County, New York" ]
-6758044524904187799	2009 NBA draft	2009 NBA draft - wikipedia 2009 NBA draft 2009 NBA draft General information Date ( s ) June 25 , 2009 Time 7 : 00 pm ( EDT ) Location Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York Network ( s ) ( US ) ESPN First selection Blake Griffin , Los Angeles Clippers ← 2008 NBA draft 2010 → The 2009 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2009 , at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City . In this draft , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Los Angeles Clippers , who won the draft lottery on May 19 , 2009 , used their first overall draft pick to draft Blake Griffin from University of Oklahoma . However , he missed the entire 2009 -- 10 season due to surgery on his broken left kneecap , which he injured during the pre-season . Tanzanian - born Hasheem Thabeet from University of Connecticut was drafted second by the Memphis Grizzlies . Thabeet became the first player born in Tanzania to be drafted by an NBA team . James Harden was drafted 3rd by the Oklahoma City Thunder . This made him the first player to be drafted by the franchise as the Oklahoma City Thunder whose franchise moved from Seattle to OKC in 2008 . The Sacramento Kings drafted Tyreke Evans 4th ; he was named 2009 -- 10 NBA Rookie of the Year , after he became the fourth NBA player in history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds and 5 assists in his rookie season , joining the elite club of Oscar Robertson ( 1960 ) , Michael Jordan ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2003 ) . Spanish teenager Ricky Rubio was drafted 5th by the Minnesota Timberwolves . Rubio became the fifth - highest - drafted international player who never played U.S. college basketball to be drafted in the NBA , tied with Nikoloz Tskitishvili ( 5th in 2002 ) , and behind Yao Ming ( 1st in 2002 ) , Andrea Bargnani ( 1st in 2006 ) , Darko Miličić ( 2nd in 2003 ) and Pau Gasol ( 3rd in 2001 ) . Twenty - third pick Omri Casspi became the first Israeli player to be drafted in the first round , and later he became the first Israeli to play in the NBA . The 2009 draft marked the first time three sons of former NBA players were selected in the top 15 picks of the draft . Stephen Curry , son of Dell Curry , was drafted 7th by the Golden State Warriors . Gerald Henderson Jr. , son of Gerald Henderson , was drafted 12th by the Charlotte Bobcats . Austin Daye , son of Darren Daye , was drafted 15th by the Detroit Pistons . The draft also marked the first time a former high school player who skipped college to play professional basketball in Europe was selected in an NBA draft . Brandon Jennings , who skipped college to play professional basketball with Italian team Lottomatica Roma , was drafted 10th overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the draft . Stephen Curry was named NBA MVP for 2 consecutive years ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , and won his first NBA championship in 2015 . Of the 60 players drafted , four were freshmen , nine were sophomores , 12 were juniors , 22 were seniors , and 13 were international players without U.S. college basketball experience . The University of North Carolina 's Tar Heels had the most players selected in the draft ; three players were selected in the first round and one was selected in the second round . This marked the second time ever that four Tar Heels players were selected in the first two rounds of an NBA draft . The Minnesota Timberwolves had the league - high four first - round draft picks and the first time in team history that the team held two top - 10 draft picks . The Timberwolves also had two second - round draft picks and became the team with the most draft picks in the 2009 draft with a total of six . The Houston Rockets and the Orlando Magic were the only NBA teams who did not have a draft pick this year , although Houston acquired three drafted players ' rights after the draft . Contents 1 Draft 2 Notable undrafted players 3 Eligibility 4 Draft lottery 5 Trades involving draft picks 5.1 Pre-draft trades 5.2 Draft - day trades 6 References 7 External links Draft ( edit ) PG Point guard SG Shooting guard SF Small forward PF Power forward Center * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Denotes player who has been selected as Rookie of the Year Blake Griffin was selected first by the Los Angeles Clippers . James Harden was selected third by the Oklahoma City Thunder . Tyreke Evans was selected fourth by the Sacramento Kings . Ricky Rubio was selected fifth by the Minnesota Timberwolves . Stephen Curry was selected seventh by the Golden State Warriors . DeMar DeRozan was selected ninth by the Toronto Raptors . Brandon Jennings was selected tenth by the Milwaukee Bucks . Jrue Holiday was selected seventeenth by the Philadelphia 76ers . Jeff Teague was selected nineteenth by the Atlanta Hawks . Round Pick Player Position Nationality Team School / club team Blake Griffin PF United States Los Angeles Clippers Oklahoma ( So . ) Hasheem Thabeet Tanzania Memphis Grizzlies Connecticut ( Jr . ) James Harden SG United States Oklahoma City Thunder Arizona State ( So . ) Tyreke Evans SG United States Sacramento Kings Memphis ( Fr . ) 5 Ricky Rubio PG Spain Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Washington ) DKV Joventut ( Spain ) 6 Jonny Flynn PG United States Minnesota Timberwolves Syracuse ( So . ) 7 Stephen Curry PG United States Golden State Warriors Davidson ( Jr . ) 8 Jordan Hill PF United States New York Knicks Arizona ( Jr . ) 9 DeMar DeRozan SG United States Toronto Raptors USC ( Fr . ) 10 Brandon Jennings PG United States Milwaukee Bucks Lottomatica Roma ( Italy ) 11 Terrence Williams SG United States New Jersey Nets Louisville ( Sr . ) 12 Gerald Henderson SG United States Charlotte Bobcats Duke ( Jr . ) 13 Tyler Hansbrough PF United States Indiana Pacers North Carolina ( Sr . ) 14 Earl Clark SF United States Phoenix Suns Louisville ( Jr . ) 15 Austin Daye SF United States Detroit Pistons Gonzaga ( So . ) 16 James Johnson SF United States Chicago Bulls Wake Forest ( So . ) 17 Jrue Holiday PG United States Philadelphia 76ers UCLA ( Fr . ) 18 Ty Lawson PG United States Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Miami , traded to Denver ) North Carolina ( Jr . ) 19 Jeff Teague PG United States Atlanta Hawks Wake Forest ( So . ) 20 Eric Maynor PG United States Utah Jazz VCU ( Sr . ) 21 Darren Collison PG United States New Orleans Hornets UCLA ( Sr . ) 22 Víctor Claver SF Spain Portland Trail Blazers ( from Dallas ) Pamesa Valencia ( Spain ) 23 Omri Casspi SF Israel Sacramento Kings ( from Houston ) Maccabi Tel Aviv ( Israel ) 24 Byron Mullens United States United Kingdom Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland , traded to Oklahoma City ) Ohio State ( Fr . ) 25 Rodrigue Beaubois PG France Oklahoma City Thunder ( from San Antonio , traded to Dallas ) Cholet ( France ) 26 Taj Gibson PF United States Chicago Bulls ( from Denver via Oklahoma City ) USC ( Jr . ) 27 DeMarre Carroll SF United States Memphis Grizzlies ( from Orlando ) Missouri ( Sr . ) 28 Wayne Ellington SG United States Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Boston ) North Carolina ( Jr . ) 29 Toney Douglas PG United States Los Angeles Lakers ( traded to New York ) Florida State ( Sr . ) 30 Christian Eyenga SF DR Congo Cleveland Cavaliers CB Prat ( Spain ) 31 Jeff Pendergraph PF United States Sacramento Kings ( traded to Portland ) Arizona State ( Sr . ) 32 Jermaine Taylor SG United States Washington Wizards ( traded to Houston ) Central Florida ( Sr . ) 33 Dante Cunningham PF United States Portland Trail Blazers ( from LA Clippers ) Villanova ( Sr . ) 34 Sergio Llull PG Spain Denver Nuggets ( from Oklahoma City , traded to Houston ) Real Madrid ( Spain ) 35 DaJuan Summers PF United States Detroit Pistons ( from Minnesota ) Georgetown ( Jr . ) 36 Sam Young SF United States Memphis Grizzlies Pittsburgh ( Sr . ) 37 DeJuan Blair PF United States San Antonio Spurs ( from Golden State via Phoenix ) Pittsburgh ( So . ) 38 Jon Brockman PF United States Portland Trail Blazers ( from New York via Chicago , traded to Sacramento ) Washington ( Sr . ) 39 Jonas Jerebko PF Sweden Detroit Pistons ( from Toronto ) Angelico Biella ( Italy ) 40 Derrick Brown SF United States Charlotte Bobcats ( from New Jersey via Oklahoma City ) Xavier ( Jr . ) 41 Jodie Meeks SG United States Milwaukee Bucks Kentucky ( Jr . ) 42 Patrick Beverley PG United States Los Angeles Lakers ( from Charlotte , traded to Miami ) Arkansas ( So . ) 43 Marcus Thornton SG United States Miami Heat ( from Indiana , traded to New Orleans ) LSU ( Sr . ) 44 Chase Budinger SF United States Detroit Pistons ( traded to Houston ) Arizona ( Jr . ) 45 Nick Calathes PG Greece United States Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Philadelphia via Miami , traded to Dallas ) Florida ( So . ) 46 Danny Green SF United States Cleveland Cavaliers ( from Chicago ) North Carolina ( Sr . ) 47 Henk Norel PF Netherlands Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Miami ) DKV Joventut ( Spain ) 48 Taylor Griffin SF United States Phoenix Suns Oklahoma ( Sr . ) 49 Sergiy Gladyr SG Ukraine Atlanta Hawks MBC Mykolaiv ( Ukraine ) 50 Goran Suton Bosnia and Herzegovina United States Utah Jazz Michigan State ( Sr . ) 51 Jack McClinton SG United States San Antonio Spurs ( from New Orleans via Toronto ) Miami ( FL ) ( Sr . ) 52 A.J. Price PG United States Indiana Pacers ( from Dallas ) Connecticut ( Sr . ) 53 Nando de Colo PG France San Antonio Spurs ( from Houston ) Cholet ( France ) 54 Robert Vaden SG United States Charlotte Bobcats ( from San Antonio , traded to Oklahoma City ) UAB ( Sr . ) 55 Patty Mills PG Australia Portland Trail Blazers ( from Denver ) Saint Mary 's ( So . ) 56 Ahmad Nivins PF United States Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland ) Saint Joseph 's ( Sr . ) 57 Emir Preldžič PF Slovenia Turkey Phoenix Suns ( from Orlando via Oklahoma City , traded to Cleveland ) Fenerbahçe Ülker ( Turkey ) 58 Lester Hudson PG United States Boston Celtics Tennessee - Martin ( Sr . ) 59 Chinemelu Elonu PF Nigeria United States Los Angeles Lakers Texas A&M ( Jr . ) 60 Robert Dozier SF United States Miami Heat ( from Cleveland ) Memphis ( Sr . ) Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . ^ a : Nick Calathes was born in the United States , and has dual U.S. and Greek citizenship by birth . He has represented Greece internationally . ^ b : Goran Suton , who was born in Bosnia and Herzegovina , is also a naturalized citizen of the United States since 2006 . ^ c : Emir Preldžič , who was born in Bosnia and Herzegovina , also has Slovenian and Turkish citizenship . He had represented Slovenia internationally in 2008 , before switching to Turkey . ^ d : Chinemelu Elonu was born in Nigeria , is also a naturalized citizen of the United States . Notable undrafted players ( edit ) These players were not selected in the 2009 NBA draft but have played at least one game in the NBA . Player Position Nationality School / club team Jeff Adrien PF United States Connecticut ( Sr . ) Josh Akognon PG United States / Nigeria Cal State Fullerton ( Sr . ) Antonio Anderson SG United States Memphis ( Sr . ) Aron Baynes C / PF Australia Washington State ( Sr . ) Dionte Christmas SG United States Temple ( Sr . ) Marcus Cousin United States Houston ( Sr . ) Luigi Datome SF Italy Virtus Roma ( Italy ) Justin Dentmon PG United States Washington ( Sr . ) Shane Edwards United States Arkansas -- Little Rock ( Sr . ) Vítor Faverani PF / C Brazil CB Axarquía ( Spain ) Alonzo Gee SF / SG United States Alabama ( Sr . ) Terrel Harris United States Oklahoma State ( Sr . ) Joe Ingles SG / SF Australia South Dragons ( Australia ) Aaron Jackson PG / SG United States Duquesne ( Sr . ) Cedric Jackson PG United States Cleveland State ( Sr . ) Chris Johnson C / PF United States LSU ( Sr . ) Viacheslav Kravtsov Ukraine Kyiv ( Ukraine ) Marcus Landry PF United States Wisconsin ( Sr . ) Wesley Matthews SG / SF United States Marquette ( Sr . ) Jerel McNeal PG / SG United States Marquette ( Sr . ) Gal Mekel PG Israel Wichita State ( So . ) Jeremy Pargo PG United States Gonzaga ( Sr . ) Garret Siler United States Augusta State ( Sr . ) Garrett Temple United States LSU ( Sr . ) Miloš Teodosić Serbia Olympiacos Piraeus ( Greece ) Luke Zeller F / C United States Notre Dame ( Sr . ) Eligibility ( edit ) Further information : Eligibility for the NBA draft The basic requirements for draft eligibility are : All drafted players must be born on or before December 31 , 1990 . Any player who is not an `` international player '' , as defined in the collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) between the NBA and its players union , must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class . The CBA defines `` international players '' as players who permanently resided outside the U.S. for three years prior to the draft , did not complete high school in the U.S. , and have never enrolled at a U.S. college or university . The basic requirement for automatic eligibility for a U.S. player is the completion of his college eligibility . Players who meet the CBA definition of `` international players '' are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft ( i.e. , born on or before December 31 , 1987 ) . U.S. players who were at least one year removed from their high school graduation and have played professional basketball with a team outside the NBA were also automatically eligible . Former high school player Brandon Jennings meets these criteria , having graduated high school in 2008 , skipped college basketball and then played professional basketball in Italy . A player who is not automatically eligible must declare his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft . For the 2009 draft , this date fell on April 26 . An early entry candidate is allowed to withdraw his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 10 days before the draft . This year , a total of 74 collegiate players and 29 international players declared as early entry candidates . At the withdrawal deadline , 55 early - entry candidates withdrew from the draft , leaving 39 collegiate players and 10 international players as the early - entry candidates for the draft . A player who has hired an agent will forfeit his remaining college eligibility , regardless of whether he is drafted . Also , while the collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) between the league and its players ' union allows a player to withdraw from the draft twice , the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) mandates that a player who has declared twice loses his college eligibility . This second provision affected Chase Budinger , Wayne Ellington , and Ty Lawson , all of whom declared for and withdrew from the 2008 draft . Draft lottery ( edit ) Further information : NBA draft lottery The lottery selection to determine the order of the top fourteen picks in the 2009 draft occurred on May 19 , 2009 . The Los Angeles Clippers won the first pick , while the Memphis Grizzlies and Oklahoma City Thunder moved up to second and third picks respectively . The Sacramento Kings and Washington Wizards , who had the two best chances to land a top - three pick , fell down to the fourth and fifth spots , the lowest possible picks they could be awarded through the lottery . The remaining first - round picks and all the second - round picks were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win - loss records in the previous season . As is commonplace in the event of identical win - loss records , the NBA performed a random drawing to break the ties on April 17 , 2009 . Below were the chances for each team to get specific picks in the 2009 draft lottery , rounded to three decimal places : ^ Denotes the actual lottery results Team 2008 -- 09 record Lottery chances Pick 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Sacramento Kings 17 -- 65 250 . 250 . 215 . 177 . 358 ^ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Washington Wizards 19 -- 63 178 . 178 . 174 . 164 . 347 . 137 ^ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Clippers 19 -- 63 177 . 177 ^ . 173 . 164 . 195 . 250 . 040 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Oklahoma City Thunder 23 -- 59 119 . 119 . 126 . 132 ^ . 100 . 350 . 161 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves 24 -- 58 76 . 076 . 084 . 095 -- . 263 . 385 ^ . 093 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- Memphis Grizzlies 24 -- 58 75 . 075 . 083 ^ . 094 -- -- . 414 . 294 . 039 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- Golden State Warriors 29 -- 53 43 . 043 . 049 . 058 -- -- -- . 600 ^ . 232 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- New York Knicks 32 -- 50 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 725 ^ . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- Toronto Raptors 33 -- 49 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 ^ . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- Milwaukee Bucks 34 -- 48 10 . 010 . 012 . 014 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 ^ . 092 . 002 . 000 -- New Jersey Nets 34 -- 48 9 . 009 . 011 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 904 ^ . 063 . 001 . 000 Charlotte Bobcats 35 -- 47 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 ^ . 039 . 000 Indiana Pacers 36 -- 46 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 ^ . 018 Phoenix Suns 46 -- 36 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 ^ ^ 1 : Washington Wizards ' pick was later traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves . Trades involving draft picks ( edit ) Pre-draft trades ( edit ) Prior to the day of the draft , the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams . On June 24 , 2009 , Minnesota acquired the 5th pick , Etan Thomas , Darius Songaila and Oleksiy Pecherov from Washington in exchange for Randy Foye and Mike Miller . Minnesota used the 5th pick to draft Ricky Rubio . On July 31 , 2007 , Minnesota re-acquired their 2009 first - round draft pick along with Al Jefferson , Gerald Green , Ryan Gomes , Sebastian Telfair , Theo Ratliff , a 2009 first - round draft pick and cash considerations from Boston in exchange for Kevin Garnett . Previously , Boston acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Wally Szczerbiak , Michael Olowokandi and Dwayne Jones on January 26 , 2006 from Minnesota in exchange for Ricky Davis , Marcus Banks , Mark Blount , Justin Reed and two second - round draft picks . Minnesota used the 28th pick to draft Wayne Ellington . On October 24 , 2007 , Minnesota acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Antoine Walker , Wayne Simien , Michael Doleac and cash considerations from Miami in exchange for Ricky Davis and Mark Blount . Minnesota used the 18th pick to draft Ty Lawson . On June 24 , 2009 , Portland acquired the 22nd pick from Dallas in exchange for the 24th pick , 56th pick and a 2010 second - round draft pick . Portland used the 22nd pick to draft Víctor Claver and Dallas used the 24th and 56th pick to draft Byron Mullens and Ahmad Nivins , respectively . On August 14 , 2008 , Sacramento acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene and cash considerations from Houston in exchange for Ron Artest , Sean Singletary and Patrick Ewing Jr ... Sacramento used the 23rd pick to draft Omri Casspi . On February 20 , 2008 , Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Francisco Elson and Brent Barry from San Antonio in exchange for Kurt Thomas . Oklahoma City used the 25th pick to draft Rodrigue Beaubois . On February 19 , 2009 , Chicago acquired Denver 's 2009 first - round draft pick from Oklahoma City in exchange for Thabo Sefolosha . Previously , Oklahoma City acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Chucky Atkins and cash considerations on January 7 , 2009 from Denver in exchange for a 2009 second - round draft pick and Johan Petro . Chicago used the 26th pick to draft Taj Gibson . On February 19 , 2009 , Memphis acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Mike Wilks , Adonal Foyle and cash considerations from Orlando in a three - team trade with Orlando and Houston . Memphis used the 27th pick to draft DeMarre Carroll . On June 26 , 2008 , Portland acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from the L.A. Clippers in exchange for the draft rights to Mike Taylor . Portland used the 33rd pick to draft Dante Cunningham . On January 7 , 2009 , Denver acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick and Johan Petro from Oklahoma City in exchange for a 2009 first - round draft pick , Chucky Atkins and cash considerations . Denver used the 34th pick to draft Sergio Llull . On October 31 , 2005 , Detroit acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Minnesota in exchange for Ronald Dupree . Detroit used the 35th pick to draft DaJuan Summers . On December 24 , 2008 , Memphis re-acquired their 2009 second - round draft pick along with Steve Francis and cash considerations from Houston in exchange for a 2011 second - round draft pick . Previously , Houston acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick and the draft rights to Donté Greene from Memphis in a three - team trade with Memphis and Portland on June 26 , 2008 . On June 26 , 2008 , San Antonio acquired Golden State 's 2009 second - round draft pick , the draft rights to Malik Hairston and cash considerations from Phoenix in exchange for the draft rights to Goran Dragić . Previously , Phoenix acquired 2007 and 2009 second - round draft picks on January 3 , 2005 from Golden State in exchange for Žarko Čabarkapa . San Antonio used the 37th pick to draft DeJuan Blair . On June 26 , 2008 , Portland acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Denver in a three - team trade with Denver and Chicago . Portland also acquired New York 's 2009 second - round draft pick and Chicago 's 2010 second - round draft pick from Chicago . Previously , Chicago acquired a 2006 first - round draft pick , 2007 and 2009 second - round draft picks , an option to exchange 2007 first - round draft picks , Tim Thomas , Michael Sweetney and Jermaine Jackson on October 4 , 2005 from New York in exchange for Eddy Curry and Antonio Davis . Portland used the 38th and 55th pick to draft Jon Brockman and Patrick Mills , respectively . On June 15 , 2007 , Detroit acquired 2009 and 2011 second - round draft picks from Toronto in exchange for Carlos Delfino . Detroit used the 39th pick to draft Jonas Jerebko . On August 11 , 2008 , Charlotte acquired New Jersey 's 2009 second - round draft pick from Oklahoma City in exchange for the draft rights to Kyle Weaver . Previously , Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick on July 7 , 2006 from New Jersey in exchange for Mikki Moore . Charlotte used the 40th pick to draft Derrick Brown . On December 6 , 2004 , the L.A. Lakers acquired 2005 and 2009 second - round draft picks from Charlotte in exchange for Kareem Rush . The L.A. Lakers used the 42nd pick to draft Patrick Beverley . On June 28 , 2007 , Miami acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Indiana in exchange for the draft rights to Stanko Barać . Miami used the 43rd pick to draft Marcus Thornton . On June 26 , 2008 , Minnesota acquired Philadelphia 's and Miami 's 2009 second - round draft picks and cash considerations from Miami in exchange for the draft rights to Mario Chalmers . Previously , Miami acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick , the draft rights to Daequan Cook and cash considerations on June 28 , 2007 from Philadelphia in exchange for the draft rights to Jason Smith . Minnesota used the 45th and 47th pick to draft Nick Calathes and Henk Norel , respectively . On February 21 , 2008 , Cleveland acquired Ben Wallace , Joe Smith and a 2009 second - round draft pick from Chicago in a three - team trade with Chicago and Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) . Cleveland used the 46th pick to draft Danny Green . On June 21 , 2006 , San Antonio acquired New Orleans 's 2009 second - round draft pick , Matt Bonner and Eric Williams from Toronto in exchange for Rasho Nesterović . Previously , Toronto acquired Miami 's 2006 second - round draft pick and New Orleans 's 2009 second - round draft pick on January 31 , 2006 from New Orleans in exchange for Aaron Williams . San Antonio used the 51st pick to draft Jack McClinton . On October 10 , 2008 , Indiana acquired 2009 and 2010 second - round draft picks , Eddie Jones and cash considerations from Dallas in exchange for Shawne Williams . Indiana used the 52nd pick to draft A.J. Price . On July 12 , 2007 , San Antonio acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick , Vassilis Spanoulis and cash considerations from Houston in exchange for Jackie Butler and the draft rights to Luis Scola . San Antonio used the 53rd pick to draft Nando de Colo . On February 13 , 2007 , Charlotte acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick , Eric Williams and cash considerations from San Antonio in exchange for Melvin Ely . Charlotte used the 54th pick to draft Robert Vaden . On July 20 , 2007 , Phoenix acquired Orlando 's 2009 second - round draft pick from Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) in exchange for 2008 and 2010 first - round draft picks and Kurt Thomas . Previously , Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick on July 11 , 2007 from Orlando in exchange for Rashard Lewis . Phoenix used the 57th pick to draft Emir Preldžič . On June 26 , 2008 , Miami acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Cleveland in exchange for the draft rights to Darnell Jackson . Miami used the 60th pick to draft Robert Dozier . Draft - day trades ( edit ) The following trades involving drafted players were made on the day of the draft . Denver acquired the draft rights to 18th pick Ty Lawson from Minnesota in exchange for a future conditional first - round draft pick . Oklahoma City acquired the draft rights to 24th pick Byron Mullens from Dallas in exchange for the draft rights to 25th pick Rodrigue Beaubois and a 2010 second - round draft pick . New York acquired the draft rights to 29th pick Toney Douglas from the L.A. Lakers in exchange for a 2011 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . Portland acquired the draft rights to 31st pick Jeff Pendergraph from Sacramento in exchange for Sergio Rodríguez , the draft rights to 38th pick Jon Brockman and cash considerations . Houston acquired the draft rights to 32nd pick Jermaine Taylor from Washington in exchange for cash considerations . Houston acquired the draft rights to 34th pick Sergio Llull from Denver in exchange for cash considerations . Miami acquired the draft rights to 42nd pick Patrick Beverley from the L.A. Lakers in exchange for a 2011 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . New Orleans acquired the draft rights to 43rd pick Marcus Thornton from Miami in exchange for 2010 and 2012 second - round draft picks . Houston acquired the draft rights to 44th pick Chase Budinger from Detroit in exchange for a future second - round draft pick and cash considerations . Dallas acquired the draft rights to 45th pick Nick Calathes from Minnesota in exchange for a 2010 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . Oklahoma City acquired the draft rights to 54th pick Robert Vaden from Charlotte in exchange for cash considerations . Cleveland acquired the draft rights to 57th pick Emir Preldžič from Phoenix in exchange for cash considerations . References ( edit ) General `` 2009 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . `` Chad Ford 's 2009 Draft Board , Round 1 '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . `` Chad Ford 's 2009 Draft Board , Round 2 '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Clippers win No. 1 pick in Draft ; Kings slip to fourth '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin top pick in NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . June 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers ' Griffin has successful kneecap surgery '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thabeet signs with Grizzlies '' . ESPN.com . July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like fathers , like sons in NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( July 18 , 2009 ) . `` From Israel to the N.B.A. , Missing the Hummus '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennings puts new path to NBA on full display '' . ESPN.com . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trio Of Tar Heels Go In First Round Of NBA Draft '' . North Carolina Tar Heels . CBS Interactive . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wolves Acquire the No. 5 Pick in 2009 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Happy With Draft Night Haul '' . NBA.com/Rockets . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Early - entry candidates withdraw from 2009 NBA draft '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Brandon Jennings '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3582/sergio-llull Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Sergio Llull '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Jonas Jerebko '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/gamelog/_/id/3964/year/2010/patrick-beverley Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4007/henk-norel Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Henk Norel '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3987/sergiy-gladyr Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4013/goran-suton Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4002/jack-mcclinton Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Nando de Colo '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4018/robert-vaden Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4006/ahmad-nivins Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4009/emir-preldzic Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Emir Preldžič '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3982/chinemelu-elonu Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3980/robert-dozier Jump up ^ `` Former Gator basketball player Nick Calathes has a lucrative future mapped out '' . Orlando Sentinel . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State Spartans C Goran Suton knew real war as a child '' . TampaBay.com . St. Petersburg Times . March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia slaughter Canada '' . FIBA . FIBA . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Squad Includes Preldzic , Kanter '' . EuroBasket 2011 . FIBA . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Player Bio : Chinemelu Elonu '' . AggieAthletics.com . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Chinemelu Elonu '' . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( i ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( c ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 1 ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( F ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . ( non-international players ) Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 3 ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . ( international players ) ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 8 ( c ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Early Entry Candidates for 2009 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draft Early Entry Candidate List '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com Master Calendar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on 16 March 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ties broken for Draft 2009 order of selection '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Draft Board '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wolves Acquire Five Players and Picks for KG '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Acquire Ricky Davis from Boston , Szczerbiak , Olowokandi & Jones to Celtics '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2010 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Nab First - Round Pick and Three Players From Heat '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Move Up In Draft , Acquire 22nd Pick From Dallas '' . NBA.com/Blazers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Acquire Bobby Jackson and Donté Greene '' . NBA.com/Kings . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Obtain Kurt Thomas '' . NBA.com/Spurs . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Acquire Thomas , James , Roberson and ' 09 First - Round Pick '' . NBA.com/Bulls . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuggets Acquire Petro from Thunder '' . NBA.com/Nuggets . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies Acquire 2009 First Round Pick from Magic '' . NBA.com/Grizzlies . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trail Blazers busy again on draft night '' . NBA.com/Blazers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Acquire Forward Ronald Dupree from the Detroit Pistons and Waive Forward Ndudi Ebi '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 31 , 2005 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies Reacquire 2nd Round Pick from Houston '' . NBA.com/Grizzlies . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Houston : Rockets Select Donté Greene , Joey Dorsey , and Maarty Leunen in NBA Draft '' . NBA.com/Rockets . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Select Hill & Gist In NBA Draft '' . NBA.com/Spurs . 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About Wikipedia	when was steph curry drafted in the nba	[ "The 2009 draft marked the first time three sons of former NBA players were selected in the top 15 picks of the draft. Stephen Curry, son of Dell Curry, was drafted 7th by the Golden State Warriors. Gerald Henderson Jr., son of Gerald Henderson, was drafted 12th by the Charlotte Bobcats. Austin Daye, son of Darren Daye, was drafted 15th by the Detroit Pistons.[5] The draft also marked the first time a former high school player who skipped college to play professional basketball in Europe was selected in an NBA draft. Brandon Jennings, who skipped college to play professional basketball with Italian team Lottomatica Roma, was drafted 10th overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the draft.[7] Stephen Curry was named NBA MVP for 2 consecutive years (2015–2016), and won his first NBA championship in 2015.\n" ]	[ "2009" ]
-3386788704299100742	Benazir Bhutto	Benazir Bhutto - Wikipedia Benazir Bhutto Jump to : navigation , search Benazir Bhutto بینظیر بھٹو ‬ Prime Minister of Pakistan In office 19 October 1993 -- 5 November 1996 President Wasim Sajjad Farooq Leghari Preceded by Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi ( Acting ) Succeeded by Malik Meraj Khalid ( Acting ) In office 2 December 1988 -- 6 August 1990 President Ghulam Ishaq Khan Preceded by Muhammad Khan Junejo Succeeded by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi ( Acting ) Leader of the Opposition In office 17 February 1997 -- 12 October 1999 Preceded by Nawaz Sharif Succeeded by Fazl - ur - Rehman In office 6 November 1990 -- 18 April 1993 Preceded by Khan Abdul Wali Khan Succeeded by Nawaz Sharif Leader of Pakistan Peoples Party In office 12 November 1982 -- 27 December 2007 Preceded by Nusrat Bhutto Succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari Bilawal Bhutto Zardari Personal details ( 1953 - 06 - 21 ) 21 June 1953 Karachi , Sindh , Pakistan 27 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 54 ) Rawalpindi , Punjab , Pakistan Cause of death Assassination Resting place Mausoleum of Bhutto Nationality Pakistani Political party Pakistan Peoples Party Spouse ( s ) Asif Ali Zardari ( m . 1987 ) Relations Bhutto family Zardari family Children Bilawal Bakhtawar Aseefa Parents Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Father ) Nusrat Bhutto ( Mother ) Alma mater Radcliffe College Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford St Catherine 's College , Oxford Signature This article contains Sindhi text , written from right to left with some letters joined . Without proper rendering support , you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Sindhi script . This article contains Urdu text . Without proper rendering support , you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script . Benazir Bhutto ( Sindhi : بينظير ڀُٽو ‎ ; 21 June 1953 -- 27 December 2007 ) was a Pakistani politician who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996 . She was the first woman to head a democratic government in a Muslim majority nation . Ideologically a liberal and a secularist , she chaired or co-chaired the centre - left Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) from the early 1980s until her assassination in 2007 . Of mixed Sindhi and Kurdish parentage , Bhutto was born in Karachi to a politically important , wealthy aristocratic family . Her father , the PPP 's founder and leader Zulfikar , was elected Prime Minister on a socialist platform in 1973 . Bhutto studied at Harvard University and the University of Oxford , where she was President of the Oxford Union . She returned to Pakistan , where her father was ousted in a 1977 military coup and executed . Bhutto and her mother Nusrat took control of the PPP and led the country 's Movement for the Restoration of Democracy ; Bhutto was repeatedly imprisoned by Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq 's military government and then exiled to Britain in 1984 . She returned in 1986 and -- influenced by Thatcherite economics -- transformed the PPP 's platform from a socialist to a liberal one , before leading it to victory in the 1988 election . As Prime Minister , her attempts at reform were stifled by conservative and Islamist forces , including President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the powerful military . Her administration was accused of corruption and nepotism , and dismissed by Khan in 1990 . Intelligence services rigged the 1990 election to ensure a victory for the conservative Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ( IJI ) , after which Bhutto served as the Leader of the Opposition . After the IJI government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was also dismissed on corruption charges , Bhutto led the PPP to victory in the 1993 elections . Her second term oversaw economic privatisation and attempts to advance women 's rights . Her government was damaged by several controversies , including the assassination of her brother Murtaza , a failed 1995 coup d'état , and a further bribery scandal involving her and her husband Asif Ali Zardari ; in response to the latter , the President again dismissed her government . The PPP lost the 1997 election and in 1998 she went into self - exile in Dubai , leading her party mainly through proxies . A widening corruption inquiry culminated in a 2003 conviction in a Swiss court . Following United States - brokered negotiations with President Pervez Musharraf , she returned to Pakistan in 2007 to compete in the 2008 elections ; her platform emphasised civilian oversight of the military and opposition to growing Islamist violence . After a political rally in Rawalpindi , she was assassinated ; the militant Islamist group al - Qaeda claimed responsibility , although the involvement of the Pakistani Taliban and rogue elements of the intelligence services were widely suspected . She was buried at her family mausoleum . Bhutto was a controversial figure . She was often criticised as being politically inexperienced and corrupt , and faced much opposition from Pakistan 's Islamist lobby for her secularist and modernising agenda . She nevertheless remained domestically popular and also attracted support from Western nations , for whom she was a champion of democracy and women 's rights . Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Benazir 's name , while her career influenced a number of activists including Malala Yousafzai . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Childhood : 1953 -- 68 1.2 University studies : 1969 -- 77 2 Zia 's Pakistan 2.1 Zulfikar 's death and Benazir 's arrests : 1977 -- 84 2.2 Release and self - imposed exile : 1984 -- 87 2.3 Electoral campaign : 1988 3 First term as Prime Minister ( 1988 -- 90 ) 3.1 Foreign policy 3.2 Science policy 3.3 1989 military scandal 3.4 Dismissal 4 First term as leader of the opposition ( 1990 -- 93 ) 5 Second term as Prime Minister ( 1993 -- 96 ) 5.1 Domestic affairs 5.2 Women 's issues 5.3 Economic issues 5.3. 1 Privatization and era of stagflation 5.4 Foreign policy 5.5 Relations with military 5.6 Policy on Taliban 5.7 Death of younger brother 5.8 Second dismissal 6 Second term as leader of the opposition ( 1996 -- 99 ) 6.1 Charges of corruption 6.2 Panama Papers 7 Later life 7.1 Negotiating a return to Pakistan : 2006 -- 07 7.2 Return to Pakistan and the assassination attempt : October -- December 2007 7.3 Assassination 8 Ideology 9 Personal life 9.1 Personality 9.2 Family 10 Legacy 11 Authored books 12 Footnotes 13 References 13.1 Bibliography 14 Further reading 14.1 Other related publications 15 External links Early life ( edit ) Childhood : 1953 -- 68 ( edit ) See also : Bhutto family Bhutto was born on 21 June 1953 in the Pakistani city of Karachi . Her father was the politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and her mother was Begum Nusrat Ispahani , of Iranian Kurdish parentage . Zulfikar was the son of Shah Nawaz Bhutto , a prominent politician who had served as Prime Minister of the Junagadh State . The Bhuttos were aristocratic , wealthy landlords from Sindh . They were Sunni Muslims , although Nusrat had been born into a Shia Muslim family before converting to Sunnism on her marriage . The couple had married in September 1951 , and Benazir was their first child . They went on to have three further children : Murtaza was born in 1954 , Sanam in 1957 , and Shahnawaz in 1958 . When Shah Nawaz died in 1957 , Zulfikar inherited the family 's land holdings , making him extremely wealthy . Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Benazir 's father , was Prime Minister of Pakistan and founding chairman of the PPP . Benazir 's first language was English ; as a child she spoke Urdu less frequently , and barely spoke the local Sindhi language . Benazir initially attended the Lady Jennings Nursery School in Karachi . She was then sent to the Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi and from there to the Jesus and Mary Convent , a boarding school in Murree . Murree is near the border with India , and during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Bhutto and the other pupils underwent air - raid practices . Taking her exams in December 1968 , Bhutto passed her O - levels with high grades . Throughout her youth , Bhutto idolised her father , and he in turn encouraged her educational development in contravention of traditional approaches to women then pervasive in Pakistan . Relations between her parents were however strained during her childhood ; Zulfikar embarked on extra-marital affairs with other women , and when Nusrat objected he had her thrown out of their house . She moved to Iran , but after Zulfikar prevented her children from joining her there , she returned to Pakistan six months later , settling in Karachi . Throughout her life , Bhutto never publicly acknowledged this internal family discord . When Bhutto was five , her father became the cabinet minister for energy , and when she was nine he became the country 's foreign minister . From an early age , she was exposed to foreign diplomats and figures who were visiting her father , among them Zhou Enlai , Henry Kissinger , and Hubert Humphrey . When she was thirteen , he resigned from the government and a year later established his own political party , the Pakistan People 's Party ( PPP ) . The PPP used the motto `` Islam is our faith , democracy is our policy , socialism is our economy . All power to the people . '' It employed a populist strategy to attract votes , promising `` roti , kapra aur makan '' ( bread , clothes , and housing ) for every Pakistani and insisting that the disputed territory of Kashmir would be transferred from Indian to Pakistani control . Benazir immediately joined . Amid riots against the government of President Ayub Khan , in 1968 Zulfikar was arrested and imprisoned for three months , during which he wrote to Benazir to encourage her studies . University studies : 1969 -- 77 ( edit ) Bhutto took her undergraduate degree at Radcliffe College , Harvard From 1969 to 1973 , Bhutto studied for an undergraduate degree at Radcliffe College , Harvard University . She started when she was sixteen , which was younger than normal , but Zulfikar had pulled strings to allow her premature admittance . Zulfikar asked his friend John Kenneth Galbraith , an economics professor at Harvard who had formerly been a U.S. ambassador to India , to be her local guardian . Through him , Bhutto met his son Peter Galbraith , who became a lifelong friend . Murtaza joined Bhutto at Harvard a year later . Bhutto found it difficult adjusting to life in the U.S. , with a fellow student noting that she had `` cried most of her first semester '' , although Bhutto later called her time at Harvard `` four of the happiest years of my life '' . She became a campus tour guide and the social secretary of her dormitory , Eliot House . She involved herself in campaigns against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , joining a Moratorium Day protest on Boston Common . She encountered activists involved in second wave feminism although was sceptical of some of the views expressed within the movement . She graduated from Harvard with a bachelor of arts degree with a major in comparative government . In 1971 , while she was at Harvard , Zulfikar invited her to join him in New York City , where he was involved in a United Nations Security Council meeting on that year 's Indo - Pakistani War . In December 1971 , Zulfikar assumed the presidency of Pakistan , the first democratically elected leader after 13 years of military rule . In 1972 , Benazir accompanied her father to the India - Pakistan Summit in Simla as a replacement for her mother , who was ill . There , she was introduced to the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . While in Simla , she attracted much attention from both local and national Indian press , the first time that she has received such attention . She attributed this to the fact that -- in her words -- she `` symbolized a new generation . I had never been an Indian . I had been born in independent Pakistan . I was free of the complexes and prejudices which had torn Indians and Pakistanis apart in the bloody trauma of partition . '' In 1974 , she was flown to Lahore to accompany her father at the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 's summit . Here , she met a number of the assembled senior Muslim world leaders , who included Libya 's Muammar Gaddafi , Egypt 's Anwar Sadat , Syria 's Hafez al - Assad , Saudi Arabia 's Faisal , and Jordan 's Hussein . At the University of Oxford , Bhutto stayed at Lady Margaret Hall for her undergraduate studies In autumn 1973 , Bhutto relocated to the United Kingdom and began studying for a second undergraduate degree , in Literae Humaniores , at Lady Margaret Hall , University of Oxford . After three years , she received a second - class degree . At her father 's insistence , she remained in Oxford to study for a one - year postgraduate degree , attending St Catherine 's College , Oxford . One of her fellow students at Oxford stated that there , she `` epitomized the classic spoilt rich girl from a third world country '' . She nevertheless attracted friends , who later described her as a humorous and intellectually curious individual . She was elected President of the Oxford Union debating society , the first Asian woman to hold that post . Despite the ongoing tensions between Pakistan and India , she interacted socially with Indian students , and while at Oxford also made proposals of marriage to two fellow Pakistani students , but was rebuffed on both occasions . Bhutto biographer Brooke Allen thought that her time at Oxford was `` almost certainly the happiest , most carefree time of her life . '' At Oxford , she led a campaign calling for the university to give her father an honorary degree ; she gained the support of her father 's old tutor , the historian Hugh Trevor Roper . Bhutto 's campaign was opposed by counter-protests , who believed that her father 's supposed involvement in the persecution of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and atrocities during the Bangladesh Liberation War made him unsuitable . Ultimately , the university declined to award the honorary degree . In later years , Bhutto acknowledged that at this time she had been ignorant of the Pakistani Army 's complicity in the atrocities in Bangladesh , although always maintained that her father was blameless on the issue . After her Oxford education , she returned to Pakistan in June 1977 , where she was scheduled to work at the Prime Minister 's office and the Inter-Provincial Council of Common Interests during the rest of the summer . Intent on a career in the Pakistani Foreign Service , she was scheduled to take the service 's entrance exams later in the year . Zia 's Pakistan ( edit ) Zulfikar 's death and Benazir 's arrests : 1977 -- 84 ( edit ) In 1977 , the Pakistani government was overthrown by a military coup led by General Zia - ul - Huq In July 1977 , Zulfikar Bhutto -- who had just been re-elected in a general election -- was overthrown in a military coup led by General Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq , the Chief of Army Staff . Both Zulfikar and Benazir believed that Zia 's coup had been assisted by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) ; Zulfikar claimed that in a 1976 meeting , U.S. diplomat Henry Kissinger had told him that the U.S. would make `` a horrible example '' of him if he did not terminate Pakistan 's efforts to built a nuclear bomb . Now in control of the country , Zia declared Pakistan to be under martial law , and initiated a regime that combined military rule with social programs designed to further the Islamization of Pakistani society according to Islamic fundamentalist principles . Socialists , intellectuals , and journalists were arrested . Zulfikar too was arrested , initially for less than a month . After a crowd of over one million people greeted Zulfikar 's release in Karachi and demonstrations were held in support of the ousted president , Zia decided to eliminate him permanently . In September , Zulfikar was re-arrested and charged with the murder of Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kauri . After the coup , Bhutto 's brothers were sent abroad to canvass international support for their father . Bhutto and her mother remained in Pakistan , although they were repeatedly detained for short periods . When she was able , Bhutto visited her father in prison . She and her mother put out a book about their father and encouraged PPP supporters to demonstrate in support of him . She also assisted in the preparation of his defence case , which was put before first the Lahore High Court , which sentenced him to death , and then the Supreme Court , which upheld that decision . Former U.S. attorney general Ramsey Clark attended the trial , relating that it was a kangaroo court and that Zulfikar did not receive a fair trial . Just before his execution , Zulfikar urged his wife and daughter to leave Pakistan , but they refused . He was executed in April 1979 . Bhutto and Nusrat were then imprisoned for six months , before being released and placed under house arrest for a further six months . The pair were only fully released in April 1980 . After the coup , Zulfikar had appointed his wife co-chair of the PPP , while in October 1977 Benazir was appointed onto the PPP 's central committee . After Zulfikar 's death , Benazir replaced his role in the party . In February 1981 she formally established the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy ( MRD ) , a group that brought together the PPP with other political parties in the country : the Pakistan Muslim League , Pakistan Democratic Party , Pakistan MazdoorKisan Party , Pakistan MazdoorKisan Party , National Awami Party , QuomiMahaz - e-Azadi , Jamiat - i - Ulema - i - Islam , and the Tahrik - i - Istiqlal . The MRD called for a four - point programme : an end to martial law , the restoration of the 1973 constitution , parliamentary elections , and the transfer of political power from the military to the elected representatives . There was nevertheless much mutual suspicion among the parties making up the MRD , with Bhutto having reluctantly allowed groups that firmly opposed her father 's government to join . Her brothers , Murtaza and Shahnawaz , turned to paramilitary action , founding the Al Zulfikar group which trained its members to carry out acts of assassination and sabotage to oust the military government . After Al Zulfikar orchestrated the 1981 Pakistan International Airlines hijacking , the government used this as the pretext for re-arresting Bhutto and her mother in March . Bhutto disapproved of the hijacking , believing that it strengthened Zia 's hand . In July 1981 , Nusrat was released so that she could seek medical treatment for cancer abroad , but Bhutto was not . She was kept for a time in Karachi before being moved to Sukkur prison and then back again to Karachi . During much of this period , she was held in solitary confinement , and experienced a range of health problems , including hair loss , gynaecological issues , and anorexia . In December she was moved into house arrest , where she would remain for two years . In the United States -- a key ally of Zia 's regime -- Peter Galbraith helped rally support for Bhutto , most notably from the politicians Claiborne Pell and James Buckley . When Zia visited Washington D.C. in December 1982 , they raised the issue of Bhutto 's imprisonment with him . As international pressure mounted , the Pakistani government agreed to release her , putting her on a flight to Geneva in January 1984 . Release and self - imposed exile : 1984 -- 87 ( edit ) From Geneva she proceeded to the United Kingdom , undergoing surgery on her mastoid before renting a flat in London 's Barbican Estate . There , she socialised with friends , going shopping , hosting dinner parties , and visiting the cinema . One friend noted that after her time in prison she remained in `` a mildly traumatized state , jumping at sudden noise and worrying about who might be spying on her . '' In March , Bhutto visited New York City and Washington D.C. , where she met with media figures and middle - ranking government officials but was kept at bay by the administration of President Ronald Reagan . Over the coming few years , Bhutto made several additional visits to the United States , spoke to the European Parliament in Strasbourg , visited the Soviet Union , and undertook the Umrah pilgrimage to Mecca . While in exile , Bhutto lived in central London 's Barbican Estate During in exile , Benazir became a rallying point for the PPP . Her flat became the unofficial headquarters of its members in exile ; these volunteers devoted themselves to raising international awareness of the political prisoners being held by Zia 's regime . Although she was the party 's acting chairperson , many of its elder members were unhappy with this situation , believing her insufficiently committed to socialism and fearing that the party would become nothing more than a Bhutto family fiefdom . Murtaza believed that it was he , and not Benazir , who was their father 's designated political heir ; as evidence , he cited that he had been asked to manage his father 's Larkana constituency in the 1977 general election . Bhutto biographer Shyam Bhatia thought that this was probably Zulfikar 's intention , as the latter would have recognised the significant impediments to a woman being elected leader in a conservative Islamic society like Pakistan . Benazir nevertheless maintained that her father had always wanted her to become a politician . In July 1985 , Shahnawaz died under unexplained circumstances in the French city of Cannes . Bhutto believed that Shahnawaz 's murder had been directly ordered by Zia , although also believed that he had been murdered by his wife , Raehana . Zia 's government allowed her to bring her brother 's body to Pakistan in August , where it could be interned in the family cemetery at Larkana . Shortly after the burial , she was arrested and detained under house arrest in Karachi until November , at which point she was released and returned to Europe . In December 1985 , martial law was lifted in Pakistan and Bhutto decided to return home . She arrived at Lahore Airport in April 1986 , where she was greeted by a large crowd . An estimated two million people came to see her speak at Iqbal Park , where she rallied against Zia 's regime . She then visited Sindh , Punjab , and Balochistan , speaking to further crowds , and re-established links with the MRD , taking part in a pro-democracy rally on Independence Day on 14 August . Following the rally , she was again arrested and detained for several weeks in Landhi Jail . Back in Pakistan , she agreed to an arranged marriage ; her mother selected Asif Ali Zardari as a suitable husband . He was from a landowning family , and his father had obtained additional wealth through the construction and cinema industries . The wedding took place in Karachi in December 1987 , and was billed as the `` People 's Wedding '' , serving as a de facto political rally . Bhutto would have been aware that being married gave her an image of respectability which would improve her chances of being elected . She kept the Bhutto family name rather than taking that of her new husband . After the wedding , she soon became pregnant with her son , Bilawal . Electoral campaign : 1988 ( edit ) In May 1988 , Zia dissolved the assemblies and called a November election . He had not wanted Bhutto to win , and his choice of date may have been deliberately chosen to coincide with the date when Bhutto was projected to give birth , thus hindering her ability to campaign . He also sought to hinder her chances by declaring that the election would be held on a non-party basis , with candidates standing as individuals rather than as representatives of a political party . Bhutto and the PPP launched a legal challenge against this latter stipulation . In August , Zia suddenly died when his aircraft crashed shortly after take - off from Bahawalpur Airport . A joint U.S. - Pakistani investigation was unable to ascertain the cause of the crash , although sabotage was widely suspected . After his death , the Supreme Court announced that the election should take place on a party basis , rather than the non-party basis that Zia had desired . Bhutto insisted that the PPP campaign separately from the MRD , and dropped its socialist platform in favour of economic Thatcherism and a commitment to the free market . Amid predictions that the PPP would win , it received 18,000 prospective candidates , many offering the party money for their selection ; this influx of new members and candidates caused upset among many established members , who felt that Bhutto was deserting them . The flag of the Pakistan People 's Party , which Bhutto co-chaired after her father 's execution Islamic fundamentalists spoke out against the idea of a woman leader , claiming that it was un-Islamic . Their propaganda foregrounded what they presented as her un-Islamic behaviour , including a photo of her dancing in a Parisian nightclub . Zia loyalists and Islamic fundamentalists united to form a new political party , Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ( IJI ) , which was funded by the Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) . The ISI also engaged in vote rigging in an attempt to secure an IJI victory . Despite these attempts , Bhutto led the PPP to victory in the election , taking 93 of the 205 contested seats . The IJI took only 54 seats . This meant that the PPP had the largest number of seats , although not a clear majority . Both the PPP and IJI courted independent MPs hoping to woo them to their side , and unsuccessful attempts were also made by the country 's right - wing forces to convince some of the elected PPP parliamentarians to switch allegiance to the IJI . Two weeks later , President Ghulam Ishaq Khan reluctantly invited Bhutto to form the next government . To do so , she formed a coalition with the Muttahida Qaumi Movement ( MQM ) party , which had 13 seats in parliament , an action that upset the Sindhi nationalist faction within her party . She was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in December . Bhutto became the world 's fourth ever woman Prime Minister and the first in a Muslim - majority country , the youngest elected leader in the Islamic world , the world 's youngest Prime Minister , and Pakistan 's second nationally elected Prime Minister . After her election , party workers were encouraged to refer to her as `` Mohtarma '' . There was hope among many observers that her premiership would mark a new era of multi-party democracy , growing gender equality , and better relations with India . In 1988 , Bhutto published her autobiography , sub-titled Daughter of the East in its British edition and Daughter of Destiny in the United States . Bhutto biographer Brooke Allen stating that it was `` pre-eminently a political performance '' written for a Western audience , with the intent of `` seducing Western opinion and opinion - makers '' . Bhutto 's autobiography contained several factual falsifications ; she wished to present herself as a ground - breaker when it came to gender issues , and thus presented her mother Nusrat as being far more conservative than she really was , for instance falsely claiming that Nusrat had urged her to wear the burqa when she had reached adolescence . First term as Prime Minister ( 1988 -- 90 ) ( edit ) Benazir Bhutto on a visit to Washington , D.C. in 1989 . As a politician she took to wearing the white dupatta on her head , a political move to attract support from Islamic clerics . Bhutto created the largest cabinet in Pakistan 's history , although her administration consisted of figures with little political experience . Following her election , there remained significant mistrust between Bhutto and the right - wing military administration ; many senior military figures viewed her , like her father , as a threat to their dominant role in Pakistan 's political arena . The country 's three most powerful figures -- the army chief Aslam Beg , the ISI chief Hamid Gul , and President Khan -- all had contempt for her family and for the idea that a woman was Prime Minister . This opposition was substantial and contributed to Bhutto 's inability to pass any major legislation during her first term in office . She was nevertheless able to ensure the release of a number of political prisoners detained under the Zia government , as well as lifting the country 's bans on trade unions and student associations , and removing many of the constraints imposed on non-governmental organisations . She also introduced measures to lift the media censorship introduced by previous military administrations . She entrusted Shamsul Hasan with dismantling the National Press Trust , a conglomerate of over 15 newspapers , but President Khan delayed signing the documents and thus the Trust would only be broken up during her second premiership . Bhutto succeeded in getting Khan 's approval to change two of the country 's four provincial governors ; she appointed General Tikka Khan , one of the few senior military officers who was loyal to her , as the Governor of Punjab . She also sought to replace the chair of the joint chiefs of staff , Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey , but President Khan refused to permit this . Bhutto disliked Khan 's hostile attitude toward her , but he had the backing of the military . In the presidential election , Bhutto initially proposed Malik Qasim , who had been involved in the MRD , as the PPP 's nominee , but the military refused to accept this . Bhutto relented and agreed that Khan could be nominated as the PPP 's presidential candidate . Bhutto also wanted to replace Mahbub ul Haq as finance minister , but again the military opposed her . Compromising , she accepted ul Haq 's continued role as finance minister but appointed Wasim Jafri as her financial advisor . Beg made it clear to Bhutto that the military would not tolerate her interference in their control of defence and foreign affairs . Among the problems facing Pakistan when Bhutto took the Premiership was soaring employment and high unemployment . The Pakistani government was bankrupt , with Zia having borrowed at high interest rates to pay government wages . The country also faced a growing problem with the illegal narcotics trade , with Pakistan being one of the world 's highest heroin exporters and having rapidly growing levels of domestic usage . Bhutto promised that she would take tough action on the powerful drug barons. 60 % of the country 's population lived in Punjab province , which was under the control of Zia 's protégé , Nawaz Sharif , as provincial Chief Minister . Both Sharif and Bhutto attempted to remove the other from power , with Bhutto accusing Sharif of having rigged the election to become Chief Minister . Sharif benefited from growing Punjabi chauvinism toward the country 's Sindhi minority , as well as a perception that Bhutto -- a Sindhi -- was attacking the Punjab . Although Bhutto had long supported greater autonomy for Pakistan 's provinces , she opposed it in the case of the Punjab . Sharif 's Punjabi authority refused to accept the federal officials whom Bhutto posted there . Relations between Bhutto and Pakistan 's civil service also deteriorated , causing paralysis of many state affairs ; Bhutto spoke of it as `` Zia 's bureaucracy '' and her perceived anti-Punjabi stance impacted many civil servants , of whom 80 % were Punjabi . In April 1989 , opposition parties organised a parliamentary no - confidence vote in Bhutto 's leadership , but it was defeated by 12 votes . Bhutto claimed that many National Assembly voters had been bribed to vote against her , with $10 million having been supplied for this by a Saudi Salafi cleric , Osama bin Laden , who sought to overthrow her government and replace it with an Islamic theocracy . Foreign policy ( edit ) During her first premiership , Bhutto went on a number of foreign trips , enhancing her image as the first female Prime Minister in the Islamic world . In 1989 , she attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kuala Lumpur , where Pakistan was re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations . Bhutto attempted to improve relations with neighbouring India , harking back to the Simla Accords . Bhutto claimed that she terminated support for Sikh separatists active in India , something which Zia had encouraged to destabilise Indian control in the Punjab . After being accused of being soft on India , she took a harder line against Pakistan 's neighbour , particularly on the Kashmir conflict . In 1990 , she made a speech in which she incited Kashmiri Muslims to rise up against their administration , and in interviews expressed support for the Kashmiri Muslim community . In 1990 , Major General Pervez Musharraf proposed a military invasion of Kargil as part of an attempt to annex Kashmir ; Bhutto refused to back the plan , believing that the international condemnation would be severe . As Premier , Bhutto was reluctant to challenge the ISI 's support for the Islamist mujahideen forces in Afghanistan which were then engaged in a civil war against the country 's Marxist -- Leninist government . In April 1989 , Gul led an invasion of Afghanistan with the purpose of seizing Jalalabad , which was then to be formed into a capital from which the country 's anti-Soviet , Islamist - dominated opposition forces could operate . When the operation failed and the Pakistanis were driven out by the Afghan Army , Gul blamed Bhutto 's administration for the failure , claiming that someone in her entourage had leaked details of the mission of the Afghan government . Gul was too powerful for Bhutto to force him into retirement , but she did transfer him from the ISI to another section of the military . Science policy ( edit ) Benazir at an award ceremony in 1990 After Bhutto became Prime Minister , President Khan and the military were reluctant to tell her about Pakistan 's nuclear programme . On a trip to the US , she told Congress that `` we do not possess , nor do we intend to make , a nuclear device '' . Between January and March 1989 , she authorised cold tests of nuclear weaponry , without fissionable material . During her 1990 trip to Britain , Bhutto paid a visit to Dr. Abdus Salam , a Nobel laureate in physics and a science advisor to her father 's government . During both her terms as Prime Minister , Bhutto followed the science and technology policy her father laid out in 1972 , and promoted military funding of science and technology as part of that policy . However , in 1988 , Bhutto was denied access to the classified national research institutes run by the military , which remained however under the control of the civilian president Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Chief of Army Staff . Bhutto was kept unaware about the progress of the nuclear complexes , even when the country passed the milestone in 1986 of fissile core manufacturing capability U.S. Ambassador Robert Oakley was the first diplomat notified about the complexes , in 1988 . Shortly afterwards Bhutto summoned chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission , Munir Ahmad Khan to her office ; Khan brought Abdul Qadeer Khan with him and introduced him to the Prime Minister . At that meeting Bhutto learned the status of this program which had matured since its beginnings in 1978 , and on request of A.Q. Khan , visited Khan Research Laboratories for the first time in 1989 , much to the anger of Ishaq Khan . Bhutto also responded to Khan when she moved the Ministry of Science and Technology 's office to the Prime Minister Secretariat with Munir Ahmad Khan directly reporting to her . Bhutto had successfully eliminated any possibility of Khan 's involvement and prevented him from having any influence in science - research programmes , a policy which also benefited her successor Nawaz Sharif . During both her prime - ministerial terms Bhutto funded many projects entirely devoted to the country 's national defence and security . The dismissal of Lieutenant - General Gul by Benazir Bhutto had played a significant role on Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg , who did not interfere in matters pertaining to science and technology , and remained supportive towards Benazir Bhutto 's hard - line actions against the President . `` If we do n't , India will go ahead and adopt aggressive designs on us ... To preserve the minimum deterrence , tests should be performed this month of year ... '' -- Benazir Bhutto , 1998 , In the 1980s , Benazir Bhutto started aerospace projects such as Project Sabre II , Project PAC , Ghauri project under Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in 1990 and the Shaheen programme in 1995 under Dr. Samar Mubarakmand . In opposition to her conservative opponent Nawaz Sharif , whose policy was to make the nuclear weapons programme benefit the economy , Benazir Bhutto took aggressive steps to modernise and expand the integrated atomic weapons programme begun by her father in 1972 , who was one of the key political administrative figures of Pakistan 's nuclear deterrent development . During her first term , Benazir Bhutto established the separate but integrated nuclear testing programme in the atomic bomb programme , requiring the authorisation of the Prime minister and the military leadership . Despite Benazir 's denial that she authorised the nuclear testing programme in her second term she continued to modernise the programme which she termed a `` contractual obligation '' . `` It took only two weeks and three days for Pakistan to master the ( atomic ) field ... and ( detonate ) the nuclear devices of our own ... '' -- Benazir Bhutto , on first nuclear tests on May 1998 It was during her régime that the Pressler amendment came into effect , an attempt to freeze the programme . During frequent trips to the United States , Bhutto refused to compromise on the nuclear weapons programme , and attacked the Indian nuclear programme on multiple occasions . Benazir Bhutto misled the U.S. when she told them that the programme had been frozen ; the programme was progressively modernized and continued under her watch . Under her regime , the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) conducted series of improvised designs of nuclear weapons designed by the Theoretical Physics Group ( TPG ) at PAEC . Benazir Bhutto also carried messages to Munir Ahmad Khan from her father and back in 1979 as her father , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , had instructed his daughter to remain in touch with the Chairman of PAEC . In this context , Bhutto had appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as her Science Adviser , and he kept her informed about the development of the programme . In all , the nuclear weapons and energy program remained a top priority , along with the country 's economy . During her first term , the nuclear program was under attack and under pressure from the Western world , particularly the United States . Despite economic aid offered by the European Union and the United States in return for halting or freezing the program , Benazir continued the program in both her first and second terms . During her first term , Bhutto approved and launched the Shaheen programme and advocated for the programme . Bhutto also allotted funds for the programme . On 6 January 1996 , Bhutto publicly announced that if India conducted a nuclear test , Pakistan could be forced to `` follow suit '' . Bhutto later said that the day will never arise when we have to use our knowledge to make and detonate a ( nuclear ) device and export our technology . The People of ( Pakistan ) ... are `` security conscious '' because of the ( 1971 ) severe trauma , and the three wars with ( India ) . Our ( Pakistan ) nuclear development was peaceful ... but was `` an effective deterrence to India '' ... because ( New Delhi ) had detonated a nuclear device . She ( Pakistan ) ... , thus , had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and sovereignty ... -- Benazir Bhutto , on Pakistan 's nuclear weapons , 1989 military scandal ( edit ) In 1989 , the media reported a sting operation and political scandal , codenamed Midnight Jackal , in which former members of ISI hatched a plan to topple the Bhutto government . Midnight Jackal was a political intelligence operation launched under President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and army chief General Mirza Aslam Beg , whose objective was to pass a no - confidence motion in Parliament by bribing and threatening parliament members . Lieutenant - General Asif Nawaz had suspected the activities of Brigadier - General Imtiaz Ahmed , therefore , a watch cell unit was dispatched to keep an eye on him . This operation was exposed by ISI when it obtained a VHS tape containing the conversation between two former army officers and former members of ISI , from the Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) . The tape was confiscated by ISI director - general Lieutenant - General Shamsur Rahman Kallu , who showed it to Benazir the next day . The video tape showed the conversation of Major Amir Khan and Brigadier - General Imtiaz Ahmad revealed that Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Baig of that time wanted to end the government . Though the Brigadier failed to prove General Beg 's involvement , General Mirza , on the other hand , sharply denied the accusation and started a full - fledged courts martial of these officers , with Benazir being the civilian judge of JAG Branch to proceed the hearings . The officers were removed from their positions and placed at Adiala military correctional institute in 1989 . The officers were released from the military correctional institute by order of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1996 . Dismissal ( edit ) By 1990 the revelation of Midnight Jackal lessened President Khan 's influence in national politics , government and the military . Bhutto was thought by the president to be a young and inexperienced figure in politics , though highly educated . But he miscalculated her capabilities ; she emerged as a ' power player ' in international politics . Bhutto 's authoritative actions frustrated the president ; he was not taken in confidence when decisions were made . By 1990 a power struggle between the prime minister and president ensued . Because of the semi-presidential system , Bhutto needed permission from Khan to impose new policies . Khan vetoed many , as he felt they contradicted his point of view . Bhutto , through her legislators , also attempted to shift to a parliamentary democracy from the semi-presidential system , but Khan always used his constitutional powers to veto Bhutto 's attempts . In the 1980s , ethnic violence had broken out in Sindh province , with most of those killed being mohajirs . In May 1990 , she ordered the army to restore peace in Karachi and Hyderabad . Throughout her first term , Bhutto was criticised for being indecisive and unable to maintain control . There had been anger that her husband had been allowed to attend cabinet meetings despite not being a member of the government . He was also accused of receiving kickbacks and earned the nickname `` Mr Ten Percent '' . Tales of corruption in public - sector industries began to surface , which undermined the credibility of Bhutto . The unemployment and labour strikes began to take place which halted and jammed the economic wheel of the country , and Bhutto was unable to solve these issues due to the cold war with the President . In August 1990 , Khan dismissed Bhutto 's government under the Eighth Amendment . He claimed that this was necessary due to her government 's corruption and inability to maintain domestic law and order . First term as leader of the opposition ( 1990 -- 93 ) ( edit ) Benazir campaigning in Lyari , Karachi The Election Commission of Pakistan called for the new parliamentary elections in 1990 . In the election , the PPP only secured 45 of the 217 seats . The Islami Jamhoori Ittehad , or Islamic Democratic Alliance ( IDA ) , under the leadership of Nawaz Sharif , won a majority in the Parliament ; he became Prime Minister . For the first time in the history of Pakistan , conservatives had a chance to rule the country . Bhutto became the leader of the opposition . To journalists she remained unrependent about her time in office , insisting that she had made no mistakes . In November 1992 , Bhutto attempted to perform a 10 - mile march from Rawalpindi to Islamabad . However , she was forced to discontinue the rally due to a threat of arrest from Prime Minister Sharif . The demonstration was an anti-government rally that upset Pakistan officials . She was placed under house arrest and vowed to bring down the Pakistani government . In December 1992 , a two - day march was conducted in protest of Nawaz Sharif . After Bhutto 's dismissal from government , her husband was arrested and charged with blackmail . According to the allegations , he had attached a remote - control bomb to the leg of a businessman and forced the latter to enter a bank and withdraw money . He would be freed from prison after Bhutto 's resumed the premiership in 1993 . Following the dismissal , the Bhutto couple purchased an apartment in the Queensgate area of London . Bhutto began to regularly attend lunches at the Institute of Development Economics ( IDE ) , a think tank founded in the 1950s ; she had been visiting IDE and reading its publications since the mid-1970s . During that time , the IDA launched a secret campaign against Benazir Bhutto 's image to demoralise party workers ; the campaign brutally backfired on Nawaz Sharif when the media exposed the campaign and its motives . More than Rs. 5 million were spent on the campaign and it undermined the credibility of conservatives , who also failed to resolve issues among between them . Despite an economic recovery in late 1993 , the IDA government faced public unease about the direction of the country and an industrialisation that revolved around and centred only in Punjab Province . Amid protest and civil disorder in Sindh Province following the imposition of Operation Clean - up , the IDA government lost control of the province . The Peoples Party attacked the IDA government 's record on unemployment and industrial racism . Sharif had attempted to reduce the president 's powers . With growing tensions between him and President Khan , in April 1993 the latter used the Eighth Amendment to dismiss Sharif as Prime Minister , citing corruption and misadministration . Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto would unite to oust the president who lost the control of the country in a matter of weeks . Khan too was forced to resign along with Nawaz Sharif in 1993 , and an interim government was formed until the new elections . A parliamentary election was called after by the Pakistan Armed Forces . Both Sharif and Benazir Bhutto campaigned with full force , targeting each other 's personalities . Their policies were very similar but a clash of personalities occurred , with both parties making many promises but not explaining how they were going to pay for them . Sharif stood on his record of privatisation and development , and pledged to restore his Taxicab taxi giveaway program . Bhutto promised price supports for agriculture , pledged a partnership between government and business , and campaigned strongly for the female vote . In 1993 , Bhutto declared herself chairperson of the PPP for life . This move reflected the lack of internal democracy within the party , which was increasingly referred to as the `` Bhutto Family Party '' ( BFP ) . Second term as Prime Minister ( 1993 -- 96 ) ( edit ) Benazir Bhutto with Mehr un Nisa Afridi at Peshawar Airport in 1993 . In the 1993 election , the PPP won the most seats , although it fell short of an outright majority , with the PML - N in second place with 73 seats in the Parliament . The PPP performed extremely well in Bhutto 's native province , Sindh , and rural Punjab , while the PML - N was strongest in industrial Punjab and the largest cities such as Karachi , Lahore and Rawalpindi . On 19 October 1993 , Benazir Bhutto was sworn as Prime Minister for second term allowing her to continue her reform initiatives . The following month , the PPP 's nominee for the presidency , Farooq Leghari , was also elected . During her second term , Bhutto appointed both her husband and mother to her cabinet . Domestic affairs ( edit ) Benazir Bhutto was prime minister at a time of great racial tension in Pakistan . Her approval poll rose by 38 % after she appeared and said in a private television interview after the elections : `` We are unhappy with the manner in which tampered electoral lists were provided in a majority of constituencies ; our voters were turned away . '' The Conservatives attracted voters from religious society ( MMA ) whose support had collapsed . The Friday Times noted `` Both of them ( Nawaz and Benazir ) have done so badly in the past , it will be very difficult for them to do worse now . If Bhutto 's government fails , everyone knows there will be no new elections . The army will take over '' . In confidential official documents Benazir Bhutto had objected to the number of Urdu speaking class in 1993 elections , in context that she had no Urdu - speaking sentiment in her circle and discrimination was continued even in her government . Her stance on these issues was perceived as part of rising public disclosure which Altaf Hussain called `` racism '' . Due to Benazir Bhutto 's stubbornness and authoritative actions , her political rivals gave her the nickname `` Iron Lady '' of Pakistan . No response was issued by Bhutto , but she soon associated with the term . The racial violence in Karachi was reached at peak and became a problem for Benazir Bhutto to counter . The MQM attempted to make an alliance with Benazir Bhutto under her own conditions , but Benazir Bhutto refused . Soon the second operation , Operation Blue Fox , was launched to wipe the MQM from country 's political spectrum . The results of this operation remain inconclusive and resulted in thousands killed or gone missing , with the majority being Urdu speaking . Bhutto demanded the MQM to surrender to her government unconditionally . Though the operation was halted in 1995 , but amid violence continued and , Shahid Javed Burki , a professor of economics , noted that `` Karachi problem was not so much an ethnic problem as it was an economic question . '' Amid union and labour strikes beginning to take place in Karachi and Lahore , which were encouraged by both Altaf Hussain and Nawaz Sharif to undermine her authority , Benazir Bhutto responded by disbanding those trade union and issuing orders to arrest the leaders of the trade unions , while on the other hand , she provided incentives to local workers and labourers as she had separated the workers from their union leaders successfully . Benazir Bhutto expanded the authoritative rights of Police Combatant Force and the provisional governments that tackled the local opposition aggressively . Bhutto , through her Internal Security Minister Naseerullah Babar , intensified the internal security operations and steps , gradually putting down the opposition 's political rallies , while she did not completely abandon the reconciliation policy . In her own worlds , Benazir Bhutto announced : `` There was no basis for ( strikes ) ... in view of the ongoing political process ... '' . In December 1993 , news began to surface in the Swat valley when Sufi Muhammad , a religious cleric , began to mobilise the local militia calling for overthrow of the `` un-Islamic rule of ( Iron ) Lady '' . Benazir Bhutto responded quickly and ordered the Pakistan Army to crack down on the militia , leading to the movement 's being crushed by the Army and the cleric was apprehended before he could escape . Women 's issues ( edit ) During her election campaigns , she had promised to repeal controversial laws ( such as Hudood and Zina ordinances ) that curtail the rights of women in Pakistan . Bhutto was pro-life and spoke forcefully against abortion , most notably at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo , where she accused the West of `` seeking to impose adultery , abortion , intercourse education and other such matters on individuals , societies and religions which have their own social ethos . '' However , Bhutto was not supported by the leading women 's organisations , who argued that after being elected twice , none of the reforms were made , instead controversial laws were exercised more toughly . Therefore , in 1997 elections , Bhutto failed to secure any support from women 's organisations and minorities also gave Bhutto the cold - shoulder when she approached them . It was not until 2006 that the Zina ordinance was finally repealed by a Presidential Ordinance issued by Pervez Musharraf in July 2006 . Bhutto was a founding member of the Council of Women World Leaders , a group established in 1996 . She appointed women judges and a women 's division in the government , headed by a senior female civil servant . She also oversaw the establishment of a women 's bank and all - female police stations . The fundamentalist Islamic laws introduced to restrict women 's rights under Zia nevertheless remained in place , and no new legislation was put in place to empower women . Economic issues ( edit ) The total GDP per capita as a percentage of the U.S. GDP per capita stood between 8.4 % ( in the 1970s ) and 8.3 % ( in 1993 -- 96 ) , periods of nationalisation . Bhutto was an economist by profession ; therefore during her terms as prime minister , she herself took charge of the Ministry of Finance . Bhutto sought to improve the country 's economy which was declining as time was passing . Benazir disagreed with her father 's nationalization and socialist economics . Soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union , Benazir attempted to privatize major industries that were nationalized in the 1970s . Bhutto promised to end the nationalisation programme and to carry out the industrialisation programme by means other than state intervention . But controversially Bhutto did not carry out the denationalization programme or liberalization of the economy during her first government . No nationalized units were privatized , few economic regulations were reviewed . Pakistan suffered a currency crisis when the government failed to arrest the 30 % fall in the value of the Pakistani Rupee from Rs. 21 to Rs. 30 compared to the United States dollar . Soon economic progress became her top priority but her investment and industrialisation programs faced major setbacks due to conceptions formed by investors based upon her People 's Party nationalisation program in the 1970s . By the 1990s , Khan and Bhutto 's government had also ultimately lost the currency war with the Indian Rupee which beat the value of Pakistan rupee for the first time in the 1970s . Bhutto 's denationalisation program also suffered from many political setbacks , as many of her government members were either directly or indirectly involved with the government corruption in major government - owned industries , and her appointed government members allegedly sabotaged her efforts to privatise the industries . Overall , the living standard for people in Pakistan declined as inflation and unemployment grew at an exponential rate particularly as UN sanctions began to take effect . During her first and second term , the difference between rich and poor visibly increased and the middle class in particular were the ones who bore the brunt of the economic inequality . According to a calculation completed by the Federal Bureau of Statistics , the standard of living for the rich improved while the standard of living for the poor declined . Benazir attributed this economic inequality to be a result of ongoing and continuous illegal Bangladeshi immigration . Bhutto ordered a crackdown on and deportation of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants . Her action strained and created tensions in Bangladesh -- Pakistan relations , as Bangladesh Prime Minister Khaleda Zia refused to accept the deportees and reportedly sent two planeloads back to Pakistan . Religious parties also criticised Bhutto and dubbed the crackdown as anti-Islamic . This operation backfired and had devastating effects on Pakistan 's economy . President Khan saw this as a major economic failure despite Khan 's permission granted to Bhutto for the approval of her economic policies . Khan blamed Bhutto for this extensive economic slowdown and her policy that failed to stop the illegal immigration . Khan attributed Bhutto 's government members corruption in government - owned industries as the major sink hole in Pakistan 's economy that failed to compete with neighbouring India 's economy . Privatization and era of stagflation ( edit ) The GDP growth rate was at ~ 4.37 % in 1993 , which fell to ~ 1.70 % in 1996 , before Bhutto 's dismissal . During her second term , Bhutto continued to follow former prime minister Nawaz Sharif 's privatisation policies , which she called a `` disciplined macroeconomics policy '' . After the 1993 general elections , the privatisation programme of state - owned banks and utilities accelerated ; more than Rs 42 billion was raised from the sale of nationalised corporations and industries , and another US $20 billion from the foreign investment made the United States . After 1993 , the country 's national economy again entered in the second period of the stagflation and more roughly began bite the country 's financial resources and the financial capital . Bhutto 's second government found it extremely difficult to counter the second era of stagflation with Pressler amendment and the US financial and military embargo tightened its position . After a year of study , Bhutto implemented and enforced the Eighth Plan to overcome the stagflation by creating a dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating economic and social progress . But , according to American ambassador to Pakistan , William Milam 's bibliography , Bangladesh and Pakistan : Flirting with Failure in South Asia , the Eighth Plan ( which reflected the planned economy of the Soviet Union ) was doomed to meet with failure from the very beginning of 1994 , as the policies were weak and incoherent . On many occasions , Bhutto resisted to privatise globally competitive and billion - dollar - worth state - owned enterprises ( such as Pakistan Railways and Pakistan Steel Mills ) , instead the grip of nationalisation in those state - owned enterprises was tightened in order to secure the capital investment of these industries . The process of privatisation of the nationalised industries was associated with the marked performance and improvement , especially the terms of labour productivity . A number of privatization of industries such as gas , water supply and sanitation , and electricity general , were natural monopolies for which the privatization involved little competition . Furthermore , Benazir denied that privatisation of the Pakistan Railways would take place despite the calls made in Pakistan , and was said to have told Planning Commission chief Naveed Qamar , `` Railways privatization will be the ' blackhole ' of this government . Please never mention the railways to me again '' . Bhutto always resisted privatisation of United Bank Limited Pakistan ( UBL ) , but its management sent the recommendation for the privatisation which dismayed the labour union . The United Group of Employees Management asked Bhutto for issue of regulation sheet which she denied . The holding of UBL in government control turned out to be a move that ended in `` disaster '' for Bhutto 's government . Foreign policy ( edit ) Benazir Bhutto 's foreign policy was controversial . In her second term , Bhutto expanded Pakistan 's relations with the rest of the world . Like her father , Benazir Bhutto sought to strengthen relations with socialist states , and her visit to Libya strengthened the relations between the two countries . Benazir also thanked Muammar al - Gaddafi for his tremendous efforts and support for her father before and during Zulfikar 's trial in 1977 . Ties continued with Libya but deteriorated after Nawaz Sharif became prime minister in 1990 and again in 1997 . Gaddafi was said to be very fond of Bhutto and was a family friend of Bhutto family , but disliked Nawaz Sharif due to his ties with General Zia in the 1980s . Benazir Bhutto is said to have paid a state visit to North Korea in early 1990 and again in 1996 . According to journalist Shyam Bhatia , Bhutto smuggled CDs containing uranium enrichment data to North Korea on a state visit that same year in return for data on missile technology . According to the expert , Benazir Bhutto acted as a female `` James Bond '' , and left with a bag of computer disks to pass on to her military from North Korea . Benazir Bhutto is described as a political `` architect of Pakistan 's missile technology '' by Emily MacFarquhar of Alicia Patterson Foundation . At the leftist convention held in 2014 , former Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani said , `` Benazir Bhutto gave this country the much - needed missile technology '' . Benazir Bhutto in the United States , 1989 Major - General Pervez Musharraf worked closely with Bhutto and her government in formulating an Israel strategy . In 1993 Bhutto ordered Musharraf , then Director - General of the Pakistani Army 's Directorate - General for the Military Operation ( DGMO ) , to join her state visit to the United States , an unusual and unconventional participation . Bhutto and Musharraf chaired a secret meeting with Israeli officials who travelled to the US especially for the meeting . Under Bhutto 's guidance Musharraf intensified the ISI 's liaison with Israel 's Mossad . A final meeting took place in 1995 , which Musharraf also joined . Bhutto also strengthened relations with communist Vietnam , and visited Vietnam to sign an agreement for mutual trade and international political cooperation the two countries . In 1995 Benazir Bhutto made another state visit to the United States and held talks with U.S. President Bill Clinton . Bhutto urged him to revise the Pressler Amendment and launch a campaign against extremism . She criticized US nonproliferation policy and demanded that the United States honour its contractual obligation . During her second term , relations with Indian Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao further deteriorated . Like her father , Benazir Bhutto used rhetoric to oppose to India and campaign in the international community against the Indian nuclear programme . On 1 May 1995 she used harsh language in her public warning to India that `` continuation of ( Indian ) nuclear programme would have terrible consequences '' . India responded to this saying she was interfering in an `` internal matter '' of India , and the Indian Army fired a RPG at the Kahuta , which further escalated events , leading to full - fledged war . When this news reached Bhutto , she responded by high - alerting the Air Force Strategic Command . It ordered heavily armed Arrows , Griffins , Black Panthers and the Black Spiders to begin air sorties and to patrol the Indo - Pakistan border on day - and - night regular missions . All of these squadrons are part of the Strategic Command . On 30 May , India test - fired a Prithvi - 1 missile near the Pakistan border , which Bhutto condemned . She responded by deploying Shaheen - I missiles ; however , they were not armed . Benazir Bhutto permitted the PAF to deploy the Crotale missile defence and the Anza - Mk - III near the Indian border , which escalated the conflict , but effectively kept the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force from launching any surprise attack . In 1995 the ISI reported to Bhutto that Narasimha Rao had authorised nuclear tests , and that they could be conducted at any minute . Benazir put the country 's nuclear arsenal programme on high - alert made emergency preparations , and ordered the Pakistani armed forces to remain on high - alert . However the United States intervened , Indian operations for conducting the nuclear tests were called off and the Japanese government attempted to mediate . In 1996 , Benazir Bhutto met with Japanese officials and warned India about conducting nuclear tests . She revealed for the first time that Pakistan had achieved parity with India in its capacity to produce nuclear weapons and their delivery capability . She told the Indian press , that Pakistan `` can not afford to negate the parity we maintain with India '' . These statements represented a departure from Pakistan 's previous policy of `` nuclear ambivalence . '' Bhutto issued a statement on the tests and told the international press that she condemned the Indian nuclear tests . `` If ( India ) conducts a nuclear test , it would forced her ( Pakistan ) to ... `` follow suit ... '' she said . Bhutto also ratcheted up her policy on Indian Kashmir , rallying against India . At an Inter-Parliamentary Union meeting at the United Nations , Bhutto , who was accompanied by her Speaker Yousaf Raza Gillani upset and angered the Indian delegation , headed by prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee , with a vehement criticism of India . Vajpayee responded , saying : `` It is Pakistan which is flouting the United Nations resolution by not withdrawing its forces from Kashmir ... You people create problems every time . You know the Kashmiri people themselves acceded to India . First , the Maharajah , then the Kashmiri parliament , both decided to go with India '' . Bhutto described Indian held - Kashmir as the worst example of `` Indian intransigence '' and dismissed Indian allegations of putative Pakistani nuclear tests as `` baseless '' . Bhutto criticised India 's bid to hide its plan to explode a nuclear device , and failure to cover up its domestic problems including its failure to suppress the freedom struggle in Kashmir . Relations with military ( edit ) Benazir at Social International 's 50th Anniversary held at Lisbon , Portugal . During her first term , Benazir Bhutto had strained relationship with the Pakistan Armed Forces , especially with Pakistan Army . Army chief Mirza Aslam Beg had cold relations with the elected prime minister , and continued to undermine her authority . As for the military appointments , Benazir Bhutto refused to appoint General Beg as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee , instead invited Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey to take the chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In 1988 , Benazir Bhutto appointed Air Chief Marshal Hakimullah as the Chief of Air Staff and Admiral Jastural Haq as the Chief of Naval Staff . In 1988 , shortly after assuming the office , Benazir Bhutto paid a visit to Siachen region , to boost the moral of the soldiers who fought the Siachen war with India . This was the first visit of any civilian leader to any military war - zone area since the country 's independence in 1947 . In 1988 , Benazir appointed Major - General Pervez Musharraf as Director - General of the Army Directorate General for Military Operations ( DGMO ) ; and then - Brigadier - General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani as her Military - Secretary . In 1989 , the Pakistan Army exposed the alleged Operation Midnight Jackal against the government of Benazir Bhutto . When she learned the news , Benazir Bhutto ordered the arrest and trial of former ISI officer Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmad and Major Amir Khan , it was later revealed that it was General Beg who was behind this plot . General Beg soon paid the price in 1993 elections , when Benazir Bhutto politically destroyed the former general and his career was over before taking any shifts in politics . During her first term , Benazir Bhutto had successfully removed senior military officers including Lieutenant - Generals Hamid Gul , Zahid Ali Akbar Khan , General Jamal A. Khan , and Admiral Tariq Kamal Khan , all of whom had anti-democratic views and were closely aligned to General Zia , replacing them with officers who were educated in Western military institutes and academies , generally the ones with more westernised democratic views . During her second term , Benazir Bhutto 's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces took a different and pro-Bhutto approach , when she carefully appointed General Abdul Waheed Kakar as the Chief of Army Staff . General Abdul Waheed was an uptight , strict , and a professional officer with a views of Westernized democracy . Benazir also appointed Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan as Chief of Naval Staff ; General Abbas Khattak as Chief of Air Staff . Whilst , Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was appointed chairman Joint Chiefs who was the first ( and to date only ) Pakistani air officer to have reached to such 4 star assignment . Benazir Bhutto enjoyed a strong relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces , and President who was hand - picked by her did not questioned her authority . She hand - picked officers and promoted them based on their pro-democracy views while the puppet President gave constitutional authorisation for their promotion . The senior military leadership including Jehangir Karamat , Musharraf , Kayani , Ali Kuli Khan , Farooq Feroze Khan , Abbas Khattak and Fasih Bokhari , had strong Western - democratic views , and were generally close to Bhutto as they had resisted Nawaz Sharif 's conservatism . Unlike Nawaz Sharif 's second democratic term , Benazir worked with the military on many issues where the military disagreement , solving many problems relating directly to civil -- military relations . Her tough and hardline policies on Afghanistan , Kashmir and India , which the military had backed Benazir Bhutto staunchly . After the assassination was attempted , Benazir Bhutto 's civilian security team headed under Rehman Malik , was disbanded by the Pakistan Army whose X-Corps ' 111th Psychological Brigade -- an army brigade tasked with countering the psychological warfare -- took control of the security of Benazir Bhutto , that directly reported to Chief of Army Staff and the Prime Minister . Benazir Bhutto ordered General Abdul Waheed Kakar and the Lieutenant - General Javed Ashraf Qazi director - general of ISI , to start a sting and manhunt operation to hunt down the ringmaster , Ramzi Yousef . After few arrests and intensive manhunt search , the ISI finally captured Ramzi before he could flew the country . In matter of weeks , Ramzi was secretly extradited to the United States , while the ISI managed to kill or apprehend all the culprits behind the plot . In 1995 , she personally appointed General Naseem Rana as the Director - General of the ISI , who later commanded the Pakistan Army 's assets in which came to known as `` Pakistan 's secret war in Afghanistan '' . During this course , General Rana directly reported to the prime minister , and led the intelligence operations after which were approved by Benazir Bhutto . In 1995 , Benazir also appointed Admiral Mansurul Haq as the Chief of Naval Staff , as the Admiral had personal contacts with the Benazir 's family . However , it was the Admiral 's large - scale corruption , sponsored by her husband Asif Zardari , that shrunk the credibility of Benazir Bhutto by the end of 1996 that led to end of her government after all . Policy on Taliban ( edit ) 1996 was crucial for Bhutto 's policy on Afghanistan when Pakistan - backed extremely religious group Taliban took power in Kabul in September . She continued her father 's policy on Afghanistan taking aggressive measures to curb the anti-Pakistan sentiments in Afghanistan . During this time , many in the international community at the time , including the United States government , viewed the Taliban as a group that could stabilise Afghanistan and enable trade access to the Central Asian Republics , according to author Steve Coll . He claims that her government provided military and financial support for the Taliban , even sending a small unit of the Pakistan Army into Afghanistan . Benazir had approved the appointment of Lieutenant - General Naseem Rana who she affectionately referred to him as `` Georgy Zhukov '' ; and had reported to her while providing strategic support to Taliban . During her regime , Benazir Bhutto 's government had controversially supported the hardline Taliban , and many of her government officials were providing financial assistance to the Taliban . Fazal - ur - Rehman , a right - wing cleric , had a traditionally deep influence on Bhutto as he convinced and later assisted her to help the regime of Taliban she established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . In a reference written by American scholar , Steve Coll in Ghost Wars , he dryly put it : `` Benazir Bhutto was suddenly the matron of a new Afghan faction -- the Taliban . '' Under her government , Pakistan had recognised the Taliban regime as legitimate government in Afghanistan , allowing the Taliban to open an embassy in Islamabad . In 1996 , the newly appointed Afghan Ambassador to Pakistan Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef presented her diplomatic credentials However , in 2007 , she took an anti-Taliban stance , and condemned terrorist acts allegedly committed by the Taliban and their supporters . Death of younger brother ( edit ) In 1993 , Murtaza returned to Pakistan , where he gained a following within the PPP . He claimed that it was he , rather than his sister , who was the standard bearer for their father 's championing of the downtrodden . On arrival , he was arrested for his part in the earlier plane hijacking and remained imprisoned for eight months . In 1995 , he established his own party , the PPP ( Shaheed Bhutto ) . Nusrat assisted him in organising Murtaza 's election campaign for the Sindh provincial assembly . Bhutto was so angry with her mother 's actions that she ousted her as co-chair of the PPP . Murtaza focused much of his criticism on Bhutto 's husband Zardari , whom he blamed of being responsible for government corruption . It is reported that in one incident , Murtaza invited Zardari to his house , only to have him pinned down by bodyguards and half his moustache forcibly shaved off . Not long after , Murtaza was ambushed and killed by police near Karachi . It was widely believed in Pakistan that the killing had been ordered by a senior government figure . Bhutto brought in Scotland Yard to investigate , partly to quell rumours that she had ordered the killing , although the case remained unsolved . After Murtaza 's death , Bhutto re-established a relationship with her mother . After Bhutto hinted that Leghari had been involved in her brother 's death , relations between the two broke down . Leghari sought the backing of the Army Chief , Karamat , to move against her premiership . Leghari dismissed Bhutto 's government on 5 November 1996 . In the ensuing election , which took place in February 1997 , Nawaz was re-elected . Second dismissal ( edit ) On 20 July 1996 , Qazi Hussain Ahmed of Jamaat e Islami announced to start protests against government alleging corruption . Qazi Hussain resigned from senate on 27 September and announced to start long march against Benazir government . Protest started on 27 October 1996 by Jamaat e Islami and opposition parties . On 4 November 1996 , Bhutto 's government was dismissed by President Leghari primarily because of corruption , who used the Eighth Amendment discretionary powers to dissolve the government . Benazir was surprised when she discovered that it was not the military who had dismissed her but her own hand - picked puppet President who had used the power to dismiss her . She turned to the Supreme Court hoping for gaining Leghari 's actions unconstitutional . But the Supreme Court justified and affirmed President Leghari 's dismissal in a 6 -- 1 ruling . Many military leaders who were close to the Prime minister rather than the President , did not wanted Benazir Bhutto 's government to fall , as they resisted the Nawaz Sharif 's conservatism . Criticism against Benazir Bhutto came from the powerful political spectrum of the Punjab Province and the Kashmir Province who opposed Benazir Bhutto , particularly the nationalisation issue that led the loss of Punjab 's privatised industries under the hands of her government . Bhutto blamed this opposition for the destabilisation of Pakistan . Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Jehangir Karamat at one point intervened in the conflict between President and the Prime Minister , and urged Benazir Bhutto to focus on good governance and her ambitious programme of making the country into a welfare state , but the misconduct of her cabinet ministers continued and the corruption which she was unable to struck it down with a full force . Her younger brother 's death had devastating effect on Benazir 's party and policies . At one point , Chairman of Joint Chiefs General Jehangir Karamat noted that : In my opinion , if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point . Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the society from which it is drawn . -- General Jehangir Karamat commenting on Benazir 's dismissal Second term as leader of the opposition ( 1996 -- 99 ) ( edit ) Newly re-elected , Nawaz moved quickly to curtail the powers of the presidency and judiciary . He also removed the constitution 's Eighth Amendment which had been used by successive presidents to oust both himself and Bhutto from office . In 1998 , Bhutto left Pakistan and settled into self - exile in Dubai , a city in the United Arab Emirates . She decided on Dubai because Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , the President of the United Arab Emirates , had been a longstanding friend of her family . She remained head of the PPP for the following nine years . It was from Dubai that Bhutto observed her country wage the 1999 Kargil War with India ; she described the conflict as `` Pakistan 's biggest blunder '' . Bhutto spent much of her time in exile fighting the corruption charges that were being brought against her and her husband . She also campaigned for his release from prison . Some of her close political advisers suggested that she abandon him for the sake of her political career , but she refused . In April 1999 , the Ehtesab Bench of the Lahore Hugh Court convicted Bhutto and her husband in absentia , giving them a five years prison sentence each , an $8.6 million fine , and disqualifying them both from public office . Two years later a retrial was ordered after it was ascertained that undue political bias was exerted on the judges . In October 1999 , Musharraf launched a military coup which ousted Sharif from power . In April 2000 Sharif was convicted of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment . At the request of the Saudi monarch , Sharif was released from prison after a year and exiled to Saudi Arabia . He was also legally disqualified from holding public office . Musharraf called both Bhutto and Sharif `` useless politicians '' . In 2002 , Musharraf amended the constitution to ban anyone serving more than two terms as Prime Minister , thus disqualifying both Bhutto and Sharif . Musharraf also consolidated power around himself ; in June 2001 he appointed himself to the Presidency , holding this position alongside his positions as chief executive and chief of the army staff . It was also from Dubai that she observed the 2002 referendum through which Musharraf extended his presidential mandate for a further five years . Bhutto expressed concern that with mainstream politicians removed from Pakistan 's political arena , the vacuum would be filled by Islamist extremists . Bhutto was highly confident that her party would secure an overwhelming victory in the coming Senate elections in 1999 , due to the prime minister 's widening unpopularity . Controversially , when the Pakistani armed forced initiated a coup d'état , Bhutto neither criticised nor issued any comment , remaining silent on supporting General Musharraf , as Dalrymple notes . She continued to support Musharraf 's coordinated arrests of the supporters and staff of Sharif . Musharraf destroyed Sharif 's political presence in Sindh and Kashmir provinces . Many political offices in Sharif 's constituency or district were forcibly closed and many sympathisers were jailed . In 2002 , Bhutto and the MQM made a side - line deal with Musharraf that allows both to continue underground political activities in Sindh and Kashmir , and to fill the gap after Musharraf had destroyed Sharif 's presence in the both provinces . The effects of the arrests was seen clearly in the 2008 parliamentary elections , when Nawaz Sharif failed to secure support back in those two provinces . Charges of corruption ( edit ) Further information : Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari After President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Bhutto 's first government on 6 August 1990 because of corruption allegations , the government of Pakistan directed its intelligence agencies to investigate . Nawaz Sharif became prime minister in the ensuing elections and intensified prosecution investigation of Bhutto . Pakistani embassies through western Europe -- in France , Switzerland , Spain , Poland and Britain -- were directed to investigate . Bhutto and her husband Zardari faced several legal proceedings , including a charge in Switzerland of money - landering through Swiss banks . While never convicted , Zardari spent eight years in prison on similar corruption charges . Released on bail in 2004 , Zardari hinted that while in prison he was tortured ; human rights groups have supported his claim that his rights were violated . A 1998 New York Times ( NYT ) investigative report claims that Pakistani investigators have documents that outine a network of bank accounts , all linked to the family 's lawyer in Switzerland , naming Asif Zardari as the principal shareholder . According to the NYT article , documents released by the French authorities indicate that Zardari offered exclusive rights to Dassault , a French aircraft manufacturer , to replace the aging fighter jets of the Indian Air Force in exchange for a 5 % commission to be paid to a Swiss corporation he controlled . The article also said that a Dubai company received an exclusive license to import gold into Pakistan , for which it paid more than $10 million into Zardari 's Dubai - based Citibank accounts . The owner of the Dubai company denied making the payments and said the documents were forged . Bhutto maintained that the charges against her and her husband were purely political . A report by a Pakistani auditor - general ( AGP ) supports Bhutto 's claim . It presents information suggesting that Benazir Bhutto was ousted from power in 1990 as the result of a witch hunt approved by then - president Ghulam Ishaq Khan . The AGP report says Khan illegally paid legal advisers 28 million rupees to file 19 corruption cases against Bhutto and her husband in 1990 -- 92 . Yet the assets held by Bhutto and her husband continue to be scrutinised and to generate speculation . Prosecutors have alleged that the couple 's Swiss bank accounts contain £ 740 million . Zardari also bought a neo-Tudor mansion and estate worth over £ 4 million in Surrey , England . Pakistani investigations have tied other overseas properties to Zardari 's family . These include a $2.5 million manor in Normandy owned by Zardari 's parents , who had only modest assets at the time of his marriage . Panama Papers ( edit ) Bhutto was a client of Mossack Fonseca , whose customer records were disclosed in the Panama Papers leak. 7 September 2001 London law firm Richard Rooney and Co told MF - BVI ( mossack fonseca British virgin island ) to create Petroline International Inc in the British Virgin Islands . Petroline International Inc is owned by Bhutto , her nephew Hassan Ali Jaffery Bhutto , and her aide and head of security Rehman Malik , who later became a Senator and Interior Minister in the government of Yousaf Raza Gillani . Mossack Fonseca had declined to do business with Bhutto 's first company , similarly - named Petrofine FZC , established in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . in 2000 . Petrofine was `` politically sensitive '' they said , and `` declined to accept Mrs Bhutto as a client . '' A United Nations committee chaired by former head of the US Federal Reserve , Paul Volcker , concluded in a 2005 investigation into abuses of the oil - for - food program that Petrofine FZC had paid US $2 million to the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein to obtain US $115 -- 145 million in oil contracts . In 2006 , the Pakistani National Accountability Bureau ( NAB ) accused Bhutto , Malik and Ali Jaffery of owning Petrofine . Bhutto and the PPP denied this . In April 2006 an NAB court froze assets owned in Pakistan and elsewhere by Bhutto and Zardari . The $1.5 billion in assets were acquired through corrupt practices , the NAB said , and noting that the 1997 Swiss charges of criminal money - laundering were still in litigation . At the request of Pakistan , Interpol issued a request in 2006 for the arrest of Bhutto and her husband on corruption charges . The Bhuttos questioned the legality of the requests in a letter to Interpol . On 27 January 2007 , she was invited by the United States to speak to President George W. Bush and Congressional and State Department officials . In mid-2002 Musharraf implemented a two - term limit on prime ministers . Both Bhutto and Musharraf 's other chief rival , Nawaz Sharif , had already served two terms as prime minister . She was in Dubai while the PPP contested the October 2002 general election ; it received the largest number of votes but only 63 seats in the National Assembly . Musharraf agreed to release Zardari in November 2004 as a symbol of good will ; following his release , Zardari travelled to Dubai to be with his wife . Figures in the PPP alleged that Musharraf held a longstanding animosity towards Bhutto and her family because , under her father , Musharraf 's father had been sacked from his position , accused of involvement in a scam . Later life ( edit ) Negotiating a return to Pakistan : 2006 -- 07 ( edit ) The US and UK were losing faith with Musharraf . His domestic popularity was slipping ; a mid-2007 poll gave him only a 26 % approval rating . In 2007 , mass anti-Musharraf protests broke out in what was known as the Lawyers ' Movement . Pakistan was also experiencing growing levels of violence from Islamist militants , such as the Siege of Lal Masjid . Official figures held that 8 suicide bombings took place in 2006 and 44 in 2007 . The US government increasingly saw Bhutto as an important figure who could help to constrain Pakistan 's domestic problems . They nevertheless wanted a power sharing deal and did not want Musharraf removed from power completely , regarding him as a vital ally in their War on Terror . Benazir Bhutto interview during Socialist International meeting in 2007 . Assisted by Luis Ayala , the secretary - general of the Socialist International , in 2006 Bhutto and Nawaz began a process of reconciliation . Ayala believed that this was a prerequisite for ensuring Pakistan 's transition back to democratic elections . Both where then living in London , not far from one another . Facilitated by the lawyer Aitzaz Ahsan , the pair developed a joint plan of action . This entailed establishing a committee consisting of four Pakistani senators , two from the PPP and two from the Pakistan Muslim League ( Nawaz ) . The pair 's reconciliation was formalised with the signing of a Charter of Democracy in May 2007 . Henceforth , Bhutto avoided openly criticising Nawaz as she once had . Concerned about the instability of their ally , the U.S. government pushed Musharraf to meet with Bhutto and come to an arrangement that might strengthen his legitimacy . This dialogue was also pushed for by the UK government . In January 2007 , Musharraf held his first meeting with Bhutto at a hotel in Abu Dhabi . The pair underwent follow - up talks in June . As a result of their discussions , it was agreed that the Pakistani authorities would drop all charges of corruption against both Bhutto and her husband . It was also agreed that if Musharraf stepped down from his military positions and was elected as a civilian President , then Bhutto would be willing to serve under him as Prime Minister . As part of their negotiations , Musharraf also agreed to lift the ban on individuals serving more than two terms as Prime Minister . Many of Musharraf 's close allies had reservations about his concessions to Bhutto . The US ' Condoleezza Rice and the UK 's Jack Straw worked together to ensure a transition back to electoral democracy in Pakistan . In August 2007 , the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations , Zalmay Khalizad , has several meetings with Bhutto in New York City . In the city , Bhutto also gave a public talk at the Council of Foreign Relations . Bhutto and Khalizad also travelled to a luncheon in Aspen , Colorado to meet with prominent U.S. political and business leaders . In October 2007 , Musharraf was elected President by Pakistan 's parliament . In keeping with the agreement made by Bhutto and Musharraf , the PPP representatives abstained rather than voting against Musharraf 's nomination . Return to Pakistan and the assassination attempt : October -- December 2007 ( edit ) While under house arrest , Benazir Bhutto speaks to supporters outside her house . Bhutto returned to Pakistan in October 2007 , arriving in Karachi . Musharraf was annoyed at her arrival , having requested that she only return after the election . It was widely thought that she had a strong chance of becoming the country 's next Prime Minister in the 2008 national elections . She described the main problem facing her country as the clash between `` moderation and extremism '' , and was pessimistic about her safety . Musharraf himself had survived several assassination attempts by Islamist militants , and warned Bhutto that she too would be a target . She requested that the US or UK take responsibility for her security , but they refused , and her security detail was instead organised by Musharraf . While her cavalcade was making its way through a crowd in Karachi , two bombs went off , killing 149 and injuring 402 . Bhutto herself was physically unharmed . Bhutto alleged that there were four suicide squads that had been dispatched to eliminate her and that there were key officials in the government involved in the plot ; she sent a list naming these officials to Musharraf . Bhutto requested that Musharraf bring in the British Scotland Yard or U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation to investigate the crime , but he refused . Posters of Benazir for sale in Lahore in the run - up to 2008 elections . Relations between the pair were further strained when Musharraf declared a state of emergency and suspended the constitution in November . The PPP and PML - N launched protests at Musharraf 's actions . In November , Bhutto was briefly placed under house arrest . She then publicly denounced Musharraf , fearing that any association with him would damage her credibility . On 16 December , Musharraf lifted the emergency measures and then retired as army chief . On 24 November 2007 , Bhutto filed her nomination papers for January 's Parliamentary elections ; two days later , she filed papers in the Larkana constituency for two regular seats . She did so as former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif , following seven years of exile in Saudi Arabia , made his much - contested return to Pakistan and bid for candidacy . When sworn in again on 30 November 2007 , this time as a civilian president after relinquishing his post as military chief , Musharraf announced his plan to lift the Pakistan 's state of emergency rule on 16 December . Bhutto welcomed the announcement and launched a manifesto outlining her party 's domestic issues . Bhutto told journalists in Islamabad that her party , the PPP , would focus on `` the five E 's '' : employment , education , energy , environment , equality . The PPP 's manifesto called for greater civilian oversight of , and restrictions on , the military and intelligence agencies . They also vowed to rid the intelligence services of elements driven by political or religious motives . On 4 December 2007 , Bhutto met with Nawaz Sharif to publicise their demand that Musharraf fulfill his promise to lift the state of emergency before January 's parliamentary elections , threatening to boycott the vote if he failed to comply . They promised to assemble a committee that would present to Musharraf the list of demands upon which their participation in the election was contingent . Assassination ( edit ) See also : Assassination of Benazir Bhutto and International reaction to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto Mausoleum of Bhutto family at the family graveyard Garhi Khuda Bakhsh , where Benazir Bhutto and several members of her family are buried On the morning of 27 December 2007 , Bhutto met with Afghan President Hamid Karzai . In the afternoon , she gave a speech at a PPP rally held in Rawalpindi 's Liaquat National Bagh . On leaving in a bulletproof vehicle , she opened the car 's escape hatch and stood up to wave to the surrounding crowds . A man stood within two to three metres of the car , fired three gunshots at her , and detonated a suicide vest packed with ball bearings . Bhutto was fatally injured ; reports differ as to whether she was hit by bullets or by shrapnel from the explosion . Bhutto was rushed to Rawalpindi General Hospital but was clinically dead on arrival and attempts at resuscitation were unsuccessful . No autopsy was conducted , and the body was swiftly transported to Chaklala Air Base . The following day , she was buried next to her father in the Bhutto family mausoleum , Garhi Khuda Baksh , her family graveyard near Larkana . PPP supporters rioted in various parts of Pakistan . Authorities claimed that the assassin had been a teenage boy from South Waziristan . They claimed to have proof that the attack had been masterminded by Baitullah Mehsud , leader of the Pakistani Taliban . The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency concurred that this was probable ; Mehsud believed that Bhutto 's pro-American and secularist agenda would undermine the Pakistani Taliban 's control of South Waziristan and hinder the growth of Sunni Islamist radicalism . Mehsud denied the accusation , with al - Qaeda spokesman Mustafa Abu al - Yazid instead claiming that his organisation had carried out the killing on the order of its second - in - command , Ayman al - Zawahiri . The PPP accused the government of a cover - up , with several PPP figures claiming that Bhutto had been killed by a sniper linked to the intelligence agencies . Within Pakistan , there was also public speculation that the attack might have been masterminded by India or the United States . Musharraf agreed to invite Britain 's Scotland Yard to investigate the assassination . Requests for the body to be exhumed for an autopsy were rejected by Zardari . Memorial at the site of the assassination The election was postponed from January to February 2008 , and was won by a coalition established between the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) . The new coalition put forth Yousuf Raza Gilani as Prime Minister . Musharraf , facing likely impeachment , resigned as President in August . He fled to London although , in February 2011 , a Rawalpindi court issued a subpoena for him on the grounds that he had not acted on known threats to Bhutto and had provided insufficient security to protect her . In Bhutto 's political will , she had designated her husband Asif Ali Zardari as her political successor , but Zardari made their nineteen - year - old son , Bilawal , the Chairman of the PPP and he became co-chair of the PPP . In September 2008 , Zardari was elected President of Pakistan by the country 's electoral college . As President , Zardari called for a United Nations investigation into his wife 's assassination . In 2009 , Secretary General Ban Ki - moon established a three - person team to lead the investigation comprising the Chilean Heraldo Muñoz , Irish Peter FitzGerald , and Indonesian Marzuki Darusman . Although it was not in the commission 's remit to identify a culprit , Muñoz later expressed the view that the assassination was likely carried out by the Pakistani Taliban , perhaps with the support of Mehsud , and that they may well have been assisted by rogue elements in the country 's intelligence agencies . He also expressed the view that the original police investigation had been deliberately botched . In February 2012 , the Pakistani official enquiry issued its final report , placing responsibility for the attack with 27 different militant groups . In May 2013 , the state 's main prosecutor in the Bhutto case , Zulfikar Ali , was himself assassinated in Islamabad . There was never a smoking gun in the Bhutto investigation . Many in Pakistan had reasons for wanting Bhutto dead ; her killing was advantageous to both the military establishment and to the Islamic fundamentalists who despised her . Ideology ( edit ) Allen thought that Bhutto 's `` core political values ... were hard to pin down '' . Bhatia described Bhutto as having `` liberal convictions '' and a `` self - evidently progressive outlook '' . Her friend Catherine Drucker , who knew her at Oxford , noted that at the time Bhutto 's political views were akin to those `` commonplace '' within the `` mild leftism of the day '' . Bhutto regarded herself as an ardent supporter of women 's rights , and took a hard stance against militant Islamism . Although she had to compromise with Pakistan 's powerful Islamist lobby , she favoured a secular government for the country . Under Bhutto 's leadership , the PPP was officially secular , as were the governments which she led . She admired the Thatcherite economic policies pursued by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom . She advocated for the creation of an expanded economically and politically stable middle - class in Pakistan , believing that this was needed in order to sustain a stable democratic state . Bhutto described her main role model as Fatimah , the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , stating that she admired her piety , wisdom , and courage . She also described the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a political inspiration . Lamb described Bhutto at being skilled in using populist strategies in election campaigns . Personal life ( edit ) Personality ( edit ) Familial charisma is rare , but in Benazir 's case the Bhutto name matters , in that her father 's charisma easily transferred to her . She had her own charisma when she emerged in the 1980s as a young , articulate , well - educated and well - spoken woman . Her chief assets were her intelligence , her confidence , and the fact that she could talk to people of various backgrounds with empathy . She had the rare quality of humour , which she never lost in spite of leading an uncertain and challenging life . Above all , she could use the media effectively . Her faults as a political leader were many . Too many stories of corruption stuck to her . She was not a good administrator . She was too inclined to listen to her small kitchen cabinet , which very often consisted of people who would say what they thought she wanted to hear . She became prime minister at a particularly young age and had no prior political or other cabinet experience . -- Islamic studies scholar Akbar S. Ahmed , 2008 According to Bhutto biographer Shyam Bhatia , Bhutto had a desire to be liked and to be popular , and for this reason `` was prepared to be all things to all people '' , having a `` chameleon - like '' quality to blend into her environment . He for instance noted that while in Pakistan she presented herself as a conservative Muslim who always wore her head covered , while as a student in Oxford she adopted a more liberal lifestyle , tending to wear a T - shirt and jeans and occasionally drinking wine . Muñoz concurred , describing Bhutto as `` a woman of contradictions '' . As a politician , she was conscious of how her image was presented in Pakistan ; she dressed modestly , was never photographed with a glass lest it be interpreted as containing alcohol , and would refuse to shake men 's hands . The journalist Christina Lamb believed that in being raised in a wealthy and aristocratic family , Bhutto was unable to appreciate the struggles of Pakistan 's poorest . The Islamic studies scholar Akbar S. Ahmed , who went to school with Bhutto , noted that she was a `` pampered and precocious '' child . Bhatia claimed that at Oxford , where he first met her , Bhutto was spoilt , self - obsessed , and prone to throwing temper tantrums , although at the same time was humorous and generous , willing to pay for her friends ' meals whenever at a restaurant . Allen suggested that Bhutto retained her `` characteristic de haut en bas arrogance , a relic of her feudal upbringing '' . Bhutto was an accomplished orator , having honed her skill at public speaking while president of the Oxford Debating Society . Having encountered her later in life , Muñoz regarded Bhutto as a `` charming and intelligent '' woman . Allen noted that Bhutto was `` a woman of action rather than an intellectual '' . Her choice of reading material was usually either utilitarian or pleasurable rather than intellectual ; she enjoyed reading Mills & Boon romance novels and celebrity - focused Hello ! magazine . She read a number of self - help books , telling a friend that `` for all the lows in my life , those self - help books helped me survive , I can tell you . '' Ahmed stated that `` her father 's charisma easily transferred to her . '' The journalist Christina Lamb noted that Bhutto shared her father 's charisma and arrogance , and was also impatient of criticism in a manner similar to him . The connection between Bhutto and her father was endorsed by Allen , who stated that they `` had much in common : strength , charisma , political instinct , and the courage , part and parcel of their arrogance , that was so characteristic of both . '' Allen also believed that Bhutto was so dedicated to her father that `` psychologically '' , she was `` unable to admit to any imperfection '' in him . In later life , she was accused of being addicted to power , although Allen thought it more accurate to state that she was `` addicted to adulation '' . Close friends called her `` BB '' or `` Pinkie '' , the latter being the childhood nickname given her by her parents . Bhutto was devoted to her father and husband . In later life , she increasingly came to see success through the prism of her family . She had a love of French and Italian cuisine . In a 2002 interview with The Guardian , Bhutto described her allegiance to the Sufi branch of Sunni Islam . Allen thought her to have `` some genuine , if unorthodox , religious belief , mixed up with superstition '' . In conversation , she often used the phrase `` inshallah '' , and insisted that the Quran supported the equality of the sexes . Family ( edit ) Benazir Bhutto , carrying her son Bilawal Bhutto Zardari , leaving an airliner upon her arrival for a state visit with husband Asif Ali Zardari ( in background ) See also : Zardari family On returning to Pakistan in the 1987 , Bhutto 's mother organised for her to marry the businessman Asif Ali Zardari . Many of her friends were surprised that Bhutto acquiesced to an arranged marriage given her liberal attitudes , however she later related that she `` felt obligations to my family and my religion '' to go through with it and that her high public profile made it difficult for her to find a husband through other means . She consistently presented an image of loyalty to her husband , throughout the many accusations and periods of imprisonment he faced . After Asif was released from prison in 2004 , there were rumour that the couple 's marriage was over as they spent the last few years apart . This view has been supported by Bhutto 's biographist Allen Brookes . However , Bhutto had denied any rift with her husband , at a 2007 interview with Ginny Dougary . At the interview , Bhutto claimed that her husband needs to be in New York because of his medical concerns . On 18 December 1987 , Bhutto married Asif Ali Zardari in an arranged marriage at Karachi . The couple had three children : a son , Bilawal and two daughters , Bakhtawar and Aseefa . When she gave birth to Bakhtawar in 1990 , she became the first modern head of government to give birth while in office . Legacy ( edit ) See also : List of things named after Benazir Bhutto Bhutto left a deeply polarizing legacy Benazir Bhutto memorial coin , commemorative coin of Pakistan . Muñoz described her as `` one of Pakistan 's most important political figures , a respected world leader , and the leading stateswoman in the Islamic world '' . Ahmed stated that she was one of very few political leaders who had been able to `` assume the iconic status of a political martyr in the West while simultaneously evoking strong sentiments in the Muslim world . '' He therefore contrasted her with contemporaries like Iraq 's Saddam Hussein who were popular domestically but hated in the West , and those like Egypt 's Hosni Mubarak who curried favour with Western governments while alienating their domestic audience . Comparisons were often made between Bhutto and the Filipino political leader Corazon Aquino who also spent time in exile . Within the Islamic world , Bhutto was often regarded as `` a genuine Muslim political leader '' and recognised as the leader of Pakistan 's most popular political party . At the same time there were many Pakistanis who despised her , disliking her popularity , her ties to Western nations , and her modernising agenda . Extremist Sunni Islamist elements opposed her leadership because they believed it wrong for a woman to lead an Islamic society , and because they believed that she was in reality a Shia . She gained popularity in Western nations in part because she could present herself as being `` part of their world '' , speaking a high standard of English and having been educated at Harvard and Oxford . In the West , her supporters sometimes had doubts about her ability to govern , but they generally viewed her as a progressive figure who could advance democracy and counter-terrorism in Pakistan . Commenting on her legacy , William Dalrymple writes that `` it 's wrong for the West simply to mourn Benazir Bhutto as a martyred democrat since her legacy was far murkier and more complex '' . Despite her western and positive image in the world , Bhutto 's controversial policies and support have made her legacy much more complicated . Benazir Bhutto failed to revert the controversial Hudood Ordinance -- a controversial presidential ordinance which suppressed women 's rights , making them subordinate to men . In 2009 , the CBS News , described her legacy as `` mixed '' , and commented that : `` it 's only in death that she will become an icon -- in some ways people will look at her accomplishments through rose - tinted glasses rather than remembering the corruption charges , her lack of achievements or how much she was manipulated by other people . '' The Guardian , writing about Benazir , termed her `` ( both ) a victim , as well as in part a culprit , of its ( Pakistan 's ) chronic instability '' . Writing her obituary , The New York Times referred her as `` a woman of grand aspirations with a taste for complex political maneuverings '' . Journalist Adele M. Stan published an article on The American Prospect after her death calling Bhutto `` An Imperfect Feminist '' and noted `` Though she looked like a walking holy card , Bhutto was hardly a saint . Said to have presided over something of a kleptocracy during her two terms as prime minister , Bhutto also , for all her railing against the mullahs , cut her deals with the religious parties and supported the Taliban 's rise to power in neighboring Afghanistan . '' Bhutto became a global icon for women 's rights . Bhutto was the first woman in the world to head a Muslim majority country , which influenced other Muslim women to follow her path. Her fight - for - right policy has influenced a number of people , including the youngest - ever Nobel Prize laureate Malala Yousafzai . Her efforts and struggle to save her father and democracy remain a lasting legacy that is deeply respected among her rivals . Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan have been named after her . The Pakistani government honored Bhutto on her birthday by renaming Islamabad 's airport Benazir Bhutto International Airport , Muree Road of Rawalpindi as Benazir Bhutto Road and Rawalpindi General Hospital as Benazir Bhutto Hospital . Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani , a member of Bhutto 's PPP , also asked President Pervez Musharraf to pardon convicts on death row on her birthday in honour of Bhutto . Authored books ( edit ) Daughter of Destiny : An Autobiography . Simon & Schuster . March 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0061672682 . Reconciliation : Islam , Democracy , and the West . HarperCollins. 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 156758 - 2 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Munir Ahmad Khan , technical director of Pakistan 's integrated weapons programme and former Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) , `` She was the eldest child of former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto '' , 1999 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reporter , The Newspaper 's Staff ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) . `` New airport not to be named after Benazir Bhutto '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Following in Benazir 's footsteps , Malala aspires to become PM of Pakistan -- The Express Tribune '' . 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. 14 ; Khuhro & Soomro 2013 , p. 274 ; Allen 2016 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Khuhro & Soomro 2013 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 2016 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , pp. 12 -- 13 ; Muñoz 2013 , p. 20 ; Allen 2016 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb 1991 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. x . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Allen 2016 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. 14 ; Muñoz 2013 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. 14 ; Allen 2016 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 2016 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Muñoz 2013 , p. 19 ; Allen 2016 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. 14 ; Allen 2016 , p. 15 . 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The Sunday Times . 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` £ 4 m Surrey mansion in Bhutto ' corruption ' row '' . The Sunday Times . 21 November 2004 . Jump up ^ `` In oil - for - food shadow , Benazir Bhutto set up a firm too ; from google ( benazir bhutto petrofine ) result 1 '' . Jump up ^ Jay Mazoomdaar ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` In oil - for - food shadow , Benazir Bhutto set up a firm too '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ali Zain ( 4 April 2016 ) . `` Panama Papers : Benazir Bhutto 's oil firm paid huge bribes to Iraqi President Saddam Hussain for contracts '' . Daily Pakistan . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court orders confiscation of Zardari 's entire property '' . 2 April 2006 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan seeks arrest of Bhutto , BBC News , 26 January 2006 '' . 26 January 2006 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Khalida Mazhar ( 25 January 2007 ) . `` Pakistan 's ex-PM Bhutto to meet President Bush '' . Pakistan Times . 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Jump up ^ Arianna Huffington . `` Benazir Bhutto : From the Oxford Union to her Last Rally in Rawalpindi '' . HuffPost . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 2016 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Bhatia 2008 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Allen 2016 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` The End Of The Affair '' . Outlook India . Jump up ^ Allen 2016 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's daughter '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Bhutto , Benazir ( 10 April 2007 ) . `` Mother courage '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Paisley ( 11 February 2009 ) . `` Benazir Bhutto 's Mixed Legacy For Women 's Rights '' . CBS News . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 2007 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Benazir Bhutto '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Perlez , Jane ; Burnett , Victoria ( 2007 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Benazir Bhutto , 54 , Lived in Eye of Pakistan Storm '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Stan , Adele M. `` Benazir Bhutto : An Imperfect Feminist '' . The American Prospect . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Muñoz 2013 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan pays tribute to Bhutto '' . Reuters. 21 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Brooke ( 2016 ) . Benazir Bhutto : Favored Daughter . Icons Series . New York : Amazon / New Harvest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 544 - 64893 - 7 . Houtman , Gustaaf ; Ahmed , Akbar ( 2008 ) . `` Benazir Bhutto ( 1953 -- 2007 ) : A Conversation with Akbar Ahmed '' . Anthropology Today . 24 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 5 . Ahmed , K.A. ; Choudhry , I.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Benazir Bhutto 's Struggle for Democracy '' . European Journal of Social Sciences . 10 ( 1 ) . Akhter , M. Javaiid ( 2009 ) . `` Politics of Reconciliation and Accommodation : A Study of Benazir Bhutto 's First Era Democratic Government 1988 -- 1990 '' . Journal of Political Studies . 16 : 63 -- 80 . Khuhro , Amir Ahmed ; Soomro , Ali Nawaz ( 2013 ) . `` The Role of Benazir Bhutto in the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy : An Analysis '' . International Journal of Social Science and Humanity. 3 ( 3 ) : 274 -- 277 . doi : 10.7763 / IJSSH. 2013. V3. 243 . Bhatia , Shyam ( 2008 ) . Goodbye Shahzadi : A Political Biography of Benazir Bhutto . Lotus Collection . ISBN 9788174366580 . Lamb , Christina ( 1991 ) . Waiting for Allah : Pakistan 's Struggle for Democracy . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014334 - 8 . Muñoz , Heraldo ( 2013 ) . Getting Away with Murder : Benazir Bhutto 's Assassination and the Politics of Pakistan . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393062915 . Talbot , Ian ( 2009 ) . Pakistan : A Modern History ( third ed . ) . London : C. Hurst and Co . Further reading ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Shaikh ( 2000 ) . Benazir Bhutto : a political biography . Oriental Books Publishing House . ISBN 9698534008 . W.F. Pepper , ( 1983 ) , Benazir Bhutto , WF Pepper , ISBN 978 - 0 - 946781 - 00 - 3 Katherine M. Doherty ; Craig A. Doherty ( 1 September 1990 ) . Benazir Bhutto. Franklin Watts . ISBN 978 - 0 - 531 - 10936 - 6 . Brooke Allen ( 2016 ) . Benazir Bhutto : Favored Daughter . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . ISBN 9780544648937 . Diane Sansevere - Dreher ( 1 August 1991 ) . Benazir Bhutto . Skylark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 15857 - 1 . M. Fathers , ( 1992 ) , Biography of Benazir Bhutto , W.H. Allen / Virgin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 245 - 54965 - 6 Elizabeth Bouchard ( 1 February 1992 ) . Benazir Bhutto : Prime Minister . Blackbirch Press , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56711 - 027 - 2 . Iqbal Akhund ( 2000 ) . Trial and error : the advent and eclipse of Benazir Bhutto . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579160 - 0 . Libby Hughes ( May 2000 ) . Benazir Bhutto : From Prison to Prime Minister . Backinprint.com . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 00388 - 4 . Mercedes Padrino Anderson ; Mercedes Padrino ( March 2004 ) . Benazir Bhutto . Chelsea House Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 7732 - 0 . Mary Englar ( 28 February 2007 ) . Benazir Bhutto : Pakistani Prime Minister and Activist . Coughlan Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 1798 - 4 . Ayesha Siddiqa ; Ayesha Siddiqa - Agha ( 2007 ) . Military Inc : inside Pakistan 's military economy . Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 2545 - 3 . Benazir Bhutto Selected Speeches 1989 -- 2007 , 600 Pages Articles written to pay tribute to Benazir Bhutto ; Sani Panhwar , ( 2010 ) 247 Pages Torild Skard ( 2014 ) ' Benazir Bhutto ' in `` Women of Power -- half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide '' , Bristol : Policy Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 44731 - 578 - 0 Anna Suvorova ( February 2015 ) . Benazir Bhutto : A Multidimensional Portrait . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 940172 - 7 . Other related publications ( edit ) Ahmad Ejaz , ( 1993 ) , Benazir Bhutto 's foreign policy : A study of Pakistan 's relations with major powers , Classic , ASIN B0000CQV0Y Lubna Rafique , ( 1994 ) , Benazir & British Press , 1986 -- 1990 , Gautam , ASIN B0000CP41S Sayyid Afzal Haidar , ( 1996 ) , Bhutto trial , National Commission on History & Culture , ASIN B0000CPBFX Mumtaz Husain Bazmi , ( 1996 ) , Zindanon se aivanon tak , al - Hamd Pablikeshanz , ASIN B0000CRPOT Prof. Dr. Khuhro . Amir Ahmed , ( 2012 ) `` Personality as a Factor in Foreign Policy Making ( a case study of Pak : US Relations during Benazir Bhutto periods ) '' , printed and published by The Lambert Academic Publishing ( LAP ) Company , Saarbrücken , Germany under its ISBN 978 - 3 - 659 - 29380 - 1 , published on 3 November 2012 . Prof. Dr. Khuhro . Amir Ahmed , ( 2013 ) `` Benazir Bhutto ( Life & trends in foreign policy ) '' published and printed by The Lambert Academic Publishing ( LAP ) Company , Saarbrücken , Germany under its ISBN 978 - 3 - 659 - 38290 - 1 , published on 6 May 2013 . Prof. Dr. Khuhro . Amir Ahmed and Soomro . Ali Nawaz. ( 2013 ) The Role of Benazir Bhutto in the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy : an analysis , International Journal of Social Science and Humanity , ( IJSSH ) ( 2010 -- 3646 ) , Vol : 03 , No : 03 , International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology Press , ( IACSIT Press ) Singapore , May 2013 , p - 274 - 277 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benazir Bhutto . Wikinews has news related to : Benazir Bhutto Wikiquote has quotations related to : Benazir Bhutto Appearances on C - SPAN Party political offices Preceded by Nusrat Bhutto Leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party 1982 -- 2007 Acting : 1982 -- 1984 Succeeded by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari Succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari Political offices Preceded by Muhammad Khan Junejo Prime Minister of Pakistan 1988 -- 1990 Succeeded by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Acting Preceded by Mahbub ul Haq Acting Minister of Finance 1988 -- 1990 Succeeded by Sartaj Aziz Preceded by Mahmoud Haroon Acting Minister of Defence 1988 -- 1990 Succeeded by Ghous Ali Shah Preceded by Khan Abdul Wali Khan Leader of the Opposition 1990 -- 1993 Succeeded by Nawaz Sharif Preceded by Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi Acting Prime Minister of Pakistan 1993 -- 1996 Succeeded by Malik Meraj Khalid Acting Preceded by Syed Babar Ali Minister of Finance 1994 -- 1996 Succeeded by Naveed Qamar Preceded by Nawaz Sharif Leader of the Opposition 1996 -- 1999 Succeeded by Fazl - ur - Rehman Diplomatic posts Preceded by Marich Man Singh Shrestha Chairperson of SAARC Succeeded by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benazir_Bhutto&oldid=833199188 '' Categories : Benazir Bhutto 1953 births 2007 deaths 20th - century Pakistani politicians 20th - century Pakistani writers 20th - century women politicians 21st - century Pakistani politicians 21st - century Pakistani writers 21st - century politicians 21st - century women politicians Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford Alumni of St Catherine 's College , Oxford Assassinated Pakistani politicians Bhutto family Children of national leaders Children of Prime Ministers of Pakistan Convent of Jesus and Mary , Karachi alumni Convent of Jesus and Mary , Murree alumni Female heads of government Islamic democracy activists Karachi Grammar School alumni Leaders of the Opposition ( Pakistan ) Pakistan Peoples Party politicians Pakistani exiles Pakistani expatriates in the United Arab Emirates Pakistani anti-communists Pakistani financiers Pakistani Muslims Pakistani people of Iranian descent Pakistani people of Kurdish descent Pakistani politicians convicted of crimes Pakistani women in business Women federal ministers of Pakistan People from Clifton , Karachi People from Larkana District People murdered in Punjab , Pakistan People named in the Panama Papers Politicians from Karachi Presidents of the Oxford Union Prime Ministers of Pakistan Radcliffe College alumni Sindhi people Terrorism deaths in Pakistan Women opposition leaders Women prime ministers Zardari family Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use Pakistani English from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Sindhi - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 05 : 55 . 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4333321293456151845	List of Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures episodes	List of Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures episodes - wikipedia List of Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures episodes This is a list of episodes for the Disney XD animated series Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Original airdates First aired Last aired 26 June 15 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 13 June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) December 2 , 2014 13 May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by United States air date Canada air date US viewers ( millions ) `` The Adventure Begins , Part I '' Tom Ruegger & Paul Rugg June 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 15 ) 17 March 2014 N / A It has been many years since the ghost wars and no one except for Pac believes in Ghosts anymore . But when Pac opens a portal from the Netherworld , Ghosts come into Pac - World . Pac meets President Spheros , who tells him each berry on the tree of life will give him a different power , but they all allow him to defeat ghosts . The tree also keeps the planet alive so they must protect it . The Ghosts try to take the Tree of Life , but Pac eats most of them and the last ones ( consisting of Blinky , Inky , Pinky , and Clyde ) surrender . They think they have won until they find out the Ghosts have the Tree of Life . `` The Adventure Begins , Part II '' Tom Ruegger & Paul Rugg June 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 15 ) TBA N / A Pac , his friends , and the Ghosts who surrendered sneak into the Netherworld to take back the Tree of Life . It turns out to be a trap . Pinky thinks Pac has a crush on her and at first he denies it , but his friends tell him to say yes . When he does , he and his friends are let out . The Ghost Gang pretends to be outsmarted , while Pac and his friends escape with the Tree of Life . `` No Pets Allowed ... Especially Monsters ! , Part I '' Sean Catherine Derek June 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) TBA N / A When Betrayus ca n't defeat Pac ( now given the title Pac - Man ) , he clones a bunch of monsters to create an army that Pac ca n't eat . Inky , Blinky , Pinky , and Clyde warn him and he uses the berries against the monsters . But one monster saves him when he runs out of berries and they want to keep him as a pet but there 's only one problem : no pets are allowed in the dorm . `` No Pets Allowed ... Especially Monsters ! , Part II '' Sean Catherine Derek June 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) TBA N / A Dr. Buttocks creates a machine that makes giant monsters , but Pac uses a berry to make him giant too . He defeats one monster , but there is still one left and the berry wears off . Just then , Sir Cumference comes with a shrink ray and Pac goes into the monster 's mouth to shrink it . Meanwhile , the pet is too much so they give it to Sir Cumference . 5 5 `` All You Can Eat '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown June 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 21 ) TBA N / A Betrayus finds out Pac - Man 's weakness is food . So Betrayus forces Inky , Blinky , Pinky , and Clyde to make Pac too full to eat ghosts . When the ghosts steal too much food , President Spheros limits him to three meals a day , but Betrayus makes him eat Netherworld food . He gets full and the ghosts attack , but Clyde burps him and he eats the Ghosts . Back in the Netherworld , there is no more food and Betrayus must deal with an angry Fluffy . 6 6 `` President Possessed ! '' Len Uhley June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) TBA N / A When Ghosts attack President Spheros , Dr. Buttocks possesses him as part of Betrayus ' plot to find the repository that is holding Betrayus ' body . Pac - Man and his friends go to see Sir Cumference and get a Paco - Strobo - Cacophonater . The possessed President Spheros makes everyone hate Pac - Man and Pac finds out he 's been possessed . He makes Pac give him the berries and it is actually the Paco - Strobo - Cacophonater which gets Dr. Buttocks out of President Spheros ' body . 7 7 `` Is Zit You Or Is Zit Me ? '' Ken Pontac June 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) TBA N / A Pac has a huge zit just before picture day and the more stressed he gets , the more zits he gets . So Betrayus gets Ghosts to stress him out . When they attack him , he tries a shrink berry only for him to accidentally eat a balloon berry . He realizes his friends do n't care how he looks , so he just eats the insulting ghosts . Meanwhile , Sir Cumference looks for the portal to the Netherworld , but the ghosts get in the way . Pac defeats them and seals the portal with his zits . Because of his paint allergy , it was Skeebo who had the zits on picture day instead of Pac . 8 8 `` Pac To The Future '' Glenn Leopold June 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) TBA N / A President Spheros is throwing a party and Pac wishes his parents are there . Betrayus plans an attack on Indepacdence Day . Pac decides to see Sir Cumference and he makes a super-fast vehicle that ends up taking them back in time . He meets his parents and himself as a baby . He ca n't tell his parents who he is . He meets Sir Cumference in the past and has to get him some parts to fix the machine , but is also asked to babysit himself which he has a hard time with . His friends get the parts and he finds out Butt - ler has been spying on them . Just before he goes back , his parents find out who he is . Once he 's back , he and his friends defeat the ghosts . 9 9 `` Heebo - Skeebo '' Bob Forward June 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 27 ) TBA N / A Kingpin Obtuse is spying on Pac - Man for Betrayus and calls for an invasion but Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde are just playing tricks on the citizens . Skeebo wants Pac - Man 's berries so he can be a hero . Betrayus wants the power berries too , so Kingpin Obtuse and Skeebo team up but Skeebo ca n't get the power berries and gives up . Betrayus gets Ghosts as a distraction and Kingpin Obtuse gets Skeebo back and he takes the berries but keeps them all for himself . Skeebo uses the berries for showing off even though he ca n't eat Ghosts . Kingpin Obtuse makes him take on Betrayus and Pac has to rescue him . Dr. Buttocks captures Skeebo and tries to take his power berries but Skeebo ate them all . Pac - Man saves Skeebo , but Skeebo still hates him and leaves . The next morning , there is an article in the paper on how Skeebo is n't a hero upon him cowering before Betrayus . 10 10 `` Mission ImPacable ! '' Jymn Magon June 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) TBA N / A When Pac eats all the food he sees , he decides he needs better self - control . Dr. Buttocks has different ideas and invents a chip to control Pac - Man . Pac goes to see Sir Conference about his eating and he tells him it 's all in his head and next time he wants to eat , just say no . Betrayus tries to make Pac eat the ghost with the chip inside it but Pac tries not to using his new self - control . Betrayus has to put the Ghost in his mouth forcibly . Betrayus starts playing around with Pac - Man and his friends think he 's resisting his temptation . Inky , Blinky , Pinky , and Clyde find out Dr. Buttocks wants to control Pac - Man too , but Betrayus wo n't let him . Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde tell him . He needs a berry but Betrayus makes him destroy the Berries and he needs to go to the tree of life , but instead , he and his friends sneak in with Pac - Man blind folded and Betrayus thinks he 's asleep . So he goes to sleep too . Unfortunately , Pac wakes him up . He tries attacking Pac with Fluffy , but his friends tie Fluffy to a bungee cord . Pac burps out the chip and it lands on Betrayus and Dr. Buttocks finally gets the remote . 11 11 `` No Body Knows '' `` Nobody Knows '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) TBA N / A Betrayus puts spy bugs everywhere to spy on President Spheros and to find the repository . He gets Pac - Man to guard it while Sir Cumference moves it . Betrayus gets mad at Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde but gets a note and finds the repository . He sends out the Creepies . Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde tell Pac - Man and he says he 'll try to get their bodies back . The Creepies have the repository by the time Pac gets there , and they take it into the maze . Pac and the Creepies fight over the repository , but they lose it and Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde get it and get a body . The Creepies take it through the portal . Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde ca n't get along in one body so they come along to get the repository . The handle is broken off the repository so Betrayus sends the Creepies to find another way to open it . Pac and his friends find the repository but loses his berries and is caught by Betrayus . Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde turn back into Ghosts and help Pac - Man . He eats all the ghosts and gets the repository . Sir Cumference takes the repository somewhere unknown before Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde can get their bodies back . Meanwhile Betrayus has to deal with an angry mob of ghosts . 12 12 `` Seems Like Old Times '' Glenn Leopold July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) TBA N / A Sir Cumference wo n't come out of his lab , locks it up and wo n't answer President Spheros ' calls . Pac - Man goes to see why and finds out he 's working on a top secret machine but needs slimetainium . Dr. Buttocks creates a machine to suck Pac - Man 's brain . He says they need Cyclops Eye Goo . Pinky shows him the way to the sleeping cyclops , but Sir Cumference crashes and nearly falls off a cliff . He tries to get the eye goo , but wakes one up . They sound an alarm . A bunch of Ghosts attack them . They get away , but he thinks Pac - Man and his friends do n't believe in him and so he goes back without them . Sir Cumference gets caught and Dr. Buttocks is about to brain - suck him but keeps on talking . Fuzbitz knocks it out of his hands and on to Betrayus . Dr. Buttocks and Buttler suck his brain . Pac - Man and his friends escape with the Eye Goo , and Sir Cumference proves he 's still a fighter . 13 13 `` Betrayus Turns the Heat Up '' Mark Young July 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) TBA N / A The people of PacWorld are starting to get scorching hot ! When Sir Cumfrence creates a unsliming machine he tests it on the white house secretary . The machine backfires and the Secretary of Security is infuriated . Meanwhile , Lord Betrayus is causing the heat wave with Dr. Buttock 's machine powered by the flames of three Pac - Dragons and makes it even hotter with a plan to make all the Pac - Worlders drowsy and want to sleep . Back in Pac - World , the Secretary of Security accuses Sir Cumfrence of causing the heat wave . He demands house arrest against Sir Cumfrence , but Pac and his friends help Sir Cumference escape . The heat wave is causing the Tree of Life to die and that means all the power out of the berries is starting to stop working . The group then figure out that Betrayus was behind it all . Inky , Blinky , Pinky and Clyde finish off the mystery . Since the Power Berries are dead , Spiral and Cylindria can not go with Pac - Man . Pac - Man goes with the Blinky , Inky , Pinky , and Clyde and they spot Dr. Buttocks who Pac eats and burps out his eyes . Pac then confuses three Pac - Dragons which makes causes them destroy the furnace . Pac returns to Pac - World and President Spheros fires the Secretary of Security and Buttocks deals with some angry Pac - Dragons . 14 14 `` Pac - Pong Fever '' Eric Shaw July 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 05 ) TBA N / A Pac and Spiral compete for the Paclympics . Cylindria finds out Pac 's aunt is Spheria Suprema , a great Pac - Pong player . The only one who came close to beating her was Betrayus who says she cheated . Spheria challenges Pac , Spiral and Cylindria to a game of Pac - Pong . When Betrayus demands a rematch , Spheria accepts so Betrayus has to get into shape . Sir Cumference helps Spheria by creating a machine ... which she beats . Betrayus makes Dr. Buttocks and Butt - ler work out instead of him . The match is held in the netherworld , and Butt - ler try 's to help Betrayus cheat . When that does n't work , he uses distractions . Pac eats the ghosts helping Betrayus , and Spheria wins . Spheria begins training Pac and his friends for the next Paclympics . 15 15 `` Driver 's Pac '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) TBA N / A Pac - Man is getting ready to take his drivers test and is telling Spiral and Cylindria that he is confident because he practiced with his Aunt Spheria . He fails the test because of a suspicious shaking in the ground . Pac - Man and his friends go to the lab where Sir Cumference and Aunt Spheria are working on Pac 's ride . In the Netherworld , it is revealed that Betrayus is drilling a hole into PacWorld . Guest star : Mark Oliver as Mr. Strictler 16 16 `` Jinxed '' Michael Maurer July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) TBA N / A Betrayus enlists the aid of a lovesick witch named Madame Ghoulasha in giving the Pac - Man bad luck with a jinx . Meanwhile , Dr. Buttocks is suspicious that the Ghost Gang is aiding Pac - Man . So he has them bugged with a device , thus preventing them from telling Pacster about Betrayus ' latest scheme . Yet the Ghost Gang got around it by showing boards with words instead of actually saying them . Then Betrayus breaks the deal when he refused to marry Madame Ghoulasha so the curse was reversed and Pac had good luck instead . 17 17 `` Indiana Pac and the Temple of Slime '' Ken Pontac August 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 31 ) TBA N / A An ancient artifact that once belonged to Pac - Man 's parents leads to a temple within a maze that may hold the secret to the Tree of Life . 18 18 `` Planet Pac '' `` Planet Pac vs. the Ghosteroid '' Ken Pontac September 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 14 ) TBA 0.24 In an attempt to save PacWorld from a giant Ghosteroid that is lured in by Dr. Buttocks , Pac - Man must grow to planet - sized proportions . When the Netherworld is also threatened by the Ghosteroid , Betrayus sends the Ghost Gang to help Pac - Man . 19 19 `` Stand By Your Pac - Man '' Story by : Steve Granat & Cydne Clark Teleplay by : Sean Catherine Derek September 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 21 ) TBA 0.29 Pinky gets jealous of Pac - Man 's friendship with Cylindria on ValenPac Day . Meanwhile , Betrayus summons the Pacinator , the criminal who got rid of all of the Yellow Ones ( except Pac - Man ) , to freeze Pac - Man with his frozen yogurt gun that freezes anyone who consumes it . During that time , Pac - Man learns that the Pacinator had gotten rid of the Yellow Ones under the orders of someone he claims is more evil than Betrayus . 20 20 `` PacLantis '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown September 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 28 ) TBA 0.35 When Dr. Buttocks acquires a map leading to the ancient lost city of PacLantis , Pac , Cyli and Spiral voyage to the bottom of the sea to try and beat Butt - ler , Buttocks , Betrayus , and the Ghost Gang , and retrieve the legendary power Berry of Youth . 21 21 `` Jurassic Pac '' Ken Pontac October 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 05 ) TBA 0.45 When Fuzbitz unearths a Pacosaurus Pex skeleton , Dr. Buttocks , along with his doppelgangers , clone and reanimate the fossilized creatures back to life . In order to save Pac - world and the Round House , Pac must eat an Elder Berry to stop them but it also causes him to become wild . Pac grows into a giant ape reminiscent of King Kong and after scaring off the dinosaurs , kidnaps Cyli . She reminds him of their friendship by mentioning past instances , like putting make - up on his zit - covered face or picnicking on his planet - sized nose or when she climbed in his ginormous mouth in the temple of slime . 22 22 `` A Berry Scary Night '' Sean Catherine Derek & Glenn Leopold October 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 12 ) TBA 0.30 The two moons of PacWorld turn blue every 100 Halloweens , so Betrayus summons the sinister Pac - Vampire named Count Pacula to drain the last Yellow One in PacWorld . 23 23 `` The Great Chase ! '' Jymn Magon October 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 19 ) TBA 0.35 Betrayus tries to learn the secret location of the Repository , so he possesses his mother 's body while Dr. Buttocks hypnotizes the president . 24 24 `` Robo Woes '' Ken Pontac October 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 26 ) 22 July 2014 0.31 When a super gigantic robot from outer space invades Pacopolis wielding a weapon that renders the power berries powerless , Pac - Man faces the ultimate challenge and nearly succumbs to doubts that without the berries , he is not really a hero . 25 25 `` The Spy Who Slimed Me '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown November 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 02 ) TBA 0.36 Pac must get help from an unexpected source when a spy ghost named Specter possesses Aunt Spheria 's dog and infiltrates Sir Cumference 's lab , but Specter , however , has plans of his own , when Pac and his friends find out Specter is a rebel who wants both Pac - World and the Netherworld for himself , they expose him as a liar and a traitor by using a slug - cam . 26 26 `` Invasion of the Pointy Heads '' Ken Pontac November 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 09 ) 26 August 2014 0.47 With the aid of the Pac - Aliens , Apex strikes a deal with the Netherworld to join forces to take over Pac - World . Yet when Apex turns against Betrayus to take over Pac - World for himself and give everyone the virus and no working hospitals , Pac - Man must work with Betrayus to stop the Pac - Aliens before they take over Pac - World . In the End , Pac - Man discovers from Apex that his parents are still alive . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by United States air date Canada air date US viewers ( millions ) 27 `` Ride the Wild Pac - Topus '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) 9 September 2014 N / A President Spheros asks Pac to guard a golden key but Dr. Buttocks rigs a ride at the carnival to get it from him but Skeebo rides it . He rigs more rides but they keep on backfiring . The Ghost Gang sneaks into the carnival to have their own fun . 28 `` Meanie Genie '' Ken Pontac June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) TBA N / A Pac - Man is tricked into finding a bottle holding a genie who promises to grant his every wish , which leads to all of Pac World being in danger from the ghosts . Pac wished they were out of the netherworld , but the genie put the ghosts in Pac World before wreaking havoc . 29 `` Cave Pac - Man '' Sean Catherine Derek June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) TBA N / A While trying to stop Mt . Packinely from erupting due to Dr. Buttock 's Dragon Furnace , Pacman uncovers a prehistoric Cave Pac - Kid . 30 `` Cosmic Contest '' Ken Pontac June 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) TBA N / A During a pointy head and ghost invasion , everyone gets frozen in individual force fields when a disembodied voice states that the ruckus has woken a powerful alien race called the Overlords of the Outer Reaches from a centuries long nap , and decides to settle the dispute once and for all . Three teams , Pac and Spiral , Dr. Buttocks and Betrayus , and Apex and Tip ( a fellow pointy head ) , will compete in a race through time and space , the winners will be allowed to remain on Pac World , the losers will be sent into a dimension of nothingness . 31 5 `` That Smarts ! '' Ken Pontac June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 4 November 2014 N / A Pac - Man eats a brainy berry when Dr. Buttocks attacks the city with a giant robot while Sir C is on vacation . Soon things escalate into an all - out giant robot battle . In a side story Betrayus spies on Sir C and Spheria on a romantic getaway and ends up depressing himself . 32 6 `` Pac - Mania '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown June 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) 18 November 2014 N / A Pac - Man enjoys being a celebrity until a TV show being made about his life begins to make Pac , Cyli , and Spiral look like fools and Betrayus plans to use it for his own evil plans . 33 7 `` Rip Van Packle '' Michael Maurer June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 26 November 2014 N / A Cylindria reminds Pac that it is her birthday . Later while looking for his parents in space Pac - Man finds himself transported 70 years into the future where Betrayus rules Pacworld and has bewitched all innocent lives except for Cylindria , Spiral and Sir Cumference . Cyli describes herself as a kung fu granny , indicating that she may be a grandmother . In the end , it is revealed that it was all just a dream . 34 8 `` Spooka - Bazooka ! '' Jymn Magon June 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) 2 December 2014 N / A Dr. Buttocks invents a weapon called the spookabazooka , a device which can be used to capture ghosts , and ends up putting a tired Pac - Man out of a job . But the device has one hidden feature : it plays an irresistible lullaby that puts its users to sleep for 100 minutes thus allowing Betrayus to invade Pacopolis . Can Pac - Man stop the ghosts while the entire world is asleep ? Meanwhile , the narrator tells this story as if it is Sleeping Beauty , which annoys Buttocks . 35 9 `` The Pac Be With You '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 25 January 2015 N / A Pac learns a new fighting technique from Blinky when the ultimate ninja ghost named Master Goo trains Betrayus ' army . 36 10 `` The Shadow of the Were - Pac '' Ken Pontac October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) TBA N / A President Spheros decides to throw the spookiest Halloween party ever , but a series of mysterious Were - Pac attacks threaten the event . 37 11 `` Cap'n Banshee and his Interstellar Buccaneers '' `` Cap'n Banshee and His Interstellar Buccaneers '' Ken Pontac October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) TBA N / A A cruise in the skies during the summer is interrupted by summer sky cruise takes a turn for the worse when Pac and his pals are confronted by ghostly pirates from outer space , Pac and his allies must save the day . 38 12 `` A Hard Dazed Knight '' Jymn Magon October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 17 March 2015 N / A When Dr. Buttocks coats some ancient armor with his newly invented Buttanium , he creates a ghost army that not even Pac - Man can chew through . With Sir Cumference 's help , Pac - Man manages to break a hole in the armor so he can suck the ghosts into his mouth . 39 13 `` Happy Holidays and a Merry Berry Day '' Ken Pontac & Sean Catherine Derek December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 7 December 2014 0.25 Events that take place exactly 1 year after the 2015 `` Santa Pac '' episode . Pac meets visitors on a `` top - secret '' mission , on another celebration of the holiday Berry Day . Pac chooses to hide them from his friends , who eventually become suspicious that something is wrong . This was originally part 2 of a 44 minute project called Santa Pac 's Merry Berry Day . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) This was originally pitched to English distributors as the second half of season 2 . but when it was picked up in May 2015 the episodes ( originally slated for 2014 ) were instead distributed as season 3 from June to December of 2015 , and episode 40 + is still classified as season 3 as of 2016 . Unlike DXD and CHRGD , the Radio Times in the United Kingdom appears to have ignored the season 3 splitting and considers episodes 40 - 52 to be episodes 14 - 26 of `` series 2 . No . overall No. in season Title Written by Original debut Alternate debuts US viewers ( millions ) 40 `` Peace Without Slime '' Sean Catherine Derek 31 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) in Japan May 18 , 2015 N / A Pac - World 's election is coming up and Betrayus uses Obtuse as a puppet candidate . He rigs the election and wins , hoping to find the Tree of Life and the Repository . The episode continues into episode 41 . Meanwhile Cylindria and Skeebo begin to run for class president , with even funnier results . 41 `` The Ghost Behind the Throne '' `` The Ghost Behind The Throne '' Ken Pontac 7 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) in Japan May 19 , 2015 N / A Soon after the election , Obtuse is to be sworn in as the new President . Pac - Man , his friends and former President Spheros smuggle the Tree of Life and the Repository out of the Round House . They then trick Betrayus and Obtuse to confess their wrongdoing to the public . After being chased out an angry mob throw both Obtuse and Betrayus out of the Round House and Spheros is re-elected at last . 42 `` Nerd is the Word '' `` Nerd Is The Word '' Jymn Magon 14 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) in Japan May 20 , 2015 N / A Betrayus and Buttocks disguise Butt - ler as a foreign exchange student and order him to spy on Pac - Man . However , after receiving kindness from Pac - Man and his best friends , he is able to help Pac - Man prevent and defeat another ghost invasion . This has been labelled series 2 episode 16 ' and titled `` The Nerd Is the Word '' in the United Kingdom . 43 `` Bride Of Grinder '' `` The Bride of Grinder '' Ken Pontac 21 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 21 ) in Japan May 21 , 2015 N / A It 's spring time in Pacopolis , and that means that love is in the air ! But the only one without someone to love ... is Grinder . So he decides to build a female version of himself , known as `` Gridette '' . But when he fails to bring her to life , Dr. Buttocks captures Grindette for his evil plans to get information about the Tree of Life and the Repository . 44 5 `` The Legend of Creepy Hollow '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown 7 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) in Japan May 22 , 2015 N / A While on a camping trip to Creepy Hollow , Skeebo manages to scare Pac , Cyli , & Spiral into believing in a mythical creature , known as Hugefoot . Betrayus sees this as a weakness , so he orders Buttocks to build a robot version of it . Pac and his friends try to get back at Skeebo by using Blinky , Inky , Pinky , & Clyde to disguise themselves in a Hugefoot suit . Meanwhile , Pac runs into the real Hugefoot . 45 6 `` Easter Egg Island '' Ken Pontac 28 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) in Japan May 26 , 2015 N / A When the Easter Marshmallow Chicken , the Pac - Peep , has kidnapped all of the ghosts in the Netherworld , Betrayus enlists Pac 's help to go to Easter Egg Island to get them back . But they bring Cyli 's parents and grandmother as company much to Cyli 's dismay . 46 7 `` The Wizard of Odd '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown 14 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) in Japan May 27 , 2015 N / A Dr. Buttocks attracts a space worm to PacWorld , and Pac & Fuzbitz are sucked into it and zapped into an Oz - like dimension called Odd . With the help of some new friends ( which look a lot like his current friends on PacWorld ) , Pac & Fuzbitz must find a way to get back home and stop Buttocks from using the space worm to suck PacWorld into oblivion ! 47 8 `` Indiana Pac and the Dentures of Doom '' Ken Pontac 21 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) in Japan May 28 , 2015 N / A A curse on an evil mummy 's diabolical dentures is lifted , and if it returns to its owner , it could cause the very destruction of PacWorld , so Pac & his friends must stop Buttocks & Betrayus from finding the dentures first . 48 9 `` Honey , I Digitized the Pac - Man '' Michael Maurer 28 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 28 ) in Japan May 29 , 2015 N / A When Buttocks releases a deadly computer virus on PacWorld 's electrical devices ; with the help of Sir C , a digitized Pac ventures into cyberspace to stop it . 49 10 `` Pac 's Very Scary Halloween - Part One '' Ken Pontac 4 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) in Japan before July 2016 ( Family Chrgd on Demand ) October 4 , 2016 on Netflix ( US ) N / A Dr. Pacenstein invites Pac , Spiral and Cylindria to his castle for a spooky Halloween dinner , with secret plans to put one of them on the menu . Dr. Pacenstein and Pac swapped their minds . Note Erica Mendez Sandy Fox and Vic Mignogna Voices Pac Man Cylindra And Spiral Originally developed under the title Pac 's Scary Halloween . 50 11 `` Pac 's Very Scary Halloween - Part Two '' Ken Pontac 11 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) in Japan before July 2016 ( Family Chrgd on Demand ) October 4 , 2016 on Netflix ( US ) N / A After Dr. Pacenstein plays switcheroo with Pac 's body and mind , Spiral and Cylindria try to scare up help from the doctor 's neighbor , Count Pacula . Dr. Pacenstein is double - crossing Betrayus and Dr. Buttocks , Pac - Man is defeating Dr. Pacenstein . Sir C had swapped their minds . Originally developed as the second half of Pac 's Scary Halloween . 51 12 `` Santa Pac '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown 18 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) in Japan 13 December 2015 in Canada September 5 , 2015 on Netflix ( US ) N / A Events that take place exactly 1 year before the 2014 `` Happy Holidays and a Merry Berry Day '' episode . Pac - Man meets Santa - Pac ( whom he calls ' Santa ' for short ) when he has to rescue him and his round - deer from the Netherworld after he is kidnapped . This was originally part 1 of a 44 - minute episode project initially titled Santa Pac 's Merry Berry Day . 52 13 `` New Girl in Town '' Dennis Haley & Marcy Brown 25 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) in Japan May 29 , 2015 N / A When Elli , the president 's beautiful niece comes to visit Pacopolis , Betrayus at first tries to keep them apart and then , when that fails , he uses her to seduce Pac - Man into getting the repository by possessing her . During the plan Pac - Man starts ignoring his friends in his attempts to bond with her , which fuels Pinky 's jealously . Later on , Elli reveals that she might have seen Pac 's Parents during one of her trips with her mom . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No Body Knows '' . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Knows '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet Pac vs. the Ghosteroid '' . DirecTV.com . Season 1 Episode 18 First Aired : September 14th , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( September 9 - 15 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( September 16 - 22 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( September 23 - 29 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( September 30 - October 6 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( October 7 - 13 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( October 14 - 20 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( October 21 - 27 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( October 28 - November 3 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( November 4 - 10 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ride the Wild Pac - topus '' . Original Airdate : 6 / 09 / 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures '' . Xfinity.Com . Archived from the original on 9 June 2015 . Ep12 A Hard Dazed Knight 2014 - 10 - 16 Ep9 The Pac Be With You 2014 - 06 - 30 Ep8 Spooka - Bazooka ! 2014 - 06 - 24 Ep7 Rip Van Packle 2014 - 06 - 23 ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Pac 's Merry Berry Day '' . Archived from the original on 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Part One of ' The Flash ' / ' Arrow ' Crossover Soars for CW '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 March 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Second Season for PAC - MAN '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Online on Rogers Anyplace TV Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures Online on Rogers Anyplace TV '' . RogersOnDemand.Com . Season 3 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2015 . Ep 3 Nerd is the Word Ep 2 The Ghost Behind the Throne Ep 1 Peace Without Slime Jump up ^ `` Season 3 Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures per CHRGD '' . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online on Rogers Anyplace TV Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures Online on Rogers Anyplace TV '' . RogersOnDemand.Com . Season 3 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . EP 5 The Legend of Creepy Hollow Aired on 10 / 12 / 15 EP 4 The Bride of Grinder Aired on 06 / 14 / 15 EP 3 Nerd is the Word Aired on 05 / 26 / 15 EP 2 The Ghost Behind the Throne Aired on 05 / 19 / 15 EP 1 Peace Without Slime Aired on 05 / 12 / 15 ^ Jump up to : `` 16 . The Nerd Is the Word '' . RadioTimes.Com - Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures. 2 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 31 January 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 40 「ダブル選挙で大忙し ! 」 ( Peace Without Slime ) ^ Jump up to : `` 7 February 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 41 「影の支配者」 ( The Ghost Behind The Throne ) ^ Jump up to : `` 14 February 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 42 「怪しい転校生」 ( Nerd Is The World ) ^ Jump up to : `` 21 February 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 43 「ロボットの恋」 ( Bride Of Grinder ) ^ Jump up to : `` 7 March 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 44 「恐怖の巨人伝説」 ( The Legend of Creepy Hollow ) Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures - S. 03 E. 05 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 28 February 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 45 「イースター・エッグは復讐の味 ? 」 ( Easter Egg Island ! ) Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures - S. 03 E. 06 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Online on Rogers Anyplace TV Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures Online on Rogers Anyplace TV '' . RogersOnDemand.Com . Season 3 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . EP 13 New Girl in Town Aired on 11 / 17 / 15 EP 9 Honey , I Digitized the Pac - Man Aired on 11 / 10 / 15 EP 8 Indiana Pac and the Dentures of Doom Aired on 11 / 03 / 15 EP 7 The Wizard of Odd Aired on 10 / 27 / 15 EP 6 Easter Egg Island Aired on 10 / 20 / 15 ^ Jump up to : `` 14 March 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 46 「パックとおかしな魔法の国」 ( The Wizard of Odd ) Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures - S. 03 E. 07 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 21 March 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 47 「インディアナ・パックと魔性の入れ歯」 ( Indiana Pac and the Dentures of Doom ) ^ Jump up to : `` 28 March 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 48 「デジタル・パック」 ( Honey , I Digitized the Pac - Man ) ^ Jump up to : `` In Development - Pac 's Scary Halloween '' . Archived from the original on 6 November 2015 . 1x44 ' available in June 2015 in English and 20 Languages ! ^ Jump up to : `` 4 April 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 49 「幽霊やしきの脳みそ博士」 ( Pac 's Very Scary Halloween - Part Оne ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures - S. 03 E. 10 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 11 April 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . ( url no longer active , archive needed ) Jump up ^ `` GET PLUGGED IN WITH FAMILY CHRGD THIS HOLIDAY SEASON '' . DHXmedia.com. 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . New holiday specials from Gaming Show ( In My Parents ' Garage ) , Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures , Xiaolin Chronicles and Horrible Histories ... Sunday , December 13 ... Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures -- `` Santa Pac '' -- New Episode -- 7 p.m. Betrayus plans to put an end to PacWorld 's most festive holiday by getting rid of the holiday 's icon , Santa Pac . ^ Jump up to : `` 25 April 2015 '' . MXTV.jp . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . 18 : 30 パックワールド番組サムネイル # 52 「恋するパック」 ( New Girl In Town ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pac-Man_and_the_Ghostly_Adventures_episodes&oldid=855401372 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Lists of anime episodes Lists of Canadian children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 01 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	pac man and the ghostly adventures season 1	[]	[]
6191044551625076460	Seven churches of Asia	Seven churches of Asia - wikipedia Seven churches of Asia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation . For other uses , see Seven Churches ( disambiguation ) . Map of western Anatolia showing the island Patmos and the locations of the cities housing the seven churches The Seven Churches of Revelation , also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia , are seven major churches of Early Christianity , as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation . `` Churches '' in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city , and not merely to the building or buildings in which they gathered for worship . In an early part of the Revelation , on the Greek island of Patmos , Jesus Christ instructs his servant John of Patmos , through an angelic intermediary , to : `` Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches : to Ephesus , and to Smyrna , and to Pergamum , and to Thyatira , and to Sardis , and to Philadelphia , and to Laodicea . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 The Churches 3 Seven messages 4 Angels of the churches 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Description ( edit ) The Seven Churches of Revelation , also known as The Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and The Seven Churches of Asia , are seven major churches of Early Christianity , as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation . `` Churches '' in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city , and not merely to the building or buildings in which they gathered for worship . In an early part of the Revelation , on the Greek island of Patmos , Jesus Christ instructs his servant John of Patmos , through an angelic intermediary , to : `` Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches : to Ephesus , and to Smyrna , and to Pergamum , and to Thyatira , and to Sardis , and to Philadelphia , and to Laodicea . '' The churches ( edit ) The seven churches of Asia in stained glass in York Minster by John Thornton The seven Churches are named for their locations . The Revelation provides descriptions of each Church . Ephesus ( Revelation 2 : 1 - 7 ) - the church known for having laboured hard and not fainted , and separating themselves from the wicked ; admonished for having forsaken its first love ( 2 : 4 ) Smyrna ( Revelation 2 : 8 - 11 ) - the church admired for its tribulation and poverty ; forecast to suffer persecution ( 2 : 10 ) Pergamum ( Revelation 2 : 12 - 17 ) - the church located at ' Satan 's seat ' ; needed to repent of allowing false teachers ( 2 : 16 ) Thyatira ( Revelation 2 : 18 - 29 ) - the church known for its charity , whose `` latter works are greater than the former '' ; held the teachings of a false prophetess ( 2 : 20 ) Sardis ( Revelation 3 : 1 - 6 ) - the church that has a good name ; cautioned to fortify itself and return to God through repentance ( 3 : 2 - 3 ) Philadelphia ( Revelation 3 : 7 - 13 ) - the church steadfast in faith , that had kept God 's word and endured patiently ( 3 : 10 ) Laodicea , near Denizli ( see Laodicean Church ) ( Revelation 3 : 14 - 22 ) - the church that was lukewarm and insipid ( to God ) ( 3 : 16 ) Seven messages ( edit ) The letters follow a common pattern . For example : the Lord first addresses each church and identifies himself , then defines things that he knows about the church in question . After this , a challenge or reproach is given , followed by a promise . In all seven cases the admonition is included , `` He who has an ear , let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches '' , although sometimes this comes before the promise and sometimes after . Although the letters differ in length in accord with the needs of each community , all conclude with an appeal to hold fast and to listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches . Each church is promised that everyone who conquers will be rewarded by Christ . Some historicists typically interpret the seven churches as representing seven different periods in the history of the Western Church from the time of Paul until the return of Jesus Christ . Scofield states that `` these messages by their very terms go beyond the local assemblies mentioned . '' He is of the opinion that the letters have a prophetic purpose disclosing the seven phases of the spiritual history of the Church . Other writers , such as Clarence Larkin , Henry Hampton Halley , Merrill Unger , and William M. Branham also have posited the view that the seven churches preview the history of the global Church . Mosaic in St Mark 's Basilica of the seven angels Historicism has been criticized by the Eastern Orthodox Fr . Dimitri Cozby , who writes that historicists take a greatly oversimplified view of church history : `` Since dispensationalism is Protestant in origin its ' Church history ' is strictly Western . The dispensations take into account almost nothing of Orthodox history after the period of the early councils which we share with the West . '' Angels of the churches ( edit ) Chapters 2 - 3 of the Revelation have specific messages for each of the seven churches . The message of each of the seven letters is directed to the angel of the particular church that is mentioned . Origen explains that these `` angels '' are the guardian angels of the churches , a view upheld by Henry Alford . But Epiphanius explicitly rejects this view , and , in accordance with the imagery of the passage , explains it as the bishops . John sees a vision of the Son of man , who walks among seven lampstands and has seven stars in his right hand . Revelation 1 : 20 states that `` The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches , and the seven lampstands are the seven churches . '' The comparison of a teacher to a star is scriptural . Augustine of Hippo 's reason for interpreting angels of the churches as the prelates of the church is that St. John speaks of them as falling from their first charity , which is not true of the angels . Others would say that the falling away relates to the churches , not to the messengers , as each of the seven letters conclude with the words `` He who has an ear , let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches . '' In the New Testament , the Greek word for angels ( άγγελος ) is not only used for heavenly angels , but also used for human messengers , such as John the Baptist ( Matthew 11 : 10 , Mark 1 : 2 , Luke 7 : 27 ) and God 's prophets ( Revelation 22 : 8 - 9 ) C.I. Scofield has noted that `` The natural explanation of the ' messengers ' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God 's messages to a church . '' See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Biblical numerology Book of Revelation : chapter 1 , 2 , and 3 Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times Early centers of Christianity Eastern Christianity Events of Revelation ( Chapter 1 ) Seven Spirits of God Summary of Christian eschatological differences Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Revelation 1 : 11 Jump up ^ John ( 1994 ) . Barbara Aland ; Kurt Aland ; Johannes Karavidopoulos ; Carlo M. Martini ; Bruce M. Metzger , eds . The Greek New Testament . Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft . Jump up ^ Walter Bauer ( 1979 ) . William F. Arndt ; F. Wilbur Gingrich ; Frederick W. Danker , eds . A Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ 2 : 1 , 8 , 12 , 18 ; 3 : 1 , 7 , 14 Jump up ^ 2 : 2 - 3 , 9 , 13 , 19 ; 3 : 1 , 8 , 15 - 17 Jump up ^ 2 : 4 - 5 , 10 , 14 - 16 , 20 - 25 ; 3 : 2 - 3 , 9 - 11 , 18 - 20 Jump up ^ 2 : 7 , 10 - 11 , 17 , 26 - 28 ; 3 : 4 - 5 , 12 , 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ 2 : 7 , 11 , 17 , 29 ; 3 : 6 , 13 , 22 Jump up ^ Unger 's Bible Dictionary ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) , p924 Jump up ^ Scofield , W.I. , The Scofield Study Bible ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) p1331 Jump up ^ `` Chapter XXII '' . www.preservedwords.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Halley , H.H. , Halley 's Bible Handbook ( Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan , 1978 ) , p688 Jump up ^ Unger , M.F. , Unger 's Bible Dictionary ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) , p924 Jump up ^ Branham , W.M. , An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages ( Jeffersonville , Indiana : Voice of God Recordings ) 2005 Jump up ^ `` WHAT IS ' THE RAPTURE ' ? ( PART 1 OF 2 ) '' . Jump up ^ Hom. , xiii in Luc. , and Hom. , xx in Num . Jump up ^ Hær. , xxv . Jump up ^ Dan. , xii , 3 . Jump up ^ Ep. , xliii ( al. clxii ) , n . 22 . Jump up ^ Angels of the Churches , Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Merrill Unger , Unger 's Bible Dictionary , ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) p52 Jump up ^ Scofield , W.I. , The Scofield Study Bible ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) p1331 Further reading ( edit ) Halley , H.H. , Halley 's Bible Handbook ( Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan , 1978 ) , p684 Scofield , C.I. , The Scofield Reference Bible ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1967 ) , p1332 Ramsay , W.M. ( 1904 ) . The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia . Hodder & Stoughton . Hemer , Colin J. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting ( JSOT Press , 1989 ) , p283 External links ( edit ) Catholic Encyclopedia : Angels of the Churches Catholic Encyclopedia : Asia Minor , see section titled `` Spread of Christianity in Asia Minor '' Branham , W.M. , An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages , Voice of God Recordings , Jeffersonville , Indiana , 1965 . The True Trend Of the Church As Viewed Through Revelation Chapters 2 & 3 by Pastor Rocky Veach This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` article name needed '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . ( hide ) Seven churches of Asia Ephesus Smyrna Pergamon Thyatira Sardis Philadelphia ( modern Alaşehir ) Laodicea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_churches_of_Asia&oldid=815370350 '' Categories : Christian eschatology Apocalypticism New Testament words and phrases Book of Revelation Christian terminology Prophets in Christianity Seven in the Book of Revelation 1st - century Christianity Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 12 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the seven churches in revelation located today	[]	[]
1654567390427972683	Sidereal time	Sidereal time - wikipedia Sidereal time Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Sidereal Time . An astronomical clock with dials for showing both sidereal and solar time . Sidereal time / saɪˈdɪəriəl / is a time - keeping system that astronomers use to locate celestial objects . Using sidereal time it is possible to easily point a telescope to the proper coordinates in the night sky . Briefly , sidereal time is a `` time scale that is based on Earth 's rate of rotation measured relative to the fixed stars '' rather than the Sun . From a given observation point , a star found at one location in the sky will be found at the same location on another night at the same sidereal time . This is similar to how the time kept by a sundial can be used to find the location of the Sun . Just as the Sun and Moon appear to rise in the east and set in the west due to the rotation of Earth , so do the stars . Both solar time and sidereal time make use of the regularity of Earth 's rotation about its polar axis , solar time following the Sun while sidereal time roughly follows the stars . More exactly , sidereal time is the angle , measured from the observer 's meridian , along the celestial equator , to the great circle that passes through the March equinox and both poles , and is usually expressed in hours , minutes , and seconds . Common time on a typical clock measures a slightly longer cycle , accounting not only for Earth 's axial rotation but also for Earth 's annual revolution around the Sun of slightly less than 1 degree per day ( in fact to the nearest arcsecond , it takes 365.2422 days to revolve , therefore 360 degrees / 365.2422 days = 0.9856 ° or 59 ′ 8 '' per day , i.e. , slightly less than 1 degree per day ) . A mean sidereal day is 23 hours , 56 minutes , 4.0916 seconds ( 7001239344699000000 ♠ 23.934 4699 hours or 6999997269580000000 ♠ 0.997 269 58 mean solar days ) , the time it takes Earth to make one rotation relative to the vernal equinox . ( Due to nutation , an actual sidereal day is not quite so constant . ) The vernal equinox itself precesses slowly westward relative to the fixed stars , completing one revolution in about 26,000 years , so the misnamed sidereal day ( `` sidereal '' is derived from the Latin sidus meaning `` star '' ) is 0.0084 seconds shorter than Earth 's period of rotation relative to the fixed stars . The slightly longer `` true '' sidereal period is called a stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) . It is also referred to as the sidereal period of rotation , or simply as the period of rotation or the rotational period . Maps of the stars in the night sky use declination and right ascension as coordinates . These correspond to latitude and longitude respectively . While declination is measured in degrees , right ascension is measured in units of time , because it was most natural to name locations in the sky in connection with the time when they crossed the meridian . In the sky , the meridian is the imaginary north to south line that goes through the point directly overhead ( the zenith ) . The right ascension of any object crossing the meridian is equal to the current local ( apparent ) sidereal time , ignoring for present purposes that part of the circumpolar region north of the north celestial pole ( for an observer in the northern hemisphere ) or south of the south celestial pole ( for an observer in the southern hemisphere ) that is crossing the meridian the other way . Because Earth orbits the Sun once a year , the sidereal time at any given place and time will gain about four minutes against local civil time , every 24 hours , until , after a year has passed , one additional sidereal `` day '' has elapsed compared to the number of solar days that have gone by . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sidereal time and solar time 2 Precession effects 3 Definition 4 Exact duration and its variation 5 Sidereal days compared to solar days on other planets 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Sidereal time and solar time ( edit ) Sidereal time vs solar time . Above left : a distant star ( the small orange star ) and the Sun are at culmination , on the local meridian m . Centre : only the distant star is at culmination ( a mean sidereal day ) . Right : a few minutes later the Sun is on the local meridian again . A solar day is complete . Solar time is measured by the apparent diurnal motion of the Sun , and local noon in apparent solar time is the moment when the Sun is exactly due south or north ( depending on the observer 's latitude and the season ) . A mean solar day ( what we normally measure as a `` day '' ) is the average time between local solar noons ( `` average '' since this varies slightly over the year ) . Earth makes one rotation around its axis in a sidereal day ; during that time it moves a short distance ( about 1 ° ) along its orbit around the Sun . So after a sidereal day has passed , Earth still needs to rotate slightly more before the Sun reaches local noon according to solar time . A mean solar day is , therefore , nearly 4 minutes longer than a sidereal day . The stars are so far away that Earth 's movement along its orbit makes nearly no difference to their apparent direction ( see , however , parallax ) , and so they return to their highest point in a sidereal day . Another way to see this difference is to notice that , relative to the stars , the Sun appears to move around Earth once per year . Therefore , there is one fewer solar day per year than there are sidereal days . This makes a sidereal day approximately 365.24 / 366.24 times the length of the 24 - hour solar day , giving approximately 23 h 56 min 4.1 s ( 86,164.1 s ) . Precession effects ( edit ) Earth 's rotation is not a simple rotation around an axis that would always remain parallel to itself . Earth 's rotational axis itself rotates about a second axis , orthogonal to Earth 's orbit , taking about 25,800 years to perform a complete rotation . This phenomenon is called the precession of the equinoxes . Because of this precession , the stars appear to move around Earth in a manner more complicated than a simple constant rotation . For this reason , to simplify the description of Earth 's orientation in astronomy and geodesy , it is conventional to chart the positions of the stars in the sky according to right ascension and declination , which are based on a frame that follows Earth 's precession , and to keep track of Earth 's rotation , through sidereal time , relative to this frame as well . In this reference frame , Earth 's rotation is close to constant , but the stars appear to rotate slowly with a period of about 25,800 years . It is also in this reference frame that the tropical year , the year related to Earth 's seasons , represents one orbit of Earth around the Sun . The precise definition of a sidereal day is the time taken for one rotation of Earth in this precessing reference frame . Definition ( edit ) Sidereal time , at any moment ( and at a given locality defined by its geographical longitude ) , more precisely local apparent sidereal time ( LAST ) , is defined as the hour angle of the vernal equinox at that locality : it has the same value as the right ascension of any celestial body that is crossing the local meridian at that same moment . At the moment when the vernal equinox crosses the local meridian , local apparent sidereal time is 00 : 00 . Greenwich apparent sidereal time ( GAST ) is the hour angle of the vernal equinox at the prime meridian at Greenwich , London . Local sidereal time at any locality differs from the Greenwich sidereal time value of the same moment , by an amount that is proportional to the longitude of the locality . When one moves eastward 15 ° in longitude , sidereal time is larger by one sidereal hour ( note that it wraps around at 24 hours ) . Unlike the reckoning of local solar time in time zones , incrementing by ( usually ) one hour , differences in local sidereal time are reckoned based on actual measured longitude , to the accuracy of the measurement of the longitude , not just in whole hours . Apparent sidereal time ( local or at Greenwich ) differs from mean sidereal time ( for the same locality and moment ) by the equation of the equinoxes : this is a small difference in right ascension ( dRA ) parallel to the equator , not exceeding about ± 1.2 s , due to nutation , the complex ' nodding ' motion of Earth 's polar axis of rotation . It corresponds to the current amount of the nutation in ( ecliptic ) longitude ( dψ ) and to the current obliquity ( ε ) of the ecliptic , so that dRA = dψ cos ε . Greenwich mean sidereal time ( GMST ) and UT1 differ from each other in rate , with the second of sidereal time a little shorter than that of UT1 , so that ( as at 12 : 00 noon on 2000 January 1 ) 7000100273790935079 ♠ 1.002 737 909 350 795 s of mean sidereal time was equal to 1 s of UT1 . The ratio varies slightly with time , reaching 7000100273790940979 ♠ 1.002 737 909 409 795 after a century . To an accuracy within 0.1 s per century , Greenwich ( Mean ) Sidereal Time ( in hours and decimal parts of an hour ) can be calculated as GMST = 7001186973745580000 ♠ 18.697 374 558 + 7001240657098244190 ♠ 24.065 709 824 419 08 × D , where D is the interval , in UT1 days including any fraction of a day , since 2000 January 1 , at 12 : 00 UT ( interval counted positive if forwards to a later time than the 2000 reference instant ) , and the result is freed from any integer multiples of 24 hours to reduce it to a value in the range 0 -- 24 . In other words , Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time exceeds mean solar time at Greenwich by a difference equal to the longitude of the fictitious mean Sun used for defining mean solar time ( with longitude converted to time as usual at the rate of 1 hour for 15 degrees ) , plus or minus an offset of 12 hours ( because mean solar time is reckoned from 00 : 00 midnight , instead of the pre-1925 astronomical tradition where 00 : 00 meant noon ) . Sidereal time is used at astronomical observatories because sidereal time makes it very easy to work out which astronomical objects will be observable at a given time . Objects are located in the night sky using right ascension and declination relative to the celestial equator ( analogous to longitude and latitude on Earth ) , and when sidereal time is equal to an object 's right ascension the object will be at its highest point in the sky , or culmination , at which time it is usually best placed for observation , as atmospheric extinction is minimised . Sidereal time is a measure of the position of the Earth in its rotation around its axis , or time measured by the apparent diurnal motion of the vernal equinox , which is very close to , but not identical to , the motion of stars . They differ by the precession of the vernal equinox in right ascension relative to the stars . Earth 's sidereal day also differs from its rotation period relative to the background stars by the amount of precession in right ascension during one day ( 8.4 ms ) . Its J2000 mean value is 23 h 56 min 7000409053083300000 ♠ 4.090 530 833 s . Exact duration and its variation ( edit ) A mean sidereal day is about 23 h 56 min 4.1 s in length . However , due to variations in the rotation rate of Earth , the rate of an ideal sidereal clock deviates from any simple multiple of a civil clock . In practice , the difference is kept track of by the difference UTC − UT1 , which is measured by radio telescopes and kept on file and available to the public at the IERS and at the United States Naval Observatory . Given a tropical year of 7002365242190402000 ♠ 365.242 190 402 days from Simon et al. this gives a sidereal day of 7004864000000000000 ♠ 86 400 × 7002365242190402000 ♠ 365.242 190 402 / 7002366242190402000 ♠ 366.242 190 402 , or 7004861640905300000 ♠ 86 164. 090 53 s . Aoki et al. , defined UT1 such that the observed sidereal day at the beginning of 2000 would be 1 / 7000100273790935079 ♠ 1.002 737 909 350 795 times a UT1 day of 7004864000000000000 ♠ 86 400 s , which gives 7004861640905308330 ♠ 86 164. 090 530 833 s of UT1 . For times within a century of 1984 , the ratio only alters in its 11th decimal place . This web - based sidereal time calculator uses a truncated ratio of 1 / 7000100273790935000 ♠ 1.002 737 909 35 . Because this is the period of rotation in a precessing reference frame , it is not directly related to the mean rotation rate of Earth in an inertial frame , which is given by ω = 2π / T where T is the slightly longer stellar day given by Aoki et al. as 86 7002164098903697320 ♠ 164.098 903 697 32 s . This can be calculated by noting that ω is the magnitude of the vector sum of the rotations leading to the sidereal day and the precession of that rotation vector . In fact , the period of Earth 's rotation varies on hourly to interannual timescales by around 1 millisecond , together with a secular increase in length of day of about 2.3 ms per century , mostly from tidal friction slowing Earth 's rotation . Sidereal days compared to solar days on other planets ( edit ) Of the eight solar planets , all but Venus and Uranus have prograde rotation -- that is , they rotate more than once per year in the same direction as they orbit the Sun , so the Sun rises in the east . Venus and Uranus , however , have retrograde rotation . For prograde rotation , the formula relating the lengths of the sidereal and solar days is number of sidereal days per orbital period = 1 + number of solar days per orbital period or equivalently length of solar day = length of sidereal day / 1 − length of sidereal day / orbital period . On the other hand , the formula in the case of retrograde rotation is number of sidereal days per orbital period = − 1 + number of solar days per orbital period or equivalently length of solar day = length of sidereal day / 1 + length of sidereal day / orbital period . All the solar planets more distant from the Sun than Earth are similar to Earth in that , since they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun , there is only a small difference between the length of the sidereal day and that of the solar day -- the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth 's ratio of 0.997 . But the situation is quite different for Mercury and Venus . Mercury 's sidereal day is about two - thirds of its orbital period , so by the prograde formula its solar day lasts for two revolutions around the Sun -- three times as long as its sidereal day . Venus rotates retrograde with a sidereal day lasting about 243.0 Earth days , or about 1.08 times its orbital period of 224.7 Earth days ; hence by the retrograde formula its solar day is about 116.8 Earth days , and it has about 1.9 solar days per orbital period . By convention , rotation periods of planets are given in sidereal terms unless otherwise specified . See also ( edit ) Anti-sidereal time Earth 's rotation International Celestial Reference Frame Nocturnal ( instrument ) Sidereal month Sidereal year Synodic day Transit instrument References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , Time and Frequency Division . `` Time and Frequency from A to Z . '' https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp40/enc-s.cfm Jump up ^ Urban , S.E. & Seidelmann , P.K. ( ed . ) ( 2013 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . Glossary , s.v. hour angle , hour circle , sidereal time . Jump up ^ PK Seidelmann ( ed . ) ( 1992 ) , Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , at page 52 ( and at page 698 ) . Jump up ^ Approximate sidereal time ( US Naval Observatory ) . Jump up ^ Seidelmann , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Aoki , S. ; Guinot , B. ; Kaplan , G.H. ; Kinoshita , H. ; McCarthy , D.D. ; Seidelmann , P.K. ( 1982 ) . `` The new definition of Universal Time '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 105 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 361 . Bibcode : 1982A&A ... 105 ... 359A . Jump up ^ Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G ; Laskar , J. ( 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulas and mean elements for the Moon and the planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 . pp. 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . ^ Jump up to : Aoki , S. ; Guinot , B. ; Kaplan , G.H. ; Kinoshita , H. ; McCarthy , D.D. ; Seidelmann , P.K. ( 1982 ) . `` The new definition of Universal Time '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 105 ( 2 ) . p. 361 . Bibcode : 1982A&A ... 105 ... 359A . , see equation 19 . Jump up ^ Hide , R. , and J.O. Dickey : `` Earth 's variable rotation '' . Science 253 ( 1991 ) 629 -- 637 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , F.R. Historical eclipses and Earth 's rotation . Cambridge University Press , 1997 , 557pp . Jump up ^ Bakich , Michael E. , The Cambridge Planetary Handbook , Cambridge University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 63280 - 3 . P. Kenneth Seidelmann , ed. , Explanatory supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , ( Mill Valley , Cal. : University Science Books , 1992 ) External links ( edit ) Look up sidereal time in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Web based Sidereal time calculator App version for iOS devices Build an internet synchronized sidereal clock For more details , see the article on sidereal time from Jason Harris ' Astroinfo . Time Key concepts Human Life Nature Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum marine sundial sundial markup schema watch water - based Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Human timeline Life timeline Nature timeline Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time A-series and B - series B - theory of time Causality Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Static interpretation of time Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Human experience and use of time Accounting period Chronemics Fiscal year Generation time Mental chronometry Music Procrastination Punctuality Temporal database Term Time discipline Time management Time perception Specious present Time - tracking software Time - use research Time - based currency ( time banking ) Time value of money Time clock Timesheet Yesterday -- Today -- Tomorrow Time in Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Imaginary time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Rate Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation gravitational Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry other subject areas Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Dating methodologies in archaeology Time geography Related topics Carpe diem Clock position Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time complexity Time signature Time travel Time portal Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Units of time Century Day Decade Fortnight Hour Jiffy Lustrum Millennium Minute Moment Month Paksha Saeculum Second Shake Week Year Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidereal_time&oldid=800215304 '' Categories : Units of time Horology Time scales Time in astronomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the sidereal day is determined by the earth's rotation with respect to the stars	[]	[]
-787223710006099850	The Theatre	The Theatre - wikipedia The Theatre Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a specific theatre in London . For the theatre in Leeds , see The Theatre , Leeds . For the theatre in Oxfordshire , see The Theatre Chipping Norton . For information on theatre in general , see Theatre . For other uses , see Theatre ( disambiguation ) . Ground plan of The Theatre . The `` common sewer '' is now marked by Curtain Road , and the `` ditch from the horse - pond '' by New Inn Yard The Theatre is labelled in the top right of this London street map . Enlarge The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch ( in Curtain Road , part of the modern London Borough of Hackney ) , just outside the City of London . It was the second permanent theatre ever built in England , after the Red Lion , and the first successful one . Built by actor - manager James Burbage , near the family home in Holywell Street , The Theatre is considered the first theatre built in London for the sole purpose of theatrical productions . The Theatre 's history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , which employed Shakespeare as actor and playwright . After a dispute with the landlord , the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Archaeological investigation 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Mayor and Corporation of London banned plays in 1572 as a measure against the plague , not wanting to attract crowds of strangers . In 1575 they formally expelled all players from the city . This prompted the construction of playhouses outside the jurisdiction of London , in the liberties of Halliwell / Holywell in Shoreditch and later the Clink , and at Newington Butts near the established entertainment district of St. George 's Fields in rural Surrey . The Theatre was constructed in 1576 by James Burbage in partnership with his brother - in - law , one John Brayne , ( the owner of the Red Lion ) on property that had originally been the grounds of the dissolved Halliwell Priory ( or Holywell ) . Brayne had advanced Burbage the money needed to build The Theatre , and in return , Brayne received a portion of the profits and owned some of the property ( Burbage married Brayne 's daughter Ellen in 1575 ) . The Theatre was in Shoreditch , beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside the jurisdiction of civil authorities , who were often opposed to the theatre . This area in the `` suburbs of sin '' was notorious for licentious behaviour , brothels and gaming houses . A year later the Curtain Theatre was built nearby , making the area London 's first theatrical and entertainment district . `` When Burbage and Brayne mortgaged The Theatre , Brayne had just recently resolved another fight with one of his brothers - in - law over a different mortgage '' Brayne and Burbage had never written a contract , which eventually led to many quarrels concerning who spent what on getting The Theatre started . Throughout the building of The Theatre , Burbage and Brayne continually became indebted to each other . To fix this they constructed schemes to keep the building of The Theatre going . John Hind was one of the creditors for the construction of The Theatre , however , almost nothing else is known about him except that there was also a contract between him and Burbage / Brayne which entailed that he arrange players for them . One of their schemes was to put on plays in The Theatre while it was still being built , to raise money for further construction . Although Burbage 's son later claimed the Theatre as the first permanent playhouse in the London conurbation , it may not have been the first permanent theatre to serve Londoners . The Newington Butts playhouse may have been built as early as 1575 , certainly actor Jerome Savage renewed a lease on the site on 25 March 1576 , three weeks before Burbage 's lease in Shoreditch . Newington Butts was clearly established by Lady Day 1577 , and Wickham et al. interpret the available documents as saying that Savage was adapting an existing building constructed by Richard Hicks rather than building from scratch . The design of The Theatre was possibly adapted from the inn - yards that had served as playing spaces for actors and / or bear baiting pits . The building was a polygonal wooden building with three galleries surrounding an open yard . From one side of the polygon extended a thrust stage . The Theatre is said to have cost £ 700 to construct , which is a considerable sum for the age . The open yard in front of the stage was cobbled and provided standing room for those who paid a penny . For another penny , the attendees were allowed into the galleries where they could either stand or , for a third penny , procure a stool . One of the galleries , though sources do not state which , was divided into small compartments that could be used by the wealthy and aristocrats . The playhouse was a timber building with a tile roof ; other materials used to construct the Theatre were brick , sand , lime , lead , and iron . Owing to a lack of paperwork not much is truly known about the Theatre 's appearance , but it has been described as an `` amphitheater '' . The Theatre opened in the autumn of 1576 , possibly as a venue for Leicester 's Men , the acting company of Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester of which James Burbage was a member . In the 1580s the Admiral 's Men , of which James Burbage 's son , Richard was a member , took up residence . After a disagreement between the company and young Burbage , most of the company left for the Rose Theatre which was under the management of Philip Henslowe . In 1594 , Richard Burbage became the leading actor of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men which performed at The Theatre until 1597 . Poet , playwright and actor William Shakespeare was also in the employ of the Company and some of his early plays had their première at The Theatre . `` At Christmas 1594 ( Richard ) was summoned with two other members of his company , William Kempe and William Shakespeare , to act before the queen at Greenwich Palace ... Numerous performances before Queen Elizabeth followed , and Shakespeare doubtless often accompanied Burbage on many subsequent professional visits to one or other of the royal palaces . '' Richard 's most noted role is -- which holds close to his namesake -- his part as Richard in Shakespeare 's Richard III . After the Burbages stripped The Theatre of its materials to erect The Globe , many of Shakespeare 's plays were performed the famous theatre in the summer , and the Blackfriars house , another of the Burbage 's theatres , was used as a winter playhouse . Towards the end of 1596 , problems arose with the property 's landlord , Giles Allen . Consequently , in 1597 , the Lord Chamberlain 's Men were forced to stop playing at the Theatre and moved to the nearby Curtain . The lease had been granted to Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage upon the death of their father . The lease that the late James Burbage had obtained from Allen in 1576 was to last only twenty years , but when that day did come , in 1596 , Allen `` stipulated that the playhouse should only be applied to theatrical purposes for another five years . This stipulation was contested by Burbage , and he and his sons began a harassing lawsuit with Allen . But before the dispute had gone very far Burbage died ( in the spring of 1597 ) and the suit was continued by his sons Richard and Cuthbert . '' The sight of the deserted Theatre prompted these lines from a minor satirist of the day : ... But see yonder , One like the unfrequented Theatre Walks in dark silence and vast solitude . Brayne 's widow , Margaret , and former business partner , Robert Myles , filed a lawsuit against the Burbages after Brayne 's death in 1586 . When Brayne passed the Burbages halted their payments to Margaret for their debt . When they filed lawsuit , Margaret and Robert showed up at The Theatre demanding half of everything inside of it -- in disagreement , Richard Burbage physically assaulted Robert Myles , and Robert and Margaret left empty handed . However , this was not the end as Myles attempted to bring down the Burbages in another two lawsuits , which both ended in failure . `` The old disputes of the Theatre were overtaken by the new litigation of the Alleyns - the original owners , when the Burbages dismantled the Theatre and rebuilt it as the Globe . '' At the time of Margaret Brayne 's death there were still lawsuits that had not been settled , and in her last will and testament she left all of her prospective winnings to Robert Myles . Though Giles Allen was the landlord John Hyde legally owned the lease to the Theatre and would return the lease to Richard and Cuthbert Burbage and Margaret Brayne for the sum of £ 30 . Cuthbert then went to Walter Cope , a trusted business man , and had Cope ask Hyde if Cuthbert could outright pay for the lease and own it himself . Cuthbert paid and outright owned the lease now , ultimately squeezing Margaret Brayne out of the business . They justified this by stating that now that the lease was in Cuthbert 's name and no longer in James ' name John Brayne had no dealings with the Theatre and therefore neither did Margaret Brayne . This state of affairs forced the Burbage brothers to take drastic action to save their investment . In defiance of the landlord and with the help of their friend and financial backer William Smith , chief carpenter Peter Street and ten or twelve workmen , they dismantled the theatre on the night of 28 December 1598 and moved the structure piecemeal to Street 's yard near to Bridewell . With the onset of more favourable weather in the following spring , the material was ferried over the Thames to reconstruct it as The Globe . Giles Allen then sued Peter Street in January 1599 for trespassing on the property of the Theatre , stating that Street had no right to dismantle the Theatre and move the supplies . He also attempted to sue Cuthbert and Richard Burbage for trespassing . Archaeological investigation ( edit ) In August 2008 archaeologists from the Museum of London excavating in New Inn Broadway , Shoreditch , announced they had found the foundation of a polygonal structure they believed to be the remains of the north - eastern corner of The Theatre . The site is to be used to build a new theatre for the Tower Theatre Company . The Theatre and Shakespeare 's involvement with it are commemorated by two plaques on 86 -- 90 Curtain Road , the building at the corner with New Inn Yard currently occupied by a Foxtons office . A surviving fragment of the original wall will be retained in the new theatre . See also ( edit ) Inn - yard theatre Curtain Theatre -- opened in the following year further down Curtain Road Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fairman Ordish , Thomas ( 1899 ) , Early London Theatres : In the Fields , London : Elliot Stock , p. 30 Jump up ^ Bowsher , Julian ; Miller , Pat ( 2010 ) . The Rose and the Globe -- Playhouses of Shakespeare 's Bankside , Southwark . Museum of London . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901992 - 85 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Leslie , ed. ( 1886 ) . `` Burbage , James '' . Dictionary of National Biography. 7 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Mullaney , 1988 . Jump up ^ Berry , Herbert . `` Brayne and his other brother - in - law '' . Shakespeare Studies . Literature Resource Center . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Herbert . English Professional Theatre , 1530 -- 1660 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Mateer , David . `` New Light on the Early History of the Theatre in Shoreditch ( With Texts ) . '' English Literary Renaissance 36.3 ( 2006 ) : 335 -- 375 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 11 Mar. 2013 . Jump up ^ Gladstone Wickham , Glynne William ; Berry , Herbert ; Ingram , William ( 2000 ) , English professional theatre , 1530 -- 1660 , Cambridge University Press , p. 320 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23012 - 4 Jump up ^ Ingram , William ( 1992 ) , The business of playing : the beginnings of the adult professional theater in Elizabethan London , Cornell University Press , p. 164 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2671 - 1 Jump up ^ Ingram ( 1992 ) p170 Jump up ^ Wickham et al ( 2000 ) p321 Jump up ^ Egan , 2005 . Jump up ^ Skialetheia , Edward Guilpin , 1598 Jump up ^ Capp , Bernard . `` The Burbages At Law ( Again ) . '' Notes & Queries 47.4 ( 2000 ) : 433 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 11 Mar. 2013 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , James ( 2005 ) . 1599 -- a year in the life of William Shakespeare . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21480 - 0 ... Jump up ^ Schoenbaum 1987 : 206 -- 209 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Dig reveals The Theatre -- Shakespeare 's first playhouse '' . Times Online . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Bard 's ' first theatre ' found '' . BBC News . 2008 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's first theatre found '' . BBC News Online . 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Theatre and Holywell Priory '' . London Borough of Hackney. 28 Feb 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dunthorne , Joe ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ghost '' . The Guardian . London . p . R5 . References ( edit ) Egan , Gabriel ( 2005 ) , Platonism and bathos in Shakespeare and other early modern drama accessed 13 November 2006 . Gurr , Andrew . The Shakespearean Stage 1574 -- 1642 . Third edition , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Hartnoll , Phyllis , ed . The Oxford Companion to the Theatre . 4th edition . London : Oxford UP , 1983 . p. 964 . Moreton , W.H.C. ( 1976 ) `` Shakespeare came to Shoreditch '' LBH Library Services Text accessed 10 November 2006 . Mullaney , S. ( 1988 ) The Place of the Stage : Licence , Play and Power in Renaissance England . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Schoenbaum , S. ( 1987 ) William Shakespeare : A Compact Documentary Life . Oxford University Press . Thomson , Peter . `` The Theatre '' . in Banham , Martin , ed . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre , London : Cambridge UP , 1992 . Wallace , Charles William , ( 1913 ) , The First London Theatre , Materials for a History , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska . Ticket - Taker , ( 1993 ) , `` The Theater '' , TURNS De Young , J. and Miller , J. ( 1998 ) London Theatre Walks , New York : Applause Books . Berry , Herbert . `` John Brayne and his other brother - in - law . '' Shakespeare Studies ( 2002 ) : 93 + . Literature Resource Center . Web . 11 Mar. 2013 . External links ( edit ) Shakespeare 's Theatre ? Archaeology at 4 -- 6 New Inn Broadway Hackney Museum of London Archaeology assessment of archaeological and historical background Shakespearean Playhouses , by Joseph Quincy Adams , Jr. from Project Gutenberg The Theatre Digital Reconstruction , a collaboration between Cloak and Dagger Studios and Museum of London Archaeology William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Phoenix and the Turtle A Lover 's Complaint Apocrypha Arden of Faversham * Cardenio * Double Falsehood * Love 's Labour 's Won Sejanus His Fall * Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy * The Passionate Pilgrim * Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 28.5 '' N 0 ° 4 ′ 48 '' W / 51.524583 ° N 0.08000 ° W / 51.524583 ; - 0.08000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Theatre&oldid=773597802 '' Categories : Theatres completed in 1576 1598 disestablishments in England Former theatres in London Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hackney 16th century in London 1576 establishments in England Shoreditch Hidden categories : Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Use dmy dates from May 2015 Use British English from May 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2017 , at 10 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the first public playhouse ( the theatre ) is built in london	[ "The Mayor and Corporation of London banned plays in 1572 as a measure against the plague, not wanting to attract crowds of strangers. In 1575 they formally expelled all players from the city.[1] This prompted the construction of playhouses outside the jurisdiction of London, in the liberties of Halliwell/Holywell in Shoreditch and later the Clink, and at Newington Butts near the established entertainment district of St. George's Fields in rural Surrey.[1] The Theatre was constructed in 1576 by James Burbage in partnership with his brother-in-law, one John Brayne, (the owner of the Red Lion)[2] on property that had originally been the grounds of the dissolved Halliwell Priory (or Holywell). Brayne had advanced Burbage the money needed to build The Theatre, and in return, Brayne received a portion of the profits and owned some of the property (Burbage married Brayne's daughter Ellen in 1575).[3] The Theatre was in Shoreditch, beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside the jurisdiction of civil authorities, who were often opposed to the theatre. This area in the \"suburbs of sin\" was notorious for licentious behaviour, brothels and gaming houses. A year later the Curtain Theatre was built nearby, making the area London's first theatrical and entertainment district.[4] \"When Burbage and Brayne mortgaged The Theatre, Brayne had just recently resolved another fight with one of his brothers-in-law over a different mortgage\" [5] Brayne and Burbage had never written a contract, which eventually led to many quarrels concerning who spent what on getting The Theatre started.[6]" ]	[ "1576" ]
5644292342527759095	Quadrant (plane geometry)	Quadrant ( plane geometry ) - wikipedia Quadrant ( plane geometry ) The four quadrants of a Cartesian coordinate system . The axes of a two - dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions , called quadrants , each bounded by two half - axes . These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals : I ( where the signs of the ( x , y ) coordinates are ( + , + ) ) , II ( − , + ) , III ( − , − ) , and IV ( + , − ) . When the axes are drawn according to the mathematical custom , the numbering goes counter-clockwise starting from the upper right ( `` northeast '' ) quadrant . Signs of trigonometric functions in each quadrant In the above graphic , the words in quotation marks are a mnemonic for remembering which three trigonometric functions ( sine , cosine and tangent ) are positive in each quadrant . The expression reads `` All Science Teachers Crazy '' and proceeding counterclockwise from the upper right quadrant , we see that `` All '' functions are positive in quadrant I , `` Science '' ( for sine ) is positive in quadrant II , `` Teachers '' ( for tangent ) is positive in quadrant III , and `` Crazy '' ( for cosine ) is positive in quadrant IV . There are several variants of this mnemonic . See also ( edit ) Orthant Octant ( solid geometry ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quadrants . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Quadrant '' . MathWorld . Quadrant at PlanetMath.org . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrant_(plane_geometry)&oldid=827117875 '' Categories : Euclidean plane geometry Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Српски / srpski Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 21 : 41 . About Wikipedia	what is the first quadrant on a graph	[]	[]
-4766491598314250496	Jainism	Jainism - Wikipedia Jainism `` Jain '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jain ( disambiguation ) . Jainism The Jain flag in India Abbreviation Jain Scripture Jain Agamas Other name ( s ) Jain Dharma Part of a series on Jainism Jain prayers ( show ) Bhaktamara Stotra Micchami Dukkadam Ṇamōkāra mantra Jai Jinendra Philosophy ( show ) Anekantavada Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Mokṣa Kevala Jnana Dravya Tattva Brahmacharya Aparigraha Gunasthana Saṃsāra Ethics ( show ) Ethics of Jainism Sallekhana Major figures ( show ) The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Pārśva Mahavira Arihant Ganadhara Kundakunda Siddhasena Samantabhadra Haribhadra Yashovijaya Major sects ( show ) Digambara Śvētāmbara Texts ( show ) Samayasāra ( Digambara ) Pravachanasara ( Digambara ) Agama ( Shwetambara ) Tattvartha Sutra Dravyasamgraha ( Digambara ) Kalpa Sūtra ( Shwetambara ) Other ( show ) History Jain flag Jain symbols Parasparopagraho Jivanam Schools and Branches Timeline Topics list Festivals ( show ) Diwali Mahavir Jayanti Paryushana Samvatsari Pilgrimages ( show ) Tirth Abu Palitana Girnar Shikharji Shravanabelagola Jainism portal Rishabhdev , believed to have lived over a million years ago , is considered the founder of Jain philosophy for this cosmic age . Jainism ( / ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm / ) , traditionally known as Jain Dharma , is an ancient Indian religion . Followers of Jainism are called `` Jains '' , a word derived from the Sanskrit word jina ( victory ) and connoting the path of victory in crossing over life 's stream of rebirths through an ethical and spiritual life Jains trace their history through a succession of twenty - four victorious saviours and teachers known as tirthankaras , with the first being Rishabhanatha , who according to tradition lived millions of years ago , and twenty - fourth being the Mahāvīra around 500 BCE . Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every cycle of the Jain cosmology . The main religious premises of Jainism are ahiṃsā ( `` non-violence '' ) , anekāntavāda ( `` many - sidedness '' ) , aparigraha ( `` non-attachment '' ) and asceticism . Jain monastics , renunciants , and devout householders take five main vows known as vratas , outlined in their oldest surviving text , the Acaranga Sūtra : ahiṃsā ( `` non-violence '' ) , satya ( `` truth '' ) , asteya ( `` not stealing '' ) , brahmacharya ( `` celibacy or chastity '' ) , and aparigraha ( `` non-attachment '' ) . These principles have impacted Jain culture in many ways , such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle that avoids harm to animals and their life cycles . Parasparopagraho Jīvānām ( `` the function of souls is to help one another '' ) is the motto of Jainism . Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most common and basic prayer in Jainism . Jainism has two major ancient sub-traditions , Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras ; and several smaller sub-traditions that emerged in the 2nd millennium CE . The Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras have different views on ascetic practices , gender and which Jain texts can be considered canonical . Jain mendicants are found in all Jain sub-traditions , with laypersons ( śrāvakas ) supporting the mendicants ' spiritual pursuits with resources . Jainism has between four and five million followers , with most Jains residing in India . Outside India , some of the largest Jain communities are present in Canada , Europe , Kenya , the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , Suriname , Fiji , and the United States . Major Jain festivals include Paryushana and Daslakshana , Mahavir Jayanti , and Diwali . Contents 1 Main principles 1.1 Non-violence ( ahimsa ) 1.2 Many - sided reality ( anekāntavāda ) 1.3 Non-attachment ( aparigraha ) 1.4 Jain ethics and five vows 2 Practices 2.1 Asceticism 2.2 Food and fasting 2.3 Meditation 2.4 Rituals and worship 2.5 Festivals 2.6 Monasticism 2.7 Supplementary vows and Sallekhana 3 Traditions and sects 3.1 Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras 3.2 Other sub-traditions 3.3 Gender and spiritual liberation 4 Beliefs and philosophy 4.1 Dravya ( `` Substance '' ) 4.1. 1 Jīva ( `` Soul '' ) , Ajīva ( `` Non-Soul '' ) 4.2 Tattva ( `` Reality '' ) 4.3 Soul and Karma 4.4 Saṃsāra 4.5 Cosmology 4.6 God 4.7 Epistemology 4.8 Salvation , liberation 5 Scriptures and texts 5.1 Influence on Indian literature 6 Comparison with Buddhism and Hinduism 7 Art and architecture 7.1 Temples 7.2 Pilgrimages 7.3 Statues and sculptures 7.4 Symbols 7.4. 1 Swastika 7.4. 2 Symbol of Ahiṃsā 7.4. 3 Om 7.4. 4 Jain emblem 7.4. 5 Jain flag 7.4. 6 Ashtamangala 8 History 8.1 Origins 8.2 Political history 8.3 Interaction with other religions 8.4 Colonial era 9 Jains in the modern era 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 13 External links Main principles Non-violence ( ahiṃsā ) Main article : Ahimsa in Jainism Painting with the message Ahiṃsā Paramo Dharma ( `` non-violence is the highest virtue or religion '' ) The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes Ahiṃsā in Jainism . The word in the middle is ahiṃsā . The wheel represents the dharmachakra , which stands for the resolve to halt the saṃsāra ( ' transmigration ' ) through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence . The principle of ahimsa ( `` non-violence '' or `` non-injury '' ) is a fundamental tenet of Jainism . It believes that one must abandon all violent activity , and without such a commitment to non-violence all religious behavior is worthless . In Jain theology , it does not matter how correct or defensible the violence may be , one must not kill any being , and `` non-violence is one 's highest religious duty '' . Jain texts such as Acaranga Sūtra and Tattvarthasūtra state that one must renounce all killing of living beings , whether tiny or large , movable or immovable . Its theology teaches that one must neither kill another living being , nor cause another to kill , nor consent to any killing directly or indirectly . Furthermore , Jainism emphasizes non-violence against all beings not only in action but also in speech and in thought . It states that instead of hate or violence against anyone , `` all living creatures must help each other '' . Violence negatively affects and destroys one 's soul , particularly when the violence is done with intent , hate or carelessness , or when one indirectly causes or consents to the killing of a human or non-human living being . The idea of reverence for non-violence ( ahiṃsā ) is founded in Hindu and Buddhist canonical texts , and it may have origins in more ancient Brahmanical Vedic thoughts . However , no other Indian religion has developed the non-violence doctrine and its implications on everyday life as has Jainism . The theological basis of non-violence as the highest religious duty has been interpreted by some Jain scholars not to `` be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures , nor a duty to rescue all creatures '' , but resulting from `` continual self - discipline '' , a cleansing of the soul that leads to one 's own spiritual development which ultimately affects one 's salvation and release from rebirths . Causing injury to any being in any form creates bad karma which affects one 's rebirth , future well being and suffering . Late medieval Jain scholars re-examined the Ahiṃsā doctrine when one is faced with external threat or violence . For example , they justified violence by monks to protect nuns . According to Dundas , the Jain scholar Jinadatta Suri wrote during a time of Muslim destruction of temples and persecution that `` anybody engaged in a religious activity who was forced to fight and kill somebody would not lose any spiritual merit but instead attain deliverance '' . However , such examples in Jain texts that condone fighting and killing under certain circumstances are relatively rare . Many - sided reality ( anekāntavāda ) Main article : Anekāntavāda The second main principle of Jainism is anekāntavāda or anekantatva , a word derived from anekānta ( `` not one ended , sided '' , `` many - sidedness '' or `` manifoldness '' ) and vada ( `` doctrine '' , `` way '' ) . The anekāntavāda doctrine states that truth and reality is complex and always has multiple aspects . Reality can be experienced , but it is not possible to totally express it with language . Human attempts to communicate is Naya , explained as `` partial expression of the truth '' . Language is not Truth , but a means and attempt to express Truth . From Truth , according to Mahāvīra , language returns and not the other way round . One can experience the truth of a taste , but can not fully express that taste through language . Any attempts to express the experience is syāt , or valid `` in some respect '' but it remains a `` perhaps , just one perspective , incomplete '' . In the same way , spiritual truths are complex , they have multiple aspects , and language can not express their plurality , yet through effort and appropriate karma they can be experienced . Since reality is many - sided the great error , according to Jainism , is ekānta ( one - sidedness ) where some relative truth is treated as an absolute truth to the exclusion of others . The anekāntavāda premise of the Jains is ancient , as evidenced by its mention in Buddhist texts such as the Samaññaphala Sutta . The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahāvīra 's approach to answering all metaphysical philosophical questions was a `` qualified yes '' ( syāt ) . These texts identify anekāntavāda doctrine to be one of the key differences between the teachings of the Mahāvīra and those of the Buddha . The Buddha taught the Middle Way , rejecting extremes of the answer `` it is '' or `` it is not '' to metaphysical questions . The Mahāvīra , in contrast , taught his followers to accept both `` it is '' , and `` it is not '' , with `` perhaps '' qualification and with reconciliation to understand the Absolute Reality . Syādvāda ( predication logic ) and nayavāda ( perspective epistemology ) of Jainism expand on the concept of anekāntavāda . Syādvāda recommends the expression of anekānta by prefixing the epithet syād to every phrase or expression describing the `` permanent being '' . There is no creator God in Jainism ; existence has neither beginning nor end , and the permanent being is conceptualized as jiva ( `` soul '' ) and ajiva ( `` matter '' ) within a dualistic anekāntavāda framework . According to Paul Dundas , in contemporary times the anekāntavāda doctrine has been interpreted by many Jains as intending to `` promote a universal religious tolerance '' , and a teaching of `` plurality '' and `` benign attitude to other ( ethical , religious ) positions '' . Dundas states this is problematic and a misreading of Jain historical texts and Mahāvīra 's teachings . The `` many pointedness , multiple perspective '' teachings of the Mahāvīra is a doctrine about the nature of absolute reality and human existence , and it is sometimes called `` non-absolutism '' doctrine . However , it is not a doctrine about tolerating or condoning activities such as sacrificing or killing animals for food , nor violence against disbelievers or any other living being as `` perhaps right '' . The five vows for Jain monks and nuns , for example , are strict requirements and there is no `` perhaps '' or `` that is just one perspective '' about them . Similarly , since ancient times , Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism according to Dundas , but Jainism was highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of its rivals , and vice versa . Non-attachment ( aparigraha ) Main article : Aparigraha The third main principle in Jainism is aparigraha which means non-attachment to worldly possessions . For ascetics , Jainism requires a vow of complete non-possession of any property . For Jain laypersons , it recommends limited possession of property that has been honestly earned , and giving excess property to charity . According to Natubhai Shah , aparigraha applies to both the material and the psychic . Material possessions refer to various forms of property . Psychic possessions refer to emotions , likes and dislikes , and attachments of any form . Unchecked attachment to possessions is said to result in direct harm to one 's personality . Jainism views attachments to material or emotional possessions as what leads to passions , which in turn leads to violence . According to the aparigraha principle , a Jain monk or nun is expected to be homeless and family-less with no emotional longings or attachments . The ascetic is a wandering mendicant in the Digambara tradition , or a resident mendicant in the Śvētāmbara tradition . In addition , Jain texts mention that `` attachment to possessions '' ( parigraha ) is of two kinds : attachment to internal possessions ( ābhyantara parigraha ) , and attachment to external possessions ( bāhya parigraha ) . For internal possessions , Jainism identifies four key passions of the mind ( kashaya ) : anger , pride ( ego ) , deceitfulness , and greed . In addition to the four passions of the mind , the remaining ten internal passions are : wrong belief , the three sex - passions ( male sex - passion , female sex - passion , neuter sex - passion ) , and the six defects ( laughter , like , dislike , sorrow , fear , disgust ) . Jain ethics and five vows Main article : Ethics of Jainism See also : Yamas § Five Yamas Nishidhi stone , depicting the vow of sallekhana , 14th century , Karnataka Jainism teaches five ethical duties , which it calls five vows . These are called anuvratas ( `` small vows '' ) for Jain laypersons , and mahavratas ( `` great vows '' ) for Jain mendicants . For both , its moral precepts preface that the Jain has access to a guru ( `` teacher '' , `` counsellor '' ) , deva ( `` Jina '' , `` god '' ) , doctrine , and that the individual is free from five offences : doubts about the faith , indecisiveness about the truths of Jainism , sincere desire for Jain teachings , recognition of fellow Jains , and admiration for their spiritual pursuits . Such a person undertakes the following Five vows of Jainism : Ahiṃsā , `` intentional non-violence '' or `` noninjury '' : The first major vow taken by Jains is to cause no harm to other human beings , as well as all living beings ( particularly animals ) . This is the highest ethical duty in Jainism , and it applies not only to one 's actions , but demands that one be non-violent in one 's speech and thoughts . Satya , `` truth '' : This vow is to always speak the truth . Neither lie , nor speak what is not true , and do not encourage others or approve anyone who speaks an untruth . Asteya , `` not stealing '' : A Jain layperson should not take anything that is not willingly given . Additionally , a Jain mendicant should ask for permission to take it if something is being given . Brahmacharya , `` celibacy '' : Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures is prescribed for Jain monks and nuns . For laypersons , the vow means chastity , faithfulness to one 's partner . Aparigraha , `` non-possessiveness '' : This includes non-attachment to material and psychological possessions , avoiding craving and greed . Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations , own nothing and are attached to no one . Practices Asceticism Main article : Asceticism Of all the major Indian religions , Jainism has had the strongest austerity - driven ascetic tradition , and it is an essential part of a mendicant 's spiritual pursuits . Ascetic life may include nakedness symbolizing non-possession of even clothes , fasting , body mortification , penance , and other austerities , in order to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma , both of which are believed in Jainism to be essential for reaching siddha and moksha ( `` liberation from rebirths '' , and `` salvation '' ) . Jain texts like Tattvartha Sūtra and Uttaradhyayana Sūtra discuss ascetic austerities to great lengths and formulations . Six outer and six inner practices are most common , and oft - repeated in later Jain texts . According to John Cort , outer austerities include complete fasting , eating limited amounts , eating restricted items , abstaining from tasty foods , mortifying the flesh , and guarding the flesh ( avoiding anything that is a source of temptation ) . Inner austerities include expiation , confession , respecting and assisting mendicants , studying , meditation , and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body . Lists of internal and external austerities in Jainism varies with the text and tradition . Asceticism is viewed as a means to control desires , and a means to purify the jiva ( `` soul '' ) . The tirthankaras of Jainism , such as the Mahāvīra ( Vardhamana ) set an example of leading an ascetic life by performing severe austerities for twelve years . Food and fasting Main articles : Jain vegetarianism and Fasting in Jainism The practice of non-violence towards all living beings has led to Jain culture being vegetarian , while veganism is encouraged . Most Jains practice lacto - vegetarianism ( no eggs , but dairy products permitted if no violence is used during the production ) . Jain monks and nuns do not eat root vegetables such as potatoes , onions and garlic because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up , and because a bulb or tuber 's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a higher living being . Jains fast on different occasions throughout the year , particularly during festivals . This practice is called upavasa , tapasya or vrata . According to Singh , this takes on various forms and may be practised based on one 's ability . Some examples include Digambara fasting for Dasa - laksana - parvan where a Jain layperson eats only one or two meals per day , drinking only boiled water for ten days , or fasting completely on the first and last day of the festival . With these practices the layperson mimics the practices of a Jain mendicant during the festival . A similar practice is found among Śvētāmbara Jains on eight day paryusana with samvatsari - pratikramana . The fasting practice is believed to remove karma from one 's soul and allow one to gain merit ( punya ) . A `` one day '' fast in Jain tradition lasts about 36 hours , starting at sunset before the day of the fast and ending 48 minutes after the sunrise the day after . Among laypeople , fasting is more commonly observed by women , where it is believed that this shows her piety , religious purity , gains her and her family prestige , leads to merit earning and helps ensure future well - being for her family . Some religious fasts are observed as a group where Jain women bond socially and support each other . Long fasts are celebrated by friends and families with special ceremonies . Meditation Main article : Jain meditation Left : Jain nuns meditating , Right : 10th century Gommateshwara statue depicting standing meditation ( Kayotsarga posture ) Jainism considers meditation ( dhyana ) a necessary practice , but its goals are very different from those in Buddhism and Hinduism . In Jainism , meditation is concerned more with stopping karmic attachments and activity , not as a means to transformational insights or self - realization in other Indian religions . Meditation in early Jain literature is a form of austerity and ascetic practice in Jainism , while in late medieval era the practice adopted ideas from other Indian traditions . According to Paul Dundas , this lack of meditative practices in early Jain texts may be because substantial portions of ancient Jain texts were lost . According to Padmanabh Jaini , Sāmāyika is a practice of `` brief periods in meditation '' in Jainism that is a part of siksavrata ( `` ritual restraint '' ) . The goal of Sāmāyika is to achieve equanimity , and it is the second siksavrata . The samayika ritual is practiced at least three times a day by mendicants , while a layperson includes it with other ritual practices such as Puja in a Jain temple and doing charity work . According to Johnson , as well as Jaini , samayika connotes more than meditation , and for a Jain householder is the voluntary ritual practice of `` assuming temporary ascetic status '' . The Digambara Jain scholar Kundakunda , in his Pravacanasara states that a Jain mendicant should meditate on `` I , the pure self '' . Anyone who considers his body or possessions as `` I am this , this is mine '' is on the wrong road , while one who meditates , thinking the antithesis and `` I am not others , they are not mine , I am one knowledge '' is on the right road to meditating on the `` soul , the pure self '' . Rituals and worship Main article : Jain rituals Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali There are many rituals in Jainism 's various sects . According to Dundas , the ritualistic lay path among Śvētāmbara Jains is `` heavily imbued with ascetic values '' , where the rituals either revere or celebrate the ascetic life of Tirthankaras , or mendicants , or progressively get closer to psychologically and physically living ever more like an ascetic . The ultimate ritual is sallekhana , a religious death through ascetic abandonment of food and drinks . The Digambara Jains follow the same theme , but the details differ from Śvētāmbaras , and according to Dundas , the life cycle and religious rituals are closer to the liturgy found among Hindu traditions . The overlap in Jain and Hindu rituals is largely in the life cycle ( rites - of - passage ) rituals , according to Padmanabh Jaini , and likely one that developed over time because Jains and Hindus societies overlapped , and rituals were viewed as necessary and secular ceremonies . Jains do not believe in a creator god , but do ritually worship numerous deities . The Jinas are prominent and a large focus of this ritualism , but they are not the only deva in Jainism . A Jina as deva is not an avatar ( incarnation ) in Jainism , but the highest state of omniscience that an ascetic tirthankara achieved . Out of the 24 Tirthankaras , Jain devotional worship is predominantly addressed to four : Mahāvīra , Parshvanatha , Neminatha and Rishabhanatha . Among the non-tirthankara saints , devotional worship is common for Bahubali among the Digambaras . Some of Jaina rituals remember the five life events of the tirthankaras , called the Panch Kalyanaka , are rituals such as the Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava , Panch Kalyanaka Puja and Snatrapuja . Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals . The basic worship ritual practised by Jains is darsana ( `` seeing '' ) of deva , which includes Jina , or other yaksas , gods and goddesses such as Brahmadeva , 52 Viras , Padmavati , Ambika and 16 Vidyadevis ( Sarasvati , Lakshmi , others ) . The Terapanthi sub-tradition of Digambaras do not worship many of the deities popular among mainstream Digambaras , and they limit their ritual worship to Tirthankaras . The worship ritual is called the devapuja , is found in all Jaina sub traditions , which share common features . Typically , the Jaina layperson enters the temple inner sanctum in simple clothing and bare feet , with a plate filled with offerings , bows down , says the namaskara , completes his or her litany and prayers , sometimes is assisted by the temple priest , leaves the offerings and then departs . Jain practices include performing abhisheka ( `` ceremonial bath '' ) of the images . Some Jain sects employ a pujari ( also called upadhye ) for rituals , who may be a non-Jain ( a Hindu ) , to perform special rituals and other priestly duties at the temple . More elaborate worship includes ritual offerings such as rice , fresh and dry fruits , flowers , coconut , sweets , and money . Some may light up a lamp with camphor and make auspicious marks with sandalwood paste . Devotees also recite Jain texts , particularly the life stories of the tirthankaras . The traditional Jains , like Buddhists and Hindus , believe in the efficacy of mantras and that certain sounds and words are inherently auspicious , powerful and spiritual . The most famous of the mantras , broadly accepted in various sects of Jainism , is the `` five homage '' ( panca namaskara ) mantra which is believed to be eternal and existent since the first ford - maker 's time . The medieval era Jain worship practices , according to Ellen Gough , also developed tantric diagrams of the Rishi - mandala where the tirthankaras are portrayed . The Tantric traditions within Jainism use mantra and rituals that are believed to accrue merit for rebirth realms . Festivals Main article : Jain festivals Celebrating Das Lakshana ( Paryusana ) , Jain Center of America , New York City Jains celebrate many annual festivals . Many of the major festivals in Jainism fall in and around the comasu ( Sanskrit : chaturmasa ) period of the calendar . It is the four - month monsoon period when the Jain ascetics are mandated to remain in residence at one place in the Jain tradition , rather than traveling or going around Indian villages and towns for religion reformations but never staying in one place for more than a month . The comasu period allows the four orders of the Jain community to be together and participate in the festive remembrances . The most important annual Jain festival is called the Paryushana by Śvētāmbaras and Dasa lakshana parva by the Digambaras . It is celebrated from the 12th day of waning moon in the traditional luni - solar month of Bhadrapada in the Indian calendar . This typically falls in August or September of the Gregorian calendar . It lasts eight days for Śvētāmbaras , and ten days among the Digambaras . It is a time when lay people fast and pray . The five vows are emphasized during this time . Śvētāmbaras recite the Kalpasūtras , while Digambaras read their own texts . The festival is an occasion where Jains make active effort to stop cruelty towards other life forms , freeing animals in captivity and preventing slaughter of animals . Forgiveness I forgive all living beings , may all living beings forgive me . All in this world are my friends , I have no enemies . -- Jain festival prayer on the last day The last day involves a focused prayer / meditation session known as Samvatsari . Jains consider this as a day of atonement , granting forgiveness to others , seeking forgiveness from all living beings , physically or mentally asking for forgiveness and resolving to treat everyone in the world as friends . Forgiveness is asked by saying `` Micchami Dukkadam '' or `` Khamat Khamna '' to others . This means , `` If I have offended you in any way , knowingly or unknowingly , in thought , word or action , then I seek your forgiveness . '' The literal meaning of Paryushana is `` abiding '' or `` coming together '' . Mahavir Jayanti celebrates the birth of Mahāvīra . It is celebrated on the 13th day of the luni - solar month of Chaitra in the traditional Indian calendar . This typically falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar . The festivities include visiting Jain temples , pilgrimages to shrines , reading Jain texts and processions of Mahāvīra by the community . At his legendary birthplace of Kundagrama in Bihar , north of Patna , special events are held by Jains . Diwali is observed by Jains as the anniversary of Mahāvīra 's attainment of moksha . The Hindu festival of Diwali is also celebrated on the same date ( Kartika Amavasya ) . Jain temples , homes , offices , and shops are decorated with lights and diyas ( `` small oil lamps '' ) . The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance . Sweets are often distributed . On Diwali morning , Nirvan Ladoo is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples across the world . The Jain new year starts right after Diwali . Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are Akshaya Tritiya and Raksha Bandhan , similar to those in the Hindu communities . Monasticism Main article : Jain monasticism Digambara monk Śvētāmbara - Deravasi monk Jainism monastic organization is a part of Jain society called sangh . A sangh has a four-fold order , or caturvidh , sakal sangh . This consists of sadhu ( male ascetics , muni ) , sadhvi ( female ascetics , aryika ) , śrāvaka ( `` laymen '' ) , and śrāvikā ( `` laywoman '' ) . The latter two support the ascetics and their monastic organizations called gacch or samuday , in autonomous regional Jain congregations . Digambar tradition has two main monastic orders Mula Sangh and the Kashtha Sangh , both led by Bhattarakas . Other notable monastic orders include the Digambara Terapanth which emerged in the 17th century . Śvētāmbaras have their own sanghs , but unlike Digambaras which have had predominantly sadhu sanghs ( male monastic organizations ) , they have major sadhu and sadhvi sanghs ( monks and nuns ) . A Śvētāmbara nun ( early 20th - century ) A Digambara nun According to Śvētāmbara Jain texts , from Kalpasūtras onwards , its monastic community has had more sadhvis than sadhus ( female than male mendicants ) . In Tapa Gacch of the modern era , the ratio of sadhvis to sadhus ( nuns to monks ) is about 3.5 to 1 . In contrast to Śvētāmbara , the Digambara sect monastic community has been predominantly male . In the Digambara tradition , a male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve his soul 's liberation from rebirths through asceticism . Women must gain karmic merit , to be reborn as man , and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in the Digambara sect of Jainism . The Śvētāmbaras disagree with the Digambaras , believing that women can also achieve liberation from Saṃsāra through ascetic practices . The Jain monastic organization shares many parallels with those found in Buddhist and Brahmanical - Hindu monasticism . They all have similar rules , hierarchical structure , practices such as not traveling during the four - month monsoon season and celibacy . According to William Johnston , this is not likely from mutual borrowing of ideas , but because these traditions emerged from the same ancient Indian monastic traditions that preceded the Buddha and the Mahāvīra . There are some differences . For example , the Jain and Hindu monastic community has been traditionally more mobile and had an itinerant lifestyle , while Buddhist monks have favored belonging to a sangha ( monastery ) and staying in its premises . Buddhist monastic rules forbid a monk to go outside without wearing the sangha 's distinctive ruddy robe , or to use wooden bowls . In contrast , Jain monastic rules have either required no clothes ( Digambara ) or white ( Śvētāmbara ) and the use of wooden or empty gourd as the begging bowl . The Jain monastic rules have encouraged the use of mouth cover , as well as a broom to gently remove any insect that comes in their path . Supplementary vows and sallekhana Jainism also prescribes seven supplementary vows which include three guņa vratas ( `` merit vows '' ) and four śikşā vratas . The Sallekhana ( or Santhara ) vow is a `` religious death '' ritual vow observed at the end of life , historically by Jain monks and nuns , but rare in the modern age . In this vow , there is voluntary and gradual reduction of food and liquid intake to end one 's life by choice and with dispassion , In Jainism this is believed to reduce negative karma that affects a soul 's future rebirths . Traditions and sects Main article : Jain schools and branches Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras The Jain community is divided into two major denominations , Digambara and Śvētāmbara . Monks of the Digambara ( `` sky - clad '' ) tradition do not wear clothes . Female monastics of the Digambara sect wear unstitched plain white sarees and are referred to as Aryikas . Śvētāmbara ( `` white - clad '' ) monastics , on the other hand , wear seamless white clothes . During Chandragupta Maurya 's reign , Jain tradition states that Acharya Bhadrabahu predicted a twelve - year - long famine and moved to Karnataka with his disciples . Sthulabhadra , a pupil of Acharya Bhadrabahu , stayed in Magadha . Later , when followers of Acharya Bhadrabahu returned , they found those who had remained at Magadha had started wearing white clothes , which was unacceptable to the others who remained naked . This is how Jains believe the Digambara and Śvētāmbara schism began , with the former being naked while the latter wore white clothes . Digambara saw this as being opposed to the Jain tenets which , according to them , required having no possessions -- including clothes ( aparigraha ) . In the 5th - century CE , the Council of Valabhi was organized by Śvētāmbara , which Digambara did not attend . At the council , the Śvētāmbara adopted the texts they had preserved as canonical scriptures , which Digambara have ever since rejected . This council solidified the historic schism between these two major traditions of Jainism . The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of Kundakunda . Digambara Mahāvīra iconography Śvētāmbara Simandhar Swami iconography Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts , Digambaras and Śvētāmbara differ in other significant ways such as : Śvētāmbaras trace their practices and dress code to the teachings of Parshvanatha , the 23rd tirthankara , which they believe taught only Four restraints ( a claim , scholars say are confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jaina monastic life ) . Mahāvīra taught Five vows , which Digambara follow . The Digambara sect disagrees with the Śvētāmbara interpretations , and reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra 's teachings . Digambaras believe that both Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra remained unmarried , whereas Śvētāmbara believe the 23rd and 24th did indeed marry . According to the Śvētāmbara version , Parshva married Prabhavati , and Mahāvīra married Yashoda who bore him a daughter named Priyadarshana . The two sects also differ on the origin of Trishala , Mahāvīra 's mother , as well as the details of Tirthankara 's biographies such as how many auspicious dreams their mothers had when they were in the wombs . Digambara believe Rishabha , Vasupujya and Neminatha were the three tirthankaras who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture . In contrast , Śvētāmbaras believe it was Rishabha , Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting posture . Digambara monasticism rules are more rigid . Digambara iconography are plain , Śvētāmbara icons are decorated and colored to be more lifelike . Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the Kushan Empire ( c. 1st century CE ) . Tirthankara represented without clothes , and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm , are identified as the Ardhaphalaka ( `` half - clothed '' ) mentioned in texts . The Yapaniyas , believed to have originated from the Ardhaphalaka , followed Digambara nudity along with several Śvētāmbara beliefs . Other sub-traditions Both of the major Jain traditions evolved into sub-traditions over time . For example , the devotional worship traditions of Śvētāmbara are referred to as Murti - pujakas , those who live in and around Jain temples became Deravasi or Mandira - margi . Those who avoid temples and pursue their spirituality at a designated monastic meeting place came to be known as Sthānakavāsī . About the 18th century , the Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions saw an emergence of separate Terapanthi movements . Some scholars such as Malvaniya state that these ideas entered Jainism from an influence of Islam , while others such as Dundas state that these ideas , debates and movements can be traced in more ancient texts than the start of Islam . In the modern era , according to Flügel , new Jaina religious movements that are a `` primarily devotional form of Jainism '' have developed which resemble `` Jain Mahayana '' style devotionalism . Gender and spiritual liberation A male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve liberation , particularly through asceticism . In the Digambara traditional belief , women must gain karmic merit , to be reborn as man , and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation . However , this view has been historically debated within Jainism and different Jaina sects have expressed different views , particularly the Śvētāmbara sect that believes that women too can achieve spiritual liberation from rebirths in Saṃsāra . The Śvētāmbaras state the 19th Tirthankara Māllīnātha was female . However , Digambara reject this , and worship Mallinatha as a male . Beliefs and philosophy Main article : Jain philosophy Part of a series on Jain philosophy Concepts Anekāntavāda Syādvāda Epistemology Jain Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Vitalism Kevala Jñāna Mokṣa ( Liberation ) Dravya ( Six eternal substances ) Tattva ( Seven fundamentals ) Sangha ( Community ) People Ancient Kundakunda Samantabhadra Umāsvāmi Siddhasena Divākara Medieval Pujyapada Akalanka Jinasena Nemichandra Haribhadra Hemacandra Yaśovijaya Modern Champat Rai Jain Pt . Sukhlāl Bal Patil Dravya ( `` substance '' ) Main article : Dravya Chart showing the classification of dravya and astikaya The dravya in Jainism are fundamental entities , called astikaya ( literally , `` collection that exists '' ) . They are believed to be eternal , and the ontological building blocks that constitute and explain all existence , whether perceived or not . According to the Śvētāmbara tradition of Jainism , there are five eternal substances in existence : Soul ( jiva ) , Matter ( pudgala ) , Space ( akasha ) , motion ( Dharma ) and rest ( Adharma ) . To this list of five , the Digambara Jain tradition adds `` Time '' ( kala ) as the sixth eternal substance . In both traditions , the substance of space is conceptualized as `` world space '' ( lokakasha ) and `` non-world space '' ( alokiakasha ) . Further , both soul and matter are considered as active ontological substances , while the rest are inactive . Another categorization found in Jain philosophy is jiva and ajiva , the latter being all dravya that is not jiva . Jiva ( `` soul '' ) , ajiva ( `` non-soul '' ) Main articles : Jīva ( Jainism ) and Ajiva Jiva means `` soul '' in Jainism , and is also called jivatman . It is a core concept and the fundamental focus of the Jain theology . The soul is believed to be eternal , and a substance that undergoes constant modifications , in every life , after every rebirth of a living being . Jiva consists of pure consciousness in the Jain thought , has innate `` free will '' that causes it to act but is believed to be intangible and formless . It is the soul that experiences existence and gains knowledge , not mind nor body both believed to a heap of matter . Jain philosophy further believes that the soul is the mechanism of rebirth , and karma accumulation . It is the same size in all living beings , such as a human being , a tiny insect and a large elephant . Jiva is everywhere , filling and infused in every minuscule part of the entire loka ( realm of existence ) , according to Jainism . The soul has the potential to reach omniscience and eternal bliss , and end the cycles of rebirth and associated suffering , which is the goal of Jain spirituality . The jiva is believed to rely on other dravya to function . The Jain philosophy completely separates body ( matter ) from the soul ( consciousness ) . Souls reside in bodies and journey endlessly through saṃsāra ( that is , realms of existence through cycles of rebirths and redeaths ) . Jivas are believed to be of two types , stationary and mobile . Illustration of the former are plants , while moving jivas include examples such as human beings , animals , gods , hell beings and insects . Jivas are further classified in Jain philosophy by assigned number of senses which range from one sensory organ to five sensory organs . Inert world such as air , fire or clod of dirt , considered non-sensate in contemporary science , are asserted in historic texts of Jainism to be living and with sensory powers . Ajiva consists of everything other than jiva . Life processes such as breath , means of knowledge such as language , all emotional and biological experiences such as pleasure and pain are all believed in Jainism to be made of pudgala ( `` matter '' ) . These interact with tattva or reality to create , bind , destroy or unbind karma particles to the soul . According to Dundas , Dharma as a metaphysical substance in Jain philosophy may be understood as `` that which carries '' instead of the literal sense of ordinary physical motion . Thus , dharma includes all verbal and mental activity , that contribute to karma and purification of the soul . Tattva ( `` reality '' ) Main article : Tattva ( Jainism ) The 7 Tattvas of Jain philosophy Tattva connotes `` Reality , Truth '' in Jain philosophy , and is the framework for salvation . According to Digambara Jains , there are seven tattvas , while Śvētāmbaras believe in nine tattvas : The sentient ( jiva , soul ) The insentient ( ajiva ) The karmic influx ( Āsrava ) to the soul Good karma ( punya , merits ) , found in the tattva theory of Śvētāmbara , but not of Digambaras Bad karma ( papa , negatives ) , found in the tattva theory of Śvētāmbara , but not of Digambaras The bondage ( Bandha ) of karmic particles to the soul , thereby causing its change , which cumulatively determines the future rebirths The stoppage ( Saṃvara ) of karmic influx The dissociation and wiping away of past karmic particles ( Nirjarā ) from the soul The liberation ( Moksha ) The true insight in Jain philosophy is considered as `` faith in the tattvas '' . The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach moksha for ascetics , but for most Jain laypersons and ascetics it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation . Soul and karma Main article : Karma in Jainism According to Jainism , the existence of `` a bound and ever changing soul '' is a self - evident truth , an axiom which does not need to be proven . There are numerous souls , but every one of them has three qualities ( Guṇa ) : consciousness ( caitanya , most important quality of soul ) , bliss ( sukha ) and vibrational energy ( virya ) . The vibration draws karmic particles to the soul and creates bondages , but is also what adds merit or demerit to the soul . Karma , like in other Indian religions , connotes in Jainism the universal cause and effect law . However , it is envisioned as a material substance ( subtle matter ) that can bind to the soul , travel with the soul substance in bound form between rebirths , and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas . Karma is also believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul , as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth . The relationship between the soul and karma , states Padmanabh Jaini , can be explained with the analogy of gold . Like gold is always found mixed with impurities in its original state , Jainism holds that the soul is not pure at its origin but is always impure and defiled like natural gold . One can exert effort and purify gold , similarly , Jainism states that the defiled soul can be purified by proper refining methodology . Karma either defiles the soul further , or refines it to a cleaner state , and this affects future rebirths . Karma is thus an efficient cause ( nimitta ) in Jain philosophy , but not the material cause ( upadana ) . The soul is believed to be the material cause . Tirthankara - nama - karma is a special type of karma , bondage of which raises a soul to the supreme status of a tirthankara . Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas ( transmigrating souls ) in Jainism Jain texts state that souls exist as `` clothed with material bodies '' , where it entirely fills up the body . There are five types of bodies in the Jaina thought : earthly ( e.g. most humans , animals and plants ) , metamorphic ( e.g. gods , hell beings , fine matter , some animals and a few humans who can morph because of their perfections ) , transference type ( e.g. good and pure substances realized by ascetics ) , fiery ( e.g. heat that transforms or digests food ) , and karmic ( the substrate where the karmic particles reside and which make the soul ever changing ) . Jain philosophy further divides the earthly body by symmetry , number of sensory organs , vitalities ( ayus ) , functional capabilities and whether one body hosts one soul or one body hosts many . Every living being has one to five senses , three balas ( power of body , language and mind ) , respiration ( inhalation and exhalation ) , and life - duration . All living beings , in every realm including the gods and hell beings , accrue and destroy eight types of karma according to the elaborate theories in Jain texts . Elaborate descriptions of the shape and function of the physical and metaphysical universe , and its constituents , are also provided in the Jain texts . All of these elaborate theories attempt to illustrate and consistently explain the Jain karma theory in a deeply moral framework , much like Buddhism and Hinduism but with significant differences in the details and assumptions . Saṃsāra Main articles : Saṃsāra ( Jainism ) and Vitalism ( Jainism ) Souls are reborn in various realms of existence depending on their karmas , according to Jainism . The conceptual framework of the Saṃsāra doctrine differs between the Jainism traditions and other Indian religions . For instance , in Jaina traditions , soul ( jiva ) is accepted as a truth , as is assumed in the Hindu traditions . It is not assumed in the Buddhist traditions . However , Saṃsāra or the cycle of rebirths , has a definite beginning and end in Jainism . The Jaina theosophy , unlike Hindu and Buddhist theosophies , asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth - situations , as they circle through Saṃsāra . As the soul cycles , states Padmanabh Jaini , Jainism traditions believe that it goes through five types of bodies : earth bodies , water bodies , fire bodies , air bodies and vegetable lives . With all human and non-human activities , such as rainfall , agriculture , eating and even breathing , minuscule living beings are taking birth or dying , their souls are believed to be constantly changing bodies . Perturbing , harming or killing any life form , including any human being , is considered a sin in Jainism , with negative karmic effects . Souls begin their journey in a primordial state , and exist in a state of consciousness continuum that is constantly evolving through Saṃsāra . Some evolve to a higher state ; some regress asserts the Jaina theory , a movement that is driven by the karma . Further , Jaina traditions believe that there exist Abhavya ( `` incapable '' ) , or a class of souls that can never attain moksha ( `` liberation '' ) . The Abhavya state of soul is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act . Jainism considers souls as pluralistic each in a karma - samsara cycle , and does not subscribe to Advaita - style ( `` not two '' ) nondualism of Hinduism , or Advaya - style nondualism of Buddhism . A liberated soul in Jainism is one who has gone beyond Saṃsāra , is at the apex , is omniscient , remains there eternally , and is known as a Siddha . Cosmology Main article : Jain cosmology Rebirth loka ( realms of existence ) in Jain cosmology . Jain texts propound that the universe consists of many eternal lokas ( `` realms of existence '' ) . As in Buddhism and Hinduism , Jain cosmology believes both time and the universe are eternal without beginning and end , and that the universe is transient ( impermanent in attributes ) at the same time . The universe , body , matter and time are considered in Jain philosophy as separate from the soul ( jiva or jivatman ) . Their interaction explains life , living , death and rebirth . Division of time in Jain cosmology . According to the Jain texts , the universe is divided into three parts , the upper , middle , and lower worlds , called respectively urdhva loka , madhya loka , and adho loka . As with the realms of existences , Kāla ( `` time '' ) is without beginning and eternal ; the cosmic wheel of time , called kālachakra , rotates ceaselessly . According to Jain texts , in this part of the universe , there are six periods of time within two aeons ( ara ) , and in the first aeon the universe generates , and in the next it degenerates . Thus , the worldly cycle of time is divided into two parts or half - cycles , utsarpiṇī ( `` ascending '' ) and avasarpiṇī ( `` descending '' ) . Utsarpiṇī is a period of progressive prosperity , where happiness increases , while avasarpiṇī is a period of increasing sorrow and immorality . According to Jain cosmology , it is currently the fifth ara of avasarpiṇī ( half time cycle of degeneration ) . The present age is one of sorrow and misery , of religious decline , where the height and shape of living beings shrink . Jain thought holds that after the sixth ara , the universe will be reawakened in the new cycle and the start of utsarpiṇī aras . According to Jain texts , sixty - three illustrious beings , called śalākāpuruṣas , are born on this earth in every Dukhama - sukhamā ara . The Jain universal history is a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious persons . They comprise twenty - four Tīrthaṅkaras , twelve chakravartins , nine balabhadra , nine narayana , and nine pratinarayana . Worship of Kunthunatha , the 17th Tirthankara and 6th Chakravartin A chakravartī is an emperor of the world and lord of the material realm . Though he possesses worldly power , he often finds his ambitions dwarfed by the vastness of the cosmos . Jain puranas give a list of twelve chakravartins ( `` universal monarchs '' ) . They are golden in complexion . One of the chakravartins mentioned in Jain scriptures is Bharata Chakravartin . Jain texts like Harivamsa Purana and Hindu Texts like Vishnu Purana state that Indian subcontinent came to be known as Bharata varsha in his memory . There are nine sets of balabhadra , narayana , and pratinarayana . The balabhadra and narayana are brothers . Balabhadra are nonviolent heroes , narayana are violent heroes , and pratinarayana the villains . According to the legends , the narayana ultimately kill the pratinarayana . Of the nine balabhadra , eight attain liberation and the last goes to heaven . On death , the narayana go to hell because of their violent exploits , even if these were intended to uphold righteousness . Jain cosmology divides the worldly cycle of time into two parts ( avasarpiṇī and utsarpiṇī ) . According to Jain belief , in every half - cycle of time , twenty - four tīrthaṅkaras are born in the human realm to discover and teach the Jain doctrine appropriate for that era . The word tīrthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha , which means a fordable passage across a sea . The tīrthaṅkaras show the ' fordable path ' across the sea of interminable births and deaths . Rishabhanatha is said to be the first tīrthankara of the present half - cycle ( avasarpiṇī ) . Mahāvīra ( 6th century BC ) is revered as the twenty fourth tīrthankara of avasarpiṇī . Jain texts explain that Jainism has always existed and will always exist . In Jainism , perfect souls with the body are called arihant ( `` victors '' ) and perfect souls without the body are called Siddhas ( `` liberated souls '' ) . God Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras , Jaipur , c. 1850 Main article : God in Jainism See also : Pañca - Parameṣṭhi According to Jainism , the universe was never created , nor will it ever cease to exist . It is independent and self - sufficient , does not require a creator nor any superior power to govern it , nor a judge nor destroyer . In this belief , it is distinct from the monotheistic Abrahamic religions ; it is similar to Buddhism . It shares premises with the non-theistic part of the spectrum of diverse beliefs found in different traditions within Hindu philosophy and distinct from theistic Hindu traditions . Jain texts reject the idea of a creator , ruler or destroyer god and postulate an eternal universe . However , Jainism believes in the world of gods and hell beings who are born , and who die to be reborn like living beings in the earthly realm of existence . Those souls who live in the body of a god do so because of their positive karma . They have a metamorphic body , that is they are believed in Jain thought to be able to change their body at will . The gods live a life of happiness , fun and frolic , whose wishes are automatically fulfilled . They also possess a more transcendent knowledge about material things and can anticipate events in the human realms . However , once their past karmic merit is exhausted , the souls leave the `` god body '' and are reborn again as humans , animals or other beings . Epistemology Main article : Jain epistemology Jain philosophy accepts three reliable means of knowledge ( pramana ) . It holds that correct knowledge is based on perception ( pratyaksa ) , inference ( anumana ) and testimony ( sabda or the word of scriptures ) . These ideas are elaborated in Jain texts such as Tattvarthasūtra , Parvacanasara , Nandi and Anuyogadvarini . Some Jain texts add analogy ( upamana ) as the fourth reliable means , in a manner similar to epistemological theories found in other Indian religions . In Jainism , jnāna ( `` knowledge '' ) is said to be of five kinds -- Kevala Jnana ( `` Omniscience '' ) , Śrutu Jñāna ( `` Scriptural Knowledge '' ) , Mati Jñāna ( `` Sensory Knowledge '' ) , Avadhi Jñāna ( `` Clairvoyance '' ) , and Manah prayāya Jñāna ( `` Telepathy '' ) . According to the Jain text Tattvartha sūtra , the first two are indirect knowledge and the remaining three are direct knowledge . Salvation , liberation Main articles : Moksha ( Jainism ) , Ratnatraya , and Gunasthana The three shikhar ( top ) of a Jain temple represents Ratnatraya ( three jewels ) According to Jainism , purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels : Samyak darśana ( `` Correct View '' ) -- Faith in basic tenets of Jainism , acceptance of the self - evident truth of soul ( jīva ) Samyak jnana ( `` Correct Knowledge '' ) -- Knowledge of the tattvas without any doubt or misapprehension Samyak charitra ( Correct Conduct ) -- behavior consistent with the Five vows Jain texts often add samyak tap ( Correct Asceticism ) as the fourth jewel , thereby emphasizing their belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation ( moksha ) . The four jewels of orthodox Jain ideology are called moksha marg . According to Jain texts , the liberated pure soul ( Siddha ) goes up to the summit of universe ( Siddhashila ) and dwells there in eternal bliss . Scriptures and texts Main articles : Jain literature and Jain Agamas The Suryaprajnaptisūtra , a 4th or 3rd century BCE astronomy text of Śvētāmbara Jains . Above : its manuscript from c. 1500 CE . Stela depicting Śhrut Jnāna , or complete scriptural knowledge Jain scriptures are called Agamas . They are believed to have been verbally transmitted by the oral tradition from one generation to the next , much like the ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts . The Jain tradition believes that their religion is eternal , and the teachings of their first Tirthankara Rishabhanatha were their scriptures millions of years ago . The mythology states that the tirthankara taught in a divine preaching hall called samavasarana , which were heard by the gods , the ascetics and laypersons . The discourse delivered is called Śhrut Jnāna and comprises eleven angas and fourteen purvas . The discourse is remembered and transmitted by the Ganadharas ( `` chief disciples '' ) , and is composed of twelve angas ( `` departments '' ) . It is symbolically represented by a tree with twelve branches . According to the Jain tradition , an araha ( `` worthy one '' ) speaks meaning that is then converted into sūtra ( sutta ) by his disciples , and from such sūtras emerge the doctrine . The creation and transmission of the Agama is the work of disciples in Jainism . These texts , historically for Jains , have represented the truths uttered by their tirthankaras , particularly the Mahāvīra . In every cycle of Jain cosmology , twenty - four tirthankaras appear and so do the Jain scriptures for that ara . The spoken scriptural language is believed to be Ardhamagadhi by the Śvētāmbara Jains , and a form of sonic resonance by the Digambara Jains . These then become coded into duvala samgagani pidaga ( twelve limbed baskets by disciples ) , but transmitted orally . In the 980th year after Mahāvīra 's death ( ~ 5th century CE ) , the texts were written down for the first time by the Council of Valabhi . The Śvētāmbaras believe that they have the original Jain scriptures . The Śvētāmbara belief is denied by the Digambaras , who instead believe the scriptures were lost . The Śvētāmbaras state that their collection of 45 works represent a continuous tradition , though they accept that their collection is also incomplete because of a lost Anga text and four lost Purva texts . The Digambara sect of Jainism believes that Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon . According to them , Digambara Āchāryas recreated the oldest - known Digambara Jain texts , including the four anuyoga . According to von Glasenapp , the Digambara texts partially agree with the enumerations and works of older Śvētāmbara texts , but in many cases there are also gross differences between the texts of the two major Jain traditions . The Śvētāmbara consider their 45 text collection as canonical . The Digambaras created a secondary canon between 600 and 900 CE , compiling it into four groups : history , cosmography , philosophy and ethics . This four - set collection is called the `` four Vedas '' by the Digambaras . The most popular and influential texts of Jainism have been its non-canonical literature . Of these , the Kalpa Sūtras are particularly popular among Śvētāmbaras , which they attribute to Bhadrabahu ( c. 300 BCE ) . This ancient scholar is revered in the Digambara tradition , and they believe he led their migration into the ancient south Karnataka region , and created their tradition . Śvētāmbaras disagree , and they believe that Bhadrabahu moved to Nepal , not into peninsular India . Both traditions , however , consider his Niryuktis and Samhitas as important texts . The earliest surviving Sanskrit text by Umaswati called the Tattvarthasūtra is considered authoritative Jain philosophy text by all traditions of Jainism . His text has the same importance in Jainism as Vedanta Sūtras and Yogasūtras have in Hinduism . In the Digambara tradition , the texts written by Kundakunda are highly revered and have been historically influential . Other important Jain texts include : Samayasara , Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra , and Niyamasara . Influence on Indian literature Mangulam inscription dated 2nd century BCE Parts of the Sangam literature in Tamil are attributed to Jaina authors . The authenticity and interpolations are controversial , because the Sangam literature presents Hindu ideas . Some scholars state that the Jain portions of the Sangam literature were added about or after the 8th - century CE , and they are not the ancient layer . Tamil Jain texts such as the Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi and Nālaṭiyār are credited to Digambara Jain authors . These texts have seen interpolations and revisions . For example , it is generally accepted now that the Jain nun Kanti inserted a 445 - verse poem into Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi in the 12th century . The Tamil Jain literature , according to Dundas , has been `` lovingly studied and commented upon for centuries by Hindus as well as Jains '' . The themes of two of the Tamil epics , including the Silapadikkaram , have an embedded influence of Jainism . Jain scholars also contributed to Kannada literature . The Digambara Jain texts in Karnataka are unusual , in that they were written under the patronage of kings and regional aristocrats . These Jain texts describe warrior violence and martial valor as equivalent to a `` fully committed Jain ascetic '' . They thus set aside the religious premise of absolute non-violence , possibly reflecting an effort to syncretise various doctrines and beliefs found in Hinduism and Jainism . Jain manuscript libraries , called bhandaras inside Jain temples , are the oldest surviving in India . Jain libraries , including the Śvētāmbara collections at Patan , Gujarat and Jaiselmer , Rajasthan , as well as the Digambara collections in Karnataka temples , have a large number of well - preserved manuscripts . The manuscripts in the Jain libraries include Jaina literature , as well as Hindu and Buddhist texts . Almost all their texts have been dated to about , or after , the 11th century CE . The largest and most valuable libraries are found in the Thar Desert , hidden in the underground vaults of Jain temples . These collections have witnessed insect damage , and only a small portion of these manuscripts have been published and studied by scholars . Comparison with Buddhism and Hinduism Main articles : Buddhism and Jainism and Jainism and Hinduism Jainism differs from both Buddhism and Hinduism in its ontological premises . All of them believe in impermanence , but Buddhism incorporates , amongst other things , the premise of anatta ( `` non-self '' , `` no eternal self or soul '' ) . Hinduism incorporates the premise of an eternal unchanging atman ( `` self '' , `` soul '' ) , while Jainism incorporates the premises of a jiva ( `` self '' , `` soul '' ) that is both eternal and changing . In Jaina thought , there are infinite eternal jivas , predominantly all of which are in their cycles of rebirth , and a few who have liberated themselves through an ascetic life and become siddhas ( `` a perfect one '' ) . In contrast to Jainism , Hindu philosophies express a spectrum of views , ranging from nondualism where all souls are identical as Brahman and posited as interconnected one , to dualism where souls are same and have Brahman - nature but are different from Brahman , and to other ideas . Further , in Hindu thought , Jainism - style asceticism is not emphasized , rather liberation is achievable through alternate paths such as Jnana yoga , Karma yoga and Bhakti yoga . While both Hinduism and Jainism believe `` soul exists '' to be a self - evident truth , most Hindu systems consider it to be eternally present , infinite and the constant ( vibhu ) but some Hindu scholars proposed soul to be atomic . The Hindu thought generally discusses Atman and Brahman through a monistic or dualistic framework . In contrast , the Jaina thought denies the Hindu metaphysical concept of Brahman , and Jain philosophy considers the soul to be ever changing and bound to the body or matter for each lifetime , thereby having a finite size that infuses the entire body of a living being . Some early colonial scholars stated that Jainism like Buddhism was , in part , a rejection of the caste system in Hinduism . Later scholars , such as Gombrich state that this notion is an error for which `` mainly Western authors are responsible '' . A caste system has been a historic part of Jain society . According to Vilas Adinath Sangave , `` caste system is a universal feature of the Jaina community '' , and the focus of Jainism has been the spiritual liberation of the individual rather than social reforms . According to Padamnath Jaini , the 8th - century Digambara scholar Jinasena stated that Jain king Bharata , the son of first tirthankara named Rishabhanatha , invented the caste system by performing the ahiṃsā ( non-violence ) test , with Jain Brahmins being those who followed the non-violence precept . All three religions share concepts and doctrines such as karma and rebirth , and have similar ritual festival grammar , mythologies and monastic traditions . They do not believe in eternal heaven or hell or judgment day . Jainism , like Buddhism and Hinduism , grants the freedom to choose beliefs such as in gods or no - gods , agree or disagree with core teachings , participate or not participate in prayers , rituals and festivals . They all consider ethical values such as non-violence to be important , and link suffering to craving , individual 's actions , intents and karma , and believe spirituality is a means to enlightened peace , bliss and eternal liberation ( moksha ) . Jainism is similar to Buddhism in epistemically rejecting the Vedas and the Hindu metaphysical concept for Reality called Brahman . Jainism and Hinduism , however , both believe `` soul exists '' as a self - evident truth , and in their historic theology and practice have been more similar than with Buddhism . Jains and Hindus have frequently intermarried over their history , particularly in northern , central and western regions of India . Art and architecture Main article : Jain art A 7th - century Jain Sittanavasal Cave painting , Tamil Nadu . Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture . Jain arts depict life legends of tirthankara or other important people , particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture . Yakshas and yakshinis , attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara , are usually shown with them . The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum . It is dated approximately to the 3rd century BCE . Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum , Mumbai , and in the Patna museum ; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE . Ayagapata , 200 CE , Kankali Tila Inscriptions at a Udaygiri - Khandagiri 1st - century BCE Jain rock cut cave , Odisha . Ayagapata is a type of votive tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries . These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the stupa , dharmacakra and triratna . They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship . Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like Kankali Tila near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh , India . The practice of donating these tablets is documented from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE . Samavasarana , a preaching hall of tirthankaras with various beings concentrically placed , is an important theme of Jain art . The Jain tower in Chittor , Rajasthan , is a good example of Jain architecture . Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries , containing diagrams from Jain cosmology . Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events , known as Panch Kalyanaka , from the life of the tirthankara . Rishabha , the first tirthankara , is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga , the standing position . He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders . Bull images also appear in his sculptures . In paintings , incidents from his life , like his marriage and Indra marking his forehead , are depicted . Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers ; he is also seen painting a house , weaving , and being visited by his mother Marudevi . Each of the twenty - four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems , which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati , Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara . Temples Main article : Jain temple Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Major pilgrimage and temple sites in Jainism A Jain temple , Derasar or Basadi is a place of worship for Jains . Jain temples are built with various architectural designs , but there are mainly two type of Jain temples : Shikar - bandhi Jain temple ( one with a dome ) Ghar Jain temple ( Jain house temple -- one without a dome ) . There is always a main deity also known as moolnayak in every Jain temple placed inside a sanctum called `` Gambhara '' ( Garbha Griha ) . A manastambha ( `` column of honor '' ) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples . There are 26 caves , 200 stone beds , 60 inscriptions , and over 100 sculptures in and around Madurai . This is also the site where Jain ascetics wrote great epics and books on grammar in Tamil . Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa ( Vidisha ) in Madhya Pradesh , the Ellora in Maharashtra , the Palitana temples in Gujarat , and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near Mount Abu , Rajasthan . Chaumukha temple in Ranakpur is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings . According to Jain texts , Shikharji is the place where twenty of the twenty - four Jain Tīrthaṅkaras along with many other monks attained moksha ( died without being reborn , with their soul in Siddhashila ) . The Shikharji site in northeastern Jharkhand is therefore a revered pilgrimage site . The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect . Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the Jain community . The Jain complex , Khajuraho and Jain Narayana temple are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Shravanabelagola , Saavira Kambada Basadi or 1000 pillars and Brahma Jinalaya are important Jain centers in Karnataka . The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves dating back to the 2nd -- 1st century BCE are dedicated to Jainism . They are rich with carvings of Jain tirthanakars and deities with inscriptions including the Hathigumpha inscription ( `` Elephant Cave '' inscription ) . Jain cave temples at Badami , Mangi - Tungi and the Ellora Caves are considered important . The Sittanavasal Cave temple is regarded as one of the finest examples of Jain art . It is the oldest and most famous Jain centre in the region . It possesses both an early Jain cave shelter , and a medieval rock - cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha paintings ; the steep hill contains an isolated but spacious cavern . Locally , this cavern is known as `` Eladipattam '' , a name that is derived from the seven holes cut into the rock that serve as steps leading to the shelter . Within the cave there are seventeen stone beds aligned in rows ; each of these has a raised portion that could have served as a pillow - loft . The largest stone bed has a distinct Tamil - Brahmi inscription assignable to the 2nd century BCE , and some inscriptions belonging to the 8th century BCE are also found on the nearby beds . The Sittannavasal cavern continued to be the Holy Sramana Abode until the 7th and 8th centuries . Inscriptions over the remaining stone beds name mendicants such as Tol kunrattu Kadavulan , Tirunilan , Tiruppuranan , Tittaicharanan , Sri Purrnacandran , Thiruchatthan , Ilangowthaman , Sri Ulagathithan , and Nityakaran Pattakali as monks . The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple marks the revival of Jainism in South India . Jain temples in India and Abroad Palitana temples , Shatrunjaya Ranakpur Jain Temple Dilwara Temples Saavira Kambada Basadi Brahma Jinalaya , Lakkundi Hutheesing Jain Temple Parshvanath Temple in Khajuraho Girnar Jain temples Jal Mandir , Pawapuri Panchakuta Basadi , Kambadahalli Jain Narayana temple Lodhruva Jain temple Jain temple , Antwerp , Belgium Pilgrimages Main article : Tirtha ( Jainism ) Jal Mandir at Shikharji , is said to be the place where 20 tirthankars achieved Nirvana . Jain Tirtha ( `` pilgrim '' ) sites are divided into the following categories : Siddhakshetra -- Site of the moksha of an arihant ( kevalin ) or tirthankara , such as : Ashtapada , Shikharji , Girnar , Pawapuri , Palitana , Mangi - Tungi , and Champapuri ( capital of Anga ) . Atishayakshetra -- Locations where divine events have occurred , such as : Mahavirji , Rishabhdeo , Kundalpur , Tijara , and Aharji . Puranakshetra -- Places associated with the lives of great men , such as : Ayodhya , Vidisha , Hastinapur , and Rajgir . Gyanakshetra -- Places associated with famous acharyas , or centers of learning , such as Shravanabelagola . Outside contemporary India , Jain communities built temples in locations such as Nagarparkar , Sindh ( Pakistan ) . However , according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application , Nagarparkar was not a `` major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage '' for Jainism , but it was once an important cultural landscape before `` the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition '' . Statues and sculptures Main article : Jain sculpture Jain sculptures are mainly images depicting tīrthaṅkaras . A sculpture could depict any of the twenty - four tīrthaṅkaras 's images . Parshvanatha , Rishabhanatha and Mahāvīra are among the more popular . These tīrthaṅkaras usually depicted in the lotus position or kayotsarga . Sculptures of chaumukha ( `` quadruple '' ) images are also popular in Jainism . Sculptures of Arihant , Bahubali , and protector deities like Ambika are also found . Tirthanakar idols look similar and are differentiated by the symbol belonging to each tirthanakar except Parshvanatha . Statues of Parshvanath have a snake crown on head . There are a few differences between the Digambara and the Śvētāmbara depictions of idols . Digambara images are naked without any beautification , whereas Śvētāmbara depictions are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments . Tirthankara Suparshvanatha , 14th century CE , marble A monolithic , 18 - metre ( 59 - foot ) statue of Bahubali , referred to as Gommateshvara , built in 981 CE by the Ganga minister and commander Chavundaraya , is situated on a hilltop in Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state . This statue was voted first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by The Times of India . The Statue of Ahiṃsā ( depicting Rishabhanatha ) was erected in the Nashik district in 2015 ; it is 33 m ( 108 ft ) tall . Idols made from Ashtadhatu ( literally `` eight metals '' ) , Akota Bronze , brass , gold , silver , stone monoliths , rock cut , and precious stones are popular in Jainism . A large number of ayagapata , votive tablets for offerings and the worship of tīrthankara , were excavated from Kankali Tila , Mathura . These sculptures date from the 2nd century BCE to the 12th century CE . Symbols Main article : Jain symbols The Jain emblem Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as swastika , om , and the Ashtamangala . Swastika The swastika is an important Jain symbol . Its four arms symbolise the four realms of existence in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism : humans , heavenly beings , hellish beings and non-humans ( plants and animals ) . This is conceptually similar to the six realms of rebirth represented by bhavachakra in Buddhism . It is usually shown with three dots on the top , which represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts such as Tattvartha sūtra and Uttaradhyayana sūtra : correct faith , correct understanding and correct conduct . These jewels are the means believed in Jainism to lead one to the state of spiritual perfection , a state that is symbolically represented by a crescent and one dot on top representing the liberated soul . Symbol of ahiṃsā The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes ahimsā in Jainism with ahiṃsā written in the middle . The wheel represents the dharmachakra ( `` Wheel of the Dharma '' ) , which stands for the resolve to halt the saṃsāra ( `` wandering '' ) through the relentless pursuit of ahimsā ( `` compassion '' ) . Om Om in Jainism In Jainism , Om is considered a condensed form of reference to the Pañca - Parameṣṭhi , by their initials A + A + A + U + M ( o 3 m ) . According to the Dravyasamgraha by Acharya Nemicandra , AAAUM ( or just Om ) is a one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis : `` Arihant , Ashiri , Acharya , Upajjhaya , Muni '' . The Om symbol is also used in ancient Jain scriptures to represent the five lines of the Ṇamōkāra Mantra . Jain emblem In 1974 , on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra , the Jain community chose one image as an emblem to be the main identifying symbol for Jainism . The overall shape depicts the three loka ( `` realms of rebirth '' ) of Jain cosmology i.e. , heaven , human world and hell . The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes Siddhashila , which is a zone beyond the three realms . The Jain swastika is present in the top portion , and the symbol of Ahiṃsā in the lower portion . At the bottom of the emblem is the Jain mantra , Parasparopagraho Jīvānām . According to Vilas Sangave , the mantra means `` all life is bound together by mutual support and interdependence '' . According to Anne Vallely , this mantra is from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati 's Tattvarthasūtra , and it means `` souls render service to one another '' . Jain flag Jain Flag The five colours of the Jain flag represent the Pañca - Parameṣṭhi and the five vows , small as well as great : White -- represents the arihants , souls who have conquered all passions ( anger , attachments , aversion ) and have attained omniscience and eternal bliss through self - realisation . It also denotes peace or ahiṃsā ( `` non-violence `` ) . Red -- represents the Siddha , souls that have attained salvation and truth . It also denotes satya ( `` truthfulness '' ) Yellow -- represents the acharya the Masters of Adepts . The colour also stands for achaurva ( `` non-stealing '' ) . Green -- represents the upadhyaya ( `` adepts '' ) , those who teach scriptures to monks . It also signifies brahmacharya ( `` chastity '' ) . Black -- represents the Jain ascetics . It also signifies aparigraha ( `` non-possession '' ) . Ashtamangala Ashtamangala , according to Śvētāmbara tradition , LACMA , 16th century The Ashtamangala are a set of eight auspicious symbols , which are different in the Digambara and Śvētāmbar traditions . In the Digambara tradition , the eight auspicious symbols are Chatra , Dhvaja , Kalasha , Chaamara , Mirror , Chair , Hand fan and Vessel . In the Śvētāmbar tradition , these are Swastika , Srivatsa , Nandavarta , Vardhmanaka ( `` food vessel '' ) , Bhadrasana ( `` seat '' ) , Kalasha ( `` pot '' ) , Darpan ( `` mirror '' ) and pair of fish . History Main article : History of Jainism Ancient sculpture depicting Parshvanatha at Thirakoil , Tamil Nadu Quadruple Jain Image , excavated from Kankali Tila , c. 1st century CE Origins See also : Timeline of Jainism and Śramaṇa The origins of Jainism are obscure . The Jains claim their religion to be eternal , and consider Rishabhanatha to be the founder in the present time - cycle , the first of 24 Jain tirthankaras in Jain belief , and someone who lived for 8,400,000 purva years . According to one hypothesis , such as one by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the first vice president of India , Jainism was in existence before the Vedas were composed . According to historians , the first 22 of the 24 tirthankaras were mythical figures . These figures were supposed to have lived more than 85,000 years ago . They were five to hundred times taller than average human beings and lived for thousands of years . The 23rd tirthankara , Parshvanatha , is generally accepted to be based on an ancient historic human being of uncertain dates , possibly 8th -- 7th century BCE . Jain scholars have argued that connected the Indus Valley Civilization to their religion , but such claims are highly speculative and have not been accepted by most scholars , in absence of concrete data . Jainism , like Buddhism , is one of the Sramana traditions of ancient India , those that rejected the Vedas and developed their own scriptures . There is inscriptional evidence for the presence of Jain monks in south India by the second or first centuries BC , and archaeological evidence of Jain monks in Saurashtra in Gujarat by the second century CE . Statues of Jain tirthankara have been found dating back to second century BC . Political history Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves built by King Kharavela of Mahameghavahana dynasty in 2nd century BCE Information regarding the political history of Jainism is uncertain and fragmentary . Jains consider the king Bimbisara ( c. 558 -- 491 BCE ) , Ajatashatru ( c. 492 -- 460 BCE ) , and Udayin ( c. 460 - 440 BCE ) of the Haryanka dynasty as a patron of Jainism . Jain tradition states that Chandragupta Maurya ( 322 -- 298 BCE ) , the founder of the Mauryan Empire and grandfather of Ashoka , became a monk and disciple of Jain ascetic Bhadrabahu during later part of his life . According to historians , Chandragupta 's story appears in various versions in Buddhist , Jain , and Hindu texts . Broadly , Chandragupta was born into a humble family , abandoned , raised as a son by another family , then with the training and counsel of Chanakya of Arthashastra fame ultimately built one of the largest empires in ancient India . According to Jain history , late in his life , Chandragupta renounced the empire he built and handed over his power to his son , became a Jaina monk , and headed to meditate and pursue spirituality in the Deccan region , under the Jaina teacher Bhadrabahu at Shravanabelagola . There state Jain texts , he died by fasting , a Jaina ascetic method of ending one 's life by choice ( Sallenkana vrata ) . The 3rd century BCE emperor Ashoka , in his pillar edicts , mentions several ancient Indian religious groups including the Niganthas ( Jaina ) . According to another Jain legend , King Salivahana of the late 1st century CE was a patron of Jainism , as were many others in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE . But von Glasenapp states that the historicity of these stories is difficult to establish . Archeological evidence suggests that Mathura was an important Jain centre between the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE . Inscriptions from the 1st and 2nd century CE show that the schism between Digambara and Śvētāmbara had already taken place . King Harshavardhana of the 7th century grew up in Shaivism , following his family , but he championed Jainism , Buddhism and all traditions of Hinduism . King Ama of the 8th century converted to Jainism , and the Jaina pilgrimage tradition was well established in his era . Mularaja , the founder of Chalukya dynasty , constructed a Jain temple , even though he was not a Jain . In the second half of the 1st century CE , Hindu kings sponsored and helped build major Jaina cave temples . For example , the Hindu Rashtrakuta dynasty started the early group of Jain temples , and the Yadava dynasty built many of the middle and later Jain group of temples at the Ellora Caves between 700 and 1000 CE . Interaction with other religions Chaumukha Sculpture with Four Jinas ( Rishabhanatha ( Adinatha ) , Parshvanatha , Neminatha , and Mahavira ) , LACMA , 6th century Mahāvīra and Buddha are generally accepted as contemporaries ( circa 5th century BCE ) . The interaction between Jainism and Buddhism began with the Buddha . Buddhist texts refer to Mahāvīra as Nigantha Nataputta . Beyond the times of the Mahāvīra and the Buddha , the two ascetic sramana ( `` seeker '' ) religions competed for followers as well as the merchant trade networks that sustained them . Their mutual interaction , along with those of Hindu traditions , have been significant . In some cases the titles of the Buddhist and Jaina texts are the same or similar but present different doctrines . Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth as well as the decline of Jainism . The Pallava King Mahendravarman I ( 600 -- 630 CE ) converted from Jainism to Shaivism under the influence of Appar . His work Mattavilasa Prahasana ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and also expresses contempt towards Jain ascetics . Sambandar converted the contemporary Pandya king to Shaivism . During the 11th century , Basava , a minister to the Jain Kalachuri king Bijjala , succeeded in converting numerous Jains to the Lingayat Shaivite sect . The Lingayats destroyed various temples belonging to Jains and adapted them to their use . The Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana ( c. 1108 -- 1152 CE ) became a follower of the Vaishnava sect under the influence of Ramanuja , after which Vaishnavism grew rapidly in what is now Karnataka . The Indra Sabha cave at the Ellora Caves , are co-located with Hindu and Buddhist monuments . Jainism and Hinduism influenced each other . Jain texts declare some of the Hindu gods as blood relatives of legendary tirthankara . Neminatha , the 22nd tirthankara for example is presented as a cousin of Krishna in Jain Puranas and other texts . However , Jain scholars such as Haribhadra also wrote satires about Hindu gods , mocking them with novel outrageous stories where the gods misbehave and act unethically . The Hindu gods are presented by some Jain writers as persecuting , tempting , afraid of , or serving a legendary Jina before he gains omniscience . In other stories , one or more Jinas easily defeat the Hindu deities such as Vishnu , or Rama and Sita who come to pay respect to a Jina at a major Jain pilgrimage site such as Mount Satrunjaya . According to a Shaivite legend , an alleged massacre of 8,000 Jain monks happened in the 7th - century which is claimed for the first time in an 11th - century Tamil language text of Nambiyandar Nambi on Sampantar . This event is considered doubtful because it is not mentioned in texts of Campantar , nor any other Hindu or Jain texts for four centuries . K.A. Nilakanta Sastri states that the story is `` little more than an unpleasant legend and can not be treated as history '' . Lingayatism , a tradition championed by Basava , is alleged to have converted numerous Jains to their new movement and destroyed various Jain temples in north Karnataka . The Jain and Hindu communities have often been very close and mutually accepting . Some Hindu temples have included a Jain Tirthankara within its premises in a place of honour . Similarly numerous temple complexes feature both Hindu and Jain monuments , with Badami cave temples and Khajuraho among some of the most well known . The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar , Pakistan , a pilgrimage site before 1947 . Jainism faced persecution during and after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent . Muslims rulers , such as Mahmud Ghazni ( 1001 ) , Mohammad Ghori ( 1175 ) and Ala - ud - din Muhammed Shah Khalji ( 1298 ) further oppressed the Jain community . They vandalised idols and destroyed temples or converted them into mosques . They also burned Jain books and killed Jains . There were significant exceptions , such as Emperor Akbar ( 1542 -- 1605 ) whose legendary religious tolerance , out of respect for Jains , ordered the release of caged birds and banned the killing of animals on the Jain festival of Paryusan . After Akbar , Jains faced an intense period of Muslim persecution in the 17th century . The Jain community were the traditional bankers and financiers , and this significantly impacted the Muslim rulers . However , they rarely were a part of the political power during the Islamic rule period of the Indian subcontinent . Colonial era Colonial era reports and Christian missions variously viewed Jainism as either a sect of Hinduism or Buddhism , or as a distinct religion . According to Padmanath Jaini , Christian missionaries expressed extreme frustration at Jain people without pagan creator gods refusing to convert to Christianity , while colonial era Jain scholars such as Champat Rai Jain defended Jainism against criticism and misrepresentation by Christian activists . Missionaries of Christianity and Islam considered Jain traditions as idolatrous and a false religion , characterizing Jain temples and icons , such of those of Jina , as false idols and superstitious practices . These criticisms , states John Cort , were flawed and also ignored similar practices within sects of Christianity . The British colonial government in India , as well as Indian princely states , passed laws that made monks roaming naked in streets a crime , one that led to arrest . This law particularly impacted the Digambara monks . The Akhil Bharatiya Jaina Samaj opposed this law , and argued that it interfered with the religious rights of Jains . Acharya Shantisagar entered Bombay ( now Mumbai ) in 1927 , but was forced to cover his body . He then led an India - wide tour as the naked monk with his followers , to various Digambara sacred sites , and was welcomed by kings of the Maharashtra provinces . Shantisagar fasted to oppose the restrictions imposed on Digambara monks by the British Raj and prompted their discontinuance . The colonial era laws that banned naked monks remained effective through World War II , but they were abolished by independent India after it gained independence . Jains in the modern era Main article : Jain community Ancient temple of Pakbirra , Purulia Followers of the path practised by the Jinas are known as Jains . The majority of Jains currently reside in India . With four to five million followers worldwide , Jainism is relatively small compared to major world religions . Jains form 0.37 % of India 's population . Most of them are concentrated in the states of Maharashtra ( 1.4 million in 2011 , 31.46 % of Indian Jains ) , Rajasthan ( 13.97 % ) , Gujarat ( 13.02 % ) and Madhya Pradesh ( 12.74 % ) . Karnataka ( 9.89 % ) , Uttar Pradesh ( 4.79 % ) , Delhi ( 3.73 % ) and Tamil Nadu ( 2.01 % ) also have significant Jain populations . Outside India , Jain communities can be found in Europe , the United States , Canada , Australia and Kenya . According to the National Family and Health Survey ( NFHS - 4 ) conducted in 2015 - 16 , Jains form the wealthiest community in India . Jains have the highest literacy rate ( 87 % ) in India , in the 7 - years to oldest age group , according to its 2011 census . The Jaina community also has the highest number of college graduates . Excluding the retired senior citizens , Jain literacy rate in India exceeded 97 % . The female to male child sex ratio in the 0 - 6 year age was second lowest for Jains ( 870 girls per 1,000 boys ) , higher than Sikhs in India . Further , Jain males have the highest work participation rates , while Jain females have the lowest work participation rates in India . Major Jain communities : Jain Temple complex , Deogarh Jain Bunt are a Jain community from Karnataka , India . Jain Komati is a small community scattered all over South and Central India and patrons of many Jain Institutions . Saraks is a community in Jharkhand , Bihar , Bengal , and Orissa . They have been followers of Jainism since ancient time . Porwal community that originated in southern Rajasthan , India . Parwar is a major Jain community from the Bundelkhand region , which is largely in Madhya Pradesh and Lalitpur District , Jhansi . Agrawal Jain of Hisar , Haryana . Bhabra of Punjab is an ancient merchant community from Punjab region which mainly follows Jainism . Sarawagi or Khandelwali originated from Khandela , a historical town in northern Rajasthan . Bagherwal from Baghera ( currently known as Ajmer district ) a princely state in Rajasthan , a community of Digambar sect . Shrimal , originally from Rajasthan , Shrimal town in southern Rajasthan . The Shrimal ( Srimal ) Jain are part of the Oswal merchant and minister caste that is found primarily in the north of India . Oswal are a Jain community with origins in the Marwar region of Rajasthan and Tharparkar district in Sindh . Jaiswal are mainly located in the Gwalior and Agra region . Navnat emerged as a result of blending of several smaller Jain communities in East Africa as well as in Gujarat itself in early 20th century . Jainism has been praised for some of its practices and beliefs . Mahatma Gandhi , who was greatly influenced by Jainism , said : No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahiṃsā so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism . As and when the benevolent principle of Ahiṃsā or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond , Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahiṃsā . See also Criticism of Jainism Jain law Jainism and non-creationism List of Jains Nonviolence India portal Philosophy portal Psychology portal Religion portal Notes Jump up ^ This view , however , is not shared by all Jain sub-traditions . For example , the Terapanthi Jain tradition , with about 250,000 followers , considers both good karma such as compassionate helping / charity , and bad karma such as sin , as binding one 's soul to worldly morality . It states that karma leads to a negation of the `` absolute non-violence '' principle , given man 's limited perspective . It recommends that the monk or nun seeking salvation must avoid hurting or helping any being in any form . Jump up ^ Jain literature , like Buddhist and Hindu literature , has also debated the aspects of violence and non-violence in food creation . Jump up ^ In Jainism , the ahiṃsā precept for a mendicant requires avoidance of touching or disturbing any living being including plants . It also mandates never swimming in water , nor lighting or fire or extinguish one , nor thrashing arms in the air as such actions can torment or hurt other beings that live in those states of matter . Jump up ^ The first is desavakasika ( staying in a restrained surrounding , cutting down worldly activities ) . The third is posadhopavasa ( fasting on the 8th and 14th days on lunar waxing and waning cycles ) . The fourth is dana ( giving alms to Jain monks , nuns or spiritual people ) . Jump up ^ According to Dundas , samayika seems to have meant `` correct behavior '' in early Jainism . Jump up ^ This meditative focus contrasts with the anatta focus of Buddhism , and the atman focus in various vedanta schools of Hinduism such as advaita and vishistadvaita schools . Jump up ^ The ontological categories and definition of dharma as motion , and adharma as rest , is unique to Jainism among Indian religions . However , like other Indian religions , dharma also means `` moral virtue '' in Jainism , while adharma also means `` immorality , unethical behavior '' . Jump up ^ Balabhadra is also referred to as Baladeva , Narayana as Vasudeva or Vishnu , and Pratinarayana as Prativasudeva in Jain texts . Jump up ^ Not to be confused with the four Vedas of Hinduism . Jump up ^ According to Richard Gombrich and other scholars , Buddhism too was not a rejection or rebellion against any ancient caste system and it too was focused on individual 's liberation from rebirths and suffering . The caste system in Buddhist societies and monasteries outside India have been documented . Gombrich states , `` Some modernists go so far as to say that the Buddha was against caste altogether : this is not the case , but is one of the mistakes picked up from western authors . '' Jump up ^ Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta . References Citations Jump up ^ `` '' Jainism '' ( ODE ) `` , Oxford Dictionaries ^ Jump up to : Sangave 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Sangave 2001 , p. 185 , Quote : `` Jainism is an ancient Sri Lankan religion and from ancient times to the present day , it has continued to flourish , along with other religions , in different parts of India '' ... Jump up ^ Tirthankara : Jainism , Encyclopedia Britannica Jump up ^ Voorst 2015 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Melton & Baumann 2010 , p. lix , 1395 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Markham & Lohr 2009 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2010 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 160 - 162 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2002 , pp. 1266 - 1267 . Jump up ^ John Arapura in K.R. Sundararajan and Bithika Mukerji Ed . ( 1997 ) , Hindu spirituality : Postclassical and modern , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1937 - 5 ; Chapter 20 , pages 392 -- 417 Jump up ^ A Izawa ( 2008 ) , Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual , Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies , Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku , Vol. 12 , pages 78 - 81 Jump up ^ Sethia 2004 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Winternitz 1993 , pp. 408 -- 409 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 88 -- 89 , 257 -- 258 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2008 , pp. 892 -- 894 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Granoff ( 1992 ) . `` The violence of non-violence : a study of some Jain responses to non-Jain religious practices '' . The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies . 15 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 162 - 163 . Jump up ^ Lorenzen 1978 , pp. 61 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 163 . 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Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 120 - 121 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 120 - 122 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2003 , p. 182 with footnote 3 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1995 , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 121 - 122 . Jump up ^ Jain , Shanti Lal ( 1998 ) , ABC of Jainism , Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth , p. 51 , ISBN 81 - 7628 - 0003 Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2015 , pp. 15 -- 18 , 41 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Varshil ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Vegetarian Diet : A Boon or Bane for Health ? '' . Journal of Medical Research and Innovation. 2 ( 1 ) : e000084 . doi : 10.15419 / jmri. 84 . ISSN 2456 - 8139 . Jump up ^ Voorst 2015 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sangave 1980 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Wiley 2009 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , pp. 85 - 86 . Jump up ^ Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh 2008 , pp. 92 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Wiley 2009 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , pp. 72 , 85 - 86 . ^ Jump up to : Wiley 2009 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 166 - 169 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . 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Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 365 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Pal 1986 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 204 - 205 . Jump up ^ Salvadori 1989 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Babb 1996 , pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 81 - 82 . Jump up ^ Nayanar ( 2005b ) , p. 35 Gāthā 1.29 Jump up ^ Ellen Gough ( 2012 ) , Shades of Enlightenment : A Jain Tantric Diagram and the Colours of the Tirthankaras , International Journal of Jaina Studies , Volume 8 , Number 1 , pages 1 - 47 ; Summary Archive : Studying Jainism and its Tantric Ritual Diagrams in India , Ellen Gough Jump up ^ Cort 2001b , pp. 417 -- 419 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 146 - 147 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal 2010a , pp. 164 , 284 . ^ Jump up to : Melton 2011 , p. 673 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Cort 1995 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal 2010a , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Pechilis & Raj 2013 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Pechilis & Raj 2013 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 48 - 49 . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ John E. Cort `` A Tale of Two Cities : On the Origins of Digambara Sectarianism in North India . '' L.A. Babb , V. Joshi , and M.W. Meister ( eds . ) , Multiple Histories : Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan , 39 -- 83 . Jaipur : Rawat , 2002 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 48 - 59 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2006 , pp. 314 -- 331 , 353 -- 361 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2013 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey 2016 , pp. 182 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 55 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston 2000 , pp. 681 -- 683 . ^ Jump up to : Caillat 2003a , pp. 30 - 34 with footnote 28 . ^ Jump up to : Hirakawa 1993 , pp. 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2013 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 152 , 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Tukol 1976 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 179 - 180 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Tukol 1976 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Williams 1991 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Beyer 2009 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Price 2010 , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Fohr 2015 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1991 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Jones & Ryan 2006 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Umakant P. Shah 1987 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal 2010a , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 341 . ^ Jump up to : Sthanakavasi , JAIN SECT , Encyclopaedia Britannica Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 41 , 60 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 155 - 157 , 249 - 250 , 254 - 259 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Flügel 2005 , pp. 194 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Vallely 2002 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 93 - 94 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , p. 81 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dravya -- Jainism '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Doniger 1999 , p. 551 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2013 , pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 97 -- 101 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2013 , pp. 122 - 125 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , pp. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 97 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 95 - 96 . Jump up ^ Christopher Key Chapple ( 2001 ) , The Living Cosmos of Jainism : A Traditional Science Grounded in Environmental Ethics , Daedalus , MIT Press , Vol. 130 , No. 4 , pages 207 - 224 Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 93 - 96 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 96 - 98 . Jump up ^ Soni 1991 , pp. 75 -- 88 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 177 - 187 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 188 - 190 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , pp. 219 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2012 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Long 2013 , pp. 18 , 98 - 100 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 104 - 106 . Jump up ^ Long 2013 , pp. 92 - 95 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 99 - 103 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 107 - 115 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 117 - 118 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , p. 48 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 195 - 196 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 195 - 198 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 198 - 201 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 185 - 194 . Jump up ^ Shah , R.S. `` JAINA MATHEMATICS : LORE OF LARGE NUMBERS . '' Bulletin of the Marathwada Mathematical Society 10.1 ( 2009 ) : 43 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Long 2013 , pp. 180 - 182 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1980 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , pp. 223 - 224 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Sethia 2004 , pp. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , pp. 227 - 228 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 104 - 105 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1980 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1980 , pp. 222 - 223 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 90 - 92 . Jump up ^ Shah 1998b , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Upinder Singh 2016 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 134 -- 135 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Joseph 1997 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 134 -- 135 , 285 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Sangave 2001 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Jaini 2000 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , pp. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Jansma & Jain 2006 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lindsay Jones 2005 , p. 4764 . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004 , pp. 21 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953 , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Rankin & Mardia 2013 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 241 - 242 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 241 - 243 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 247 - 249 , 262 - 263 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 20 - 21 , 34 - 35 , 74 , 91 , 95 - 96 , 103 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 262 - 263 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 91 , 95 - 96 . Jump up ^ John A. Grimes , A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy : Sanskrit Terms Defined in English , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791430675 , page 238 ^ Jump up to : Jayandra Soni ( 2000 ) , Basic Jaina Epistemology , Philosophy East and West , University of Hawai'i Press , Vol. 50 , No. 3 , pages 367 - 377 Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 75 - 76 , 131 , 229 - 230 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 229 - 230 . Jump up ^ S.A. Jain 1992 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Vijay K. Jain 2011 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fohr 2015 , pp. 9 -- 10 , 37 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , pp. 141 - 147 . ^ Jump up to : Jaini 1998 , pp. 148 , 200 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , p. 7 . Jump up ^ S.A. Jain 1992 , p. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ SURYAPRAJNAPTI Sūtra , The Schoyen Collection , London / Oslo ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 60 - 61 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929b , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 110 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 121 - 122 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 112 - 113 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2016 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Jaini 1998 , p. 78 - 81 . Jump up ^ von Glasenapp 1925 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 123 - 124 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010a , pp. 164 - 165 . ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1925 , pp. 125 - 126 . ^ Jump up to : Jones & Ryan 2007 , pp. 439 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Umāsvāti 1994 , p. xi -- xiii , Quote : `` That Which Is , known as the Tattvartha Sūtra to Jains , is recognized by all four Jain traditions as the earliest , most authoritative and comprehensive summary of their religion . '' . Jump up ^ Dundas 2006 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Umāsvāti 1994 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Johnson 1995 , pp. 46 -- 51 , 91 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Finegan 1989 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2003 , pp. 25 - 34 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2000 , p. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Jaini 1991 , p. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Cush , Robinson & York 2012 , pp. 515 , 839 . Jump up ^ Zvelebil 1992 , pp. 13 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Cort 1998 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , p. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Zvelebil 1992 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Spuler 1952 , pp. 24 -- 25 , context : 22 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cort 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 118 - 120 . ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Guy , John ( January 2012 ) , `` Jain Manuscript Painting '' , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , Heilburnn Timeline of Art History ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2004 , pp. 2 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hiriyanna 1993 , pp. 157 -- 158 , 168 - 169 . 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Jump up ^ Shaw & Demy 2017 , p. 635 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon & Higgins 1998 , pp. 18 -- 22 . Jump up ^ McFaul 2006 , pp. 27 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Dalal 2010b , pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Kelting 2009 , pp. 206 note 4 . ^ Jump up to : Shah 1998b , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Archaeological Survey of India , Government of India Jump up ^ Kishore , Kanika ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Symbol and Image Worship in Jainism '' . Indian Historical Review . 42 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 43 . doi : 10.1177 / 0376983615569814 . Jump up ^ `` Ayagapata '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jain & Fischer 1978 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Owen 2012 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Shah 1998b , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Shah 1998b , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Jain & Fischer 1978 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Shah 1998b , p. 187 . 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Umāsvāti , Umaswami ( 1994 ) , That which is ( Translator : Nathmal Tatia ) , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 068985 - 8 Vallely , Anne ( 2002 ) , Guardians of the Transcendent : An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8415 - 6 von Glasenapp , Helmuth ( 1925 ) , Jainism : An Indian Religion of Salvation ( Der Jainismus : Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion ) , Shridhar B. Shrotri ( trans . ) , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass ( Reprint : 1999 ) , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1376 - 6 Voorst , Robert E. Van ( 2015 ) , RELG : World ( Second ed . ) , Cengage Learning , ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 43468 - 1 Wiley , Kristi L. ( 2009 ) , The A to Z of Jainism , 38 , Scarecrow , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6337 - 8 Wiley , Kristi L. ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jainism . Scarecrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6558 - 7 . Williams , Robert ( 1991 ) , Jaina Yoga : A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0775 - 4 Winternitz , Moriz ( 1993 ) , History of Indian Literature : Buddhist & Jain Literature , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0265 - 0 Zimmer , Heinrich ( 1953 ) ( 1952 ) , Campbell , Joseph , ed. , Philosophies Of India , London , E.C. 4 : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0739 - 6 Zvelebil , Kamil ( 1992 ) , Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature , BRILL Academic , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09365 - 6 Agarwal , M.K. ( 2012 ) , From Bharata to India ( Volume 1 : Chrysee the Golden ed . ) , iUniverse , ISBN 9781475907667 Agarwal , M.K. ( 2013 ) , The Vedic Core of Human History : And Truth will be the Savior , iUniverse , ISBN 9781491715956 Robinson , Thomas Arthur ( 2006 ) , World Religions , Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd , ISBN 9780334040149 External links Find more aboutJainismat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata `` Jainism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 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5073441221610397503	The Talk (talk show)	The Talk ( Talk show ) - Wikipedia The Talk ( Talk show ) The Talk Genre Talk show Created by Sara Gilbert Presented by Julie Chen Sara Gilbert Sharon Osbourne Marissa Jaret Winokur Leah Remini Holly Robinson Peete Aisha Tyler Sheryl Underwood Eve Theme music composer Gregg Wattenberg Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 1,385 ( as of 20 January 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sara Gilbert Brad Bessey ( 2010 -- 11 ) Susan Winston ( 2011 ) John Redmann ( 2011 -- ) Production location ( s ) CBS Studio Center Studio City , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS Television Studios Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release October 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Loose Women External links Website The Talk is an American talk show that debuted on October 18 , 2010 , as part of CBS 's daytime programming block . The show was created by actress Sara Gilbert , who also serves as an executive producer alongside John Redmann . The show is based on the British daily women 's panel show Loose Women , which has been running regularly in the United Kingdom since 1999 . Along with Gilbert , the show features Eve , Sharon Osbourne and Sheryl Underwood discussing the day 's latest headlines , while usually tying in the show 's theme of motherhood or at least parenthood , such as by giving their opinions `` through the eyes of mothers . '' It also contains celebrity interviews and segments for mothers and parents in general . The Talk is broadcast before a live studio audience at the CBS Studio Center in Studio City , California each Monday through Friday at 11 am Pacific Time , and airs live on most CBS owned - and - operated stations and affiliates in the Eastern and Central United States at 2 pm Eastern Time ; the program is broadcast on tape delay elsewhere from the Mountain Time Zone westward . The Friday shows are recorded on Thursday afternoons at 1 pm Pacific Time for broadcast the next day , and is taped before the studio audience in attendance for the earlier live Thursday broadcast . Contents 1 Format 2 Development 3 Co-hosts 3.1 Timeline 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Seasons 2 -- 9 4 Notable events 4.1 Season premieres 4.2 On - location editions 4.3 The Talk After Dark 4.4 The Talk : Keep Talking 5 Appearances in other media 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Criticism 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 International broadcasts 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Similar in format to The View , the opening segment of the broadcast -- known as `` Everybody Talks '' and usually running a combined 12 to 25 minutes over multiple segments , depending on the number of stories featured and the number of guests following the topical discussion segments -- involves the five - female host panel discussing current news items , typically focusing on tabloid headlines , offbeat stories and celebrity news . The program also actively incorporates social media to allow viewers to provide their opinions on the stories discussed through Twitter ( using the hashtag # EverybodyTalks , or alternately the abbreviated # EVBT ) , however in season five , the program began allowing viewers to use Instagram to record and upload videos using the aforementioned hashtags , with one or two videos being selected to air on the live broadcasts . Twitter comments from viewers are shown on the Monday through Thursday live broadcasts in the form of a ticker at the bottom of the screen ; comments from Twitter and Instagram are not featured on - air during the pre-recorded Friday broadcasts . On most editions , the `` Top Talker '' serves as the final segment of the topical discussion , featuring a rotating set of contributors -- most of which are correspondents / hosts of entertainment - related newsmagazine programs or magazines or hosts of local or syndicated radio programs -- providing detailed analysis of a single trending , usually celebrity - related , story . Following the `` Everybody Talks '' segment , all five hosts interview one or two featured celebrity guests ; most of these interviews are conducted at the set 's roundtable , however the program does occasionally feature group interviews with multiple cast members from a promoted film or television project that are not conducted at the roundtable , and are instead conducted with the hosts and guests seated face to face on - set . Musical performances are also occasionally featured . The show also regularly features a cooking segment two to four times each week , with two of the panelists -- rotating between any combination of Chen , Underwood , Gilbert or Osbourne -- assisting in the preparation of the featured recipes with the guest chef ( the remaining hosts not actively participating in the preparation of the item are seated on the right end of the kitchen island , typically trying the dishes prepared during or before the segment ) . Product giveaways are also done once per week , as part of a segment showcasing fashion / beauty products and electronics that are given away to studio audience members for attending the show , with the products also being made available for purchase through the show 's website at a discounted offer . Each episode is concluded by one of the co-hosts , primarily the moderator , with the sign - off `` Remember , it 's always the right time to have The Talk ! '' ( the program 's title is usually said in unision with the studio audience ) . Development ( edit ) In December 2009 , CBS announced the cancellation of As the World Turns after 54 years , and was looking for a program to replace the long - running soap opera in its time slot . Sara Gilbert approached CBS about producing a pilot that would feature six women talking about the day 's headlines with opinions told through `` the eyes of mothers . '' On July 21 , 2010 , CBS announced that it had picked up the show ( by then , given the title The Talk ) , beating out several other contenders , including a cooking show featuring Emeril Lagasse ; Say It Now , a talk show featuring Valerie Bertinelli and Rove McManus ; and a revamped version of the classic game show Pyramid , hosted by Andy Richter . In the four weeks prior to the show 's debut , new episodes of The Price Is Right and Let 's Make a Deal as well as repeats of The Young and the Restless aired in the time slot vacated by As the World Turns . Co-hosts ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) Co-host Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Julie Chen Sara Gilbert Sharon Osbourne Marissa Jaret Winokur Holly Robinson Peete Leah Remini Aisha Tyler Sheryl Underwood Eve Season 1 ( edit ) The original panel consisted of Sara Gilbert , best known for her role on the hit TV series `` Roseanne , Holly Robinson Peete , best known for her roles on the TV series 21 Jump Street and Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper ; Leah Remini , known for her role as Carrie Heffernan in the 1998 -- 2007 CBS sitcom The King of Queens ; Big Brother hostess Julie Chen ; and former talk show hostess / X Factor judge Sharon Osbourne , the wife of rocker Ozzy Osbourne . Marissa Jaret Winokur was featured in an out - of - the studio position as the `` mother on the street , '' dealing with issues like taking her toddler on an airplane , talking with kids about sex , talking to parents about the `` terrible twos '' and other parental issues . On January 14 , 2011 , Marissa Jaret Winokur reported that she would not be returning to the show in 2011 . In an exclusive statement to People , original executive producer Brad Bessey said of Winokur 's departure , `` We think the world of Marissa as a creative talent , on - air personality and super mom . This is a mutual decision based on time , not talent . '' When America 's Got Talent resumed filming on March 2 , 2011 , Osbourne 's daughter Kelly Osbourne began filling in for her on a substitute basis , as the show 's first substitute host . On August 26 , 2011 , it was announced that original co-host Leah Remini had been released from the show . On September 2 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Holly Robinson Peete had also been released from the show . Sharon Osbourne eventually gave opinion on their dismissals in December 2011 on The Howard Stern Show , stating : `` Some people do n't really know who they are , and you have to know who you are when you 're in something like this . You ca n't pretend to be something you 're not . You have to know your brand . You ca n't be all things to everyone . '' Seasons 2 -- 9 ( edit ) On August 26 , 2011 , CBS announced that comedian Sheryl Underwood would join the panel as a co-host at the start of its second season ; Underwood was officially added to the program on September 6 , 2011 , beginning with that season 's premiere episode . Molly Shannon served as the ( guest ) co-host during the month of September 2011 . Actress and comedian Aisha Tyler 's addition to the panel was announced on October 23 , 2011 . On October 12 , 2016 , the episode of The Talk aired special tributes to four CBS soap operas such as The Young and the Restless ( March 26 , 1973 -- present ) , The Bold and the Beautiful ( March 23 , 1987 -- present ) , As the World Turns ( April 2 , 1956 -- September 17 , 2010 ) , and Guiding Light ( June 30 , 1952 -- September 18 , 2009 ) . On June 15 , 2017 , Aisha Tyler announced she would leave the series following the completion of the series ' seventh season . She said she would return as a guest host and to promote her various projects . Her last show aired on August 4 , 2017 . The current hosts of The Talk auditioned ladies on air as `` dates '' to fill in Aisha 's seat . At the start of the eighth season , some of the guest hosts included Carrie Ann Inaba , Garcelle Beauvais , Michelle Williams , Sasheer Zamata and Eve , the last of whom was announced as the fifth permanent co-host on November 14 , 2017 . In a promo for the ninth season , it was revealed that all five co-hosts would return to the panel . However , Chen did not return to the show for the ninth season premiere amid sexual misconduct allegations against her husband Leslie Moonves . Chen officially announced her departure from the talk show in a pre-taped message on Tuesday September 18 , 2018 . Notable events ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : some events are not notable Please help improve this section if you can . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season premieres ( edit ) The first week of shows featured several celebrity guests , including model Christie Brinkley , singer / actress Jennifer Lopez , actress / director Chandra Wilson , actress / author Jamie Lee Curtis , and former South Carolina first lady Jenny Sanford . The third - season premiere ( aired on September 10 , 2012 ) featured all five co-hosts , as well as members of the studio audience , without their make - up and dressed in robes during the broadcast ; all of the co-hosts were also shown beside pictures of themselves with make - up . The guests for that edition , who also participated in the stunt , were Jamie Lee Curtis ; Michelle Stafford and Melody Thomas Scott of The Young and the Restless ; and Katherine Kelly Lang of The Bold and the Beautiful . The premiere weeks of the fourth and fifth seasons ( September 9 to 13 , 2013 and September 8 to 12 , 2014 ) featured `` The Talk Tells All '' , a daily feature on the season 's first week of shows in which co-hosts Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler and Underwood revealed never - before - disclosed personal secrets on - air . Season six premiered on September 14 , 2015 with a slightly new set design featuring 3 new large monitors with backdrops including palm trees and the Los Angeles skyline . Season seven premiered on September 12 , 2016 with the same set . The hosts kicked off premiere week by unveiling answers to the viewers ' biggest questions with a theme they called `` The 7 Wonders of The Talk . '' On the Season nine premiere on September 18 , 2018 . Amid sexual misconduct allegations against her husband Leslie Moonves , Chen officially announced her departure from the talk show in a pre-taped message . On - location editions ( edit ) The show made two trips to New York City during its second season , broadcasting live for one week on each trip . The first trip placed some audience members inside and some outside the studio . Beginning with the second trip , the show began to tape its New York City - based episodes in a studio at the CBS Broadcast Center , similar in structure to its Los Angeles studio , with the audience members based within the soundstage . The Talk has done week - long broadcasts from New York City twice per season since then ( usually during the February and May sweeps periods and in December ) , with the Thursday and Friday episodes being recorded on the same day as the Tuesday and Wednesday live broadcasts . The program 's first set of New York City episodes in the third season ( from December 10 to 14 , 2012 ) , featured a partnership with Toys for Tots , asking all guests and audience members to bring a new unwrapped toy to donate to the charity . During the third season , The Talk broadcast a week of episodes from New Orleans , Louisiana -- site of Super Bowl XLVII -- from January 28 to February 1 , 2013 , to help promote CBS 's coverage of the National Football League championship game . The Talk after Dark ( edit ) From January 12 to 16 , 2015 , CBS broadcast a special second `` late night '' edition of The Talk -- unofficially titled The Talk After Dark -- which filled the 12 : 37 a.m. Eastern timeslot normally occupied by The Late Late Show ( which itself utilized guest hosts on most other weeks in the four - month period between Craig Ferguson 's departure from The Late Late Show in December 2014 and the start of James Corden 's tenure as host of that program in March 2015 ) . Recorded each afternoon that week before the studio audience in attendance for the earlier live daytime broadcasts for broadcast each night , the episodes featured a separate slate of guests and featured topics from the daytime editions , and featured a special house band exclusive to the late - night editions led by rock musician / songwriter Linda Perry ( wife of series creator and co-host Sara Gilbert ) . The Talk : Keep Talking ( edit ) From March 15 to 16 , 2018 The Talk aired two exclusive episodes on their Facebook page entitled Keep Talking as CBS broadcast the NCAA March Madness games on the aforementioned dates . This special edition featured all five co-hosts communicating with their Facebook fans asking them personal questions and advice for their own personal problems . Unlike a normal episode the topics are decided entirely by the fans . Both episodes are similar to The Real 's online exclusive segments and both episodes are around four minutes . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) On March 14 , 2016 ; all of The Talk hosts ( including then host Aisha Tyler ) made a cameo on Supergirl in the episode `` Falling '' when Cat Grant ( played by Calista Flockhart ) made a guest appearance on The Talk . On December 15 , 2017 ; Julie Chen revealed that all of the current hosts of The Talk ( including new co-host Eve ) will be featured on an episode of Jane the Virgin as themselves which was directed by Gina Rodriguez . On January 10 , 2018 ; The Talk revealed on their Instagram and Snapchat stories they filmed their episode of Jane the Virgin on the set of The Talk right after filming the show for the aforementioned date . On February 9 , 2018 ; Rodriguez made a guest appearance on the show to announce the episode featuring the ladies of The Talk , called `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' would air that night . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The debut episode of The Talk was number one in its timeslot in 20 of the 56 markets . As of October 2011 , The Talk averaged 1.83 million viewers per episode , a 25 % decrease from As the World Turns 's ratings the previous year . By June 2012 , The Talk averaged 1.7 / 6 in households , 2.29 million viewers , 1.1 / 7 in women 25 -- 54 and 0.8 / 5 in women 18 -- 49 . The women 25 -- 54 rating was The Talk 's highest since the week ending February 17 , while the women 18 -- 49 rating was the best since the week ending May 4 . Compared to the same week last year , The Talk was up + 21 % in households ( from 1.4 / 4 ) , + 24 % in viewers ( from . 1.85 m ) , + 38 % in women 25 -- 54 ( from 0.8 / 5 ) and + 33 % in women 18 -- 49 ( from 0.6 / 4 ) . Criticism ( edit ) The Talk was criticized for a segment where some panelists made light of male genital mutilation . Osbourne said , `` However , I do think it is quite fabulous '' in response to a story where a wife had drugged her husband , cut off his penis , and put it in the garbage disposal due to his filing for divorce . An apology was made during a subsequent show . The failure to disclose on - air as to why Remini and Robinson Peete were released or even mention them brought about criticism of the show from some viewers , with some fans of the two stars protesting their dismissals . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipients Result 2012 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Nominated 2013 Nominated 2014 Nominated Outstanding Talk Show Host ( s ) Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Nominated 2015 Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Nominated 2016 Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Won Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Daytime TV Hosting Team Won 2017 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Won 2018 Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Won Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Nominated International broadcasts ( edit ) In Australia , The Talk began broadcasting on August 6 , 2012 on Network Ten , as a replacement for controversially axed local talk show The Circle . The Talk rates lower than the former local offering , achieving just 29,000 viewers on August 15 compared to the axed show 's 39,000 two months earlier , and well below rival programs Channel Seven 's The Morning Show and Channel Nine 's Mornings which rated 200,000 and 119,000 viewers respectively . In Canada , The Talk airs simultaneously on the Global Television Network and on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador . In the United Kingdom , The Talk began been broadcasting on July 4 , 2011 on Diva TV . In South Africa , The Talk began broadcasting on April 1 , 2011 in the 1 pm timeslot on MNet . In the Philippines , the program was formerly aired on Solar News Channel , but they discontinued airing in September 2013 after season 4 is aired . Season 5 is aired of March 2015 on CT . In the Czech Republic , The Talk airs on Prima Love . In New Zealand , The Talk began broadcasting on January 23 , 2012 on TV3 . In the Arab world , The Talk airs on MBC 4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Talk Episodes on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Susan Winston Joins CBS ' ' The Talk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sofia M. Fernandez ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` New Exec Producer of CBS ' ' The Talk ' Out After Two Weeks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Orders New Daytime Talk Show for Fall '' . CBS PressExpress . CBS . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's `` The Talk '' Kicks Off Season 5 Monday , Sept. 8 ! '' ( Press release ) . CBS . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 -- via The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : Georg Szalai ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Sara Gilbert talk show to replace veteran CBS soap '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam Hetrick ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Hairspray 's Marissa Jaret Winokur Exits CBS ' `` The Talk '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh ( Rights and Permissions ) . Jump up ^ Christine Fenno ( January 15 , 2011 ) . `` Marissa Jaret Winokur Leaves ' The Talk ' '' . PopEater . The Huffington Post ( AOL ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Leah Remini Is Leaving The Talk '' . Us Magazine . Wenner Media . August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandi Fowler ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` Enough Talk : Holly Robinson Peete `` Officially '' Not Returning to Chatfest `` . E ! Online . Comcast Entertainment Group . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Gets The Talk Hosts To Finally Talk About Holly Robinson Peete Leah Remini Diss '' . E ! Online . Comcast Entertainment Group . December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joyce Chen ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne , Leah Remini in Twitter feud about ' King of Queens ' actress ' dismissal from ' The Talk ' ? '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P. Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` Kris Jenner to guest co-host ' The Talk ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Kimberly Nordyke ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Aisha Tyler to Co-Host CBS ' ' The Talk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aisha Tyler Chokes Back Tears Announcing Her Exit From CBS ' ' The Talk ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Aisha Tyler Leaving CBS ' ' The Talk ' '' . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Aisha Tyler Leaving CBS ' The Talk -- Watch Her Emotional Announcement '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Talk ' Adds Eve as Permanent Co-Host Following Aisha Tyler Departure '' . Variety . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Absent From ' The Talk ' Season 9 Premiere Amid Moonves Ouster '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ; Swift , Andy ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` The Talk 's Julie Chen Confirms Exit in Tearful Video Message : ' I Will Always Cherish the Memories ' -- Watch '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Officially Exits ' The Talk ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tracy Phillips . `` CBS ' ' The Talk ' Unveils First Week of High - Profile Guests '' . Fancast . Comcast Interactive Media , LLC . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sadie Gennis ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Women of The Talk Go Makeup - Free '' . TV Guide . Open Gate Capital . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynette Rice ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Women of ' The Talk ' go makeup - free -- VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Talk ' Announces Season 4 Premiere Week Line - Up '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_talk/news/1005783/the-talk-s-seventh-season-promises-laughter-friendship-and - wonder / `` The Talk 's Seventh Season Promises Laughter , Friendship , And Wonder '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . cbs.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . line feed character in url = at position 107 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` CBS 's `` The Talk '' Heads To New York City For A Week Of Shows To Air Dec. 12 - 16 `` . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS ' ' The Talk ' will move to New York for a week in May and compete with Barbara Walters ' ' The View ' '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P. April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Taps ' The Talk ' and Guest Hosts To Fill ' Late Late Show ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Guests Announced for `` The Late Late Show '' with Guest Host Drew Carey ( 1 / 5 - 1 / 9 ) and After - Dark Edition of `` The Talk '' ( 1 / 12 - 1 / 16 ) `` . The Futon Critic . December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Invited To `` Keep Talking ! '' `` . Facebook . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Talking : The Hosts ' Pre-Show Rituals '' . Facebook . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Talking : Dating Advice '' . Facebook . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Premiere of CBS 's ' The Talk ' 24 % Better than October 2009 Avg for ' As the World Turns ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` CBS Renews ' The Talk ' for the 2011 -- 2012 season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott . `` CBS makes lower ratings roll the right way for Julie Chen and ' The Talk ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` The Talk ' Delivers Its Highest Rating Since February '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah . `` ' The Talk ' ladies under fire for laughing at Catherine Kieu story ( Video ) '' . The Washington Post . Adams Publishing Group . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jethro Nede ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Talk ' Debuts Without Leah Remini and Holly Robinson Peete : What the Viewers Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ Jethro Nede ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Talk ' Without Leah Remini and Holly Robinson Peete : What THR Readers Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` Axed : The Circle '' . TV tonight . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Puberty Blues hits sweet spot for TEN '' . TV tonight . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` 3.1 m as Karise is announced as The Voice '' . TV tonight . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Talk on IMDb The Talk at TV.com Daytime television in the United States Broadcast ABC The View GMA Day CBS The Talk NBC Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda Univision El Gordo y la Flaca UniMás ¿ Quién Tiene la Razón ? 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-4305212011437921467	As I was going to St Ives	As I was going to St. Ives - wikipedia As I was going to St. Ives `` As I was going to St Ives '' is a traditional English - language nursery rhyme in the form of a riddle . Its Roud Folk Song Index number is 19772 . Contents 1 Lyrics 2 Origins 3 Answers 4 Rhind mathematical papyrus 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography Lyrics ( edit ) The most common modern version is : As I was going to St. Ives , I met a man with seven wives , Each wife had seven sacks , Each sack had seven cats , Each cat had seven kits : Kits , cats , sacks , and wives , How many were there going to St. Ives ? Origins ( edit ) The earliest known published version of it comes from a manuscript dated to around 1730 ( but it differs in referring to `` nine '' rather than `` seven '' wives ) . The modern form was first printed around 1825 . There are a number of places called St Ives in England and elsewhere . It is generally thought that the rhyme refers to St Ives , Cornwall , when it was a busy fishing port and had many cats to stop the rats and mice destroying the fishing gear , although some people argue it was St Ives , Cambridgeshire as this is an ancient market town and therefore an equally plausible destination . Answers ( edit ) All potential answers to this riddle are based on its ambiguity because the riddle only tells us the group has been `` met '' on the journey to St. Ives and gives no further information about its intentions , only those of the narrator . In modern usage , ' to meet someone on the road ' may include the sense of ' passed ' or ' overtook ' ; while the older usage may have referred exclusively to those going in opposite directions . As such , the ' correct ' answer could be stated as `` at least one , the narrator plus anyone who happens to be travelling in the same direction as him or her '' . If the group that the narrator meets is assumed not to be travelling to St. Ives the answer could be one person going to St. Ives : the narrator . This is the most common assumption , as the purpose of the riddle was most likely to trick the listener into making long winded calculations only to be surprised by the simplicity of the answer . If one disregards the ' trick ' answer and assumes the narrator overtook the group as they were also travelling to St. Ives , the most common mathematical answer is 2802 : 1 man , 7 wives , 49 sacks , 343 cats , and 2401 kits , plus the narrator ( the sum of a geometric series , plus one ) . Rhind mathematical papyrus ( edit ) A similar problem is found in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( Problem 79 ) , dated to around 1650 BC . The papyrus is translated as follows : A house inventory : houses 7 2,801 cats 49 5,602 mice 343 11,204 spelt 2,301 ( sic ) hekat 16,807 Total 19,607 Total 19,607 The problem appears to be an illustration of an algorithm for multiplying numbers . The sequence 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 appears in the right - hand column , and the terms 2,801 , 2 × 2,801 , 4 × 2,801 appear in the left ; the sum on the left is 7 × 2,801 = 19,607 , the same as the sum of the terms on the right . The equality of the two geometric sequences can be stated as the equation ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) ( 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 ) = 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 , which relies on the coincidence 2 + 2 + 2 = 7 . Note that the author of the papyrus listed a wrong value for the fourth power of 7 ; it should be 2,401 , not 2,301 . However , the sum of the powers ( 19,607 ) is correct . The problem has been paraphrased by modern commentators as a story problem involving houses , cats , mice , and grain , although in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus there is no discussion beyond the bare outline stated above . The hekat was ⁄ of a cubic cubit ( approximately 4.8 l or 1.1 imp gal or 1.3 US gal ) . In popular culture ( edit ) It was parodied by Roald Dahl in his poetry book Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) : `` As I was going to St Ives / I met a man with seven wives / he said : `` I think it 's much more fun / than getting stuck with only one . '' In the 1995 film Die Hard with a Vengeance , the rhyme is presented to the protagonists by the villain as a riddle , giving them thirty seconds to telephone him on the number `` 555 plus the answer '' or a bomb would detonate . The protagonists initially believe the answer to be 2401 , only solving for the number of kits . However , they eventually solve the riddle , calling the number 555 -- 0001 which proves to be correct . They missed the 30 - second deadline , but the bomb did not explode since the villain had not said `` Simon says . '' The rhyme was recited by Mary Murphy 's character while caring for a cat with seven kittens in the movie A Man Alone . Later the character played by Ray Milland who overheard the rhyme offers her the answer and Murphy 's character explains that she alone was going to St. Ives . The rhyme was also the basis of a Sesame Street Muppet skit from the show 's first season , in which the boy Muppet holding a numeral 7 sings the rhyme as a song to the girl Muppet twice ( the second time , the girl is busy writing down the calculations ) and finally , in keeping true to the spirit of the riddle , reveals the answer as 1 ( the traditional answer ) , because he was going to St. Ives and the kits , cats , sacks and wives were going the other way . Then the girl turns the tables on the boy and asks how many were going the other way . She then reveals the mathematical answer from her calculations : 1 man + 7 wives + 49 sacks + 343 cats + 2,401 kittens , which comes to 2,801 . Astonished , the boy responds , `` How about that ? ! '' Mad magazine used it in at least two articles over the years for the following parodies : As I was going to St Ives I met a man with seven wives Of course , the seven wives were n't his But here in France , that 's how it is and As I was going to St Ives I met a man with seven wives I know this sounds absurd and loony But that poor man was Mickey Rooney ! In a post-Christmas Pogo comic strip sequence from December 1957 , Pogo Possum gives Albert Alligator a book with the poem and Albert immediately gets hopelessly entangled by the riddle . Pogo 's proposed solution : `` Gimme the book back an ' I 'll give you a pair of pants to go with the suspenders you got . '' In the sixth series of BBC radio comedy John Finnemore 's Souvenir Programme , the fourth episode features a sketch with a Cornishman arguing with another man on a train about whether he actually has seven wives , each of whom have sacks of cats with them , on the train with him . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Ancient Egyptian units of measurement References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 376 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Noel ( 1989 ) , St Ives , Slepe by the Ouse , St Ives Town Council , p. 131 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9515298 - 0 - 5 Jump up ^ Flanagan , Bridget ( 2003 ) , The St Ives Problem , a 4000 Year Old Nursery Rhyme ? , ISBN 0 - 9540824 - 1 - 9 Jump up ^ The Highway Code . The Stationery Office . 1931 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Bryan ( April 18 , 2014 ) . The Legend of St Yves . Waterside Press . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Ore , Oystein ( 1948 ) . Number Theory and Its History . Courier Dover Publications . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Maor , Eli ( 2002 ) ( 1988 ) , `` Recreational Mathematics in Ancient Egypt '' , Trigonometric Delights ( PDF ) , Princeton University Press , pp. 11 -- 14 ( in PDF , 1 -- 4 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09541 - 7 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 24 , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Transcript EPISODE 17 -- RHIND MATHEMATICAL PAPYRUS '' . A history of the world . BBC . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Øystein Ore , `` Number Theory and its History '' , McGraw -- Hill Book Co , 1944 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_I_was_going_to_St_Ives&oldid=850165168 '' Categories : Riddles History of mathematics English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Songs about the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 02 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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4271671009194551450	Quit India Movement	Quit India Movement - Wikipedia Quit India Movement The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series of articles on Indian people Motto : Jai Hind People Lists of people from India by state History Indian independence movement Quit India Movement Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Festivals Literature Music Sports Languages Hindi English ( Indian ) Other regional languages Religion Hinduism ( Temples ) Islam Christianity Sikhism Jainism ( Temples ) Buddhism in India Zoroastrianism Bahá'í Faith Procession in Bangalore during the Quit India Movement The Quit India Movement , or the India August Movement , was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All - India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942 , during World War II , demanding an end to British Rule of India . The Cripps Mission had failed , and on August 8th 1942 , Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan . The All - India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called `` An Orderly British Withdrawal '' from India . Even though it was wartime , the British were prepared to act . Almost the entire leadership of the Indian National Congress was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi 's speech . Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses . The British had the support of the Viceroy 's Council ( which had a majority of Indians ) , of the All India Muslim League , the princely states , the Indian Imperial Police , the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service . Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support the Quit India Movement . Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose , who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers . The only outside support came from the Americans , as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands . The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed . The British refused to grant immediate independence , saying it could happen only after the war had ended . Sporadic small - scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens of thousands of leaders , keeping them imprisoned until 1945 . In terms of immediate objectives , Quit India failed because of heavy - handed suppression , weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear - cut programme of action . However , the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II , and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully . In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued a 1 rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement . Contents 1 World War II and Indian involvement 1.1 Cripps ' Mission 1.2 Factors contributing to the movement 's launch 2 Resolution for immediate independence 3 Opposition to the Quit India Movement 3.1 Muslim League 3.2 Hindu Mahasabha 3.3 Communist Party of India 3.4 Princely States 4 No support to the Quit India Movement 4.1 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 5 Local violence 6 Suppression of the movement 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Works cited 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links World war II and Indian involvement ( edit ) In 1939 , Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor - General of India , Lord Linlithgow , had brought India into the war without consultation with them . The Muslim League supported the war , but Congress was divided . Public lecture at Basavanagudi , Bengaluru with Charles Freer Andrews At the outbreak of war , the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working - committee in September 1939 , conditionally supporting the fight against fascism , but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return . Gandhi had not supported this initiative , as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war ( he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance , used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini , and Hideki Tojo ) . However , at the height of the Battle of Britain , Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort , stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain . However , opinions remained divided . The long - term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced the British to become net contributors to India 's budget , while taxes were sharply increased and the general level of prices of doubled : although many Indian businesses benefitted from increased war production , in general business `` felt rebuffed by the government '' and in particular the refusal of the British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for war time production . After the onset of the war , only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action . Bose organised the Indian Legion in Germany , reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance , and soliciting help from the Axis Powers , conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities . Cripps ' mission ( edit ) In March 1942 , faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops -- especially in Africa -- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent , the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps , the Leader of the House of Commons , in what came to be known as the Cripps mission . The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war , in return for progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature . The talks failed , as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self - government and of definition of the powers to be relinquished , essentially making an offer of limited dominion - status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement . Factors contributing to the Movement 's launch ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1939 , with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain , India became a party to the war by being a constituent component of the British Empire . Following this declaration , the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939 , passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans . At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first . Responding to this declaration , the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven with the intention of strengthening peace in the world . He also stated that after the war , the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935 , in accordance to the desires of the Indians . Gandhi 's reaction to this statement was ; `` the old policy of divide and rule is to continue . The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone . '' According to the instructions issued by High Command , the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately . Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions . The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League , Mohammad Ali Jinnah . He called the day of 22 December 1939 ' The Day of Deliverance ' . Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day , however , it was futile . At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940 , Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland , Pakistan . In the meanwhile , crucial political events took place in England . Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as prime minister and the Conservatives , who assumed power in England , did not have a sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress . In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of worsening war situation , the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians . On 8 August , the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the `` August Offer '' . However , the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League . In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress , at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha , Gandhi revealed his plan to launch individual civil disobedience . Once again , the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British . It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British . Vinoba Bhave , a follower of Gandhi , was selected by him to initiate the movement . Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country , with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the government in its war endeavors . The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis . On 3 December 1941 , the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis . In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program . Subsequently , the movement was withdrawn . The Cripps ' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi 's call for The Quit India Movement . In order to end the deadlock on 22 March 1942 , the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain 's war efforts . A draft declaration of the British Government was presented , which included terms like establishment of Dominion , establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the provinces to make separate constitutions . However , these were to be only after the cessation of the Second World War . According to the Congress , this declaration offered India a only promise that was to be fulfilled in the future . Commenting on this Gandhi said , `` It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank . '' Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India . Resolution for immediate independence ( edit ) The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha ( 14 July 1942 ) passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government . The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands . However , it proved to be controversial within the party . A prominent Congress national leader , Chakravarti Rajgopalachari , quit the Congress over this decision , and so did some local and regional level organisers . Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call , but backed it and stuck with Gandhi 's leadership until the end . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement , as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan . Allama Mashriqi ( head of the Khaksar Tehrik ) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement . Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee 's resolution . On 28 July 1942 , Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Mahatma Gandhi , C. Rajagopalachari , Jawaharlal Nehru , Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya . He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti ( former Speaker of the Madras Assembly ) . The telegram was published in the press , and stated : I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 's letter of 8 July . My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature . The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan , and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India . If the British refuse , start total disobedience . The resolution said : The committee , therefore , resolves to sanction for the vindication of India 's inalienable right to freedom and independence , the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale , so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle ... they ( the people ) must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement . Opposition to the Quit India Movement ( edit ) Several political groups active during the se Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement . These included the Muslim League , the Hindu Mahasabha , the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , the Communist Party of India and the princely states as below : Muslim League ( edit ) The Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement as it was of the view that if the British left India in its current state , Muslims as a minority would be oppressed by the Hindu majority . Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's opposition to Gandhi 's call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British , and enlisting in the army . The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members . Congress members heeding Gandhi 's call resigned from provincial legislatures , enabling the Muslim League , in alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha , to take control in Sindh , Bengal and Northwest Frontier . Hindu Mahasabha ( edit ) Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time , even went to the extent of writing a letter titled `` Stick to your Posts '' , in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be `` members of municipalities , local bodies , legislatures or those serving in the army ... to stick to their posts '' across the country , and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost. But later after requests and persuasions and realizing the importance of the bigger role of Indian independence he chose to join the Indian independence movement . Following the Hindu Mahasabha 's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement , Syama Prasad Mukherjee , leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal , ( which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq ) , wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond , if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to quit India . In this letter , dated July 26 , 1942 he wrote : `` Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress . Anybody , who during the war , plans to stir up mass feeling , resulting internal disturbances or insecurity , must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being '' . In this way he managed to gain insights of the british government and effectively give information of the independence leaders . Mukherjee reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government , along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha , would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this : `` The question is how to combat this movement ( Quit India ) in Bengal ? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress , this movement will fail to take root in the province . It should be possible for us , especially responsible Ministers , to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement , already belongs to the representatives of the people . In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency . Indian have to trust the British , not for the sake for Britain , not for any advantage that the British might gain , but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself . You , as Governor , will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister . Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states : `` Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress . He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it , but that according to him could not be done only by persecution ... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation ... '' Communist party of India ( edit ) The Communist Party of India was banned at that time by the British government . In order to get the ban lifted , as well as to assist the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany , it supported the British war effort , despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers . In response the British lifted the ban on the party . Princely states ( edit ) The movement had less support in the princely states , as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition . The Indian nationalists had very little international support . They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence , in principle , and believed the U.S. was an ally . However , after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard , the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort . The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians . No support to the Quit India Movement ( edit ) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( edit ) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) had kept aloof from the Congress - led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925 . In 1942 , under M.S. Golwalkar , it refused to join in the Quit India Movement . The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that , `` the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law , and in particular , has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942 ''. `` . The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress , `` speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed '' . The RSS head ( sarsanghchalak ) during that time , M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement . Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger , both by the general Indian public , as well as certain members of the organization itself . In Golwalkar 's words , `` In 1942 also , there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many . At that time too , the routine work of the Sangh continued . Sangh decided not to do anything directly . ' Sangh is the organization of inactive people , their talks have no substance ' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks . ' '' The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them , and as such their other political activities could be overlooked. The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India. The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not , in any way , infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law . The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940 , orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable , and the RSS , in turn , had assured the British authorities that `` it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government '' . Local violence ( edit ) According to John F. Riddick , from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942 , the Quit India Movement : attacked 550 post offices , 250 railway stations , damaged many rail lines , destroyed 70 police stations , and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings . There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut . The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar . The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order . At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited . The movement had a local impact in some areas . especially at Satara in Maharashtra , Talcher in Odisha , and Midnapore . In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore , the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments , which continued to function , until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944 . A minor uprising took place in Ballia , now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh . People overthrew the district administration , broke open the jail , released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule . It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district . Of special importance in Saurashtra ( in western Gujarat ) was the role of the region 's ' baharvatiya ' tradition ( i.e. going outside the law ) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there . In rural west Bengal , the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants ' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports . There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement . Suppression of the Movement ( edit ) Picketing in front of Medical School at Bengaluru One of the important achievements of the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed . The British , already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India - Burma border , responded by imprisoning Gandhi . All the members of the Party 's Working Committee ( national leadership ) were imprisoned as well . Due to the arrest of major leaders , a young and until then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag ; later the Congress party was banned . These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population . Despite lack of direct leadership , large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country . Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called . Not all demonstrations were peaceful , at some places bombs exploded , government buildings were set on fire , electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed . Play media Video footage of the days during Quit India Movement The British swiftly responded with mass detentions . Over 100,000 arrests were made , mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging . Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army . Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations , distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments . The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India , possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt . The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years . Gandhi 's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi 's health was failing , despite this Gandhi went on a 21 - day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance . Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944 , he kept up the resistance , demanding the release of the Congress leadership . By early 1944 , India was mostly peaceful again , while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated . A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists , while Jinnah and the Muslim League , as well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage , criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party . See also ( edit ) British Raj Indian Independence Movement Non-Cooperation Movement Indian nationalism Government of Azad Hind Kallara - Pangode Struggle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1942 Quit India Movement - Making Britain '' . www.open.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Quit India Movement Ramesh Mishra R.C. Mishra ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) , Quit India Movement 09 August , 1942 , retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . Random House Digital . pp. 494 -- 99 . ISBN 9780553804638 . Jump up ^ 1 Rupee Coin of 1992 - Quit India Movement Golden Jubilee , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Official Website of the Indian National Congress , sub-link to article titled The Second World War and the Congress . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2006 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) URL accessed on 20 - Jul - 2006 Jump up ^ Raghavan , Srinath , India 's War - The Making of Modern South Asia 1939 - 1945 , Allen Lane , London , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14541 - 4 , p. 320 Jump up ^ Barkawi , Tarak . Culture and Combat in the Colonies . The Indian Army in the Second World War . Journal of Contemporary History . 10000 ( 2 ) . pp. 325 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf Hidden facts behind British India 's freedom : a scholarly look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid - e-Azam 's political conflict , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Jinnah of Pakistan ( 1984 ) pp. 209 , 215 . Jump up ^ Martin Sieff , Shifting superpowers : the new and emerging relationship between the United States , China , and India ( 2009 ) p 21 Jump up ^ Syed Nesar Ahmad , Origins of Muslim consciousness in India : a world - system perspective Greenwood Publishing Group , ( 1991 ) pp. 213 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Prabhu Bapu ( 2013 ) . Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India , 1915 -- 1930 : Constructing Nation and History . Routledge . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 67165 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mookherjee , Shyama Prasad . Leaves from a Dairy . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani ( 2000 ) , The RSS and the BJP : A Division of Labour , LeftWord Books , pp. 56 -- , ISBN 978 - 81 - 87496 - 13 - 7 Jump up ^ Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ( 1978 ) . History of Modern Bengal . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . Jump up ^ K. Venugopal Reddy , `` Working Class in ' Quit India ' Movement , '' Indian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 37 # 2 pp. 275 - 289 . Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert , Jinnah of Pakistan ( 1984 ) p 210 Jump up ^ Eric D. Pullin , `` ' Noise and Flutter ' : American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War II , '' Diplomatic History , ( April 2010 ) 34 # 2 pp. 275 -- 298 online at Academic Search Premier . Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa ( 1 January 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Blackswan . pp. 422 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra , Communalism 2008 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Noorani , RSS and the BJP 2000 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra ( 2008 ) . Communalism in Modern India . Har - Anand . pp. 140 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 241 - 1416 - 2 . Jump up ^ M.S. Golwalkar ( 1974 ) . Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan , Volume 4 . Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana . Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani ( 21 July 2005 ) . Religion , Power and Violence : Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times . SAGE Publications . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3338 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shamsul Islam ( 2006 ) . Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism : A Study of RSS . Media House . pp. 187 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7495 - 236 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra , Communalism 2008 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987 . Jump up ^ Noorani , RSS and the BJP 2000 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar ( 2005 ) . Beyond Nationalist Frames : Relocating Postmodernism , Hindutva , History . Permanent Black . pp. 258 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7824 - 086 - 2 . Jump up ^ Partha Sarathi Gupta ( 1997 ) . Towards Freedom 1943 -- 44 , Part III . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 3058 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0195638684 . Jump up ^ John F. Riddick , The History of British India : A Chronology ( 2006 ) p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : Chakraborty , Bidyut Local Politics and Indian Nationalism : Midnapur ( 1919 -- 1944 ) . Manohar. 1997 . Jump up ^ Jaykumar R. Shukla , `` The Quit India Movement on Saurashtra , '' Quarterly Review of Historical Studies , 1981 , 21 # 1 pp. 3 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Sunil Sen , `` Popular Participation in the Quit India Movement : Midnapur , 1942 -- 44 , '' Indian Historical Review , ( Jan 1985 ) Vol. 12 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 300 -- 316 . Jump up ^ D , Fisher D ; Read A ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . WW Norton . p. 330 . Jump up ^ D , Fisher D ; Read A ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . WW Norton . p. 329 . Works cited ( edit ) Chandra , Bipan ( 2008 ) , Communalism in Modern India , Har - Anand , ISBN 8124114161 Noorani , A.G. ( 2000 ) , The RSS and the BJP : A Division of Labour , LeftWord Books , ISBN 978 - 81 - 87496 - 13 - 7 Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , Walter K. ; Damle , Shridhar D. ( 1987 ) . The brotherhood in saffron : the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu revivalism . Westview Press . Akbar , M.J. Nehru : The Making of India ( Viking , 1988 ) , popular biography Buchanan , Andrew N. `` The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India , December 1941 -- September 1942 : A Political and Military Dilemma . '' Global War Studies 8.2 ( 2011 ) : 5 - 31 . Chakrabarty , Bidyut . `` Political Mobilization in the Localities : The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur , '' Modern Asian Studies ( 1992 ) 26 # 4 pp. 791 -- 814 in JSTOR Chakrabarty , Bidyut . `` Defiance and Confrontation : The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur , '' Social Scientist ( 1992 ) Vol. 20 , No. 7 / 8 in JSTOR Chopra , P.N. `` ' Quit India ' Movement of 1942 , '' Journal of Indian History , ( 1971 ) Vol. 49 Issue 145 / 147 , pp 1 -- 56 Clymer , Kenton J. Quest for Freedom : The United States and India 's Independence ( Columbia University Press , 1995 ) online edition Greenough , Paul R. `` Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement , 1942 -- 44 , '' Modern Asian Studies , ( 1983 ) 17 # 3 pp. 353 -- 386 in JSTOR Herman , Arthur ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . Random House Digital . ISBN 9780553804638 . Hutchins , Francis G. India 's Revolution : Gandhi and the Quit India Movement ( 1973 ) Johnson , Robert . `` The Army in India and Responses to Low - Intensity Conflict , 1936 - 1946 . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 89.358 ( 2011 ) : 159 . Krishan , Shri . `` Crowd vigour and social identity : The Quit India Movement in western India . '' Indian Economic & Social History Review 33.4 ( 1996 ) : 459 - 479 . Panigrahi ; D.N. India 's Partition : The Story of Imperialism in Retreat ( Routledge , 2004 ) online edition Pati , Biswamoy . `` The climax of popular protest : The Quit India Movement in Orissa . '' Indian Economic & Social History Review 29.1 ( 1992 ) : 1 - 35 . Patil , V.I. Gandhiji , Nehruji and the Quit India Movement ( 1984 ) Read , Anthony , and David Fisher ; The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence ( W.W. Norton , 1999 ) online edition ; detailed scholarly history Venkataramani , M.S. ; Shrivastava , B.K. Quit India : The American Response to the 1942 Struggle ( 1979 ) Zaidi , A. Moin ( 1973 ) . The way out to freedom : an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants . Orientalia ( India ) . p. 85 . Muni , S.D. `` The Quit India Movement : A Review Article , '' International Studies , ( Jan 1977 , ) 16 # 1 pp 157 -- 168 , Shourie , Arun ( 1991 ) . `` The Only fatherland '' : Communists , `` Quit India '' , and the Soviet Union . New Delhi : ASA Publications . ISBN 978 - 8185304359 Primary sources ( edit ) Mansergh , Nicholas , and E.W.R. Lumby , eds . India : The Transfer of Power 1942 - 7 . Vol. II . ' Quit India ' 30 April - 21 September 1942 ( London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1971 ) , 1044pp online Pran Nath Chopra ; Shri Ram Bakshi ( 1986 ) . Quit India Movement : British secret documents , Vol. 1 . Interprint . p. 17 . ISBN 81 - 85017 - 32 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Rejected ' Quit India ' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. 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-92392079880116789	Pinarayi Vijayan	Pinarayi Vijayan - wikipedia Pinarayi Vijayan Pinarayi Vijayan 12th Chief Minister of Kerala Incumbent Assumed office 25 May 2016 Governor P. Sathasivam Preceded by Oommen Chandy Constituency Dharmadom Minister of Home Affairs , Kerala state Incumbent Assumed office 25 May 2016 Preceded by Ramesh Chennithala Member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Incumbent Assumed office 24 March 2002 Secretary of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Kerala State Committee In office 25 September 1998 -- 23 February 2015 Preceded by Chadayan Govindan Succeeded by Kodiyeri Balakrishnan Minister of Electricity , Kerala state In office 20 May 1996 -- 19 October 1998 Preceded by G. Karthikeyan Succeeded by S. Sharma Minister of Co-operatives , Kerala state In office 20 May 1996 -- 19 October 1998 Preceded by M.V. Raghavan Succeeded by S. Sharma Personal details ( 1945 - 05 - 24 ) 24 May 1945 ( age 73 ) Pinarayi , Kannur Madras Presidency , British India Political party Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Spouse ( s ) Kamala Children Vivek Kiran Veena Residence Pinarayi , Kerala , India Alma mater Government Brennen College , Thalassery Pinarayi Vijayan ( born 24 May 1945 ) is an Indian politician who is the current Chief Minister of Kerala , in office since 25 May 2016 . A member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) , he was the longest - serving secretary of the Kerala State Committee of the CPI ( M ) from 1998 to 2015 . He also served in the government of Kerala as Minister of Electric Power and Co-operatives from 1996 to 1998 . Vijayan won a seat in the May 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election as the CPI ( M ) candidate for Dharmadom constituency and was selected as the leader of the Left Democratic Front ( LDF ) and became the 12th Chief Minister of Kerala . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 2.1 Chief Minister 2.2 Positions held 3 Personal life 4 Controversies 5 Picture Gallery 6 References 7 External links Early LIFE and education Vijayan was born on 24 May 1945 in a poor family in Pinarayi in Malabar district ( present - day Kannur District ) , as the youngest son of Koran and Kalyani . He had 14 siblings of which only three survived . After graduating school , he worked as a handloom weaver for a year before joining for Pre -- university course in the Government Brennen College , Thalassery . Subsequently , he completed his degree course from the same college . Political career Pinarayi Vijayan entered politics through student union activities at Government Brennen College , Thalassery . He eventually joined the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) in 1964 . Vijayan became Kannur district secretary of the Kerala Students Federation ( KSF ) , which later became the Students Federation of India ( SFI ) . He went on to become the state secretary and subsequently the state president of KSF . He then moved on to Kerala State Youth Federation ( KSYF ) , which later became the Democratic Youth Federation of India ( DYFI ) . He became the president of the state committee . During that period , when communists in Kerala were organising the political activities from different hide - outs , Pinarayi Vijayan was imprisoned for one and a half years . Later he was elected as the president of the Kerala state co-operative bank . During the emergency , he was arrested and tortured by police . He became the Kannur district secretary of the CPI ( M ) when M.V. Raghavan left the party over the ' alternative document ' row . Within three years , he became a member of the State Secretariat . He was elected to the Assembly in 1970 , 1977 and 1991 from Koothuparamba , in 1996 from Payyannur and in 2016 from Dharmadom . He was the Minister for Electric power and Co-operatives in the E.K. Nayanar ministry from 1996 to 1998 . In 1998 , he became the state secretary of the CPI ( M ) , following the death of the incumbent Chadayan Govindan . He was elected to the Politburo of the CPI ( M ) in 2002 . On 26 May 2007 the CPI ( M ) suspended Pinarayi Vijayan and V.S. Achuthanandan from the Politburo for their public remarks on each other . Pinarayi was reinstated into the Politburo later . Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan was selected by the CPI ( M ) as Chief Minister of Kerala in May 2016 , following the 2016 Legislative Assembly election . Vijayan was selected as the leader of Left Democratic Front government . He was sworn in on 25 May 2016 in front of a large number of party workers , along with his 19 - member cabinet . Vijayan also holds the charge of Home Affairs & Vigilance Departments along with the other portfolios normally held by the Chief Ministers , and not mentioned elsewhere . He is elected from Dharmadom constituency . During his reign he introduced various schemes like Haritha Keralam Mission , Project LIFE , Ardram Mission and Comprehensive Education Reforms . For the first time in India , an all - woman police squad called Pink Patrol was introduced in Kerala to ascertain the security of women and children in public places . Positions held State president and secretary of Kerala Student 's Federation and president of Kerala State Youth Federation . President of Kerala State Co-operative Bank Elected to Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1970 , 1977 , 1991 , 1996 and 2016 . Minister in Kerala government between 1996 and 1998 . Secretary of the Kerala state committee of the CPI ( M ) between 1998 and 2015 . Member of the CPI ( M ) politburo from 2002 . Chief Minister of Kerala from 25 May 2016 Election victories Year Constituency Closest rival Majority ( votes ) 1970 Koothuparamba Thayath Raghavan ( PSP ) 743 1977 Koothuparamba Abdulkadar ( RSP ) 4,401 1991 Koothuparamba P. Ramakrishnan ( INC ) 12,960 Payyannur K.N. Kannoth ( INC ) 28,078 2016 Dharmadom Mambaram Divakaran ( INC ) 36,905 Personal LIFE He is married to Kamala Vijayan and has two children , Veena and Vivek . His wife is a retired teacher . Their son works in HSBC bank , in Abu Dhabi and daughter is in Bangalore , India where she manages a web startup . The family resides in the official residence of the Chief Minister at Trivandrum . Controversies The SNC Lavalin controversy in Kerala was a major allegation that rocked Kerala politics . The Comptroller and Auditor General of India report had stated that the deal Vijayan had struck as electricity minister in 1998 with Lavalin , a Canadian firm , for the repair of three generators , had cost the state exchequer a staggering Rs 375 crores . On 16 January 2007 , Kerala High Court ordered a CBI enquiry into the SNC Lavalin case . There are also reports that the CAG did not report any losses to state exchequer , but that the project did not yield commensurate gains . On 21 January 2009 , CBI filed a progress report on the investigation in the Kerala high court . Pinarayi Vijayan had been named as the 9th accused in the case . CPI ( M ) backed Pinarayi saying that the CBI move was `` politically motivated '' . Party viewed the implication of Pinarayi in the case is to settle scores with the CPM after the party withdrew its support to the UPA government . The CPM led Kerala Government decided not to let Vijayan to be prosecuted in the case . Over-ruling the cabinet recommendation , the Governor allowed CBI to prosecute Vijayan based on prima facie evidence . Though CPI ( M ) called Governor 's move un-constitutional , then Kerala Chief Minister V.S. Achuthanandan said there is nothing surprising or wrong in Governor 's decision . On 5 November 2013 , the CBI special court discharged Pinarayi Vijayan and the others accused from the list of accused in the SNC - Lavalin Case . The court has allowed a plea made by Pinarayi Vijayan asking his name to be removed from the list of accused in the case . The court held that there is n't any proof of dishonest and fraudulent intentions , abuse of official position and cheating . On 16 February 2007 the airport security in Chennai Airport recovered five bullets from Vijayan 's baggage . The Chennai airport security let him off after receiving a faxed copy of his license . As CPI ( M ) state secretary , Pinarayi Vijayan demanded that the Catholic Church in Kerala withdraw a controversial pastoral letter . The letter recommended a `` liberation struggle '' on the lines of the one in the 1950s to liberate the education sector in Kerala from state control , so that the management could charge fees and capitation without government intervention . On 16 October 2007 , Pinarayi called Paul Chitilapally , the bishop of Thamarassery in Kerala , a `` wretched creature '' . He was speaking at a memorial remembrance of Mathai Chacko , MLA from Thamarassery and a CPI ( M ) member . He said `` A lie is a lie , and just because it is uttered by a bishop it does not become a holy lie . '' Later , the Roman Catholic Church in Kerala was up in arms against the CPI ( M ) leadership for his comments against the bishop . However , he repeated the same and stuck to his comments . This led to heated discussion among the Catholic community across the state to protest against his speech by closing all educational institutions run by the church . Picture Gallery Close up image of Pinarayi Vijayan Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurating ESAF Small Finance Bank at Thrissur Pinarayi Vijayan with the recipient of Vanita Ratnam Award 2018 Pinarayi Vijayan with police officers References Jump up ^ `` A college that moulded the CM Pinarayi Vijayan , and many more '' . Deccan Chronicle. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vijayan celebrates birthday with media '' . Press Trust of India . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . As per official records , the senior marxist leader said his birthday was on March 21 , 1944 . But his correct birth date was May 24 , 1945 , he said , adding , he was not going to change the official records . Jump up ^ `` Pinarayi Vijayan to be sworn - in as Kerala chief minister on May 25 '' . Jump up ^ `` Pinarayi Vijayan , 72 , Will Be Kerala Chief Minister , Not Achuthanandan , 92 '' . NDTV.com. 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pinarayi Vijayan , 72 , Will Be Kerala Chief Minister , Not Achuthanandan , 92 ^ Jump up to : Pinarayi Vijayan to be next chief minister of Kerala Jump up ^ `` ' Profile of Pinarayi Vijayan ' '' . Gulf News . 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinarayi Vijayan '' . www.cpimkerala.org . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A college that moulded the CM Pinarayi Vijayan , and many more '' . Deccan Chronicle. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Achuthanandan , Pinarayi Vijayan suspended '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kearala to go by HC order in Lavalin case '' . The Hindu Business Line . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CAG finds lapses in deal with SNC Lavalin '' . The Hindu . 14 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBI finds Pinarayi guilty in Lavalin scam , moralistic CPM yet to act '' . The Economic Times . 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBI seeks nod to prosecute CPM 's Kerala unit chief '' . The Indian Express . 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala govt not to prosecute Vijayan in Lavlain case '' . The Times of India . 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Governor allows CBI to prosecute Vijayan '' . The Times of India . 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CBI gets Governor nod to book Pinarayi '' . The Indian Express . 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala CM says governor not wrong , riles CPM '' . Times of India . 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rift in Kerala unit of CPIM widens '' . Business Standard . 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Time for party to come to aid of Lavalin accused '' . Indian Express . 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vijayan fund '' . Telegraphindia. 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Act against Pinarayi : Chandy '' . The Hindu . 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pinarayi wants pastoral letter retracted '' . Gulf News . Jump up ^ `` Unfazed Pinarayi continues to attack bishop '' . The Economic Times . 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Do not vitiate social climate , says Pinarayi '' . The Hindu . 17 October 2007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinarayi Vijayan . Pinarayi Vijayan discusses the future of the left in India . Tehelka , Volume 12 Issue 17 , Dated 25 April 2015 . Kerala Travel Mart Political offices Preceded by Oommen Chandy Chief Minister of Kerala 25 May 2016 -- Present Succeeded by Incumbent Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant ( Governor 's rule ) Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Chief Ministers of Kerala Travancore P.G.N. Unnithan Pattom A. Thanu Pillai Parur T.K. Narayana Pillai Cochin Panampilly Govinda Menon T.K. Nair E. Ikkanda Warrier Travancore - Cochin Parur T.K. Narayana Pillai C. Kesavan A.J. John , Anaparambil Pattom A. Thanu Pillai Panampilly Govinda Menon Kerala E.M.S. Namboodiripad C. Achutha Menon K. Karunakaran A.K. Antony P.K. Vasudevan Nair C.H. Mohammed Koya E.K. Nayanar Oommen Chandy V.S. Achuthanandan Pinarayi Vijayan Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) General secretaries P. Sundarayya ( 1964 -- 78 ) E.M.S. Namboodiripad ( 1978 -- 92 ) Harkishan Singh Surjeet ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Prakash Karat ( 2005 -- 15 ) Sitaram Yechury ( 2015 -- present ) Current Politburo Sitaram Yechury Prakash Karat S. Ramachandran Pillai Biman Bose Manik Sarkar Brinda Karat Pinarayi Vijayan Hannan Mollah Kodiyeri Balakrishnan M.A. Baby Surja Kanta Mishra Mohammad Salim Subhashini Ali B.V. Raghavulu G. Ramakrishnan Tapan Kumar Sen Nilotpal Basu Chief Ministers E.M.S. Namboodiripad Jyoti Basu Nripen Chakraborty E.K. Nayanar Dasarath Deb Manik Sarkar Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee V.S. Achuthanandan Pinarayi Vijayan Related organisations All India Democratic Women 's Association ( AIDWA ) All India Kisan Sabha ( AIKS ) Centre of Indian Trade Unions ( CITU ) Democratic Youth Federation of India ( DYFI ) Students Federation of India ( SFI ) Newspapers People 's Democracy The Marxist Deshabhimani Daily Desher Katha Ganashakti Lok Lahar Prajasakti Theekkathir WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 4077 4888 LCCN : n2005205744 VIAF : 33877253 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinarayi_Vijayan&oldid=865861150 '' Categories : Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) politicians from Kerala People from Kannur district Malayali politicians 1944 births Living people Members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly Kerala MLAs 1970 -- 77 Kerala MLAs 1977 -- 79 Kerala MLAs 1991 -- 96 Kerala MLAs 2016 -- 21 Chief Ministers of Kerala Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the current chief minister of kerala	[ "Pinarayi Vijayan (born 24 May 1945[2]) is an Indian politician who is the current Chief Minister of Kerala, in office since 25 May 2016.[3]\n" ]	[ "Pinarayi Vijayan" ]
-5407402335003545896	Confederate States dollar	Confederate States dollar - wikipedia Confederate States dollar Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Confederate state currencies be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . Confederate States dollar $1,000 depicting Calhoun and Jackson $50 depicting Jefferson Davis Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ or C $ cent ¢ Banknotes 50 ¢ , $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 , $500 , $1000 Coins Confederate Half Dollar Demographics User ( s ) Confederate States of America This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete . The Confederate States of America dollar was first issued just before the outbreak of the American Civil War by the newly formed Confederacy . It was not backed by hard assets , but simply by a promise to pay the bearer after the war , on the prospect of Southern victory and independence . As the war began to tilt against the Confederates , confidence in the currency diminished , and the government inflated the currency by continuing to print the unbacked banknotes . By the end of 1863 , the Confederate dollar ( or `` Greyback '' , to distinguish it from the then - new `` Greenback '' paper US dollar , which was likewise put into circulation during the war ) was quoted at just six cents in gold , and fell further still . The Greyback is now a prized collector 's item , in its many versions , including those issued by individual states and local banks . The various engravings of leading Confederates , gods and goddesses and scenes of slave - life , on these hastily printed banknotes , sometimes cut with scissors and signed by clerks , continue to stimulate debate among antique dealers , with even some of the counterfeit notes commanding high prices . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Designs 3 Signatures 4 Coinage 5 Banknotes 5.1 Series of CSA notes 5.2 Banknote printers and engravers 5.3 Complete typeset of CSA banknotes 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Confederate dollar , often called a `` Greyback '' , was first issued into circulation in April 1861 , when the Confederacy was only two months old , and on the eve of the outbreak of the Civil War . At first , Confederate currency was accepted throughout the South as a medium of exchange with high purchasing power . As the war progressed , however , confidence in the ultimate success waned , the amount of paper money increased , and their dates of redemption were extended further into the future . Most Confederate currency carried the phrase across the top of the bill : `` SIX MONTHS AFTER THE RATIFICATION OF A TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE CONFEDERATE STATES AND THE UNITED STATES '' then across the middle , the `` CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA WILL PAY ( amount of bill ) TO BEARER '' ( or `` ... WILL PAY TO BEARER ( amount of bill ) '' or `` ... WILL PAY TO BEARER ON DEMAND ( amount of bill ) '' ) . As the war progressed , the currency underwent the depreciation and soaring prices characteristic of inflation . For example , by the end of the war , a cake of soap could sell for as much as $50 and an ordinary suit of clothes was $2,700 . Near the end of the war , the currency became practically worthless as a medium of exchange . This was because Confederate currency were bills of credit , as in the Revolutionary War , not secured or backed by any assets . Just as the currency issued by the Continental Congress was deemed worthless ( witness the phrase `` not worth a Continental ; '' and see The Federalist Papers , which also addressed this issue in the run - up to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution ) because they were not backed by any hard assets , so , too , this became the case with Confederate currency . Even though both gold and silver may have been scarce , some economic historians have suggested that the currency would have retained a relatively material degree of value , and for a longer period of time , had it been backed by hard goods the Confederacy did have , perhaps such as cotton , or tobacco . When the Confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity at the end of the war , the money lost all value as fiat currency . Designs ( edit ) Slaves working in the field . From a $100 C.S. banknote . The Confederacy , being limited in skilled engravers and printers as well as secure printing facilities , often had to make do with unrelated designs in early banknote issues . Some such were abstract depictions of mythological gods and goddesses , such as the Goddess of Liberty . Confederate themes did prevail with designs of black slaves , naval ships and historical figures , including George Washington . Images of slaves often had them depicted as carrying about their work . Since most of the engravers and bank plates were in the Northern states , Confederate printers had to lift by offset or lithographic process scenes that had been used on whatever notes they had access to . Many variations in plates , printing and papers also appear in most of the issues , due in large part to the limits on commerce resulting from the Union embargo of Confederate ports . Some of the people featured on banknotes include Andrew Jackson , John C. Calhoun , Christopher Memminger , Robert M.T. Hunter , Alexander H. Stephens , Jefferson Davis , Judah P. Benjamin , Clement Clay , George W. Randolph , and Lucy Holcombe Pickens , the wife of the Governor of South Carolina . There was also a bill featuring George Washington . Signatures ( edit ) Confederate Treasury Notes were hand signed by various clerks , with exception of the 50 cent issues that had the printed signatures of Robert Tyler and Edward C. Elmore . The first six notes issued were hand signed by the Register and Treasurer themselves . While hand signatures were considered an anti-counterfeiting tool , the sheer number of bills being produced could not reasonably be signed individually by two men each . Women were often hired as clerks to sign `` for Register '' and `` for Treasurer '' ; up to 200 clerks were eventually hired for each . Coinage ( edit ) 1861 1C Original Confederate Cent As the Civil War continued , the cost of the war loomed large . Any precious metals available in the South often made their way to Europe to procure war goods . But the CSA did manage to mint a few coins . In 1861 , Mr. Robert Lovett Jr. of Philadelphia was commissioned to design , engrave and make a one cent piece for the Confederacy . On the obverse ( front ) , he used the head of Minerva ( French Liberty Head ) , which he had used on several store cards . The coins were struck using the then Federal standard of cupronickel for cent pieces . He made a few samples , of which only 12 are said to exist by the popular stories but research has shown that 14 are currently known to exist . Fearing prosecution for aiding the enemy , he stopped his work and hid the coins and dies in his cellar . The original dies were purchased later and used to make restrikes , first by John W. Haseltine and later by Robert S. Bashlow . The dies were donated to the Smithsonian Institution by Bashlow in 1962 . 1861 50C Original Confederate Half Dollar reportedly belonging to CSA President Jefferson Davis . In the aftermath of secession , the Confederacy seized U.S. Mint facilities at Charlotte , North Carolina , Dahlonega , Georgia , and New Orleans , Louisiana . After seizing and appropriating the bullion reserves stored at the facilities , the Confederate Treasury , led by C.G. Memminger , determined that the cost of minting coins far outweighed the benefits . Circulating specie would be virtually nonexistent in the Confederacy throughout the entirety of the war . A wide variety of local token and scrip would attempt to fill this void , to little avail . In late April 1861 , four Confederate half dollars were struck on a hand press by certain employees of the New Orleans Mint . Because of the high relief of the coin die , a test striking was made to see if coins would release from the Confederate die . The die was made by a printing plate engraver ( A.H.M. Peterson ) in New Orleans who was unfamiliar with techniques required to engrave coining dies . These coins were struck using a U.S. obverse die ( Seated Liberty ) and the Confederate die made by Peterson . These coins are known as originals , and the location of all four of the coins is known today . As the result of an 1879 article about the Confederate cent printed in a New York City newspaper , Benjamin F. Taylor , M.D. ( Chief Coiner , New Orleans Mint , CSA ) contacted coin dealer Ebenezer Mason . Taylor informed Mason of the existence of the Confederate half dollar and the die . Mason bought the die and coin from Taylor and sold them to J.W. Scott Co. of New York City , a coin and stamp dealer . Scott bought 500 1861 United States half dollars from a New York bank that were supposedly struck at the New Orleans Mint . Scott had the reverse of the half dollars planed down and performed a one - sided strike using the Confederate half dollar die . The Seated Liberty obverse of the coins were flattened some because of the one - sided strike . In addition , Scott struck 500 half dollar sized tokens in white metal using the Confederate die and a newly made die to commemorate the restrikes of the Confederate half dollars . The Confederate half dollar die went missing during the 1920s and has not been seen since . Popular stories claim one of the Confederate half dollars was given to Confederate President Jefferson Davis . This story has no basis in fact . In an 1879 letter to Ebenezer Mason , Davis confirmed that a Union soldier ( actually a Federal Officer ) stole a coin from one of his wife 's trunks , but could not confirm that it was like the then known Confederate half dollar . It is very possible that the coin was a gold so - called Jefferson Davis dime struck at the Paris ( France ) Mint , which Davis described to coin dealer Ed Frossard in an 1880 letter . All known Jefferson Davis dimes were struck in silver at the Paris Mint . The Davis letter is the only known reference to a gold specimen , which was likely a special presentation piece made for Davis . Banknotes ( edit ) Confederate Treasury Notes ( banknotes ) were ultimately issued in 50 - cent , $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 , $500 and $1,000 denominations with a variety of designs , issuers and redeemable obligations . The amount of currency issued under the various acts of the Confederate Congress totaled $1.7 billion . Bills were released in 72 different note `` types '' in seven `` series '' from 1861 through 1864 . Since there were many types of Confederate notes as well as notes issued by the states of the Confederacy , and since banks could issue their own notes , counterfeiting was a major problem for the Confederacy . Many of these contemporary counterfeits are identifiable today and they can be as valuable to a collector as a real note . Confederate dollars and coins remain the subject of a lively trade , with careful grading of damage and deterioration similar to booksellers ' gradings . Series of CSA notes ( edit ) Series and authorizing acts Confederate States dollar banknotes ( 1861 -- 1864 ) Series Authorization Amount Denominations Comments First Act of March 9 , 1861 Amended August 3 , 1861 $1,000,000 ( i ) $1,000,000 ( ii ) $50 , $100 , $500 , $1000 ( i ) $50 , $100 ( ii ) Interest bearing at 3.65 % , payable twelve months after date . Second Act of May 16 , 1861 $20,000,000 $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 No interest , payable two years after date . Third Act of August 19 , 1861 Amended December 24 , 1861 $100,000,000 ( i ) $50,000,000 ( ii ) $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Funded by 8 % bonds , payable six months after a treaty / peace between the U.S. and CSA Fourth Act of April 17 , 1862 Amended September 23 , 1862 $170,000,000 ( i ) $5,000,000 ( ii ) $1 , $2 , $10 , $20 , $100 Introduced $1 and $2 notes , and $100 interest - bearing notes ( 2 cents per day ) Fifth Act of October 13 , 1862 $90,000,000 $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Payable six months after ratification of a treaty . Lower denominations issued on pink paper . Sixth Act of March 23 , 1863 $50,000,000 $0.50 , $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Payable two years after ratification of a treaty . Seventh Act of February 17 , 1864 $200,000,000 $0.50 , $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 , $500 Payable two years after ratification of a treaty . Banknote printers and engravers ( edit ) Printers and engravers of Confederate States dollar banknotes ( 1861 -- 1864 ) Engraver / Printer Location Types printed Comments National Bank Note Company New York , NY 1 -- 4 Part of the American Bank Note Company Southern Bank Note Company New Orleans , LA 5 , 6 , 15 , 19 , 22 , 31 Southern branch of the American Bank Note Company . Hoyer & Ludwig Richmond , VA 7 -- 11 , 13 -- 14 , 17 -- 18 , 27 -- 28 , 35 -- 36 , 46 Louis Hoyer and Charles Ludwig , in operation 1861 -- 64 . Jules Manouvrier New Orleans , LA 12 Lithographer , contracted to print $10 CSA notes . Some were stolen and entered circulation with forged signatures . Contract cancelled . Leggett , Keatinge & Ball Richmond , VA 23 , 24 , 32 , 33 Edward Keatinge ( formerly a portrait engraver with the Southern Bank Note Company ) joined Leggett & Ball shortly after the Civil War began . Leggett was forced out after being accused of spying for the Union , and the company became Keatinge & Ball . Keatinge & Ball Columbia , SC Richmond , VA 16 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 34 , 41 , 49 -- 62 , 64 -- 71 In 1862 , Keatinge & Ball moved to Richmond . Blanton Duncan Columbia , SC Richmond , VA 20 , 29 , 30 , 37 , 38 , 42 -- 45 Originally from Kentucky , Duncan moved to Richmond at the invitation of Christopher Memminger to open a paper mill and printing plant . J.T. Patterson Columbia , SC 28 , 36 , 39 , 40 , Archer & Daly Richmond , VA 63 A lithographic firm specializing mainly in CSA stocks and bonds . Archer & Halpin Richmond , VA 72 Complete typeset of CSA banknotes ( edit ) A complete typeset of the Confederate States dollar banknotes ( 1861 -- 1864 ) Series / Date Type Value Image Comments 1First Series T -- 1 5 Apr 1861 21 Jun 1861 1000 $1,000 John C. Calhoun , Andrew Jackson National Bank Note Company ( 607 issued ) T -- 2 8 Apr 1861 23 Jul 1861 0500 $500 Ceres , The Crossing ( by James Smillie ) National Bank Note Company ( 607 issued ) T -- 3 5 Apr 1861 21 Jun 1861 0100 $100 Minerva , railroad National Bank Note Company ( 1,606 issued ) T -- 4 5 Apr 1861 21 Jun 1861 0050 $50 Slaves working in the field National Bank Note Company ( 1,606 issued ) T -- 5 25 Aug 1861 23 Sep 1861 0100 $100 Justice , Hudson River Railroad , Minerva Southern Bank Note Company ( 5,798 issued ) T -- 6 25 Aug 1861 23 Sep 1861 0050 $50 Justice , Agriculture and Industry , George Washington Southern Bank Note Company ( 5,798 issued ) 2Second Series T -- 7 29 Jul 1861 22 Oct 1861 0100 $100 George Washington , Ceres and Proserpina Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 37,155 issued ) T -- 8 29 Jul 1861 22 Oct 1861 0050 $50 Tellus , George Washington Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 123,564 issued ) T -- 9 25 Jul 1861 26 Oct 1861 0020 $20 Sailing ship Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 264,988 issued ) T -- 10 25 Jul 1861 2 Nov 1861 0010 $10 Liberty ( seated ) , Liberty ( leaning on shield ) Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 170,994 issued ) T -- 11 29 Jul 1861 7 Sep 1861 0005 $5 Sailor ( leaning ) , Liberty ( seated ) Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 73,355 issued ) T -- 12 0005 $5 `` Confederate States of America '' Jules Manouvrier ( New Orleans , LA ) ( 15,556 issued ) 3Third Series T -- 13 22 Oct 1861 16 Apr 1862 0100 $100 Sailor ( standing ) , slaves loading cotton Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 629,284 issued ) T -- 14 22 Oct 1861 16 Apr 1862 0050 $50 Sailors , Moneta with treasure chest Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 469,660 issued ) T -- 15 8 Jan 1862 15 May 1862 0050 $50 Hope , Hudson River Railroad , Justice Southern Bank Note Company ( 14,860 issued ) T -- 16 17 Apr 1862 10 Dec 1862 0050 $50 Jefferson Davis Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 425,944 issued ) T -- 17 14 Sep 1861 5 Nov 1861 0020 $20 Liberty , Ceres between Commerce and Navigation Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 43,732 issued ) T -- 18 24 Oct 1861 16 Aug 1862 0020 $20 Sailor , Sailing ship Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 2,366,486 issued ) T -- 19 8 Jan 1862 15 May 1862 0020 $20 Minerva , Navigation , Blacksmith Southern Bank Note Company ( 14,860 issued ) T -- 20 21 Jun 1862 8 Dec 1862 0020 $20 Alexander H. Stephens , Industry between Commerce and beehive B. Duncan ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 2,834,251 issued ) T -- 21 28 Jun 1862 15 Nov 1862 0020 $20 Alexander H. Stephens Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 164,248 issued ) T -- 22 13 Nov 1861 15 May 1862 0010 $10 Thetis , Native Americans , Female with X Southern Bank Note Company ( 58,860 issued ) T -- 23 15 Nov 1861 30 Dec 1861 0010 $10 John E. Ward , Wagon of cotton , Corn gatherer Leggett , Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 20,333 issued ) T -- 24 20 Feb 1862 8 Dec 1862 0010 $10 Robert M.T. Hunter ( left ) ; Alfred L. Elwin ( vignette , as child ) Leggett , Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 278,400 issued ) T -- 25 12 May 1862 9 Aug 1862 0010 $10 Robert M.T. Hunter ( left ) ; Hope ; C.G. Memminger Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 178,716 issued ) T -- 26 12 Jul 1862 8 Dec 1862 0010 $10 Robert M.T. Hunter ( left ) ; Hope ; C.G. Memminger Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 514,400 issued ) T -- 27 26 Nov 1861 5 Dec 1861 0010 $10 Liberty ; Train Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 8,576 issued ) T -- 28 23 Jan 1862 13 Dec 1862 0010 $10 Ceres and Commerce ; Train Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) J.T. Patterson ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,074,980 issued ) T -- 29 17 Mar 1862 13 Sep 1862 0010 $10 Slave picking cotton ; canal B. Duncan ( Richmond , VA ) ( 286,627 issued ) T -- 30 14 Jun 1862 3 Jan 1863 0010 $10 Robert M.T. Hunter ( left ) ; engraving of the painting General Marion Inviting a British Officer to Share His Meal by John Blake White ; Minerva B. Duncan ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,939,810 issued ) T -- 31 13 Nov 1861 15 May 1862 0005 $5 Navigation ; Commerce , Agriculture , Justice , Liberty , and Industry ; George Washington statue Southern Bank Note Company ( 58,860 issued ) T -- 32 15 Nov 1861 30 Dec 1861 0005 $5 Boy ; Machinist with hammer Leggett , Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 20,333 issued ) T -- 33 13 Mar 1862 19 Jun 1862 0005 $5 C.G. Memminger ; Minerva Leggett , Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 136,736 issued ) T -- 34 12 May 1862 8 Dec 1862 0005 $5 C.G. Memminger ; Minerva Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 228,644 issued ) T -- 35 26 Nov 1861 5 Dec 1861 0005 $5 Slaves load cotton ; Indian princess Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 7,160 issued ) T -- 36 31 Mar 1862 3 Jan 1863 0005 $5 Sailor ; Commerce ( seated ) Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) J.T. Patterson ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 3,694,890 issued ) T -- 37 7 Apr 1862 13 Sep 1862 0005 $5 C.G. Memminger ; Sailor ( seated ) ; Justice and Ceres B. Duncan ( Richmond , VA ) ( 1,002,478 issued ) 4Fourth Series T -- 38 0002 $2 Judah P. Benjamin ; The South striking down the Union B. Duncan ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 36,000 issued ) T -- 39 0100 $100 Milkmaid ; train with straight steam Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) J.T. Patterson ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 284,000 issued ) T -- 40 0100 $100 Milkmaid ; train with diffused steam J.T. Patterson & Co . ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 214,400 issued ) T -- 41 0100 $100 John C. Calhoun ; Slaves working ; Confederacy Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 670,400 issued ) T -- 42 0002 $2 Judah P. Benjamin ; The South striking down the Union B. Duncan ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,520,000 issued ) T -- 43 0002 $2 Judah P. Benjamin ; The South striking down the Union B. Duncan ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 194,900 issued ) T -- 44 0001 $1 Liberty ; Steamship at sea ; Lucy Pickens B. Duncan ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,689,860 issued ) T -- 45 0001 $1 Liberty ; Steamship at sea ; Lucy Pickens B. Duncan ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 412,500 issued ) T -- 46 0010 $10 Ceres ; Robert M.T. Hunter Hoyer & Ludwig ( Richmond , VA ) ( 635,250 issued ) T -- 47 0020 $20 Ceres ; Robert M.T. Hunter Test pattern or fantasy note T -- 48 0010 $10 Ceres ; Robert M.T. Hunter Test pattern or fantasy note 5Fifth Series T -- 49 0100 $100 Soldiers ; Lucy Pickens ; George W. Randolph Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA ) ( 628,640 issued ) T -- 50 0050 $50 Jefferson Davis Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA & Columbia , S.C. ) ( 414,200 issued ) T -- 51 0020 $20 Tennessee State Capitol ; Alexander H. Stephens Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 776,800 issued ) T -- 52 0010 $10 Proposed state capitol ( Columbia , S.C. ) ; Robert M.T. Hunter Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 3,060,000 issued ) T -- 53 0005 $5 Virginia State Capitol ; C.G. Memminger Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 2,833,600 issued ) T -- 54 0002 $2 Judah P. Benjamin Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 607,000 issued ) T -- 55 0001 $1 Clement Claiborne Clay Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,141,200 issued ) 6Sixth Series T -- 56 0100 $100 Soldiers ; Lucy Pickens ; George W. Randolph Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,950,400 ) T -- 57 0050 $50 Jefferson Davis Keatinge & Ball ( Richmond , VA and Columbia , S.C. ) ( 2,349,600 issued ) T -- 58 0020 $20 Tennessee State Capitol ; Alexander H. Stephens Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 4,429,600 issued ) T -- 59 0010 $10 Proposed state capitol ( Columbia , S.C. ) ; Robert M.T. Hunter Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 7,420,800 issued ) T -- 60 0005 $5 Virginia State Capitol ; C.G. Memminger Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 7,745,600 issued ) T -- 61 0002 $2 Judah P. Benjamin Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 689,200 issued ) T -- 62 0001 $1 Clement Claiborne Clay Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,645,600 issued ) T -- 63 0000.50 $0.50 Jefferson Davis Archer & Daly ( Richmond , VA ) ( 1,831,517 issued ) 7Seventh Series T -- 64 0500 $500 Confederate seal and battle flag ; Stonewall Jackson Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 154,000 issued ) T -- 65 0100 $100 Soldiers ; Lucy Pickens ; George W. Randolph Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 964,000 issued ) T -- 66 0050 $50 Jefferson Davis Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( 1,671,444 issued ) T -- 67 0020 $20 Tennessee State Capitol ; Alexander H. Stephens Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 4,150,000 issued ) T -- 68 0010 $10 Horses pulling cannon ; Robert M.T. Hunter Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 9,071,000 issued ) T -- 69 0005 $5 Virginia State Capitol ; C.G. Memminger Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 5,526,100 issued ) T -- 70 0002 $2 Judah P. Benjamin Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 944,000 issued ) T -- 71 0001 $1 Clement Claiborne Clay Keatinge & Ball ( Columbia , S.C. ) ( ~ 681,500 issued ) T -- 72 0000.50 $0.50 Jefferson Davis Archer & Halpin ( Richmond , VA ) ( ~ 1,100,000 issued ) See also ( edit ) Economy of the Confederate States of America Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which banned the Federal recognition of Confederate debts or currency . Texas dollar United States currency Samuel C. Upham , a notorious counterfeiter of Confederate bills . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Despite the authorized amount , $138,000,000 was issued . Jump up ^ Despite the authorized amount , over $517,900,000 was issued . Jump up ^ Despite the authorized amount , over $400,000,000 was issued . Jump up ^ `` T '' numbers refer to the categorization system widely used in Confederate banknotes and denote major design changes . Dates underneath `` T '' numbers ( when available ) indicate the beginning and end dates of issue for the particular note Jump up ^ Comments include the portraits or vignettes listed from left to right , the engraver and / or publisher of the note , and the number of notes issued . The single reference citation applies to all information in the cell . Jump up ^ Federal authorities forbid the National Bank Note Company ( and their affiliate Southern Bank Note Company ) from printing currency for the Confederate States of America . The CSA turned to local lithographer Hoyer & Ludwig to print the next series of notes . The paper quality and printing technique is noticeably inferior to the prior First Series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` $1,000 1861 Confederate States of America Note '' . Pmgnotes.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Gettysburg - Featured Confederate Currency - Criswell Type 45 '' . Virtualgettysburg.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NMAH Legendary Coins & Currency : Confederacy , 5 Dollars , 1862 '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NMAH Legendary Coins & Currency : Confederacy , 10 Dollars , 1863 '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Currency '' . Rebelstatescurrency.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Type 8 confederate money 50.00 George Washington scarce Choice Unc '' . Deerrunmercantile.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Jordan . `` A Pledge of a Nation : Charting the Economic Aspirations , Political Motivations and Consequences of Confederate Currency Creation '' ( PDF ) . Bir.brandeis.edu . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Hessler 1993 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Hessler 1993 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Hessler 1993 , p. 212 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler 1993 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hessler 1993 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Hessler 1993 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg 2013 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 352 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 471 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 476 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 496 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 517 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2014 , p. 534 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cuhaj , George S. Confederate States Paper Money . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 3086 - 8 . Fricke , Pierre . Collecting Confederate Paper Money - Field Edition 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9710821 - 5 - 1 . Fricke , Pierre . Collecting Confederate Paper Money - Field Edition 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9844534 - 9 - 8 . Friedberg , Arthur L. ; Friedberg , Ira S. ( 2013 ) . Paper Money of the United States : A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations ( 20th ed . ) . Coin & Currency Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87184 - 520 - 7 . Levi , Harold ; Corell , George ( 2006 ) . The Lovett Cent ; a Confederate Story . Lulu.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84728 - 878 - 3 . Hessler , Gene . The Engraver 's Line -- An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 36 - 3 . Matthews , James M. Public Laws of the Confederate States of America Passed at the First - Fourth Sessions of the Second Congress . Yeoman , R.S. A Guide Book of United States Coins . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1790 - 4 . 2005 Blackbook Price Guide to United States Paper Money . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4839 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Money of the Confederate States of America . The Story of Confederate Currency Collecting Confederate Paper Money Professional Grading Service Coin Facts Mintmark Numismatics , Inc Photos and descriptions of Confederate Currency in McCune Collection Boston Athenæum : Paper Currency from the Confederate States of America , Digital Collection Civil War Confederate Currency Collection from Georgia State University United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Currencies named dollar or similar Circulating Australian dollar Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Brunei dollar Canadian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cook Islands dollar Eastern Caribbean dollar Fijian dollar Guyanese dollar Hong Kong dollar Jamaican dollar Kiribati dollar Liberian dollar Namibian dollar New Zealand dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Surinamese dollar New Taiwan dollar Trinidad and Tobago dollar Tuvaluan dollar United States dollar Circulating , but renamed Chinese yuan Ethiopian birr Malaysian ringgit Obsolete Antigua dollar British Columbia dollar British North Borneo dollar British West Indies dollar Ceylonese rixdollar Confederate States dollar Continental dollar Danish rigsdaler Danish West Indian daler Danish West Indian rigsdaler Dominican dollar Dutch rijksdaalder Greenlandic rigsdaler Grenadan dollar Hawaiian dollar Japanese occupation dollar Kiautschou dollar Malaya and British Borneo dollar Malayan dollar Mauritian dollar Mongolian dollar Nevisian dollar New Brunswick dollar Newfoundland dollar Norwegian rigsdaler Norwegian speciedaler Nova Scotian dollar Penang dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Puerto Rican dollar Rhodesian dollar Saint Kitts dollar Saint Lucia dollar Saint Vincent dollar Sarawak dollar Sierra Leonean dollar Slovenian tolar Spanish dollar Straits dollar Sumatran dollar Swedish riksdaler Old Taiwan dollar Texas dollar Trinidadian dollar Tobagan dollar Zimbabwean dollar Noncirculating Marshall Islands dollar Nauru dollar Niue dollar Palau dollar Pitcairn Islands dollar Conceptual Eurodollar Petrodollar Geary -- Khamis dollar Virtual Linden dollar Project Entropia Dollar Fictional Angus Bucks Private Antarctican dollar Arizona dollar Calgary dollar Canadian Tire money Disney dollar Liberty dollar Salt Spring dollar Toronto dollar Bristol Pound See also Dollar sign Half dollar Holey dollar Thaler Tolar Trade dollar Zimbabwean bond coins Zimbabwean bond notes ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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-3166607002169795268	Electron configurations of the elements (data page)	Electron configurations of the elements ( data page ) - wikipedia Electron configurations of the elements ( data page ) Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Electron configuration This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states . For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form , then with all subshells written out , followed by the number of electrons per shell . Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium ( element 108 ) are predicted . As an approximate rule , electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule . However there are numerous exceptions ; for example the lightest exception is chromium , which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s , written as ( Ar ) 3d 4s , but whose actual configuration given in the table below is ( Ar ) 3d 4s . Legend 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1 H hydrogen : 1s 1s 2 He helium : 1s 1s 3 Li lithium : ( He ) 2s 1s 2s 4 Be beryllium : ( He ) 2s 1s 2s 5 B boron : ( He ) 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 6 C carbon : ( He ) 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 7 N nitrogen : ( He ) 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 5 8 O oxygen : ( He ) 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 6 9 F fluorine : ( He ) 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 7 10 Ne neon : ( He ) 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 8 11 Na sodium : ( Ne ) 3s 1s 2s 2p 3s 8 12 Mg magnesium : ( Ne ) 3s 1s 2s 2p 3s 8 13 Al aluminium : ( Ne ) 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 8 14 Si silicon : ( Ne ) 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 8 15 P phosphorus : ( Ne ) 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 8 5 16 S sulfur : ( Ne ) 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 8 6 17 Cl chlorine : ( Ne ) 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 8 7 18 Ar argon : ( Ne ) 3s 3p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 8 8 19 K potassium : ( Ar ) 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 8 8 20 Ca calcium : ( Ar ) 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 8 8 21 Sc scandium : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 9 22 Ti titanium : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 10 23 V vanadium : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 11 24 Cr chromium : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 13 25 Mn manganese : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 13 26 Fe iron : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 14 27 Co cobalt : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 15 28 Ni nickel : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 16 29 Cu copper : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 18 30 Zn zinc : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 8 18 31 Ga gallium : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 8 18 32 Ge germanium : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 8 18 33 As arsenic : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 8 18 5 34 Se selenium : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 8 18 6 35 Br bromine : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 8 18 7 36 Kr krypton : ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 8 18 8 37 Rb rubidium : ( Kr ) 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 5s 8 18 8 38 Sr strontium : ( Kr ) 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 5s 8 18 8 39 Y yttrium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 9 40 Zr zirconium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 10 41 Nb niobium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 12 42 Mo molybdenum : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 13 43 Tc technetium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 13 44 Ru ruthenium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 15 45 Rh rhodium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 16 46 Pd palladium : ( Kr ) 4d 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 8 18 18 47 Ag silver : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 18 48 Cd cadmium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 8 18 18 49 In indium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 8 18 18 50 Sn tin : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 8 18 18 51 Sb antimony : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 8 18 18 5 52 Te tellurium : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 8 18 18 6 53 I iodine : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 8 18 18 7 54 Xe xenon : ( Kr ) 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 8 18 18 8 55 Cs caesium : ( Xe ) 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 6s 8 18 18 8 56 Ba barium : ( Xe ) 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 6s 8 18 18 8 57 La lanthanum : ( Xe ) 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 18 9 58 Ce cerium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 19 9 59 Pr praseodymium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 21 8 60 Nd neodymium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 22 8 61 Pm promethium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 23 8 62 Sm samarium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 24 8 63 Eu europium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 25 8 64 Gd gadolinium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 25 9 65 Tb terbium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 27 8 66 Dy dysprosium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 28 8 67 Ho holmium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 29 8 68 Er erbium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 30 8 69 Tm thulium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 31 8 70 Yb ytterbium : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 8 18 32 8 71 Lu lutetium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 9 72 Hf hafnium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 10 73 Ta tantalum : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 11 74 W tungsten : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 12 75 Re rhenium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 13 76 Os osmium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 14 77 Ir iridium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 15 78 Pt platinum : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 17 79 Au gold : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 18 80 Hg mercury : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 8 18 32 18 81 Tl thallium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 6p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 8 18 32 18 82 Pb lead : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 6p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 8 18 32 18 83 Bi bismuth : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 6p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 8 18 32 18 5 84 Po polonium : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 6p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 8 18 32 18 6 85 At astatine : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 6p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 8 18 32 18 7 86 Rn radon : ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 6p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 8 18 32 18 8 87 Fr francium : ( Rn ) 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 18 8 88 Ra radium : ( Rn ) 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 18 8 89 Ac actinium : ( Rn ) 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 18 9 90 Th thorium : ( Rn ) 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 18 10 91 Pa protactinium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 20 9 92 U uranium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 21 9 93 Np neptunium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 22 9 94 Pu plutonium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 24 8 95 Am americium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 25 8 96 Cm curium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 25 9 97 Bk berkelium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 27 8 98 Cf californium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 28 8 99 Es einsteinium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 29 8 100 Fm fermium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 30 8 101 Md mendelevium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 31 8 102 No nobelium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 8 18 32 32 8 103 Lr lawrencium : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 7s 7p 8 18 32 32 8 104 Rf rutherfordium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 10 105 Db dubnium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 11 106 Sg seaborgium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 12 107 Bh bohrium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 13 108 Hs hassium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 14 109 Mt meitnerium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 15 110 Ds darmstadtium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 16 111 Rg roentgenium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 17 112 Cn copernicium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 8 18 32 32 18 113 Nh nihonium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8 18 32 32 18 114 Fl flerovium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8 18 32 32 18 115 Mc moscovium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8 18 32 32 18 5 116 Lv livermorium : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8 18 32 32 18 6 117 Ts tennessine : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8 18 32 32 18 7 118 Og oganesson : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8 18 32 32 18 8 119 Uue ununennium : ( Og ) 8s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8s 8 18 32 32 18 8 120 Ubn unbinilium : ( Og ) 8s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8s 8 18 32 32 18 8 121 Ubu unbiunium : ( Og ) 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 32 18 8 122 Ubb unbibium : ( Og ) 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 32 18 9 123 Ubt unbitrium : ( Og ) 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 32 19 9 124 Ubq unbiquadium : ( Og ) 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 32 21 8 125 Ubp unbipentium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 33 21 8 126 Ubh unbihexium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 34 20 9 127 Ubs unbiseptium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 35 20 8 128 Ubo unbioctium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 36 20 8 129 Ube unbiennium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 37 20 8 130 Utn untrinilium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 38 20 8 131 Utu untriunium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 39 20 8 132 Utb untribium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 40 20 8 133 Utt untritrium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 40 21 8 134 Utq untriquadium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 40 22 8 135 Utp untripentium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 41 22 8 136 Uth untrihexium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 8s 8p 8 18 32 42 22 8 137 Uts untriseptium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 43 21 9 138 Uto untrioctium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 44 21 9 139 Ute untriennium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 45 20 10 140 Uqn unquadnilium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 46 21 9 141 Uqu unquadunium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 47 20 10 142 Uqb unquadbium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 48 20 10 143 Uqt unquadtrium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 49 20 10 144 Uqq unquadquadium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 19 11 145 Uqp unquadpentium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 21 10 146 Uqh unquadhexium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 22 10 147 Uqs unquadseptium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 23 10 148 Uqo unquadoctium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 24 10 149 Uqe unquadennium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 24 11 150 Upn unpentnilium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 24 12 151 Upu unpentunium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 26 11 152 Upb unpentbium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 27 11 153 Upt unpenttrium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 29 10 154 Upq unpentquadium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 30 10 155 Upp unpentpentium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 31 10 156 Uph unpenthexium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 32 10 157 Ups unpentseptium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 32 11 158 Upo unpentoctium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 32 12 159 Upe unpentennium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 8 18 32 50 32 12 160 Uhn unhexnilium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 8 18 32 50 32 13 161 Uhu unhexunium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 8 18 32 50 32 14 162 Uhb unhexbium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 32 16 163 Uht unhextrium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 32 17 164 Uhq unhexquadium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 8 18 32 50 32 18 165 Uhp unhexpentium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 8 18 32 50 32 18 166 Uhh unhexhexium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 8 18 32 50 32 18 167 Uhs unhexseptium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 8 18 32 50 32 18 168 Uho unhexoctium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 8 18 32 50 32 18 169 Uhe unhexennium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 8 18 32 50 32 18 5 170 Usn unseptnilium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 8 18 32 50 32 18 6 171 Usu unseptunium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 8 18 32 50 32 18 7 172 Usb unseptbium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 8 18 32 50 32 18 8 Legend 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 173 Ust unsepttrium : ( Og ) 5g 6f 6g 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p 8 18 32 50 33 18 8 References ( edit ) All sources concur with the data above except in the separately listed instances : NIST ( edit ) http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/IonEnergy/ionEnergy.html ; retrieved July 2005 , ( elements 1 -- 104 ) based on : Atomic Spectroscopy , by W.C. Martin and W.L. Wiese in Atomic , Molecular , & Optical Physics Handbook , ed. by G.W.F. Drake ( AIP , Woodbury , NY , 1996 ) Chapter 10 , pp. 135 -- 153 . This website is also cited in the CRC Handbook as source of Section 1 , subsection Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State . 91 Pa : ( Rn ) 5f ( H ) 6d 7s 92 U : ( Rn ) 5f ( I ) 6d 7s 93 Np : ( Rn ) 5f ( I ) 6d 7s 103 Lr : ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p question - marked 104 Rf : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s question - marked CRC ( edit ) David R. Lide ( ed ) , CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 84th Edition , online version . CRC Press . Boca Raton , Florida , 2003 ; Section 1 , Basic Constants , Units , and Conversion Factors ; Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State . ( elements 1 -- 104 ) Also subsection Periodic Table of the Elements , ( elements 1 -- 103 ) based on : G.J. Leigh , Editor , Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry , Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford , 1990 . Chemical and Engineering News , 63 ( 5 ) , 27 , 1985 . Atomic Weights of the Elements , 1999 , Pure Appl . Chem. , 73 , 667 , 2001 . Webelements ( edit ) http://www.webelements.com/ ; retrieved July 2005 , electron configurations based on : Atomic , Molecular , & Optical Physics Handbook , Ed . Gordon W.F. Drake , American Institute of Physics , Woodbury , New York , 1996 . J.E. Huheey , E.A. Keiter , and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity , 4th edition , Harper Collins , New York , 1993 . R.L. DeKock and H.B. Gray in Chemical Structure and bonding , Benjamin / Cummings , Menlo Park , California , 1980 . A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan 's Chemical and Physical Data , Macmillan , London , UK , 1992 . 103 Lr : ( Rn ). 5f. 7s. 7p tentative ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.9. 2 ( inconsistent ) 104 Rf : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s tentative 105 Db : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of tantalum ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.11. 2 106 Sg : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of tungsten ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.12. 2 107 Bh : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of rhenium ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.13. 2 108 Hs : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of osmium ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.14. 2 109 Mt : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of iridium ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.15. 2 110 Ds : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of platinum ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.17. 1 111 Rg : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of gold ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 1 112 Cn : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s ( a guess based upon that of mercury ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 2 113 Nh : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s. 7p ( a guess based upon that of thallium ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 3 114 Fl : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s. 7p ( a guess based upon that of lead ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 4 115 Mc : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s. 7p ( a guess based upon that of bismuth ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 5 116 Lv : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s. 7p ( a guess based upon that of polonium ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 6 117 Ts : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s. 7p ( a guess based upon that of astatine ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 7 118 Og : ( Rn ). 5f. 6d. 7s. 7p ( a guess based upon that of radon ) ; 2.8. 18.32. 32.18. 8 Lange ( edit ) J.A. Dean ( ed ) , Lange 's Handbook of Chemistry ( 15th Edition ) , online version , McGraw - Hill , 1999 ; Section 4 , Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements . ( Elements 1 -- 103 ) 97 Bk : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 103 Lr : ( Rn ) 4f ( sic ) 6d 7s Hill and Petrucci ( edit ) Hill and Petrucci , General Chemistry : An Integrated Approach ( 3rd edition ) , Prentice Hall . ( Elements 1 -- 106 ) 58 Ce : ( Xe ) 4f 6s 103 Lr : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 104 Rf : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s ( agrees with guess above ) 105 Db : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 106 Sg : ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s Hoffman , Lee , and Pershina ( edit ) Hoffman , Darleane C. ; Lee , Diana M. ; Pershina , Valeria ( 2006 ) . `` Transactinides and the future elements '' . In Morss ; Edelstein , Norman M. ; Fuger , Jean . The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer Science + Business Media . p. 1722 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3555 - 1 . This book contains predicted electron configurations for the elements 119 -- 172 and 184 , based on relativistic Dirac -- Fock calculations by B. Fricke in Fricke , B. ( 1975 ) . Dunitz , J.D. , ed . `` Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties '' . Structure and Bonding . Berlin : Springer - Verlag. 21 : 89 -- 144 . doi : 10.1007 / BFb0116496 . Fricke ( edit ) Predicted electron configurations for element 173 based on relativistic Dirac -- Fock calculations by B. Fricke Fricke , Burkhard ( 1977 ) . `` Dirac - Fock - Slater calculations for the elements Z = 100 , fermium , to Z = 173 '' ( PDF ) . Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry . 19 : 83 -- 192 . Bibcode : 1977ADNDT ... 19 ... 83F . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 640X ( 77 ) 90010 - 9 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Chemical elements data Elements List of chemical elements -- atomic mass , atomic number , symbol , name Periodic table Data Abundance of the chemical elements in Earth 's crust , sea water , Sun and solar system data page Atomic radius empirical , calculated , van der Waals radius , covalent radius data page Boiling point data page Critical point data page Density solid , liquid , gas data page Elastic properties of the elements : Young 's modulus , Poisson 's ratio , bulk modulus , shear modulus data page Electrical resistivity data page Electron affinity data page Electron configuration data page Electronegativity ( Pauling scale ) data page Hardness : Mohs hardness , Vickers hardness , Brinell hardness data page Heat capacity data page Heat of fusion data page Heat of vaporization data page Ionization energy ( in eV ) and molar ionization energies ( in kJ / mol ) data page Melting point data page Molar ionization energy Oxidation state data page Speed of sound data page Standard atomic weight Thermal conductivity data page Thermal expansion data page Vapor pressure data page Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)&oldid=836477105 '' Categories : Atoms Chemical element data pages Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 01 : 18 . 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8147761563032274686	Burt Kwouk	Burt Kwouk - wikipedia Burt Kwouk Jump to : navigation , search Burt Kwouk OBE Kwouk in Last of the Summer Wine Herbert Tsangtse Kwouk 郭弼 ( 1930 - 07 - 18 ) 18 July 1930 Warrington , Cheshire , England 24 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) ( aged 85 ) Hampstead , London , England Cause of death Cancer Years active 1957 -- 2012 Spouse ( s ) Caroline Tebbs ( m . 1961 ; his death 2016 ) Children Christopher Kwouk Burt Kwouk Chinese 郭弼 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guō Bì Wade -- Giles Ko Pi IPA ( kwó pî ) Yue : Cantonese Jyutping Gwok Bat Herbert Tsangtse `` Burt '' Kwouk , OBE ( / kwɒk / KWOK ; Chinese : 郭弼 ; 18 July 1930 -- 24 May 2016 ) was a British actor , known for his role as Cato in the Pink Panther films . He made appearances in many television programmes , including a portrayal of Imperial Japanese Army Major Yamauchi in the British drama series Tenko and as Entwistle in Last of the Summer Wine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Selected filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Audio theatre 4.4 Video games 4.5 Miscellaneous 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Kwouk was born in Warrington , Cheshire , but was brought up in Shanghai . Between the ages of 12 and 16 he attended the Jesuit Mission School there , which he described as `` the Far East equivalent of Eton '' . He left China in 1947 when his Chinese parents returned to Britain and was then sent to the United States to complete his education . In 1953 he graduated from Bowdoin College in Brunswick , Maine . The Kwouk family fortune had been lost in the 1949 revolution and in 1954 he came back to Britain , where a girlfriend `` nagged ( him ) into acting '' . Career ( edit ) Kwouk made his film debut in the 1957 film Windom 's Way . One of his earliest film roles was in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness ( 1958 ) where he played the leader of a prison revolt who later aids the main character in heroically leading orphans to safety . He subsequently appeared in numerous films and television programmes . He was best known for playing Cato ( originally spelled `` Kato '' ) Fong , Inspector Clouseau 's manservant , in the Pink Panther film series . The character was first introduced in A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) , the second film in the series , and was a role that Kwouk would reprise on another six occasions until the 2006 series reboot . The running gag was that Cato was ordered to attack Clouseau when he least expected it to keep him alert , usually resulting in a ruined romantic encounter or Clouseau 's flat being completely destroyed . Amid the chaos , the phone would ring and Cato would calmly answer it with `` Inspector / Chief Inspector Clouseau 's residence '' , before dutifully handing the phone to his employer and being thumped by Clouseau . He was a stalwart of several 1960s ITC television series , such as Danger Man , The Saint and Man of the World , when an oriental character was required . Kwouk featured as one of the leads in the short - lived series The Sentimental Agent ( 1963 ) and had minor roles in three James Bond films . In Goldfinger ( 1964 ) he played Mr. Ling , a Chinese expert in nuclear fission ; in the non-Eon spoof Casino Royale ( 1967 ) he played a general and in You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Kwouk played the part of a Japanese operative of Blofeld credited as Spectre 3 . In 1968 , he appeared with Laurence Olivier and Anthony Quinn in The Shoes of the Fisherman . A reference to Kwouk 's appearances in several films with Peter Sellers is found in the opening scene of The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu ( 1980 ) where Sellers says to him `` your face is familiar . '' His next major role was as the honourable but misguided Major Yamauchi in the World War II television drama Tenko ( 1981 -- 84 ) . Kwouk featured in many British television productions that called for a man of oriental appearance . As a result , he became a familiar face in the United Kingdom and appeared as himself in the Harry Hill Show as well as several of Hill 's live tours . In 2000 , he appeared in an episode of the syndicated western TV series Queen of Swords as Master Kiyomasa , an aged Japanese warrior - priest . Sung - Hi Lee played his female pupil , Kami . He provided voice - overs on the spoof Japanese betting show Banzai ( 2001 -- 04 ) and subsequently appeared in adverts for the betting company , Bet365 . From 2002 to the series 's end in 2010 , he had a regular role as one of the three main characters in the long - running series Last of the Summer Wine , as ' Electrical ' Entwistle . His later work also included voice acting for radio drama , video games , and television commercials . Personal life ( edit ) Kwouk married Caroline Tebbs in Wandsworth , London , in the summer of 1961 . Their son Christopher was born in 1974 . In the 2011 New Year Honours List , Burt Kwouk was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) for services to drama . In later years he lived in Hampstead , London . He died on 24 May 2016 , aged 85 , at the Marie Curie Hospice in Hampstead , of cancer . He was surrounded by his wife and family . Selected filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Windom 's Way ( 1957 ) as Father Amyam 's aide ( uncredited ) The Inn of the Sixth Happiness ( 1958 ) as Li Yesterday 's Enemy ( 1959 ) as Japanese Soldier Upstairs and Downstairs ( 1959 ) as Chinese Restaurant Proprietor ( uncredited ) Expresso Bongo ( 1959 ) as Soho youth ( uncredited ) Passport to China ( 1960 ) as Jimmy The Terror of the Tongs ( 1961 ) as Mr. Ming The Sinister Man ( 1961 ) as Capt . Feng Satan Never Sleeps ( 1962 ) as Ah Wang The War Lover ( 1962 ) as Chung -- Radio Operator on B - 17 ( uncredited ) The Cool Mikado ( 1963 ) as Art Teacher / Man on Aeroplane ( uncredited ) 55 Days at Peking ( 1963 ) as Old Man ( voice ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) as Kato -- Clouseau 's man - servant Goldfinger ( 1964 ) as Mr Ling Curse of the Fly ( 1965 ) as Tai Our Man in Marrakesh ( 1966 ) as Export manager Lost Command ( 1966 ) as Officer The Sandwich Man ( 1966 ) as Ice Cream Man The Brides of Fu Manchu ( 1966 ) as Feng Casino Royale ( 1967 ) as Chinese general ( uncredited ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) as Spectre 3 Nobody Runs Forever ( 1968 ) as Pham Chimh The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 1968 ) as Chairman Peng The Chairman ( 1969 ) as Chang Shou Deep End ( 1970 ) as Hot Dog salesman Madame Sin ( 1972 ) as Scarred Operator The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) as Cato Fong Rollerball ( 1975 ) as Japanese doctor Girls Come First ( 1975 ) as Sashimi The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) as Cato The Last Remake of Beau Geste ( 1977 ) as Father Shapiro The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) as Chinese Delegate Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) as Cato Fong The London Connection ( 1979 ) as Man at Meeting ( uncredited ) The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu ( 1980 ) as Fu Manchu 's Servant Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) as Cato Fong Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) as Cato Fong Plenty ( 1985 ) as Mr. Aung Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) as Mr Chen Race for Glory ( 1989 ) as Yoshiro Tanaka I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle ( 1990 ) as Fu King owner Air America ( 1990 ) as General Lu Soong Police Story 3 : Super Cop ( 1992 ) as General ( voice , uncredited ) Leon the Pig Farmer ( 1992 ) as Art collector Carry On Columbus ( 1992 ) as Wang Shooting Elizabeth ( 1992 ) as Father Chu Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) as Cato Fong She Good Fighter ( 1995 ) as Liang Peggy Su ! ( 1997 ) as Dad Liebe im Schatten des Drachen ( 1998 ) as Min Ju Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) as Uncle Tai The Wonderland Experience ( 2002 ) as Yo Yo Beyond Borders ( 2003 ) as Colonel Gao Gate to Heaven ( 2003 ) as Muki Stratosphere Girl ( 2004 ) as Papa - San Les fils du vent ( 2004 ) as Wong Fat Slags ( 2004 ) as Dalai Lama Wake of Death ( 2004 ) as Tommy Li Television ( edit ) Hancock 's Half Hour : `` How to Win Money and Influence People '' ( 1957 ) as 1st Japanese ( credited as Burd Kwok ) Danger Man ( 1961 ) as Chen Tung / Tai Man of the World ( 1962 ) as Liu The Sentimental Agent ( 1963 ) as Chin The Avengers ( 1961 - 1965 ) as Tusamo / Mason / King Tenuphon The Saint ( 1965 - 1968 ) as Mr. Ching / Col. Wing / Tawau The Champions : `` The Beginning '' ( 1967 ) as Chinese Major Shirley 's World : `` A Hell of an Engineer '' ( 1972 ) as Shunji Lucky Feller ( 1976 ) as Chinese waiter Warship ( 1977 ) as Foreign Minister Zee Khay Lim The Water Margin : ( 1976 -- 1978 ) as Narrator ( English dub ) It Ai n't Half Hot Mum ( 1977 -- 1978 ) as Me Thant The Tomorrow People : `` The Lost Gods '' ( 1978 ) as Matsu Tan Monkey Magic ( 1978 -- 1979 ) as Narrator ( English dub ) Shoestring ( 1980 ) as Mr Wing Minder ( 1980 ) as Sojo Tenko ( 1981 ) as Major Yamauchi Doctor Who : `` Four to Doomsday '' ( 1982 ) as Lin Futu Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense : `` Mark of the Devil '' ( 1984 ) as Lee Tickle on the Tum ( 1984 ) as Willie Wok Howards ' Way ( 1987 ) as Mr Lee T - Bag Bounces Back ( 1987 ) as Hi Hatt Noble House ( 1988 ) as Phillip Chen The House of Eliott ( 1991 ) as Peter Lo Ching Lovejoy ( 1992 , `` Eric of Arabia '' ) as Banker Lovejoy ( 1993 , `` The Peking Gun '' ) as Mr Ying Space Precinct ( 1994 , `` Protect and Survive '' ) as Slik Ostrasky Bullet to Beijing ( 1996 ) as Kim Soo The Harry Hill Show ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Queen of Swords : `` The Dragon '' ( 2001 ) as Master Kiyomassa Banzai ( 2001 ) as Narrator Last of the Summer Wine ( 2002 -- 2010 ) , Entwistle Judge John Deed ( 2005 , `` Separation of Powers '' ) as Professor Vang Pao Silent Witness ( 2006 , `` Cargo '' ) as Jimmy Han Honest ( 2008 ) as Mr Hong Spirit Warriors ( 2009 ) as Shen Whatever Happened to Harry Hill ( 2012 ) Audio theatre ( edit ) Doctor Who : Loups - Garoux ( 2001 ) as Doctor Hayashi Video games ( edit ) Fire Warrior ( 2003 ) as El'Lusha EyeToy : Play ( 2003 ) as Announcer Miscellaneous ( edit ) Film trailer -- Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1974 ) as Asian Voiceover Announcer A 17 - minute interview with Burt Kwouk from 2010 about his appearances in ITC shows is featured on the Network DVD The Sentimental Agent . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Burt Kwouk , actor -- obituary '' . The Daily Telegraph . 25 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ England & Wales , Birth Index , 1916 -- 2005 : Registration district : Manchester South ; Inferred County : Cheshire ; Volume Number : 8d ; Page Number : 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Not Now , Cato ! OBE for Pink Panther Star Kwouk '' . Press Association Regional Newswire -- North West . 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Burt Kwouk ' 53 Receives Honor from English Crown '' . Bowdoin College . 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kwouk , Burt '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Burt Kwouk , Cato from Pink Panther , dies age 85 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burt Kwouk , Cato in the Pink Panther films -- a life in pictures '' . The Guardian . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Burt Kwouk at IMDB Jump up ^ Lewis , Roger ( 16 February 1995 ) . The Life and Death of Peter Sellers . Arrow . p. 797 . ISBN 978 - 0099747000 . Jump up ^ `` Burt Kwouk dies aged 85 '' . BBC News . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Terrace , Vincent ( 14 October 2002 ) . Crime Fighting Heroes of Television : Over 10,000 Facts from 151 Shows , 1949 -- 2001 . McFarland & Co. p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0786413959 . Jump up ^ Tang , Irwin ( 24 July 2003 ) . `` Fox 's ' Banzai ' Premieres to Protests '' . New America Media . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit Warriors '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ronald Bergan . `` Burt Kwouk obituary '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ England & Wales Marriage Index , 1916 -- 2005 ; Date of Registration : Jul -- Aug -- Sep 1961 ; Registration district : Wandsworth ; Inferred County : Surrey ; Volume Number : 5d ; Page Number : 1975 Jump up ^ England & Wales , Birth Index , 1916 -- 2005 ; Registration district : St Pancras ; Volume 14 ; Page 2309 Jump up ^ `` No. 59647 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 December 2010 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` New Year Honours unveiled '' . BBC News . 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Howard Reid , John . Film Noir , Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD : A Guide to the Best in Suspense . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` Satan Never Sleeps '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curse of the Fly '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Man in Marrakesh '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burt Kwouk '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bergan , Ronald ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Burt Kwouk obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McKie , Andrew ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Obituary -- Burt Kwouk , actor known as Inspector Clouseau 's violent butler Cato '' . The Herald . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shoestring '' . BBC . 21 December 1980 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minder -- S2 - E7 A Nice Little Wine '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0637190/ Jump up ^ `` Episode 01 : Protect and Survive '' . SpacePrecinct.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge John Deed -- S4 - E5 Separation of Powers '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Panther star Burt Kwouk dies aged 85 '' . RTE. 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20 . Loups - Garoux '' . Big Finish Productions . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Matt ( 30 January 2013 ) . The Video Games Guide : 1,000 + Arcade , Console and Computer Games , 1962 -- 2012 . McFarland . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0786472574 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Network ON AIR > Sentimental Agent ( The ) -- The Complete Series '' . Network Distributing . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Burt Kwouk on IMDb Burt Kwouk ( Aveleyman ) VIAF : 163822809 LCCN : no2008115904 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 2703 GND : 142019658 BNF : cb141952204 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burt_Kwouk&oldid=836966054 '' Categories : 1930 births 2016 deaths Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin British male actors of Chinese descent English male film actors English male television actors English male voice actors English people of Chinese descent Officers of the Order of the British Empire Bowdoin College alumni People from Warrington Actors from Cheshire Male actors from Shanghai British male comedy actors Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles containing Chinese - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Nederlands 日本語 Polski Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played entwistle in last of the summer wine	[ "Herbert Tsangtse \"Burt\" Kwouk, OBE (/kwɒk/ KWOK; Chinese: 郭弼; 18 July 1930 – 24 May 2016) was a British actor, known for his role as Cato in the Pink Panther films. He made appearances in many television programmes, including a portrayal of Imperial Japanese Army Major Yamauchi in the British drama series Tenko and as Entwistle in Last of the Summer Wine." ]	[ "Herbert Tsangtse \"Burt\" Kwouk" ]
2642240133494949775	Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps	Junior Reserve officers ' Training Corps - wikipedia Junior Reserve officers ' Training Corps Jump to : navigation , search A Navy JROTC cadet salutes during the parading of the colors ceremony held at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . The Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps ( JROTC ) is a federal program sponsored by the United States Armed Forces in high schools and also in some middle schools across the United States and United States military bases across the world . The program was originally created as part of the National Defense Act of 1916 and later expanded under the 1964 ROTC Vitalization Act . Cadets from Bellevue East High School 's AFJROTC marching in the Bellevue , Nebraska 2016 Veterans Day Parade Cadets from Elizabeth High School 's MCJROTC and Linden High School 's NJROTC hold a joint color guard at MetLife Stadium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role and purpose 2 Organization 3 Instruction and activities 4 Awards and decorations 4.1 Marine Corps Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps 4.2 Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps 5 Career military who were members of JROTC 6 Controversy 7 See also 7.1 Other similar U.S. - based organizations 7.2 Similar organizations in other countries 8 References 9 External links Role and purpose ( edit ) According to Title 10 , Section 2031 of the United States Code , the purpose of Junior is `` to instill in students in ( the United States ) secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship , service to the United States , and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment . '' Additional objectives are established by the service departments of the Department of Defense . Under 542.4 of Title 32 ( National Defense ) of the Code of Federal Regulations , the Department of the Army has declared those objectives for each cadet to be : NJROTC cadets visiting USS Theodore Roosevelt in November 2005 Developing citizenship and patriotism Developing self - reliance and responsiveness to all authority Improving the ability to communicate well both orally and in writing Developing an appreciation of the importance of physical fitness Increasing a respect for the role of the U.S. Armed Forces in support of national objectives Developing a knowledge of team building skills and basic military skills Taking 3 -- 4 years of the course grants cadets the ability to rank higher if they pursue a military career . Section 524.5 of the CFR National Defense title states in part that JROTC should `` provide meaningful leadership instruction of benefit to the student and of value to the Armed Forces ... Students will acquire : ( 1 ) An understanding of the fundamental concept of leadership , military art and science , ( 2 ) An introduction to related professional knowledge , and ( 3 ) An appreciation of requirements for national security . The dual roles of citizen / soldier and soldier / citizen are studied ... These programs will enable cadets to better serve their country as leaders , as citizens , and in military service should they enter it ... The JROTC and NDCC are not , of themselves , officer - producing programs but should create favorable attitudes and impressions toward the Services and toward careers in the Armed Forces . '' The military has stated that JROTC will inform young Americans about the opportunities available in the military and `` may help motivate young Americans toward military service . '' A 1999 Army policy memorandum stated that `` While not designed to be a specific recruiting tool , there is nothing in existing law that precludes ... facilitating the recruitment of young men and women into the U.S. Army , '' directing instructors to `` actively assist cadets who want to enlist in the military ( and ) emphasize service in the U.S. Army ; facilitate recruiter access to cadets in JROTC program and to the entire student body ... ( and ) work closely with high school guidance counselors to sell the Army story . '' In a February 2000 testimony before the House Armed Services Committee , the armed service chiefs of staff testified that 30 % -- 50 % of graduating JROTC cadets go on to join the military : General James L. Jones , then Commandant of the Marine Corps , testified that the value of the Marine JROTC program `` is beyond contest . Fully one - third of our young men and women who join a Junior ROTC program wind up wearing the uniform of a Marine . '' General Eric K. Shinseki , then Chief of Staff of the United States Army , testified that `` Our indications are about 30 percent of those youngsters -- we do n't recruit them , as you know . We are not permitted to do that . But by virtue of the things that they like about that experience , about 30 percent of them end up joining the Army , either enlisting or going on to ROTC and then joining the officer population . '' General Michael E. Ryan , then Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force , testified that `` almost 50 percent of the folks that go ( ... ) out of the Air Force Junior ROTC go into one of the Services by enlisting or going to ROTC or going to one of the academies . '' Admiral Jay L. Johnson , then Chief of Naval Operations , testified that `` Even if the number is only 30 percent , that is a good number . But think about what we get out of the other 70 percent . They have exposure to us . They have exposure to the military . And the challenge of the education mandate that we all share in principals and school counselors and school districts that wo n't let us in , that is a powerful tool I think to educate whether or not they end up in the service . So it is a long way around saying it is well worth the investment for lots of different reasons . '' General Colin Powell said in his 1995 autobiography that `` the armed forces might get a youngster more inclined to enlist as a result of Junior ROTC , '' but added that `` Inner - city kids , many from broken homes , found stability and role models in Junior ROTC . '' US Congress found in the Recruiting , Retention , and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 that JROTC and similar programs `` provide significant benefits for the Armed Forces , including significant public relations benefits . '' Former United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to JROTC as `` one of the best recruitment programs we could have . '' Organization ( edit ) Former Army JROTC Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Marine Corps JROTC Insignia Navy JROTC Insignia Air Force JROTC Insignia Coast Guard JROTC Insignia Each branch of the U.S. Armed Forces maintains a Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps , organized into units . As of June 2006 , there are a total of 3,275 units : 1,600 Army AJROTC units 794 Air Force AFJROTC units 619 Navy NJROTC units 260 Marine Corps MCJROTC units 2 Coast Guard CGJROTC unit Prior to 1967 the number of units was limited to 1,200 . The cap was increased to 1,600 units in 1967 and again to 3,500 units in 1992 ; the statutory limitation on the number of units was struck from the law in 2001 . Their goal is to reach 3,500 units by Feb. 2011 by encouraging program expansion into educationally and economically deprived areas . Units are set up according to the layout of their parent service , often referred to as the `` Chain of Command . '' Army JROTC units follow a company ( usually the period the class is held in ) , battalion ( all periods ) , and at larger events brigade ( multiple battalions ) structure . Marine Corps JROTC units follow the battalion , or in cases of larger size , brigade structure . Air Force JROTC units are composed structurally based on size ( wing if more than 251 cadets , group if more than 101 , squadron if more than 51 , Flight if 26 , element is more than 2 less no more than 8 , detail is 2 , individual is 1 ) . Navy JROTC typically follows the company ( 100 - 149 cadets ) , battalion ( 150 - 299 cadets ) , or regiment ( 300 + cadets ) structure depending on the size of the unit . DoD Budget FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 AJROTC 128,281 146,147 149,329 NJROTC 45,411 47,844 50,494 MCJROTC 17,423 16,996 17,740 AFJROTC 77,901 94,760 108,730 Total U.S. $1,000 269,016 305,747 326,293 JROTC is partly funded by the United States Department of Defense with an allocation in the military budget of about 340 million dollars for the fiscal year 2007 , of which about 68 million are personnel costs . The federal government subsidizes instructor salaries , cadet uniforms , equipment and textbooks . The instructors , usually retired military personnel , continue to receive retirement pay from the Federal government , but in addition , the schools pay the difference from what the instructors would receive if they were on active duty . The service concerned then reimburses the school for approximately one - half of the amount paid by the school to the instructor . Although active duty officers may be assigned , most instructors are retired from the sponsoring branch of the Armed Forces . In the Army JROTC program , the cadet unit at each school is directed by at least one retired commissioned officer , a Senior Army Instructor ( SAI ) , ( in the grade of Captain through Colonel ) or a Warrant Officer ( WO1 through CW5 ) and at least one retired Non-Commissioned Officer , an Army Instructor ( AI ) , ( in the grade of Staff Sergeant through Command Sergeant Major ) . In certain situations there may be additional instructors . A new provision from the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 ( Section 540 ) was signed into law in October 2006 , permitting retired Reserve Component officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors . There are no national requirements that JROTC instructors have the teaching credential required by other teachers in public high school . In at least one jurisdiction ( California ) , the government requires JROTC instructors to have at least four years of military experience and possess a high school diploma or equivalent . AJROTC instructors need to be within one year of retirement or retired from active military service for five or fewer years . MCJROTC instructors need to have graduated from high school , have at least 20 years of active military service and be physically qualified according to Marine Corps standards . AFJROTC previously required a minimum of 20 years of active duty but has since been overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 ( Section 540 ) , signed into law in October 2006 , permitting retired Reserve Component ( e.g. , Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors . Officer instructors need to have a minimum of a bachelor 's degree , while a high school diploma or equivalent is sufficient for enlisted instructors . For AJROTC the Non-commissioned Officer has to attain an associate degree ( AA ) , with teaching credential , in order to be assigned an AI . To be assigned as a SAI the AJROTC Instructor has to hold a BA degree , with teaching credentials . NJROTC also required a minimum of 20 years of active duty until it was overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 ( Section 540 ) , signed into law in October 2006 , permitting retired Reserve Component ( e.g. , U.S. Navy Reserve officers , chief petty officers and petty officers to be hired as instructors . The minimum education requirement for an enlisted naval science instructor is a high school diploma or equivalent , with a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university required for a commissioned officer senior naval science instructor . The Navy requires that JROTC instructors be employees of the school and that they are accorded the same status as other school faculty members . National Defense Cadet Corps ( NDCC ) offers similar programs as JROTC . NDCC units differ from JROTC in that they receive little or no financial support from the Armed Forces ; uniforms , equipment , other materials and instructor salaries must normally be furnished by the school hosting an NDCC program . Except for the funding aspects , JROTC and NDCC programs are virtually identical , although the cadet corps is not limited by the federal statute that restricts JROTC to offering courses only for students in ninth through 12th grades . Per 2005 , Chicago had 26 Middle School Cadet Corps enlisting more than 850 students . Instruction and activities ( edit ) Play media A Navy Junior ROTC recruiting video from the mid-2000s The Code of Federal Regulations states that JROTC is `` designed for physically fit citizens attending participating schools . '' In public schools , JROTC is usually an elective course with membership limited to US citizens and legal foreign nationals , those who will graduate with their 9th grade cohort , and have not experienced an out of school suspension during the preceding six - month period . Often , students who participate for one year receive credit in lieu of a physical education class . Students who excel in the first year of JROTC can apply for a second year . Most schools offer three to four years of JROTC training . Citation needed . Boarding schools or ( pre-college ) military schools may offer JROTC programs , with some requiring participation as a condition for acceptance to the school . Some public military schools mandate JROTC as a class for all grade levels , and have a curriculum that includes military history , military protocol , civics and physical fitness . Chicago has six public military academies , more than any other city and one - third of all in the country . A Marine Corps JROTC unit in Hendersonville , Tennessee The JROTC program stresses military discipline , with a curriculum that emphasizes study of military science and military history . Cadets typically wear their uniforms once or twice a week , usually standing for inspection , with the exception being those cadets who attend a JROTC - based military academy . Their creed encourages conduct that brings credit to family , country , school and the corps of cadets , loyalty , citizenship and patriotism . Many cadets participate in extracurricular activities such as drill , color guard , rocketry or orienteering . At least two - thirds of JROTC units offer rifle marksmanship programs , and most of these have rifle or pistol teams . During the school year , there are regional competitions between JROTC units , with testing in all areas of military , naval and aerospace science . Some units organize special visits to US military bases during school breaks . There are also many summertime `` leadership academies '' for cadets hosted by various military installations . Cadets who maintain a certain grade point average may be eligible to participate in various honor societies . For example , the Kitty Hawk Air Society is an Honor Society for the Air Force JROTC . Kitty Hawk Air Societies are usually divided up into chapters , each chapter being named after a famous Air Force related person or thing and based in a single AFJROTC unit . The purpose of KHAS is to further instill leadership and teamwork qualities in cadets . KHAS chapters usually take part in community service activities ranging from Adopt a Highway to American Cancer Society fund raising to tutoring other students within the unit and school . Cadets may be awarded ribbons , ribbon devices , medals and aiguillettes for participation in JROTC and team activities , as well as for personal academic and athletic achievement and leadership . Awards may be presented by organizations other than the cadet 's JROTC program , such as other JROTC programs , Military Officers Association of America , American Veterans , Order of the Daedalians , American Legion , and the National Rifle Association . Ribbons and medals are positioned in order of precedence , as prescribed by the Cadet Field Manual and the senior JROTC instructor . Some units also host an annual formal military ball ( mess dress ) and formal dinner . Usually awards are presented . Female cadets are generally excused from wearing the dress uniform for military ball . Sometimes units also have a separate awards ceremony , which is attended by the instructors , guests , and parents . Fraternal organizations , such as the American Legion , often give out awards for military excellence , academics , and citizenship , in addition to the standard awards given by the JROTC program . The year may be finished with a change of command ceremony , where the new unit commander , executive officer , and other unit officers are named and take command from the current officers . Mid-level officers are also named . Some units choose the next year 's NCO and junior officer corps based on officer and NCO candidate schools , usually held immediately following the end of the school year . There are other extracurricular activities that the JROTC 's programs provide for their cadets , including trips to military installations , ROTC college programs , and other sites that give the cadets a look at the military community . Successful completion of a JROTC Program ( 1 -- 3 years of classes ) can lead to advanced rank upon enlistment in the Armed Forces . For example , upon completion of 3 years of Air Force JROTC , cadets may at their instructor 's discretion enlist in the Air Force at the rank of Airman First Class ( E-3 ) . However , JROTC participation incurs no obligation to join the military . A JROTC unit ( through the Senior Instructor ) may recommend current JROTC cadets for nomination to the Service Academy of the unit 's branch . JROTC units designated as Honor Units may nominate up to three cadets to the Service Academy of any branch , in addition to the nominations to the unit 's own branch academy . Awards and decorations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marine Corps Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps ( edit ) -- -- -- 1st row Legion of Valor Bronze Cross for Achievement 2nd row Marine Corps Reserve Association ( MCRA ) Outstanding Unit Award American Legion Award for Scholastic Excellence American Legion Bronze Medal for Military Excellence 3rd row Sons of the American Revolution ( SAR ) JROTC Bronze Medal Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) JROTC Bronze Medal Military Order of the World Wars ( MOWW ) JROTC Medal 4th row Military Officers Association of America JROTC Medal Veterans of Foreign Wars JROTC Bronze Medal Daedalian JROTC Achievement Award 5th row Women Marines Association ( WMA ) Award for Outstanding Cadet Noncommissioned Officers Association ( NCOA ) Military Order of the Purple Heart JROTC Medal 6th row Navy League Youth Medal Reserve Officers Association JROTC Medal Naval Reserve Association JROTC Medal 7th row American Veterans ( AMVETS ) JROTC Medal National Sojourners Award Scottish Rite JROTC Medal 8th row Outstanding Cadet Award Student Leadership Award Officer Leadership Award 9th row Noncommissioned Officer Leadership Award Civic Service Award Best Drill Cadet Award 10th row Distinguished Scholastic Achievement Award Arts and Academics Award Distinguished Military Training Award 11th row Physical Achievement Award Superior Marksman Award Athletic Participation Award 12th row Longevity / Fidelity Award Distinguished Conduct Award Best Drill Squad Award 13th row Color Guard Award Drill Team Award Band / Drum and Bugle Corps Award 14th row Rifle Team Award Orienteering Team Award Recruiting Award Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps ( edit ) Badge Service designation stars ( three maximum ) 1st row Meritorious Achievement Ribbon 2nd row Distinguished Unit Ribbon Distinguished Cadet Ribbon Honor Cadet Ribbon 3rd row Cadet Achievement Ribbon / CNET Honor Unit Ribbon Unit Achievement Ribbon Aptitude Ribbon 4th row NS IV Outstanding Cadet Ribbon NS III Outstanding Cadet Ribbon NS II Outstanding Cadet Ribbon 5th row NS I Outstanding Cadet Ribbon Exemplary Conduct Ribbon Academic Award Ribbon 6th row Exemplary Personal Appearance Ribbon Physical Fitness Ribbon Participation Ribbon 7th row Unit Service Ribbon Community Service Ribbon Drill Team Ribbon 8th row Color Guard Ribbon Rifle Team Ribbon Orienteering Ribbon 9th row Recruiting Ribbon Basic Leadership / Mini-Boot Camp Ribbon At Sea Cruise Ribbon Career military who were members of JROTC ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many members of JROTC go on to have careers in the United States Armed Forces . Some notable former members of JROTC include : William J. Bordelon , Central Catholic Marianist High School 1938 , staff sergeant , U.S. Marine Corps , awarded the Medal of Honor Harry B. Harris Jr. , Admiral , U.S. Navy ; first Asian - American to achieve the rank of admiral in the Navy ; served as commander of U.S. Pacific Command Baldomero Lopez , first lieutenant , U.S. Marine Corps , awarded the Medal of Honor James Cartwright , General , U.S. Marine Corps , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Shoshana Johnson , specialist , U.S. Army . First female African - American Prisoner of War in the history of the United States military ( medically retired ) Emily Perez , Oxon Hill High School 2001 , second lieutenant , U.S. Army ; first Class of 9 / 11 West Point graduate to die in the Iraq War Alan G. Rogers , Major , U.S. Army Thomas E. White , Brigadier General , U.S. Army , Secretary of the Army , 2001 -- 2003 Controversy ( edit ) There has been controversy about JROTC and militarism in schools . The American Friends Service Committee , the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors ( CCCO ) , Veterans for Peace , War Resisters League , and the Project on Youth and Non-Military Opportunities , actively oppose the JROTC for a number of reasons , including : High cost -- A 1999 report by the American Friends Service Committee found that local school districts ended up paying substantially more than the cost estimate the military provided , and that a JROTC program cost more on a per - pupil basis than academic , non-military instruction . Lack of local control -- The CCCO is concerned that the federal military dictates the JROTC curriculum and selects the instructors , resulting in local school districts losing control of curriculum and staff . Low - quality curriculum -- The CCCO considers the JROTC textbooks to contain substandard learning material with factual distortions and outdated methods of teaching , basing their conclusions on a 1995 academic study of the Army JROTC curriculum commissioned by the American Friends Service Committee , which argues that the curriculum narrows the viewpoint of the students , encourages blind following rather than critical thinking , and indoctrinates students in militaristic authoritarian loyalty and passivity . Veterans for Peace resolved that JROTC teaching that the government gives the citizens its rights `` is a complete perversion of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence . '' The Coalition For Alternatives to Militarism in Our Schools , formed by more than 50 teachers in the Los Angeles Unified School District , aims to `` eliminate the Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps in our High Schools . '' Many cases of abuse by JROTC instructors , as well as credentialing issues , and of having students forced into JROTC due to lack of space in Physical Education classes have been noted in Los Angeles Public Schools . The group claims 2006 showed a reduction in JROTC enrollment in Los Angeles , with a drop of one - third or approximately 1,500 students , suggesting part of the explanation is efforts to stop the involuntary enrollment of students into JROTC . At Roosevelt High School in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles , a local campaign against JROTC cut the number of cadets 43 percent in four years , with a JROTC instructor reporting a 24 percent drop in enrollment from 2003 - 04 to 2006 - 07 for the rest of the Los Angeles unified School District . In October 2005 , the New York Civil Liberties Union pressured Hutchinson Central Technical High School in Buffalo , New York to release students from a mandatory JROTC program , arguing that the practice violates the State 's Education Law , which provides that no child may be enrolled in JROTC without prior written parental consent . In May 2008 , the American Civil Liberties Union stated that JROTC violates the United Nations sponsored Convention on the Rights of the Child by targeting students as young as 14 for recruitment to the military . The United States has not ratified the Convention , although it has ratified an optional protocol to the Convention on `` the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict . '' However , recruiting is not an official goal of JROTC , as stated in United States Code pertaining to the program . Nor is it a stated goal in each of the individual service 's JROTC program mission statements . See also ( edit ) Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ranks Delaware Military Academy Reserve Officers ' Training Corps Army Reserve Officers ' Training Corps Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps ( includes Marines ) Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps Other similar U.S. - based organizations ( edit ) Youth - based , non-ROTC organizations include : United States Army Cadet Corps ( formerly the American Cadet Alliance ) Civil Air Patrol United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps Young Marines California Cadet Corps Middle School Cadet Corps Navy League Cadet Corps Knickerbocker Greys New York Military Academy ( NYMA ) Similar organizations in other countries ( edit ) Antigua and Barbuda Cadet Corps Australian Air Force Cadets Australian Army Cadets Australian Navy Cadets Bangladesh National Cadet Corps Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps Lithuanian Riflemen 's Union National Cadet Corps ( Ghana ) National Cadet Corps ( India ) National Cadet Corps ( Singapore ) Gadna military training Hong Kong Adventure Corps Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps Hong Kong Army Cadets Association Limited Hong Kong CAS Cadet Corps Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps Royal Canadian Air Cadets Royal Canadian Army Cadets Royal Canadian Sea Cadets United Kingdom Air Cadets United Kingdom Army Cadets United Kingdom Sea Cadets United Kingdom Combined Cadet Force References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Title 10 , Section 2031 ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 2031 Jump up ^ 542.4 Jump up ^ Section 524.5 Jump up ^ United States Army . `` US Army Posture Statement FY01 Chapter 5 : Meeting the Recruiting Challenge '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ United States Army Cadet Command ( 1999 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Cadet Command Policy memorandum 50 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ H.R. 4205 - Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 before the Committee on Armed Services , House of Representatives , February 10 , 2000 ^ Jump up to : Stodghill , Ron ( March 4 , 2002 ) . `` Class Warfare '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Recruiting , Retention , and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 ( HR 4208 ) Jump up ^ Huet - Vaughn , Emiliano ( September -- December 2001 ) . `` School : A place to teach or to recruit ? '' ( PDF ) . The Human Quest . pp. 10 -- 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - United States of America '' . Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ United States Army . `` Army Junior ROTC History '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools . AFJROTC History `` AFJROTC History '' Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ United States Navy Naval Service Training Command . `` NJROTC Basic Facts '' . Archived from NJROTC Basic Facts the original Check url = value ( help ) on 2007 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ United States Marine Corps . `` History of Marine Corps JROTC Program '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ MAST Academy Maritime Sciences Technology High School in Miami , at the 4th largest high school in Dade County and the only USCG JROTC unit in the United States Florida Jump up ^ Amendments to 10 U.S.C. § 102 Jump up ^ § 102 Jump up ^ ExpectMore.gov ( U.S. Office of Management and Budget and Federal agencies ) : Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps Assessment , updated 08 / 13 / 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chain of Command & Battalion Staff '' . Furr High School NJROTC . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chain of Command '' . Port Charlotte High School NJROTC . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) ( February 2008 ) . `` Department of Defense Budget Fiscal Year 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary of Defense ( February 2006 ) . `` Operation and Maintenance Overview Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2007 Budget Estimates '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` JROTC Officers '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ California Commission on Teacher Credentialing ( January 2004 ) . `` Designated Subjects Special Subjects Teaching Credentials ( Leaflet CL - 699 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` mcjrotc.org '' . mcjrotc.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` RETIRED `` GRAY - AREA '' GUARD AND RESERVE MEMBERS `` . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ NJROTC Training , 2007 , archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 , retrieved February 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ United States Navy Naval Service Training Command ( August 2001 ) . `` School Administrator Guidelines for Hiring NJROTC Instructors '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ National Defense Cadet Corps Jump up ^ `` Electronic Code of Federal Regulations ( e-CFR ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Claire Schaeffer - Duffy ( 2003 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Feeding the military machine : JROTC expansion and inner - city academies mark recruiting incursion into U.S. public school classrooms , critics say '' . National Catholic Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Wedekind ( 2005 - 06 - 05 ) . `` The Childrens Crusade '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Title 32 : National Defense PART 542 -- SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES . National Archives and Records Administration . ^ Jump up to : Allen McDuffee ( 2008 - 08 - 20 ) . `` No JROTC Left Behind '' . In These Times . Jump up ^ For more about the regulations relating all personnel ( including cadets ) to military command authority , see : Army , U.S. ( 2006 ) . Army Command Policy ( unclassified ) ( PDF ) . Headquarters : Department of the Army . AR 600 - 20 . Jump up ^ For historical context for many military customs , from ceremonies to activities forbidden by force of observed custom , as such customs are adopted by individual JROTC units under mentorship of instructors on their retirement from active duty : Bonn , LTC Keith E. ( 2002 ) . Army Officer 's Guide ( 49th ed . ) . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2649 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ JROTC Creed History Jump up ^ Civilian Marksmanship Program : CMP Develops New JROTC Marksmanship Instructor Course Jump up ^ Army , U.S. ( no date ( 1985 ? ) ) . Military History and Professional Development . U.S. Army Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Combat Studies Institute . 85 - CSI - 21 85 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Directions for inclusion of veterans , cadets , and other persons in unit activities such as unit organization day celebrations Jump up ^ Naval Education and Training Command ( June 2010 ) . `` Precedence of Order of Seniority '' . Cadet Field Manual : NAVEDTRA 37116 - H ( PDF ) . A Field Manual for the Navy Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps : 0509 - LP - 110 - 2131 ( 8 ed . ) . United States Department of the Navy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Naval Education and Training Command ( June 2010 ) . `` Awards and Decorations '' . Cadet Field Manual : NAVEDTRA 37116 - Hl ( PDF ) . A Field Manual for the Navy Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps : 0509 - LP - 110 - 2131 ( 8 ed . ) . United States Department of the Navy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Section 524.5 of the CFR National Defense title states in part that `` JROTC / NDCC cadets may qualify for an advantageous position in the Senior ROTC and for a higher pay grade upon enlistment in a Regular or Reserve component of the Armed Forces . '' Jump up ^ Army , U.S. ( 2011 ) . Active and Reserve Components Enlistment Program ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army . AR 601 - 210 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 17 . See paragraph 2 - 18 , `` Enlistment pay grades for personnel without prior Service '' . Students who complete 1 or more years of JROTC may enlist at pay grades E-2 ( PV2 ) or E-3 ( PFC ) . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Code of Federal Regulations : '' . Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.dhsnjrotc.net/Achievements.htm Jump up ^ `` MIL - DTL - 11589 '' . Jump up ^ Parker , J. Michael ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Central Catholic Trio Who Died on Tarawa Remembered '' . Today 's Catholic . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) Bordelon , the ROTC battalion major during his senior year in 1937 - 38 , was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six years later for his extraordinary heroism and determination in leading men despite several serious wounds . ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez , USMC ( Deceased ) '' . Who 's Who in Marine Corps History . United States Marine Corps History Division . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steele , Kathy ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Memorial , display to honor war hero '' . South Tampa News & Tribune . Tampa , Florida . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Partlow , Joshua ; Parker , Lonnae O'Neal ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` West Point Mourns a Font Of Energy , Laid to Rest by War '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) From early on , she wanted to be a soldier , her friends recalled , and she became wing commander of Junior ROTC at Oxon Hill . ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : `` Veterans For Peace National Resolutions ( Updated January 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Veterans For Peace . That VFP opposes Junior Reserve Officer Training ( JROTC ) in the public schools of the U.S. and calls for their discontinuance . '' and `` Veterans For Peace National encourages its members to work with like minded organizations and people to develop resources and classes in public schools that offer alternative views of citizenship to that of JROTC . Jump up ^ Asif ullah : Countering Junior Recruitment Jump up ^ The American Friends Service Committee ( 1999 ) . `` Trading Books for Soldiers : The True Cost of JROTC Report Summary '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Catherine Lutz ( Professor of Anthropology at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) and Lesley Bartlett . Making Soldiers in the Public Schools : An Analysis of the Army JROTC Curriculum . American Friends Service Committee , April 1995 ( 2 ) . Reprinted in Education Digest , November 1995 : 9 - 14 . Jump up ^ Review of JROTC Curriculum : Militarism in Schools : Youth & Militarism : AFSC Archived January 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See e.g. Army JROTC Student Core Text - Citizenship and American History page 43 . Archived February 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pogash , Carol ( April 2005 ) . `` Mr. Miller Goes to War '' . edutopia.org , Edutopia Magazine . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ The Coalition Against Militarism In Our Schools . `` Mission statement of the coalition against militarism in the schools '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Coalition Against Militarism In Our Schools . `` Military Infiltration of Our Public Schools '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Breaking News Archived 2007 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nazario , Sonia ( 2007 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Activists in Calif. school district crusading against junior ROTC '' . Los Angeles Times . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NYCLU Pushes Buffalo High School To Release Students From Mandatory JROTC Program '' . News & Press Releases . New York Civil Liberties Union . October 12 , 2005 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers of Misfortune '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 11. b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict '' . United Nations Treaty Collection . May 25 , 2000 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps Order 1533.6 E '' ( PDF ) . http://www.marines.mil . Commandant of the United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . External link in website = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps . U.S. Air Force University JROTC U.S. Army JROTC U.S. Marine Corps JROTC U.S. Navy JROTC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps&oldid=807720941 '' Categories : 1916 establishments in the United States 1916 in military history Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps National Defense Act of 1916 Student organizations established in 1916 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with URL errors Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 19 : 26 . 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-4315493413109531567	Plough	Plough - wikipedia Plough Jump to : navigation , search `` Furrow '' , `` Plow '' , and `` Plowman '' redirect here . For the Canadian soldier , see Edward Chester Plow . For the surname , see Plowman ( surname ) . For other uses , see Furrow ( disambiguation ) and Plough ( disambiguation ) . Traditional ploughing : a farmer works the land with horses and plough 13th century depiction of a ploughing peasant , Royal Library of Spain Oxen - driven ploughing Modern tractor ploughing in South Africa . This plough has five non-reversible mouldboards . The fifth , empty furrow on the left may be filled by the first furrow of the next pass . A plough ( UK ) or plow ( US ; both / plaʊ / ) is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil . Ploughs were traditionally drawn by working animals such as horses or cattle , but in modern times are drawn by tractors . A plough may be made of wood , iron , or steel frame with an attached blade or stick used to cut the soil and loosen it . It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history , although written references to the plough do not appear in English until c. 1100 at which point it is referenced frequently . The plough represents one of the major agricultural inventions in human history . The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil , bringing fresh nutrients to the surface , while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops and allowing them to break down . As the plough is drawn through the soil it creates long trenches of fertile soil called furrows . In modern use , a ploughed field is typically left to dry out , and is then harrowed before planting . Ploughing and cultivating a soil homogenises and modifies the upper 12 to 25 cm of the soil to form a plough layer . In many soils , the majority of fine plant feeder roots can be found in the topsoil or plough layer . Ploughs were initially human - powered , but the process became considerably more efficient once animals were pressed into service . The first animal - powered ploughs were undoubtedly pulled by oxen , and later in many areas by horses ( generally draft horses ) and mules , although various other animals have been used for this purpose . In industrialised countries , the first mechanical means of pulling a plough were steam - powered ( ploughing engines or steam tractors ) , but these were gradually superseded by internal - combustion - powered tractors . Modern competitions take place for ploughing enthusiasts like the National Ploughing Championships in Ireland . Use of the plough has decreased in some areas , often those significantly threatened by soil damage and erosion , in favour of shallower ploughing and other less - invasive conservation tillage techniques . ' Plough ' is also the term for the device used to collect electric current from underground conduits to power trams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Parts 3 History 3.1 Hoeing 3.2 Ard 3.3 Mouldboard plough 3.4 Plough wheel 3.5 Plough protective devices 3.6 Loy ploughing 3.7 Heavy ploughs 3.8 Improved designs 3.9 Single - sided ploughing 3.10 Turnwrest plough 3.11 Reversible plough 3.12 Riding and multiple - furrow ploughs 3.13 Improvement in metallurgy and design 3.14 Balance plough 3.15 Stump - jump plough 3.16 Modern ploughs 4 Specialist ploughs 4.1 Chisel plough 4.2 Ridging plough 4.3 Scottish hand plough 4.4 Mole plough 4.5 Paraplough 4.6 Spade plough 4.7 Switch Plow 5 Effects of mouldboard ploughing 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Ploughing . In older English , as in other Germanic languages , the plough was traditionally known by other names , e.g. Old English sulh , Old High German medela , geiza , huohilī ( n ) , Old Norse arðr ( Swedish årder ) , and Gothic hōha , all presumably referring to the ard ( scratch plough ) . The term plough or plow , as used today , was not common until 1700 . The modern word plough comes from Old Norse plógr , and therefore Germanic , but it appears relatively late ( it is not attested in Gothic ) , and is thought to be a loanword from one of the north Italic languages . Words with the same root appeared with related meanings : in Raetic plaumorati `` wheeled heavy plough '' ( Pliny , Nat . Hist. 18 , 172 ) , and in Latin plaustrum `` farm cart '' , plōstrum , plōstellum `` cart '' , and plōxenum , plōximum `` cart box '' . The word must have originally referred to the wheeled heavy plough , which was common in Roman northwestern Europe by the a.d. 5th century . Orel ( 2003 ) tentatively attaches plough to a PIE stem * blōkó - , which gave Armenian peɫem `` to dig '' and Welsh bwlch `` crack '' , though the word may not be of Indo - European origin . Parts ( edit ) Diagram -- modern plough The diagram ( right ) shows the basic parts of the modern plough : beam hitch ( Brit : hake ) vertical regulator coulter ( knife coulter pictured , but disk coulter common ) chisel ( foreshare ) share ( mainshare ) mouldboard Other parts not shown or labelled include the frog ( or frame ) , runner , landside , shin , trashboard , and stilts ( handles ) . On modern ploughs and some older ploughs , the mouldboard is separate from the share and runner , so these parts can be replaced without replacing the mouldboard . Abrasion eventually destroys all parts of a plough that come into contact with the soil . History ( edit ) Ploughing with buffalo in Hubei , China Hoeing ( edit ) Main article : Hoe - farming When agriculture was first developed , simple hand - held digging sticks and hoes were used in highly fertile areas , such as the banks of the Nile where the annual flood rejuvenates the soil , to create drills ( furrows ) to plant seeds in . Digging sticks , hoes , and mattocks were not invented in any one place , and hoe - cultivation must have been common everywhere agriculture was practiced . Hoe - farming is the traditional tillage method in tropical or sub-tropical regions , which are characterised by stony soils , steep slope gradients , predominant root crops , and coarse grains grown at wide distances apart . While hoe - agriculture is best suited to these regions , it is used in some fashion everywhere . Instead of hoeing , some cultures use pigs to trample the soil and grub the earth . Ard ( edit ) Main article : Ard ( plough ) Ancient Egyptian ard , c. 1200 BC . ( Burial chamber of Sennedjem ) Some ancient hoes , like the Egyptian mr , were pointed and strong enough to clear rocky soil and make seed drills , which is why they are called hand - ards . However , the domestication of oxen in Mesopotamia and the Indus valley civilization , perhaps as early as the 6th millennium BC , provided mankind with the draft power necessary to develop the larger , animal - drawn true ard ( or scratch plough ) . The earliest evidence of a ploughed field in the world was found at the Indus Valley Civilization site of Kalibangan ( c. 2800 B.C. ) . The earliest was the bow ard , which consists of a draft - pole ( or beam ) pierced by a thinner vertical pointed stick called the head ( or body ) , with one end being the stilt ( handle ) and the other a share ( cutting blade ) that was dragged through the topsoil to cut a shallow furrow ideal for most cereal crops . The ard does not clear new land well , so hoes or mattocks must be used to pull up grass and undergrowth , and a hand - held , coulter - like ristle could be used to cut deeper furrows ahead of the share . Because the ard leaves a strip of undisturbed earth between the furrows , the fields are often cross-ploughed lengthwise and widthwise , and this tends to form squarish fields ( Celtic fields ) . The ard is best suited to loamy or sandy soils that are naturally fertilised by annual flooding , as in the Nile Delta and Fertile Crescent , and to a lesser extent any other cereal - growing region with light or thin soil . By the late Iron Age , ards in Europe were commonly fitted with coulters . Mouldboard plough ( edit ) Parts of a plough : 1 ) beam ; 2 ) three - point hitch ( hake ) ; 3 ) height regulator ; 4 ) coulter 5 ) chisel 6 ) share 7 ) mouldboard Water buffalo used for ploughing in Si Phan Don , Laos To grow crops regularly in less - fertile areas , the soil must be turned to bring nutrients to the surface . A major advance for this type of farming was the turnplough , also known as the mouldboard plough ( UK ) , moldboard plow ( US ) , or frame - plough . A coulter ( or skeith ) could be added to cut vertically into the ground just ahead of the share ( in front of the frog ) , a wedge - shaped cutting edge at the bottom front of the mouldboard with the landside of the frame supporting the undershare ( below - ground component ) . The upper parts of the frame carry ( from the front ) the coupling for the motive power ( horses ) , the coulter and the landside frame . Depending on the size of the implement , and the number of furrows it is designed to plough at one time , a forecarriage with a wheel or wheels ( known as a furrow wheel and support wheel ) may be added to support the frame ( wheeled plough ) . In the case of a single - furrow plough there is only one wheel at the front and handles at the rear for the ploughman to steer and manoeuvre it . When dragged through a field the coulter cuts down into the soil and the share cuts horizontally from the previous furrow to the vertical cut . This releases a rectangular strip of sod that is then lifted by the share and carried by the mouldboard up and over , so that the strip of sod ( slice of the topsoil ) that is being cut lifts and rolls over as the plough moves forward , dropping back to the ground upside down into the furrow and onto the turned soil from the previous run down the field . Each gap in the ground where the soil has been lifted and moved across ( usually to the right ) is called a furrow . The sod that has been lifted from it rests at about a 45 degree angle in the next - door furrow and lies up the back of the sod from the previous run . In this way , a series of ploughing runs down a field leaves a row of sods that lie partly in the furrows and partly on the ground lifted earlier . Visually , across the rows , there is the land ( unploughed part ) on the left , a furrow ( half the width of the removed strip of soil ) and the removed strip almost upside - down lying on about half of the previous strip of inverted soil , and so on across the field . Each layer of soil and the gutter it came from forms the classic furrow . The mouldboard plough greatly reduced the amount of time needed to prepare a field , and as a consequence , allowed a farmer to work a larger area of land . In addition , the resulting pattern of low ( under the mouldboard ) and high ( beside it ) ridges in the soil forms water channels , allowing the soil to drain . In areas where snow buildup causes difficulties , this lets farmers plant the soil earlier , as the snow runoff drains away more quickly . A reconstruction of a mouldboard plough There are five major parts of a mouldboard plough : Mouldboard Share Landside ( short or long ) Frog ( sometimes called a standard ) Tailpiece Share , landside , mouldboard are bolted to the frog which is an irregular piece of cast iron . The base of a plough body is called the frog and the soil wearing parts are bolted to it . The share is the cutting edge of the moldboard plow . The share makes the horizontal cut that separates the furrow slice from the soil below and when it is worn it is important to fit a new one . Conventional shares have points that are shaped . This shape , which was developed through years of field experience , penetrates ordinary soil efficiently and stands rough use . The share is shaped so that it pulls itself into the ground . As the share wears away , it becomes blunt and the plough will require more power to pull it through the soil . A plough body with a worn share will not have enough ' suck ' to ensure that it penetrates the ground to its full working depth . The tip of the share is pointed downward , causing the plow to run into the ground . This is called `` suction or down suck '' ; it literally sucks the plow into the ground , to a regulated depth . The clearance , also usually referred to as `` suction or down suck '' , varies with different makes and types of plows ( the related clearance at the side is called `` land suck '' ) . Its configuration is related to soil type , particularly in the down suction , or concavity , of its lower surface . Generally , three degrees of clearance or down suction are recognized : regular for light soil , deep for ordinary dry soil , and double - deep for clay and gravelly soils . In addition , the share has horizontal suction , which is related to the amount its point is bent out of line with the landside . Down suction causes the plow to penetrate to proper depth when pulled forward , while horizontal suction causes the plow to create the desired width of furrow . The share is a plane part with trapezoidal shape . It cuts the soil horizontally and lifts it . Common types are regular , winged - plane , bar - point , and share with mounted or welded point . The regular share conserves a good cut but is recommended on stone - free soils . The winged - plane share is used on heavy soil with a moderate amount of stones . The bar - point share can be used in extreme conditions ( hard and stony soils ) . The use of the share with mounted point is somewhere between the last two types . Manufacturers have designed shares of various shapes ( trapezium , diamond , etc . ) with bolted point and wings , often separately renewable . Sometimes the share cutting edge is placed well in advance of the moldboard to reduce the pulverizing action of the soil . The mouldboard is that part of the plough which receives the furrow slice from the share . The mouldboard is responsible for lifting and turning the furrow slice and sometimes for shattering it , depending on the type of moldboard , plowing depth , and soil conditions . The intensity of this action depends on the type of the moldboard . To suit different soil conditions and crop requirements , mouldboards have been designed in different shapes , each producing its own furrow profile and surface finish , but they still basically conform to the original plough body classification . Traditionally , the various types of plough body have been classified as general purpose , digger , and semi-digger , as described below . 1 . The general - purpose mouldboard . This is a low draft body with a gently curved and a cross-sectional convex curve from top to bottom , which turns a furrow three parts wide by two parts deep , e.g. 300 mm wide by 200 mm deep . It turns the furrow slice slowly almost without breaking it , and is normally used for shallow plowing ( maximum 200 mm depth ) . It is useful for grassland ploughing and sets up the land for weathering by winter frosts , which reduces the time taken to prepare a seedbed for spring sown crops . 2 . The digger mouldboard has a short , abruptly curved with a concave cross-section both from top to bottom and from shin to tail . It turns the furrow slice rapidly , giving maximum shatter and deeper than its width . It is normally used for very deep plowing ( 300 mm deep or more ) . It has a higher power requirement and leaves a very broken surface . Digger ploughs are mainly used for land to be or planted with potatoes and other root crops . 3 . The semi-digger moldboard . This is a bit shorter than the general - purpose mouldboard , but with a concave cross-section and a more abrupt curve . Being intermediate between the two moldboards above described , it has a performance that comes in between ( approximately 250 mm deep ) and with less shattering than the digger moldboard . It turns an almost square sectioned furrow and leaves a more broken surface finish . Semi-digger mouldboards can be used at different depths and speeds , making them suitable for most of the general ploughing on the farm . ( In addition , slatted mouldboards are preferred by some farmers , though they are a less common type . They consist of a number of curved steel slats bolted to the frog along the length of the mouldboard , so that there are gaps between the slats . They tend to break up the soil more than a full mouldboard and improve soil movement across the mouldboard when working in sticky soils where the solid mouldboard does not scour well . ) The landside is the flat plate which presses against and transmits the lateral thrust of the plough bottom to the furrow wall . It helps to resist the side pressure exerted by the furrow slice on the mouldboard . It also helps in stabilizing the plough while it is in operations . The rear bottom end of the landslide , which rubs against the furrow sole , is known as heel . A heel iron is bolted to the end of the rear of the landside and helps to carry the back of the plough . The landside and share are arranged to give a ' ' lead '' towards the unploughed land , thus helping to maintain the correct furrow width . The landside is usually made of solid medium carbon steel , and is very short except on the rear bottom of the plow . The heel or rear end of the rear landside may be subject to excessive wear if the rear wheel is out of adjustment , therefore , a chilled iron heel piece is frequently used . This heel is inexpensive and can be easily replaced . The land side is fastened to the frog with the help of plough bolts . The frog ( standard ) is the central part of the plow bottom to which the other components of the bottom are attached . It is an irregular piece of metal , which may be made of cast iron for cast iron ploughs or welded steel for steel ploughs . The frog is the foundation of the plow bottom . It takes the shock resulting from hitting rocks , and therefore should be tough and strong . The frog is in turn fastened to the plow frame . A runner extending from behind the share to the rear of the plough controls the direction of the plough , because it is held against the bottom land - side corner of the new furrow being formed . The holding force is the weight of the sod , as it is raised and rotated , on the curved surface of the mouldboard . Because of this runner , the mouldboard plough is harder to turn around than the scratch plough , and its introduction brought about a change in the shape of fields -- from mostly square fields into longer rectangular `` strips '' ( hence the introduction of the furlong ) . An advance on the basic design was the iron ploughshare , a replaceable horizontal cutting surface mounted on the tip of the share . The earliest ploughs with a detachable and replaceable share date from around 1000 BC in the Ancient Near East , and the earliest iron ploughshares from ca . 500 BC in China . Early mouldboards were basically wedges that sat inside the cut formed by the coulter , turning over the soil to the side . The ploughshare spread the cut horizontally below the surface , so when the mouldboard lifted it , a wider area of soil was turned over . Mouldboards are known in Britain from the late 6th century on . 19th century ploughs Moldboard plow type is usually determined by the method in which the plow is attached to the tractor and by the way it is lifted and carried . The basic types are : 1. Three wheel trailing type -- attached to the standard tractor drawbar and carried on its own three wheels . 2. Mounted or integral -- most use a three - point hitch and have a rear wheel in use only when plowing . Some also have a gauge wheel to regulate maximum depth . 3. Semi-mounted -- used principally for larger plows . These have a rear wheel which usually carries weight and side thrust when plowing and sometimes the weight of the rear end of the plow when lifted . The front end of the plow is carried on the tractor lower or draft links . Plough wheel ( edit ) Gauge wheel -- It is an auxiliary wheel of an implement to maintain uniform depth of working . Gauge wheel helps to maintain uniformity in respect of depth of ploughing in different soil conditions . It is usually placed in hanging position . Land wheel -- It is the wheel of the plough , which runs on the ploughed land . Front furrow wheel -- It is the front wheel of the plough , which runs in the furrow . Rear furrow wheel -- It is the rear wheel of the plough , which runs in the furrow . Plough protective devices ( edit ) When a plow hits a rock or other solid obstruction , serious damage may result unless the plow is equipped with some safety device . The damage may be bent or broken shares , bent standards , beams or braces . Three basic types of safety devices are used on moldboard plows as follows : A spring release device in the plow drawbar . Trip beam construction on each bottom Automatic reset design on each bottom . The spring release device was used in the past almost universally on trailing type plows with one to three or four bottoms . It is not practical on larger plows . When an obstruction is encountered the spring release mechanism in the hitch permits the plow to uncouple from the tractor . When a hydraulic lift is used on the plow , the hydraulic hoses will also usually uncouple automatically when the plow uncouples . Most plough makers offer an automatic reset system for tough conditions or rocky soils . The re-set mechanism allows each body to move rearward and upward to pass over obstacle ( e.g. rocks hidden below soil surface ) without damage . A heavy leaf or coil spring mechanism , which holds the body in its working position under normal conditions , resets the plough after the obstruction is passed . Another type of auto - reset mechanism uses an oil ( hydraulic ) and gas accumulator . Shock loads cause the oil to compress the gas , when the gas expands again the leg returns to its working plowing position after passing over the obstacle . The most simple mechanism is a breaking ( shear ) bolt that needs replacement . Shear bolts which break when a plough body hits an obstruction are a cheaper overload protection device . It is important to use the correct replacement bolt . Trip beam plows are constructed with a hinge point in the beam . This point is usually located some distance above the top of the plow bottom . The bottom is held in normal plowing position by a spring operated latch . When an obstruction is encountered the entire bottom is released and hinges back and up so as to pass over the obstruction . It is necessary to back up the tractor and plow to reset the bottom This construction is used to protect the individual bottoms . The automatic reset design has only recently been introduced on American plows , but has been used extensively on European and Australian plows . In this construction the beam is hinged at a point nearly above the point of the share . The bottom is held in the normal position by a set of springs or by a hydraulic cylinder on each bottom . When an obstruction is encountered , the plow bottom hinges back and up in such a way as to pass over the obstruction , without stopping the tractor and plow . The bottom automatically returns to normal plowing position as soon as the obstruction is passed , without any interruption of forward motion . The automatic reset design permits higher field efficiencies since stopping for stones is practically eliminated . It also reduces costs for broken shares , beams and other parts . The fast resetting action also helps produce a better job of plowing since large areas of unplowed land are not left as when lifting a plow over a stone . Loy ploughing ( edit ) Main article : Loy ( spade ) Loy ploughing was a form of manual ploughing in Ireland , on very small farms -- or on very hilly ground , where horses could not work or where farmers could not afford them . It was used up until the 1960s in poorer land . This suited the moist climate of Ireland , as the trenches formed by turning in the sods provided drainage . It also allowed the growing of potatoes in bogs as well as on mountain slopes where no other cultivation could take place . Heavy ploughs ( edit ) Main article : Carruca Chinese iron plough with curved mouldboard , 1637 In the basic mouldboard plough the depth of the cut is adjusted by lifting against the runner in the furrow , which limited the weight of the plough to what the ploughman could easily lift . This limited the construction to a small amount of wood ( although metal edges were possible ) . These ploughs were fairly fragile , and were not suitable for breaking up the heavier soils of northern Europe . The introduction of wheels to replace the runner allowed the weight of the plough to increase , and in turn allowed the use of a much larger mouldboard faced in metal . These heavy ploughs led to greater food production and eventually a significant population increase around AD 600 . Before the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) , Chinese ploughs were made almost entirely of wood , except the iron blade of the ploughshare . By the Han period , the entire ploughshare was made of cast iron ; these are the first known heavy mouldboard iron ploughs . The Romans achieved the heavy wheeled mouldboard plough in the late 3rd and 4th century AD , when archaeological evidence appears , inter alia , in Roman Britain . The first indisputable appearance after the Roman period is from 643 , in a northern Italian document . Old words connected with the heavy plough and its use appear in Slavic , suggesting possible early use in this region . The general adoption of the carruca heavy plough in Europe appears to have accompanied the adoption of the three - field system in the later eighth and early ninth centuries , leading to an improvement of the agricultural productivity per unit of land in northern Europe . This was accompanied by larger fields as well , known variously as carucates , ploughlands , and ploughgates . Improved designs ( edit ) ' A Champion ploughman ' , from Australia , c. 1900 The basic plough , with coulter , ploughshare and mouldboard , remained in use for a millennium . Major changes in design did not become common until the Age of Enlightenment , when there was rapid progress in design . Joseph Foljambe in Rotherham , England , in 1730 used new shapes as the basis for the Rotherham plough , which also covered the mouldboard with iron . Unlike the heavy plough , the Rotherham ( or Rotherham swing ) plough consisted entirely of the coulter , mouldboard and handles . It was much lighter than conventional designs and became very popular in England . It may have been the first plough to be widely built in factories and the first to be commercially successful . In 1789 Robert Ransome , an iron founder in Ipswich , started casting ploughshares in a disused malting at St Margaret 's Ditches . As a result of a mishap in his foundry , a broken mould caused molten metal to come into contact with cold metal , making the metal surface extremely hard . This process , chilled casting , resulted in what Ransome advertised as `` self - sharpening '' ploughs . He received patents for his discovery . James Small further advanced the design . Using mathematical methods he experimented with various designs until he arrived at a shape cast from a single piece of iron , an improvement on the Scots plough of James Anderson of Hermiston . A single - piece cast iron plough was also developed and patented by Charles Newbold in the United States . This was again improved on by Jethro Wood , a blacksmith of Scipio , New York , who made a three - part Scots Plough that allowed a broken piece to be replaced . In 1837 John Deere introduced the first steel plough ; it was so much stronger than iron designs that it could work soil in areas of the US that had previously been considered unsuitable for farming . Improvements on this followed developments in metallurgy : steel coulters and shares with softer iron mouldboards to prevent breakage , the chilled plough ( an early example of surface - hardened steel ) , and eventually mouldboards with faces strong enough to dispense with the coulter . Single - sided ploughing ( edit ) Single - sided ploughing in a ploughing match The first mouldboard ploughs could only turn the soil over in one direction ( conventionally always to the right ) , as dictated by the shape of the mouldboard , and so the field had to be ploughed in long strips , or lands . The plough was usually worked clockwise around each land , ploughing the long sides and being dragged across the short sides without ploughing . The length of the strip was limited by the distance oxen ( or later horses ) could comfortably work without a rest , and their width by the distance the plough could conveniently be dragged . These distances determined the traditional size of the strips : a furlong , ( or `` furrow 's length '' , 220 yards ( 200 m ) ) by a chain ( 22 yards ( 20 m ) ) -- an area of one acre ( about 0.4 hectares ) ; this is the origin of the acre . The one - sided action gradually moved soil from the sides to the centre line of the strip . If the strip was in the same place each year , the soil built up into a ridge , creating the ridge and furrow topography still seen in some ancient fields . Turnwrest plough ( edit ) The turnwrest plough allows ploughing to be done to either side . The mouldboard is removable , turning to the right for one furrow , then being moved to the other side of the plough to turn to the left ( the coulter and ploughshare are fixed ) . In this way adjacent furrows can be ploughed in opposite directions , allowing ploughing to proceed continuously along the field and thus avoiding the ridge and furrow topography . Reversible plough ( edit ) A four - furrow reversible Kverneland plough . The reversible plough ( or `` rollover plow '' ) has two mouldboard ploughs mounted back - to - back , one turning to the right , the other to the left . While one is working the land , the other is carried upside - down in the air . At the end of each row , the paired ploughs are turned over , so the other can be used . This returns along the next furrow , again working the field in a consistent direction . These ploughs date back to the days of the steam engine and the horse . In almost universal use on farms , they have right - and left - handed mouldboards enabling them to work up and down the same furrow . Reversible ploughs may either be mounted or semi-mounted and are heavier and more expensive than right - handed models , but they have the great advantage of leaving a level surface which makes seedbed preparation and harvesting easier . Very little marking out is necessary before ploughing can start and idle running on the headland is minimal compared with conventional ploughs . Driving the tractor with the furrow - side wheels in the furrow bottom provides the most efficient line of draft between tractor and plough . It is also easier to steer the tractor and driving with the front wheel against the furrow wall will keep the front furrow at the correct width . This is less satisfactory when using a tractor with very wide front tyres , for although they make better use of the tractor power , the tyres may compact part of the last furrow slice turned on the previous run . The use of furrow widener or a longer mouldboard on the rear body will overcome the problem . The latter moves the soil further towards the ploughed land leaving more room for the tractor wheels on the next run . Driving with all four wheels on unploughed land is another solution to the problem of wide tyres . Semi-mounted ploughs can be hitched in a way that allows the tractor to run on unbroken land and pull the plough in correct alignment without any sideways movement ( crabbing ) . Riding and multiple - furrow ploughs ( edit ) Early tractor - drawn two - furrow plough . Early steel ploughs , like those for thousands of years prior , were walking ploughs , directed by the ploughman holding onto handles on either side of the plough . The steel ploughs were so much easier to draw through the soil that the constant adjustments of the blade to react to roots or clods was no longer necessary , as the plough could easily cut through them . Consequently , it was not long after that the first riding ploughs appeared . On these , wheels kept the plough at an adjustable level above the ground , while the ploughman sat on a seat ; whereas , with earlier ploughs the ploughman would have had to walk . Direction was now controlled mostly through the draught team , with levers allowing fine adjustments . This led very quickly to riding ploughs with multiple mouldboards , dramatically increasing ploughing performance . A single draught horse can normally pull a single - furrow plough in clean light soil , but in heavier soils two horses are needed , one walking on the land and one in the furrow . For ploughs with two or more furrows more than two horses are needed and , usually , one or more horses have to walk on the loose ploughed sod -- and that makes hard going for them , and the horse treads the newly ploughed land down . It is usual to rest such horses every half - hour for about ten minutes . Heavy volcanic loam soils , such as are found in New Zealand , require the use of four heavy draught horses to pull a double - furrow plough . Where paddocks are more square than long - rectangular it is more economical to have horses four wide in harness than two - by - two ahead , thus one horse is always on the ploughed land ( the sod ) . The limits of strength and endurance of horses made greater than two - furrow ploughs uneconomic to use on one farm . Amish farmers tend to use a team of about seven horses or mules when spring ploughing and as Amish farmers often help each other plough , teams are sometimes changed at noon . Using this method about 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) can be ploughed per day in light soils and about 2 acres ( 0.81 ha ) in heavy soils . Improvement in metallurgy and design ( edit ) John Deere , a Vermont , US blacksmith , noted that the ploughing of many sticky , non-sandy soils might benefit from modifications in the design of the mouldboard and in the metals used . He noted that a polished needle would enter leather and fabric with greater ease , and a polished pitchfork required less effort as well . In the pursuit of a polished and thus slicker surface for a plough , he experimented with portions of saw blades and by 1837 , he was making polished , cast steel ploughs . The energy effort required was lessened , which enabled the use of larger ploughs , making more effective use of horse power . Balance plough ( edit ) A German balance plough . The left - turning set of shares have just completed a pass , and the right - turning shares are about to enter the ground to return across the field . The advent of the mobile steam engine allowed steam power to be applied to ploughing from about 1850 . In Europe , soil conditions were often too soft to support the weight of heavy traction engines . Instead , counterbalanced , wheeled ploughs , known as balance ploughs , were drawn by cables across the fields by pairs of ploughing engines on opposite field edges , or by a single engine drawing directly towards it at one end and drawing away from it via a pulley at the other end . The balance plough had two sets of ploughs facing each other , arranged so when one was in the ground , the other set was lifted into the air . When pulled in one direction , the trailing ploughs were lowered onto the ground by the tension on the cable . When the plough reached the edge of the field , the other engine pulled the opposite cable , and the plough tilted ( balanced ) , putting the other set of shares into the ground , and the plough worked back across the field . One set of ploughs was right - handed , and the other left - handed , allowing continuous ploughing along the field , as with the turnwrest and reversible ploughs . The man credited with the invention of the ploughing engine and the associated balance plough , in the mid nineteenth century , was John Fowler , an English agricultural engineer and inventor . In America the firm soil of the Plains allowed direct pulling with steam tractors , such as the big Case , Reeves or Sawyer - Massey breaking engines . Gang ploughs of up to fourteen bottoms were used . Often these big ploughs were used in regiments of engines , so that in a single field there might be ten steam tractors each drawing a plough . In this way hundreds of acres could be turned over in a day . Only steam engines had the power to draw the big units . When internal combustion engines appeared , they had neither the strength nor the ruggedness compared to the big steam tractors . Only by reducing the number of shares could the work be completed . Stump - jump plough ( edit ) Disc ploughs in Australia , c. 1900 The stump - jump plough was an Australian invention of the 1870s , designed to cope with the breaking up of new farming land , that contains many tree stumps and rocks that would be very expensive to remove . The plough uses a moveable weight to hold the ploughshare in position . When a tree stump or other obstruction such as a rock is encountered , the ploughshare is thrown upwards , clear of the obstacle , to avoid breaking the plough 's harness or linkage ; ploughing can be continued when the weight is returned to the earth after the obstacle is passed . A simpler system , developed later , uses a concave disc ( or a pair of them ) set at a large angle to the direction of progress , that uses the concave shape to hold the disc into the soil -- unless something hard strikes the circumference of the disk , causing it to roll up and over the obstruction . As the arrangement is dragged forward , the sharp edge of the disc cuts the soil , and the concave surface of the rotating disc lifts and throws the soil to the side . It does n't make as good a job as the mouldboard plough ( but this is not considered a disadvantage , because it helps fight wind erosion ) , but it does lift and break up the soil ( see disc harrow ) . Modern ploughs ( edit ) A British woman ploughing on a World War I recruitment poster for the Women 's Land Army . Modern ploughs are usually multiple reversible ploughs , mounted on a tractor via a three - point linkage . These commonly have between two and as many as seven mouldboards -- and semi-mounted ploughs ( the lifting of which is supplemented by a wheel about halfway along their length ) can have as many as eighteen mouldboards . The hydraulic system of the tractor is used to lift and reverse the implement , as well as to adjust furrow width and depth . The ploughman still has to set the draughting linkage from the tractor so that the plough is carried at the proper angle in the soil . This angle and depth can be controlled automatically by modern tractors . As a complement to the rear plough a two or three mouldboards - plough can be mounted on the front of the tractor if it is equipped with front three - point linkage . Specialist ploughs ( edit ) Chisel plough ( edit ) The chisel plough is a common tool to get deep tillage ( prepared land ) with limited soil disruption . The main function of this plough is to loosen and aerate the soils while leaving crop residue at the top of the soil . This plough can be used to reduce the effects of compaction and to help break up ploughpan and hardpan . Unlike many other ploughs the chisel will not invert or turn the soil . This characteristic has made it a useful addition to no - till and low - till farming practices that attempt to maximise the erosion - prevention benefits of keeping organic matter and farming residues present on the soil surface through the year . Because of these attributes , the use of a chisel plough is considered by some to be more sustainable than other types of plough , such as the mouldboard plough . A modern John Deere 8110 Farm Tractor using a chisel plough . The ploughing tines are at the rear ; the refuse - cutting coulters at the front . Bigham Brother Tomato Tiller Chisel plows are becoming more popular as a primary tillage tool in row crop farming areas . Basically the chisel plow is a very heavy duty field cultivator intended to operate at depths from 15 cm ( 6 in ) to as much as 46 cm ( 18 in ) . However some models may run much deeper . Each of the individual ploughs , or shanks , are typically set from nine inches ( 229 mm ) to twelve inches ( 305 mm ) apart . Such a plough can encounter significant soil drag , consequently a tractor of sufficient power and good traction is required . When planning to plough with a chisel plough it is important to bear in mind that 10 to 20 horsepower ( 7.5 to 15 kW ) per shank will be required , depending on depth . Pull type chisel plows are made in working widths from about 2.5 m ( 8 ft ) up to 13.7 m ( 45 ft ) , they are tractor mounted and working depth is hydraulically controlled . Those more than about 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide may be equipped with folding wings to reduce transport width . Wider machines may have the wings supported by individual wheels and have hinge joints to allow flexing of the machine over uneven ground . The wider models usually have a wheel at each side to control working depth . Three - point hitch mounted units are made in widths from about 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) to 9 m ( 30 ft ) . Cultivators are often similar in form to chisel ploughs , but their goals are different . Cultivator teeth work near the surface , usually for weed control , whereas chisel plough shanks work deep beneath the surface . Consequently , cultivating also takes much less power per shank than does chisel ploughing . Ridging plough ( edit ) A ridging plough is used for crops , such as potatoes or scallions , which are grown buried in ridges of soil using a technique called ridging or hilling . A ridging plough has two mouldboards facing away from each other , cutting a deep furrow on each pass , with high ridges either side . The same plough may be used to split the ridges to harvest the crop . Scottish hand plough ( edit ) This is a variety of ridge plough notable in that the blade points towards the operator . It is used solely by human effort rather than with animal or machine assistance , and is pulled backwards by the operator , requiring great physical effort . It is particularly used for second breaking of ground , and for potato planting . It is found in Shetland , some western crofts and more rarely Central Scotland . The tool is typically found on small holdings too small or poor to merit use of animals . Mole plough ( edit ) The mole plough allows underdrainage to be installed without trenches , or it breaks up deep impermeable soil layers that impede drainage . It is a very deep plough , with a torpedo - shaped or wedge - shaped tip , and a narrow blade connecting this to the body . When dragged through the ground , it leaves a channel deep under the ground , and this acts as a drain . Modern mole ploughs may also bury a flexible perforated plastic drain pipe as they go , making a more permanent drain -- or they may be used to lay pipes for water supply or other purposes . Similar machines , so called pipe - and - cable - laying ploughs , are even used under the sea , for the laying of cables , as well as preparing the earth for side - scan sonar in a process used in oil exploration . Heavy land requires draining to reduce its water content to a level satisfactory for efficient plant growth . Heavy soils usually have a system of permanent drains using either perforated plastic or clay pipes which discharge into a ditch . Mole ploughs are used to form small tunnels ( mole drains ) in the soil at a depth of up to 950 mm ( 30 in ) at an angle to the pipe drains . Water from the mole drains seeps into the pipes and runs along them into a ditch . The mole plow allows underdrainage to be installed without trenches , or it breaks up deep impermeable soil layers which impede drainage . It is a very deep plow , with a torpedo - shaped or wedge - shaped tip , and a narrow blade connecting this to the body . When dragged through the ground , it leaves a channel deep under the ground , and this acts as a drain . Modern mole plow may also bury a flexible perforated plastic drain pipe as they go , making a more permanent drain -- or they may be used to lay pipes for water supply or other purposes . A simple check can be made to find if the subsoil is in the right condition for mole ploughing . Compact a tennis ball sized sample taken at moling depth by hand , then push a pencil through . If the hole remains intact without splitting the ball the soil is in an ideal condition for the mole plough . Mole ploughs are usually trailed and pulled by a crawler tractor , but lighter models for use on the three - point linkage of powerful four - wheel drive tractors are also made . A mole plough has a very strong frame which slides along the ground when the machine is in work . A heavy leg , similar to a subsoiler leg , is attached to the frame and a circular section share with a larger diameter expander on a flexible link is bolted to the leg . The bullet shaped share forms a tunnel , about 75 mm diameter , in the soil and the expander presses the soil outwards to form a long - lasting drainage channel . Paraplough ( edit ) The paraplough or paraplow is a tool for loosening compacted soil layers 12 to 16 inches deep and still maintain high surface residue levels . Spade plough ( edit ) The spade plough is designed to cut the soil and turn it on its side , minimising the damage to the earthworms , soil microorganism , and fungi . This helps maximise the sustainability and long term fertility of the soils . Switch plow ( edit ) Using a bar with square shares mounted perpendicularly and a pivot point to change the bar 's angle , the switch plow allows plowing in either direction . It is best in previously - worked soils , as the plowshares are designed more to turn the soil over than for deep tillage . At the headland , the operator pivots the bar ( and thus the plowshares ) to turn the soil to the opposite side of the direction of travel . Switch plows are usually lighter than rollover plows , requiring less horsepower to operate . Effects of mouldboard ploughing ( edit ) Mouldboard ploughing , in cold and temperate climates , no deeper than 20 cm , aerates the soil by loosening it . It incorporates crop residues , solid manures , limestone and commercial fertilisers along with oxygen . By doing so , it reduces nitrogen losses by denitrification , accelerates mineralization and increases short - term nitrogen availability for transformation of organic matter into humus . It erases wheel tracks and ruts caused by harvesting equipment . It controls many perennial weeds and pushes back the growth of other weeds until the following spring . It accelerates soil warming and water evaporation in spring because of the lesser quantity of residues on the soil surface . It facilitates seeding with a lighter seeder . It controls many enemies of crops ( slugs , crane flies , seedcorn maggots - bean seed flies , borers ) . It increases the number of `` soil - eating '' earthworms ( endogea ) but is detrimental to vertical - dwelling earthworms ( anecic ) . Ploughing leaves very little crop residue on the surface , which otherwise could reduce both wind and water erosion . Over-ploughing can lead to the formation of hardpan . Typically farmers break up hardpan up with a subsoiler , which acts as a long , sharp knife to slice through the hardened layer of soil deep below the surface . Soil erosion due to improper land and plough utilisation is possible . Contour ploughing mitigates soil erosion by ploughing across a slope , along elevation lines . Alternatives to ploughing , such as the no till method , have the potential to actually build soil levels and humus . These may be suitable to smaller , more intensively cultivated plots , and to farming on poor , shallow or degraded soils that ploughing would further degrade . Plows in art Back side of a 100 Mark banknote issued 1908 1975 Italian Lira coin Robert Burns statue , Schenley Park , Pittsburgh The Gefion Fountain in Copenhagen Henry Herbert La Thangue , The Last Furrow , 1895 Ploughing in the Nivernais by Rosa Bonheur ( 1849 ) See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal Boustrophedon ( Greek : `` ox - turning '' ) -- an ancient way of writing , each line being read in the opposite direction like reversible ploughing . Conduit current collection Foot plough Headland ( agriculture ) History of agriculture Railroad plough Ransome Victory Plough Silviculture has a technique for preparing soil for seeding in forests called scarification , which is explained in that article . Snowplough Whippletree Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ C.T. Onions , ed. , Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology , s.v. `` plough '' ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Webster 's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language , s.v. `` plow '' ( NY : Gramercy Books , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Dr. Judith A. Weller , `` Agricultural Use '' , in Roman Traction Systems : accessed 20 April 2012 , available at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Orel , Vladimir ( 2003 ) . A Handbook of Germanic Etymology . Leiden , Netherlands : Brill . s.v. `` * plōȝuz '' . Jump up ^ Lal , BB ( 2003 ) . Excavations at Kalibangan , the Early Harappans , 1960 -- 1969 . Archaeological Survey of India . pp. 17 , 98 Jump up ^ Lynn White , Jr. , Medieval Technology and Social Change ( Oxford : University Press , 1962 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ White , K.D. ( 1984 ) : Greek and Roman Technology , London : Thames and Hudson , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Greenberger , The Technology of Ancient China ( New York : Rosen Publishing Group , Inc. , 2006 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Hill and Kucharski 1990 . Jump up ^ Paul Hughes ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Castlepollard venue to host Westmeath ploughing finals '' . Westmeath Examiner . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Freyne ( September 27 , 2009 ) . `` The plough and the stars '' . Sunday Tribune . Dublin . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Famine Potato '' . St Mary 's Famine History Museum . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Bell , `` Wooden Ploughs From the Mountains of Mourne , Ireland '' , Tools & Tillage ( 1980 ) 4 # 1 . pp. 46 -- 56 ; Mervyn Watson , `` Common Irish Plough Types and Tillage Techniques '' , Tools & Tillage ( 1985 ) 5 # 2 . pp. 85 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Wang Zhongshu , trans . by K.C. Chang and Collaborators , Han Civilization ( New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Margaritis , Evi ; Jones , Martin K. : `` Greek and Roman Agriculture '' , in : Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , Oxford University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 , pp. 158 -- 174 ( 166 , 170 ) Jump up ^ White , Medieval Technology , p. 50 Jump up ^ White , Medieval Technology , pp. 49ff Jump up ^ White , Medieval Technology , pp. 69 -- 78 Jump up ^ A Brief History of The Plough Jump up ^ `` The Rotherham Plough '' . rotherhamweb.co.uk . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rick ( 2015 ) . Scots Who Made America . Birlinn . ISBN 9780857908827 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ John Deere ( 1804 -- 1886 ) Jump up ^ Archives , The National . `` The Discovery Service '' . discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Patent litigation ( TR FOW / CO5 / 116 - 137 ) is mainly concerned with a Chancery case of 1863 between John Fowler and his patent assignees in trust against James and Frederick Howard of Bedford for alleged infringement of his patents by the manufacture of balance ploughs . Jump up ^ `` Tillage Equipment '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Conservation Service . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Brunt , Liam . `` Mechanical Innovation in the Industrial Revolution : The Case of Plough Design '' . Economic History Review ( 2003 ) 56 # 3 , pp. 444 -- 477 . JSTOR 3698571 . Hill , P. and Kucharski , K. `` Early Medieval Ploughing at Whithorn and the Chronology of Plough Pebbles '' , Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society , Vol . LXV , 1990 , pp 73 -- 83 . Nair , V. Sankaran . Nanchinadu : Harbinger of Rice and Plough Culture in the Ancient World . Wainwright , Raymond P. ; Wesley F. Buchele ; Stephen J. Marley ; William I. Baldwin ( 1983 ) . `` A Variable Approach - Angle Moldboard Plow '' . Transactions of the ASAE. 26 ( 2 ) : 392 -- 396 . doi : 10.13031 / 2013.33944 . Steven Stoll , Larding the Lean Earth : Soil and Society in Nineteenth - Century America ( New York : Hill and Wang , 2002 ) External links ( edit ) Look up plough in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ploughs . The Rotherham Plough -- the first commercially successful iron plough History of the steel plough -- as developed by John Deere in the United States Breast Ploughs and other antique hand farm tools `` Tractor Guide Saves Labor for the Farmer '' , Popular Mechanics , December 1934 . ( hide ) Garden tools Averruncator Axe Chainsaw Cultivator Daisy grubber Dibber Earth auger Edger Garden fork Garden hose Grass shears Grass stitcher Hedge trimmer Hoe Hori hori Irrigation sprinkler Lawn aerator Lawn mower Lawn sweeper Leaf blower Loppers Machete Mattock Pickaxe Pitchfork Plough ( plow ) Post hole digger Potting bench Pruning shears ( secateurs ) Rake Riddle Rotary tiller Scythe Shovel Sickle Spade String trimmer Trowel Tsakat Watering can Weeder Wheelbarrow GND : 4174098 - 1 HDS : 28686 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plough&oldid=838034763 '' Categories : Agricultural machinery Chinese inventions Farming tools History of agriculture Ploughs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 14 : 48 . 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7702063173215987701	Constitutional Convention (United States)	Constitutional Convention ( United states ) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution . For that Constitution 's method of changing itself , see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention '' redirects here . For other uses , see Federal Convention ( disambiguation ) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president , how to elect the president , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4 recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on and sent to the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison 's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton 's plan 3.4 Pinckney 's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three - Fifths Compromise 5 Delegates 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay . Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road that linked all the states . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues such as property seizures for tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , himself a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections . In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states , initially refused to ratify it . The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall 's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived . While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation . Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers . James Madison 's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations . James Madison , the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it . Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point . The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election . Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population . On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , they ought to have permanency and stability . -- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this . Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them . In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region . The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal . Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates . All communities divide themselves into the few and the many . The first are the rich and well born , the other the mass of the people . The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God ; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed , it is not true in fact . The people are turbulent and changing ; they seldom judge or determine right . Give therefore to the first class a distinct , permanent share in the government . They will check the unsteadiness of the second , and as they can not receive any advantage by a change , they therefore will ever maintain good government . Can a democratic assembly , who annually revolve in the mass of the people , be supposed steadily to pursue the public good ? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy . Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks . -- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population . Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . Front side of the Virginia Plan More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century . At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose . Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting . The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons . The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted . Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states . The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually . As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states . The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought . The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . '' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language . Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate . However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina , chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution . He argued for a federal government of limited power . The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change . Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws . These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson . Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents . The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan . One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders . Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts . A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' . The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option . Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president . Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method . Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic . Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House . Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage , Issue of 1937 , depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution , engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) . On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied . Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said , I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names . At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes : Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun . The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation . Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states . Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override . New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article : New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan . Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it . Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests . Hamilton 's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation . Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow . Pinckney 's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates . The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution . Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention . Once Delaware 's largest slaveholder , he had freed all of his slaves by 1787 . Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities . Three - fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article : Three - Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention . Delegates ( edit ) The states had originally appointed seventy representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving fifty - five delegates who would ultimately craft the Constitution . Almost all of the fifty - five delegates had taken part in the Revolution , with at least twenty - nine having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business . There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the twenty - five who owned slaves , sixteen depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country . Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention . ( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign . Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitution of the United States Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand America 's Critical Period Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts . He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress . Jump up ^ History Alive ! Pursuing American Ideals . Rancho Cordova , CA : Teachers ' Curriculum Institute . April 2013 . p. 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn ( 2013 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing , LLC . p. 26 . ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Clinton ( 1987 ) . 1787 : The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30404 - 6 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Pop Culture : 1790 '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Articles of Confederation , Art . 13 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to : Padover , Saul K. ( 1995 ) . Jacob W. Landynski , ed . The living U.S. Constitution : Historical Background Landmark Supreme Court Decisions with Introductions indexed Guide Pen Portraits of Signers. 3 . New York : NY : A Meridian Book . Jump up ^ Irons , Lee. , The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15 , 2011 . Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706 -- 1788 '' ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org , A citizen of America : an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20 , 2011 . Scudder , Horace Elisha . Noah Webster , 1885 ed. , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates . http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three - Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1966 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2 The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 94 -- 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Sun '' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Vol. 1 ( ed . John R. Vile : ABC - CLIO , 2005 ) , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17 , 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 2006 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney ( South Carolina ) , Presented to the Federal Convention , May 29 , 1787 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . D.C. : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Rights Foundation . `` The Constitution and Slavery '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . Bowen , Catherine Drinker , Miracle At Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention ( Little , Brown 1966 ) Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . 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7913560834293323674	Extra innings	Extra innings - wikipedia Extra innings For the Twilight Zone episode , see Extra Innings ( The Twilight Zone ) . For the subscription TV package , see MLB Extra Innings . Not to be confused with Extra base hit or Free Baseball . Extra innings is the extension of a baseball or softball game in order to break a tie . Ordinarily , a baseball game consists of nine innings ( in softball and high school baseball games there are typically seven innings ; in Little League , six ) , each of which is divided into halves : the visiting team bats first , after which the home team takes its turn at bat . However , if the score remains tied at the end of the regulation number of complete innings , the rules provide that `` play shall continue until ( 1 ) the visiting team has scored more total runs than the home team at the end of a completed inning ; or ( 2 ) the home team scores the winning run in an uncompleted inning . '' The rules of the game , including the batting order , availability of substitute players and pitchers , etc. , remain intact in extra innings . Managers must display caution to avoid using all their substitute players , in case the game reaches extensive extra innings . The rules call for a forfeiture if a team is unable to field a full team of nine players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Home - field advantage 2 Variants 2.1 Asia 2.2 International play 2.2. 1 Baseball 2.2. 2 Softball 2.3 MLB spring training 3 Longest games 3.1 Professional 3.1. 1 Minor league 3.1. 2 Major League Baseball 3.1. 2.1 Notable postseason extra-inning games 3.1. 2.2 All - Star Game 3.1. 2.3 World Series records relating to extra innings 3.1. 3 Japan Series 3.2 College baseball 4 References 5 External links 6 See also Home - field advantage ( edit ) In Major League Baseball , home teams won about 52 % of extra-inning games from 1957 to 2007 . During this same time period , home teams have won about 54 % of all baseball games . So while the home team has some advantage in extra-inning games , this advantage is less noticeable than the initial home - field advantage . Home teams tend to have the greatest advantage in run - scoring during the first 3 innings . For the visiting team to win , it must score as many runs as possible in the first ( or `` top '' ) half of the inning and then prevent the home team from tying or taking the lead in the second ( or `` bottom '' ) half . Because it bats in the bottom half of an inning , a home team wins the game by taking the lead at any point in the final inning . Normally in such a situation , the moment the winning run scores for whatever reason ( base hit , sacrifice , wild pitch ) , the game immediately ends and no other runs are allowed . The term for winning in this scenario is a `` walk - off '' win ( as everyone can walk off the field as soon as the winning run is scored ) . The exception is if the winning hit is a walk - off home run ; all runners on base and the batter must circle the bases on a home run , so all their runs count for the final score . Each extra inning simply repeats this scenario . Variants ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) The East Asian professional leagues , NPB , KBO , and CPBL have a 12 - inning limit before the game is declared a draw . Additionally , NPB games have a total time limit of three and a half hours during the regular season before being counted as a tie . In postseason play , the limit for number of innings is extended to 15 , and the last game is completely replayed if drawn , leading to seven - game series that can go on for eight games . There are no limits on the number of innings in the eighth game of the Japan Series . The KBO does not play extra innings in the first game of a double - header . Tie games are discarded when calculating winning percentages since 2002 , except for 2008 when it was counted as a loss in the league 's standings . Before 2002 , they counted as half a win . International play ( edit ) Baseball ( edit ) In the 11th inning , the manager selects anywhere in the batting order to start the inning , regardless of the last player put out . The batter immediately preceding this newly designated leadoff man becomes a runner on first base , and the next preceding batter is placed on second base . In subsequent innings , the batting order continues as normal , but the two players preceding the player scheduled to lead off the inning start on second and first . This has also been adopted by European leagues Division de Honor ( Spain ) , Italian Baseball League , and Honkbal Hoofdklasse ( Netherlands ) . Since 2009 , a modified form of the rule has been used for the World Baseball Classic . Unlike the standard rule , the batting order may not start from a different place . Through the 2013 edition , the first inning in which teams started with runners on first and second was the 13th . The rule was not used in either the 2009 or 2013 editions because no game lasted more than 11 innings . For the 2017 World Baseball Classic , the rule was modified to use extra runners for the first time in the 11th inning , and it would see its first use in a second - round game between Japan and the Netherlands at the Tokyo Dome . Japan won that game thanks to a sacrifice bunt and a 2 - run hit . Other methods include the following : Putting runners on second and third ( those who made the last two outs of the past inning ) and an 0 - 2 count on the batter with no outs . Having bases loaded ( runners being the last three outs of the past inning ) , with a 1 - 1 count on the batter and no outs . Sudden - death extra innings ( the next team to score wins the game ; this can result in a walk - off home run for the visiting team ) . Softball ( edit ) In international softball , a special extra innings rule starts immediately after regulation . Each team begins their half of the inning with a runner on second base ( the last player to be put out ) . This increases the odds that teams will score and ensures a faster resolution . There is a drawback , though , in that the home team has a big advantage in going second . Should the visiting team fail to score , all the home team must do to win is , for example , get a successful bunt and sacrifice fly to score the winning run . This rule is also used in certain NCAA college conferences , usually applied after one or two extra innings where the `` international tiebreaker '' is not used . MLB spring training ( edit ) During spring training in Major League Baseball , whenever a game remains tied after ten innings , it is declared to end in a tie . This is done because teams often travel on a daily basis , and also to reduce chances for injuries because the games do not officially count in the standings . Longest games ( edit ) Professional ( edit ) There are nine innings in a professional baseball game . Minor League ( edit ) The record for the most innings ever played in a single professional game is 33 which occurred in a 1981 minor - league game between the Pawtucket Red Sox and the Rochester Red Wings , Triple - A affiliates of the Boston Red Sox and the Baltimore Orioles , respectively . Interestingly , each team had a future Hall of Famer on its roster : Wade Boggs for Pawtucket and Cal Ripken Jr. for Rochester . Major League Baseball ( edit ) The longest game by innings in Major League Baseball was a 1 -- 1 tie in the National League between the Boston Braves and the Brooklyn Robins in 26 innings , at Braves Field in Boston on May 1 , 1920 . It had become too dark to see the ball ( fields did not have lights yet and the sun was setting ) , and the game was considered a draw . Played rapidly by modern standards , those 26 innings were completed in 3 hours and 50 minutes . As was the custom , the first pitch was thrown at 3 : 00 p.m. ; home plate umpire Barry McCormick called the game as lights began appearing in the windows of buildings across the Charles River , just before 7 : 00 p.m. The longest American League game , and tied for the longest major league game by innings which ended with one team winning , was a 7 -- 6 victory by the Chicago White Sox over the Milwaukee Brewers in 25 innings , at Comiskey Park in Chicago in 1984 . The game began at 7 : 30 p.m. on May 8 , 1984 , and after scoring early runs both teams scored twice in the 8th inning ; but the game was suspended after 17 innings with the score tied 3 -- 3 due to a league curfew rule prohibiting an inning from beginning after 12 : 59 a.m. The game was continued the following evening , May 9 , 1984 , and both teams scored three times in the 21st inning to make the score 6 -- 6 ; finally , in the bottom of the 25th , the White Sox ' Harold Baines hit a home run to end the contest . Tom Seaver was the winning pitcher in relief . A regularly scheduled game followed , meaning both nights saw 17 innings played ; Seaver also started , and won , the second game . The official time of the entire 25 - inning game was 8 hours , 6 minutes , also a major league record . On September 11 , 1974 , the St. Louis Cardinals won a marathon night game against the New York Mets , after 7 hours 4 minutes , and 25 innings , also tied for the longest game to a decision in major league history . Two Mets ' errors led to the Cardinals ' winning run , starting with an errant pickoff throw that allowed Bake McBride to scamper all the way around from first . St. Louis won , 4 -- 3 . The Mets went to the plate 103 times , a record in a major league game ; the Cards were not far behind with 99 plate appearances . All told , a record 175 official at - bats were recorded , with a major - league record 45 runners stranded . Only a thousand fans were still at Shea Stadium when the game ended at 3 : 13 a.m. ET . ( Unlike the American League , the National League did not have a curfew . ) This was the longest game played to a decision without a suspension . On April 15 , 1968 , the Houston Astros defeated the Mets 1 - 0 in a 24 - inning game at the Houston Astrodome . The 6 - hour , 6 - minute contest , which ended with the Astros ' Bob Aspromonte hitting a grounder through the legs of Mets shortstop Al Weis in the bottom of the 24th , remains the longest shutout game in Major League history . It also had the most scoreless innings ( 23 ) in a major - league game . The longest American League game to end in a tie was a 24 - inning contest between the Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Athletics on July 21 , 1945 . The teams were tied 1 -- 1 when the game was called due to darkness at Shibe Park ; the Tigers ' Les Mueller had pitched a record 19 ⁄ innings ( and only given up one run ) before being taken out in the 20th inning . The longest game to end in a scoreless tie was a National League contest between the Cincinnati Reds and Brooklyn Dodgers on September 11 , 1946 . The teams went 19 innings before darkness fell at Brooklyn 's Ebbets Field , forcing the game to be called on account of darkness . In the American League , the longest 0 -- 0 game was played between the Washington Senators and Detroit Tigers on July 16 , 1909 . The game was called after 18 innings due to darkness at Bennett Park in Detroit . The longest scoreless period within a completed game came in the April 15 , 1968 game between the Astros and Mets which remained scoreless after 23 innings . The Washington Senators became the first team in Major League history to play multiple games of at least 20 innings in a season when they defeated the Minnesota Twins 9 -- 7 on August 9 , 1967 , in 20 innings , having set a franchise record for innings played with a 22 - inning win over the Chicago White Sox on June 12 of that year . This feat would later be accomplished by the 1971 Oakland Athletics who had games of 21 and 20 innings and the 1989 Los Angeles Dodgers who played two 22 - inning games , against the Houston Astros in June ( a game which they lost 5 - 4 ) and the Montreal Expos in August . The longest doubleheader in Major League history came on May 31 , 1964 . The San Francisco Giants beat the New York Mets 5 -- 3 in nine innings in the day 's first game at Shea Stadium , and then won the nightcap 8 -- 6 after 23 innings ( despite a rare triple play turned by the Mets in the 14th ) . The two games lasted a combined nine hours , 52 minutes . The Mets ' Ed Kranepool played in all 32 innings of the two games ; Kranepool had been called up to the team that day after having played in both games of a doubleheader the day before for their Triple - A farm club in Buffalo . On April 5 , 2012 , the Toronto Blue Jays beat the Cleveland Indians 7 -- 4 in 16 innings . The five - hour , 14 - minute game was the longest Opening Day game in Major League history . On June 8 , 2013 , the Toronto Blue Jays beat the Texas Rangers 4 -- 3 in 18 innings while the Miami Marlins beat the New York Mets 2 -- 1 in 20 innings . This was the second time in Major League history that two games of 18 innings or more were played on same day ; the first was August 15 , 2006 . On September 21 , 2013 , just past 2 : 00 a.m. ET , the Tampa Bay Rays defeated the Baltimore Orioles 5 -- 4 in 18 innings in a game that had started at 7 : 10 p.m. the night before . Both teams were in contention for an American League wild card slot , with Boston having won the AL East division while this game was being played . On September 24 , 2013 , the Arizona Diamondbacks set a major league record by playing their 77th extra inning of the season when their game against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park went into the 11th inning . This broke the record of 76 extra innings played by the Minnesota Twins in 1969 . On August 10 , 2014 , at 12 : 39 AM , the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim defeated the Boston Red Sox 5 -- 4 in 19 innings in a game that had started at 6 PM the night before . Albert Pujols ' walk - off homer was quickly reviewed , per Boston 's request , but the call was confirmed . That same day the Toronto Blue Jays defeated the Detroit Tigers 6 -- 5 in a 19 - inning game of their own , Both teams used all their available bench reserves as well as their entire available bullpen , Toronto even used starting pitcher Marcus Stroman as a pinch runner at one point . Tigers starter Rick Porcello would be credited with the loss after coming into the game in the 18th inning . Toronto reliever Chad Jenkins would get the win after pitching 6 innings of relief ( an unusually long outing for a reliever ) With José Bautista hitting a walk - off single to score Munenori Kawasaki to win the game . Toronto starter R.A. Dickey had begun warming up in the bullpen in the top of the 19th and likely would have come on in relief had the game gone to 20 innings . The game was the then longest in franchise history for Toronto . It is now tied with another 19 - inning game , a 2 -- 1 loss to the Cleveland Indians on July 1 , 2016 . On April 11 , 2015 , the Boston Red Sox defeated their historic AL East division rivals the New York Yankees 6 -- 5 in 19 innings at Yankee Stadium . The game began at 7 : 05 PM on April 10 , and ended at 2 : 13 AM , after 6 hours and 49 minutes of play . The game also included a 16 - minute delay due to a brief power outage . It was the longest game between the two teams since the 20 - inning , 4 - 3 Yankees win on August 29 , 1967 . The length of the game prompted a Twitter joke during the game by Yankees ' media personality Mark Feinsand at 12 : 10 AM on the 11th regarding Mark Teixeira 's birthday : Mark Teixeira was 34 when this game began . He 's now 35 . # TrueStory . On May 28 , 2017 , the Tampa Bay Rays defeated the Minnesota Twins 8 -- 6 , in a 15 - inning , 6 - hour - and - 26 - minute game . Both teams combined had 115 at - bats , 33 hits and 21 strikeouts . This would be the second longest game in Tampa Bay Rays history . Notable postseason extra-inning games ( edit ) The longest major league postseason game was the second game of the 2014 National League Division Series , with the visiting San Francisco Giants winning 2 -- 1 in 18 innings over the Washington Nationals . The game ended just after midnight on October 5 , 2014 and lasted 6 hours 23 minutes . The Nationals had been leading 1 -- 0 with two out in the ninth inning , with starter Jordan Zimmermann one out away from a complete - game shutout , but following a decision by manager Matt Williams to remove Zimmermann with two out after the latter walked Joe Panik , Washington closer Drew Storen gave up a single to Giants catcher Buster Posey and an RBI double to Pablo Sandoval , scoring Panik to tie the game 1 -- 1 . Posey was thrown out at the plate trying to score the second San Francisco run on Sandoval 's double . Bruce Bochy challenged the call but the call stood and it ended the top of the ninth . After Sergio Romo retired the Nationals in order in the bottom half , the game went into extra innings . There was no further scoring until Giants first baseman Brandon Belt led off the top of the 18th inning with a home run . Hunter Strickland , a September call - up , recorded the save . Another 18 - inning contest was played between the Atlanta Braves and the Houston Astros on October 9 , 2005 . In the 4th game of a National League Division Series at Minute Maid Park in Houston , the Braves ( who were trailing the series two games to one and facing elimination ) took a 6 -- 1 lead into the 8th inning . A grand slam by Lance Berkman in the bottom of the 8th brought the score to 6 -- 5 , and with two outs in the bottom of the 9th , Brad Ausmus homered to tie the game and send it to extra innings . The score remained deadlocked at 6 -- 6 until the 18th , when the Astros ' Chris Burke ( who entered the game in the 9th inning as a pinch runner ) homered to left field to win the game and send Houston to the National League Championship Series against the St. Louis Cardinals . Roger Clemens , who was brought in to pinch - hit in the 15th and pitched the last three innings in relief , was credited as the winning pitcher in the 5 - hour , 50 - minute contest . In a somewhat odd coincidence , Adam LaRoche and Tim Hudson played in both 18 - inning games . This one as Atlanta Braves and the other one as opposing sides of one another with Hudson pitching in both games as the visiting team 's starting pitcher . It is the longest winner in a potential clinching game in baseball history . Exactly two weeks later on October 23 , 2005 , the same Houston Astros team lost to the Chicago White Sox in the longest World Series game by time , Game 3 of the 2005 Series , played at Minute Maid Park , which lasted 5 hours 41 minutes , breaking the previous record of 4 hours 51 minutes in Game 1 of the 2000 World Series . It also shared the record for the longest World Series game by innings at 14 , tied with Game 2 of the 1916 World Series , played on October 9 , 1916 between the Brooklyn Robins and Boston Red Sox at Braves Field , and Game 1 of the 2015 World Series , played on October 27 , 2015 between the New York Mets and Kansas City Royals at Kauffman Stadium . The 1986 National League Championship Series , which also involved the Astros , was notable for its two climactic extra-inning games . After the Astros and the New York Mets split the first four games of the series , the Mets won Game 5 in 12 innings and Game 6 in 16 innings to claim the pennant . The 1986 American League Championship Series between the Boston Red Sox and the then named California Angels featured a dramatic game where The Angels were leading 3 games to 1 and leading 5 -- 4 in game 5 , one strike away from the first ever pennant in franchise history , only for Red Sox 's Dave Henderson hit a two - run homer off Angel closer Donnie Moore in the top of the ninth inning to give the Red Sox the lead . The Angels tied it in the bottom half but in the top of the 11th , Henderson 's sac fly off Moore proved to be the winning margin and the Angels lost the game . The series returned to Boston and the Angels were outscored a combined 18 -- 5 in games 6 and 7 to lose the pennant . The 1986 World Series between the New York Mets and Boston Red Sox went into extra innings in Game 6 as well . The Red Sox scored 2 runs in the top of the 10th inning to take a 5 - 3 lead and then got two quick outs with no one on base in the bottom of the 10th . With the Red Sox one out away from their first world championship in 86 years , reliever Calvin Schiraldi gives up three straight singles to cut the lead to one run with runners on first and third . Red Sox manager John McNamara replaces Schiraldi with Bob Stanley , who then throws a two - strike wild pitch to Mookie Wilson to allow the tying run to score and move the other runner to second base . The wild pitch was particularly notable in that it completely turned the tables on the Red Sox from what they had done while facing the Angels weeks earlier , as they themselves had now blown a situation in which they were one strike away from winning the series . Wilson subsequently hits a ground ball to first base that rolls through the legs of first baseman Bill Buckner to allow the winning run to score from second base , sending the World Series to a Game 7 . Had Buckner not committed this error , the game would have either remained tied with runners on first and third for the next batter ( if Wilson was safe ) or would have gone to an 11th inning ( if Wilson had been out ) . The 1980 National League Championship Series , played between the Houston Astros and the Philadelphia Phillies , had four of its five games go to extra innings . The Astros won the second and third games in 10 and 11 innings respectively , while the Phillies took Games 4 and 5 in 10 innings each . The 2012 American League Division Series between the Baltimore Orioles and the New York Yankees had back - to - back extra-inning games , going 12 and 13 innings respectively . The Yankees won Game 3 on a walk - off home run by Raúl Ibañez and the Orioles returned the favor the next night by winning Game 4 . In the 1995 American League Division Series , the Seattle Mariners and Yankees battled in Game 2 in 15 innings . The Yankees won the game on a two - run walk - off home run by Jim Leyritz , setting the record for longest game in MLB postseason history by time until 2005 . In Game 5 , the Mariners won the game and the series in 11 innings on Edgar Martínez 's famous double that scored Ken Griffey Jr . Until 2011 , this was the only LDS game 5 in either league to go into extra innings . The 2014 American League Wild Card Game featured the first extra-inning game in just its third year of postseason existence , was won by the Kansas City Royals over the Oakland Athletics in 12 innings . The longest `` winner take all '' game ( defined as the final game of a postseason series , in which the winning team clinches the title or advances to the next round while the loser is eliminated from the postseason ) in MLB postseason history is Game 7 of the 1924 World Series , won by the Washington Senators over the New York Giants in 12 innings . All - Star game ( edit ) The longest major league All - Star Game by time was played on July 15 , 2008 at Yankee Stadium , with the American League winning 4 -- 3 in 15 innings after four hours , 50 minutes . This was the first time in All - Star game history that the AL won an All - Star Game in extra innings . The previous nine times The National League went 8 -- 0 -- 1 in extra-inning games . The All - Star Game of July 11 , 1967 at Anaheim Stadium also lasted 15 innings , but was considerably shorter in terms of elapsed time . The All - Star Game of July 9 , 2002 at Miller Park was controversially declared a 7 -- 7 tie after 11 innings , when both teams ran out of available pitchers . World Series records relating to extra innings ( edit ) The following section lists a group of closely related , yet distinct World Series records relating to innings , extra innings , and games and series variously containing record numbers of innings and extra innings . The largest number of innings played in a World Series game is 14 . Game 2 of 1916 , game 3 of 2005 , and game 1 of 2015 all went for 14 innings , a three - way record . Hence , the largest number of extra innings played in a World Series game is 5 , a record equivalent to the above . The largest number of innings played in a World Series is 75 . Despite nominally being a best - of - seven contest , the 1912 series contained one highly unusual tie game ( game 2 ) which went for 11 innings , as well as a series - deciding game 8 which went for 10 innings , padding the series ' grand total innings to 75 , a record unique to the 1912 series , and unmatched even by the series ' four true best - of - nine contests : 1903 ( 72 innings ) , 1919 ( 73 innings ) , 1920 ( 63 innings ) , and 1921 ( 72 innings ) . The largest number of extra innings played in a World Series is 8 . The 2015 series contained the aforementioned 14 - inning game 1 , as well as a series - deciding 12 - inning game 5 , for a total of 8 extra innings , a record unique to the 2015 series . The largest number of games played in a World Series is 8 , a four - way record shared by the best - of - nine contests 1903 , 1919 and 1921 , as well as by the best - of - seven 1912 series , which included the aforementioned tie game . Unsurprisingly , these four series are also precisely the top four series with the largest numbers of innings played ( see above ) . The largest number of games played in a World Series , which went to extra innings , is 3 . The 1991 series contained a game 3 which went for 12 innings , a game 6 which went for 11 innings , and a series - deciding game 7 which went for 10 innings , giving the series three games which went to extra innings , a record unique to the 1991 series . Leaving aside unusual best - of - nine series and series containing tie games , the largest number of innings played in a `` standard '' , best - of - seven World Series is 69 . This occurred in the 1924 series and also in the 1991 series : both series went for 7 games , and both series had 6 extra innings apiece , for a grand total of 69 innings played in each series. . 1924 and 1991 also previously shared the record for most extra innings played in a World Series , 6 , until the aforementioned 2015 series ' 8 extra innings eclipsed them . World Series - deciding games have gone to extra innings just 10 times : 1912 's game 8 , 1924 's game 7 , 1933 's game 5 , 1939 's game 4 , 1991 's game 7 , 1992 's game 6 , 1997 's game 7 , 2012 's game 4 , 2015 's game 5 , and 2016 's game 7 all went past 9 innings before a champion was determined . Japan Series ( edit ) On November 6 , 2010 , the record for longest Japan Series game was set in Game 6 . The Chiba Lotte Marines and the Chunichi Dragons played 15 innings totaling 5 hours and 43 minutes . The game ended a 2 - 2 tie leading to a Game 7 in which the Marines won the game and the championship . College Baseball ( edit ) The longest college baseball game was played between Texas and Boston College on May 30 , 2009 , in a regional NCAA Division I Baseball Championship tournament game at Austin , Texas . Texas won the game , 3 - 2 , in 25 innings as the visiting team under NCAA tournament rules on home - team declaration during a tournament . The game lasted seven hours and three minutes . Three years later , another NCAA tournament game passed the 20 - inning mark when Kent State defeated Kentucky , 7 - 6 , in 21 innings in an opening round game at the Gary Regional in Gary , Indiana . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Major League Baseball . `` Rule 7.03 ( b ) '' . Official Baseball Rules ( PDF ) ( 2017 ed . ) . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9961140 - 4 - 2 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . A game shall be forfeited to the opposing team when a team is unable or refuses to place nine players on the field . Jump up ^ `` Home team record in extra innings '' Baseball - Reference Blog '' Blog Archive `` . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball Prospectus -- Ahead in the Count : Home - Field Advantages , Part One '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Baseball Explained by Phillip Mahony , McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived August 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NPB Extra Innings Rule for 2011 season released - Yakyu Baka '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retrosheet Boxscore : Chicago White Sox 7 , Milwaukee Brewers 6 '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ask The Experts BaseballLibrary.com Jump up ^ `` Retrosheet Boxscore : St. Louis Cardinals 4 , New York Mets 3 '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Cardinals ( 1892 -- Present ) Jump up ^ September 11 , 1974 St. Louis Cardinals at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score - Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Big Days in Astros History - April 15 , 1968 - Astros win longest shutout ever played '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game Length Records '' . Baseball Almanac . August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Gregor ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Blue Jays top Tribe in MLB 's longest Opening Day game '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Townsend , Mark ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Juice : Marathon Saturday includes 20 - inning win for Marlins and 18 - inning Blue Jays victory '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Jump up ^ Brady , James ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Mets - Marlins , Rangers - Blue Jays both go 18 - plus innings '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore at Tampa Bay - 2013 - 09 - 20 - Major League Baseball - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Gameday : Diamondbacks vs. Padres '' . MLB.com . Sep 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox lose to Angels , 5 - 4 , in 19 innings -- Sports -- The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox outlast the Yankees in 19 - inning marathon '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Night is Young : AL walks off in 15th '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fit to be tied '' . CNNSI.com . July 9 , 2002 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 World Series : Boston Red Sox over Brooklyn Robins ( 4 - 1 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series : Chicago White Sox over Houston Astros ( 4 - 0 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Series : Kansas City Royals over New York Mets ( 4 - 1 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1912 World Series : Boston Red Sox over New York Giants ( 4 - 3 - 1 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1903 World Series : Boston Americans over Pittsburgh Pirates ( 5 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1919 World Series : Cincinnati Reds over Chicago White Sox ( 5 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1920 World Series : Cleveland Indians over Brooklyn Robins ( 5 - 2 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1921 World Series : New York Giants over New York Yankees ( 5 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Series : Kansas City Royals over New York Mets ( 4 - 1 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series : Minnesota Twins over Atlanta Braves ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series : Washington Senators over New York Giants ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series : Minnesota Twins over Atlanta Braves ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1912 World Series : Boston Red Sox over New York Giants ( 4 - 3 - 1 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series : Washington Senators over New York Giants ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1933 World Series : New York Giants over Washington Senators ( 4 - 1 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1939 World Series : New York Yankees over Cincinnati Reds ( 4 - 0 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series : Minnesota Twins over Atlanta Braves ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1992 World Series : Toronto Blue Jays over Atlanta Braves ( 4 - 2 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Series : Florida Marlins over Cleveland Indians ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2012 World Series : San Francisco Giants over Detroit Tigers ( 4 - 0 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Series : Kansas City Royals over New York Mets ( 4 - 1 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series : Chicago Cubs over Cleveland Indians ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball Reference . Jump up ^ * Schlegel , John . `` Texas wins NCAA record 25 - inning game '' , MLB.com ( MLB Advanced Media , L.P. ) , May 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NCAA Div . I Baseball College World Series Bracket '' ( in column 1 ( Regionals ) , click on Austin box ; then click on Texas -- BC box ) , NCAA.com ( NCAA ) . External links ( edit ) Game Length Records by Baseball Almanac See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Overtime ( sports ) Longest professional baseball game hide Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock Park / Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extra_innings&oldid=842605947 '' Categories : Baseball rules Baseball statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 14 : 12 . 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-8860576508874346761	The Chipettes	The Chipettes - wikipedia The Chipettes Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Chipettes The Chipettes as they appear in The Chipmunk Adventure . From left to right : Jeanette , Brittany , and Eleanor . Background information Origin New York City , New York , U.S. Genres Pop rock dance children Christmas Electro - house Years active 1983 -- present Labels Liberty RCA Epic Sony Buena Vista Quality Chipmunk Atlantic Republic Geffen Columbia Associated acts Alvin and the Chipmunks Members Brittany Miller Jeanette Miller Eleanor Miller The Chipettes Alvin and The Chipmunks ( 2015 -- present ) The film series ( 2009 -- present ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) character First appearance 1983 -- present Created by Janice Karman Ross Bagdasarian , Jr . Portrayed by Janice Karman ( 1983 -- ) See the film series Voiced by Janice Karman ( 2015 series ) Present Episode ( s ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Information Aliases Brittany , Jeanette , and Eleanor Species Chipmunks Gender Females Occupation Singers Family Dave Seville The Chipmunks Relatives Miss Miller ( 2015 Series ) Nationality Australian American The Chipettes are a fictional group of three female anthropomorphic chipmunk singers -- Brittany , Jeanette , and Eleanor -- first appearing on the cartoon series Alvin and the Chipmunks in 1983 . In this and related materials , the Chipettes served as female featured characters in their own right , starring in numerous episodes . The title of the show was changed from Alvin and the Chipmunks to simply The Chipmunks in 1988 to reflect this . In the cartoon series and the accompanying feature films , all three of the Chipettes were voiced by their creator , Janice Karman , the wife of Ross Bagdasarian , Jr. ( son of Ross Bagdasarian , Sr. , the creator of The Chipmunks ) . Karman also wrote and voiced the Chipettes ' dialogue on their studio albums , while studio singers such as Susan Boyd , Shelby Daniel , and Katherine Coon provided their singing voices . In ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks , Eleanor is voiced by Vanessa Chambers , the daughter of Ross Bagdasarian , Jr. and Janice Karman and wife of Brian Chambers . The first character designs for the Chipettes were drafted by Corny Cole for their 1983 debut . These were later revamped by Sandra Berez for The Chipmunk Adventure and the later seasons of the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Chipettes 1.1 Brittany Miller 1.2 Jeanette Miller 1.3 Eleanor Miller 2 Origins 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 Singles 3.2. 1 2009 3.2. 2 2011 3.2. 3 2012 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links The Chipettes ( edit ) Main article : Alvin and the Chipmunks Brittany Miller ( edit ) Brittany Miller is the lead singer and leader of the Chipettes and is the female counterpart of Alvin , She is the older sister of Jeanette and Eleanor . Brittany was the first one born of the three Chipette triplets in Australia , Brittany pushes Jeanette around a lot and takes advantage of her kindness , but deep down they love each other very much and are very loyal to each other . Eleanor always stands up to Brittany when she tries to push Jeanette around , and is generally the only person that tries to stand up to Brittany . The two of them do share a very nice sisterly relationship . Jeanette Miller ( edit ) Jeanette is the middle sister and smartest of the Chipettes , as well as the tallest . Like Simon , she wears glasses . She has brown hair in a bun in the ' 80s show and a short ponytail in the recent films . Her eyes are green in her TV appearances and The Chipmunk Adventure but were changed to violet in the live - action / CGI films . She cares about Simon and gets along with him very well . Eleanor Miller ( edit ) Eleanor is the youngest sister of the Chipettes . She has a lot in common with Theodore in terms of body shape and color of attire , but she is braver , more fit and has a better memory . She is blonde with pigtails and has brown eyes in the 80 's show , which changed to green in the more recent appearances . Origins ( edit ) The origins of the Chipettes can be traced to the 1982 Alvin and the Chipmunks album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ( RCA , 1981 ) . On this album , Alvin sings a duet with a female character billed as Charlene the Chipette . Charlene is featured on the song `` You 're the One That I Want '' from the soundtrack of the motion picture Grease . Charlene was depicted on the album cover as having a long , golden blonde ponytail , and seems to have been the basis for the later character of Brittany . She may have made a visual appearance in 1990 , in Rockin ' with the Chipmunks , where she danced and lip - synced in the music video for `` Crocodile Rock '' by Elton John . Brittany had a similar appearance ( but her eye color is blue ) Like the Chipmunks , the Chipettes were originally created for the musical medium , and later crossed over into cartoons . According to their creator , Janice Karman , she and Ross Bagdasarian , Jr. , `` ... had been doing the albums at that point ... We could n't do the girl songs . I wanted to do female chipmunks that have counter personalities to the Chipmunks so we could do some girl tunes . '' Bagdasarian also added in reference to the Chipettes characters , `` It enables you to deal with issues that girls are going through that boys would n't necessarily be dealing with ... We had a baby girl at the time . We wanted to let her know she can be president , or a soccer champion , or whatever ... With the Chipettes we can handle those sorts of things . '' It is worth noting , however , that the Chipettes of the cartoon series ( Brittany , Jeanette and Eleanor ) appeared on the small screen before appearing on any albums . Their first appearance on the Chipmunks album was on 1984 's Songs From Our TV Shows which was released on March 4 , 1984 , nearly seven months after the Chipettes debuted on the first episode of the Alvin and the Chipmunks television series on September 17 , 1983 . Although the Chipettes featured prominently on many Alvin and the Chipmunks albums , they received equal billing with the Chipmunks only on 1988 's The Chipmunks and The Chipettes : Born to Rock . The Chipettes , redesigned as far more realistic chipmunks , appear in the 2009 film Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel . In the movie , Christina Applegate , Anna Faris , and Amy Poehler voice the Chipettes . `` There has been a lot of talk about it , '' noted Janice Karman , one of the film 's producers . `` A lot of people have been asking about the little girls . '' Applegate , Faris , and Poehler reprised their respective roles in Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , which was released on December 16 , 2011 . The Chipettes also appeared in Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip ; Applegate and Faris again voice Brittany and Jeanette , but Kaley Cuoco replaces Poehler as the voice of Eleanor . Discography ( edit ) With the exception of 1987 's The Chipmunk Adventure soundtrack ( LP ) and 1988 's The Chipmunks and The Chipettes : Born to Rock , the discography of The Chipettes consists of featured appearances on Alvin and the Chipmunks recordings . Albums ( edit ) 1982 : The Chipmunks Go Hollywood 1984 : Songs from Our TV Shows 1987 : The Chipmunk Adventure 1988 : The Chipmunks and The Chipettes : Born to Rock 1988 : Solid Gold Chipmunks : 30 Years of Great Hits 1990 : Rockin ' Through the Decades 1991 : The Chipmunks Rock the House 1992 : Chipmunks in Low Places 1994 : Here 's Looking at Me ! 35 Years of Chipmunk Classics 1994 : A Very Merry Chipmunk 1995 : When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk 1996 : Club Chipmunk : The Dance Mixes 1998 : The A-Files : Alien Songs 2004 : Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks 2009 : Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2011 : Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked : Music from the Motion Picture 2015 : We 're the Chipmunks ( Music From the TV Show ) 2015 : Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Singles ( edit ) 1994 : `` I Do n't Want To Be Alone For Christmas ( Unless I 'm Alone With You ) '' 1996 : `` Macarena ( with Alvin and the Chipmunks / Love Shack ( with Alvin and the Chipmunks ) '' 2009 ( edit ) `` Put Your Records On '' `` Hot n Cold '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` So What '' `` The Song '' ( feat . Queensberry ) `` No One '' ( feat . Charice ) 2011 ( edit ) `` Whip My Tail '' `` We No Speak Americano '' / `` Conga '' ( feat . Barnetta Dafonseca ) `` Survivor '' `` S.O.S '' `` Hello '' 2012 ( edit ) `` Call Me Maybe '' `` Witch Doctor 2.0 '' Filmography ( edit ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) - TV series Alvin and the Chipmunks and the Amazing Computer ( 1985 ) - Stage Show The Chipmunk Adventure ( 1987 ) Rockin ' Through the Decades ( 1990 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( 2004 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks ( 2015 -- present ) - TV series Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip ( 2015 ) - Cameo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Alvin And The Chipmunks ' Producers Reveal ' Squeakquel ' Details -- And The Chipettes Are In ! '' . 2008 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Justin Long Confirms ' Chipmunks ' Sequel , But Will The Chipettes Be In It ? ' '' . 2008 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Regarding the first and subsequent appearances of the Chipettes on television -- http://www.tv.com/alvin-and-the-chipmunks/show/2827/episode.html Regarding Janice Karman as the primary voice actress for the Chipettes -- http://www.tv.com/alvin-and-the-chipmunks/show/2827/cast.html?tag=tabs;cast Regarding the history of the Chipettes on The Chipmunks TV series and in the Chipmunk Adventure -- http://www.chipmunks.com/history.php Regarding the Chipettes creation for the musical medium and their discography -- http://www.roctober.com/roctober/chipmunks.html Janice Karman and Ross Bagdasarian Jr. on their inspiration for creating the Chipettes -- http://www.mediavillage.com/jmentr/2006/09/11/Jacki-09-11-06/ Janice Karman on the possibility of the Chipettes appearing in a sequel to the recent Alvin and the Chipmunks film -- http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2008/01/09/alvin-the-chipmunks-to-meet-chipettes-in-sequel/ Regarding the fictional character history of the Chipettes as outlined in various episodes of the television series -- http://www.tv.com/alvin-and-the-chipmunks/show/2827/episode_guide.html External links ( edit ) The Official Site `` Alvin & the Chipmunks '' TV series 1983 - 90 on IMDb ( hide ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Characters David Seville The Chipmunks The Chipettes Clyde Crashcup Album singles `` Witch Doctor '' `` The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) '' `` Alvin 's Harmonica '' `` Alvin 's Orchestra '' `` Alvin for President '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? '' `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' `` You May Be Right '' `` Call Me '' `` We 're the Chipmunks '' `` Beat It '' `` Macarena '' `` Bad Day '' `` Funkytown '' `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' `` Hot n Cold '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Studio albums Let 's All Sing with The Chipmunks Sing Again with The Chipmunks Around the World with The Chipmunks The Alvin Show The Chipmunk Songbook Christmas with The Chipmunks Christmas with The Chipmunks , Vol. 2 The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits The Chipmunks Sing with Children Chipmunks à Go - Go The Chipmunks Go to the Movies The Very Best of The Chipmunks Chipmunk Punk Urban Chipmunk A Chipmunk Christmas Chipmunk Rock The Chipmunks Go Hollywood The Chipmunk Adventure ( soundtrack ) The Chipmunks and The Chipettes : Born to Rock Solid Gold Chipmunks Rockin ' Through the Decades Soundtrack The Chipmunks Rock the House Chipmunks in Low Places Greatest Hits Here 's Looking at Me ! A Very Merry Chipmunk When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk Club Chipmunk : The Dance Mixes The A-Files : Alien Songs Greatest Hits : Still Squeaky After All These Years Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( soundtrack ) Christmas with The Chipmunks ( 2008 reissue ) Undeniable We 're the Chipmunks ( Music from the TV Show ) Television shows The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) episodes Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2015 -- ) episodes Television specials A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1981 ) A Chipmunk Reunion ( 1985 ) Rockin ' Through the Decades ( 1990 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ; guest appearance ) Feature films Animated films The Chipmunk Adventure ( 1987 ) Direct - to - video films Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( 2003 ) Live - action / CGI films Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) The Road Chip ( 2015 ) Video games Alvin and the Chipmunks People Ross Bagdasarian Sr . Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Janice Karman Liberty Records MusicBrainz : c4013f14 - a68f - 4dab - 9fb8 - e98a08df6a2d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chipettes&oldid=805511360 '' Categories : Alvin and the Chipmunks Family musical groups Fictional chipmunks Fictional musical groups Fictional singers Fictional dancers Fictional triplets Animated musical groups Fictional characters introduced in 1983 Video game musicians Fictional American people of Irish descent Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with hCards Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 21 : 41 . 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2004347372175759453	Shin (Korean surname)	Shin ( Korean surname ) - wikipedia Shin ( Korean surname ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shin Hangul 신 Hanja 申 , 辛 , 愼 Revised Romanization Sin McCune -- Reischauer Sin Shin is a Korean family name . It is cognate to the Chinese family names Shēn and Xin . According to the 2000 census in South Korea , there were 911,556 people carrying the Shin surname . Contents ( hide ) 1 Clans 2 List of Shins 2.1 Historical 2.2 Contemporary 3 See also Clans ( edit ) There are three Chinese characters for the Shin surname . Between these three characters , there are five different clans . Each Shin clan descends from a different founding ancestor . One of the Shin clans traces its origins to China . Members of the various Shin clans can be found throughout the Korean peninsula . As with other Korean family names , the holders of the `` Shin '' family name are divided into various clans , each known by the name of a town or city , called bon - gwan in Korean . Usually that town or city is the one where the clan 's founder lived . There are three lines of Shin : ( 1 ) Pyeongsan Shin , ( 2 ) Goryeong Shin , and ( 3 ) Yeongsan Shin clan . Although the two clans , Pyeongsan Shin and Goryeong Shin , share the same Chinese character , they are unrelated in heritage . The third line uses the Chinese character 辛 . Shrine of Shin Sung - gyeom in northern Daegu . Pyeongsan Shin makes up about 70 % of all those with the name Shin using the Chinese character 申 . The clan 's founder was General Shin Sung - gyeom , originally named Samneungsan without a family name , before being given a surname by King Taejo of Goryeo . According to the family legend , one day when King Taejo and his generals went out hunting in near Pyeongsan , Taejo saw three geese flying above them , and asked his generals whether any of them can shoot the geese down . Shin Sung - gyeom volunteered and asked Taejo which one he should shoot . Taejo asked Shin to shoot the third goose by the left wing , and to Taejo 's surprise , Shin completed the task . Taejo was highly impressed and gave Shin 300 gyul ( ancient measurement of area ) of local land , which became Shin Sung - gyeom 's hometown . Shin Sung - gyeom also saved the life of King Taejo of Goryeo during a disastrous battle with Hubaekje near present - day Daegu in the early 10th century . Taejo awarded General Shin the clan name Pyeongsang Sin , after his hometown , for his loyalty and bravery he showed in the battle . Other prominent members of this clan in more recent times include the 19th - century pansori writer Shin Jae - hyo . Each year a number of people , who claim to belong to the Pyeongsan Shin clan , gather at the memorial shrine of Shin Sung - gyeom in the South - Korean province of Kangwondo . Prior to the Korean war , the original shrine was situated in the now North - Korean province of Hwanghaedo , where the clan land of Pyeongsan is situated . The other well - known line is the Goryeong Shin , descending from Shin Suk - ju * * , who was the lead scholar to work with King Sejong the Great in the development of Hangul , the Korean written language . Shin Suk - ju was also a high ranking government minister and belonged to the Hall of Worthies . The Goryeong Shin makes up about 17 % of all those who carry the Shin name using the Chinese character 申 . Three of five members of Shin Suk - ju 's 16th generation are known to have immigrated to the United States in the 1970s . One descendant of the Shin 's to travel to the US is a famous and scholarly physician named David Sheen . Another prominent member of the clan is Danjae Shin Chaeho , a 19th - century nationalist historian . ( * * A notoriety surrounding communication with Mal Joo Shin , Suk - ju Shin 's younger brother , who asked about his brother 's whereabouts in China at one time resulted from his admission of Norwegian ancestry instead of English aristocrat ancestry . ) List of shins ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) Shin Tsukinami ( died 1929 ) , killed by nii - san . Shin Sung - gyeom ( died 927 ) , general of the Later Three Kingdoms period . Shin Don ( 辛 , died 1371 ) , Buddhist monk and regent of the reign of King Gongmin of Goryeo . Shin Saimdang ( 1504 -- 1551 ) , painter , calligrapher , Yi Yulgok 's mother Shin Gwang - su ( poet ) ( 1712 -- 1775 ) , poet Shin Yun - bok ( 1758 -- ? ) , painter also known as `` Hyewon '' Shin Chaeho ( 1880 -- 1936 ) , Korean independence activist , historian , nationalist and the founder of the nationalist historiography of Korea Shin Sung - mo ( 1891 -- 1960 ) , politician Shin Hyun - joon ( 1915 -- 2007 ) , military officer and diplomat Shin Ik - hee , politician ( 1st and 2nd National Assembly Chairman of Republic of Korea , opposition party leader , presidential candidate ) Shin Suk - ju , scholar and government minister Shin Ra - men , spicy assistant of young men ( Grand Chancellor of Jigae Affairs Republic of Korea ) Contemporary ( edit ) Shin Youngok ( born 1961 ) South Korean classical soprano singer Shin Kyuk - Ho ( 辛 , born 1922 ) , CEO and founder of Lotte Corporation Paull Shin ( born 1935 ) , member of the Washington State Senate Shin Jae Chul ( born 1936 ) , martial artist Shin Jung - hyeon ( born 1938 ) , rock guitarist and singer - songwriter Nelson Shin ( born 1939 ) , founder and president of Akom Production Co. , Ltd Sin Son Ho ( 辛 , born 1948 ) , North Korean diplomat and Permanent Representative to the United Nations . Shin Joon - Sup ( born 1963 ) , South Korean middleweight amateur boxer and Olympic Gold Medalist Shin Jae Ha ( born 1964 ) , South Korean managing partner of Vogo Capital Investors Shin Daechul ( born 1967 ) , South Korean rock / heavy metal guitarist and leader of Sinawe Shin Hae Chul ( born 1968 ) , singer Shin Hong - Gi ( born 1968 ) , South Korean former football player Shin Hyun - joon ( born 1968 ) , South Korean actor Shin Seung Hun ( born 1968 ) , South Korean ballad singer Shin Ae - ra ( born 1969 ) , actress Shin Tae - Yong ( born 1970 ) , South Korean attacking midfield footballer Shin Dong - yup ( born 1971 ) , South Korean comedian and host Shin Jeong - ah ( born 1972 ) , survivor of the Sampoong Department Store collapse who later lied about her academic credentials Shin Ha - kyun ( born 1974 ) , South Korean actor Shin Jung - hwan ( 辛 , born 1975 ) , Korean singer and entertainer Shin Myung - Chul ( born 1978 ) , second baseman in Korean baseball Shin Hye Sung ( born 1979 ) , lead vocalist of the group Shinhwa Outsider ( born Shin Ok - Cheol , 1983 ) , singer Shin Hwa - Yong ( born 1983 ) , South Korean football player Shindong ( born Shin Donghee , 1985 ) , singer , dancer , member of Super Junior Shin Hyung - Min ( born 1986 ) , South Korea football player Shin Kwang - Hoon ( born 1987 ) , South Korean football defender Shin KwangHo , South Korean artist Shin Young - Rok ( 辛 , born 1987 ) , South Korean football player Jiyai Shin ( born 1988 ) , professional golfer Shin Baek - cheol ( born 1989 ) , South Korean badminton player Sin Joon - sik ( born 1980 ) , South Korean taekwondoist and Olympic silver medalist Shin Min Ah ( born 1984 ) , South Korean actress and model . Shin Min Chul ( born 1980 ) , musician and former member of South Korean boy group T - max Shin Soo Hyun ( born 1989 ) , South Korean singer , leader and member of South Korean boy band U-KISS Shin Se - kyung ( born 1990 ) , South Korean actress Shin Dongho ( born 1994 ) , South Korean singer , ex-member of South Korean boy band U-KISS Shin Kuhn ( 辛 ) , past director general of National Intelligence Service ( South Korea ) Peter Shin , Director of animation films , most notably `` Family Guy '' Shin Hye - jung , singer and actress , member of South Korean girl group AOA Shin Jimin , singer , member of South Korean girl group AOA Shin Dongwoo , South Korean singer , member of South Korean boy group B1A4 ( better known as CNU ) Shin Dong - hyuk ( 申 , born 1982 ) , is a North Korean refugee and human rights activist living in South Korea Shin Suk - ja ( 申 , born 1942 ) , is a South Korean political prisoner held in a North Korean political prison camp Shin Yoonjo ( Born 1992 ) , is a former member of South Korean girl group Hello Venus Shin Hyun - soo ( born 1989 ) , South Korean actor Shin Won - ho ( born 1991 ) , is a South Korean actor and member of South Korean multinational boy band Cross Gene Shin Hoseok ( born 1993 ) , is a South Korean singer member of South Korean boy band Monsta X ( better known as Wonho ) Peniel Shin ( born 1993 ) , South Korean singer , rapper , member of South Korean boy band BtoB ( better known as Peniel ) Shin Yooncheol ( born 1993 ) , member of South Korean boy band Topp Dogg ( better known as Nakta ) Shin Jiho ( born 1994 ) , member of South Korean boy band Topp Dogg ( better known as Xero ) Shin Eun - soo ( born 2002 ) , South Korean actress Jeena Shin ( born 1973 ) , South Korea - New Zealand artist Shin Su - ran , South Korean singer See also ( edit ) Korean name Korean language List of Korean family names List of Korea - related topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shin_(Korean_surname)&oldid=818043495 '' Categories : Korean - language surnames Sin clans Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 05 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the last name shinn come from	[ "Shin is a Korean family name. It is cognate to the Chinese family names Shēn and Xin. According to the 2000 census in South Korea, there were 911,556 people carrying the Shin surname." ]	[ "Korea" ]
5622948642358888770	Afghanistan	Afghanistan - Wikipedia Afghanistan Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese manga , see Afghanis - tan . Coordinates : 33 ° N 65 ° E / 33 ° N 65 ° E / 33 ; 65 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت ‬ ( Pashto ) Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان ‬ ( Dari ) Jomhūrīyyeh Eslāmīyyeh Afġānestān Flag Coat of arms Motto : لا إله إلا الله ، محمد رسول الله ‬ `` Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh , Muhammadun rasūlu llāh '' `` There is no God but Allah ; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah . ( Shahada ) Anthem : Millī Surūd ملي سرود ‬ ( English : `` National Anthem '' ) Capital and largest city Kabul 34 ° 32 ′ N 69 ° 08 ′ E / 34.533 ° N 69.133 ° E / 34.533 ; 69.133 Official languages Pashto Dari Ethnic groups Pashtun , Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , and others Religion Islam Demonym Afghan Government Unitary presidential Islamic republic President Ashraf Ghani Chief Executive Officer Abdullah Abdullah Legislature National Assembly Upper house House of Elders Lower house House of the People Formation Hotak Empire April 1709 Durrani Empire October 1747 Emirate 1823 Recognized 19 August 1919 Kingdom 9 June 1926 Republic 17 July 1973 Current constitution 26 January 2004 Area Total 652,864 km ( 252,072 sq mi ) ( 40th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 34,656,032 ( 40th ) Density 49.88 / km ( 129.2 / sq mi ) ( 150th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $70 billion Per capita $1,888 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $21 billion Per capita $572 Gini ( 2008 ) 29 low HDI ( 2014 ) 0.465 low 171st Currency Afghani ( Afs ) ( AFN ) Time zone D † ( UTC + 4 : 30 Solar Calendar ) Drives on the right Calling code + 93 ISO 3166 code AF Internet TLD . af افغانستان . Afghanistan ( / æfˈɡænɪstæn , - ɡɑːnɪstɑːn / ( listen ) ; Pashto / Dari : افغانستان ‬ , Pashto : Afġānistān ( avɣɒnisˈtɒn , ab - ) , Dari : Afġānestān ( avɣɒnesˈtɒn ) ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia . Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan in the north ; and in the far northeast , China . Its territory covers 652,000 square kilometers ( 252,000 sq mi ) and much of it is covered by the Hindu Kush mountain range , which experience very cold winters . The north consists of fertile plains , whilst the south - west consists of deserts where temperatures can get very hot in summers . Kabul serves as the capital and its largest city . Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era , and the country 's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia . The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns , including those by Alexander the Great , Mauryas , Muslim Arabs , Mongols , British , Soviet , and since 2001 by the United States with NATO - allied countries . It has been called `` unconquerable '' and nicknamed the `` graveyard of empires '' . The land also served as the source from which the Kushans , Hephthalites , Samanids , Saffarids , Ghaznavids , Ghorids , Khaljis , Mughals , Hotaks , Durranis , and others have risen to form major empires . The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century . In the late 19th century , Afghanistan became a buffer state in the `` Great Game '' between British India and the Russian Empire . Its border with British India , the Durand Line , was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter 's independence in 1947 . Following the Third Anglo - Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence , eventually becoming a monarchy under King Amanullah , and later for 40 years under Zahir Shah . In the late 1970s , Afghanistan in a series of coups first became a socialist state and then a Soviet Union protectorate . This evoked the Soviet -- Afghan War in the 1980s against rebels . By 1996 most of Afghanistan was captured by the fundamentalist Islamic group the Taliban , who ruled most of the country as a totalitarian regime for almost five years . The Taliban were forcibly removed by the NATO - led coalition , and a new democratically - elected government political structure was formed . Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic with a population of 35 million , mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras and Uzbeks . It is a member of the United Nations , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Group of 77 , the Economic Cooperation Organization , and the Non-Aligned Movement . Afghanistan 's economy is the world 's 108th largest , with a GDP of $64.08 billion ; the country fares much worse in terms of per - capita GDP ( PPP ) , ranking 167th out of 186 countries in a 2016 report from the International Monetary Fund . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Islamic period 2.2 Islamization and Mongol invasion 2.3 Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire 2.4 British influence and independent kingdom 2.5 PDPA coup d'état and Soviet war 2.6 Proxy and civil war and Islamic jihad 1989 -- 96 2.7 Taliban Emirate and Northern Alliance 2.8 Recent history ( 2002 -- present ) 3 Geography 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnic groups 4.2 Languages 4.3 Religions 5 Governance 5.1 Elections and parties 5.2 Administrative divisions 5.3 Foreign relations and military 5.4 Law enforcement 6 Economy 6.1 Mining 7 Transport 7.1 Air 7.2 Rail 7.3 Roads 8 Health 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Media and entertainment 10.2 Communication 10.3 Cuisine 10.4 Poetry 10.5 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Main article : Name of Afghanistan The name Afghānistān ( Pashto : افغانستان ‬ ‎ ) is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan , which is documented in the 10th - century geography book Hudud ul - ' alam . The root name `` Afghan '' was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns , and the suffix `` - stan '' means `` place of '' in Persian . Therefore , Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or , more specifically in a historical sense , to land of the Pashtuns . However , the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that `` ( t ) he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan . '' History Main article : History of Afghanistan Part of a series on the History of Afghanistan Timeline Ancient ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation 2200 -- 1800 BC Oxus civilization 2100 -- 1800 BC Aryans 1700 -- 700 BC Median Empire 728 -- 550 BC Achaemenid Empire 550 -- 330 BC Seleucid Empire 330 -- 150 BC Maurya Empire 305 -- 180 BC Greco - Bactrian Kingdom 256 -- 125 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC -- 224 AD Indo - Greek Kingdom 180 -- 130 BC Indo - Scythian Kingdom 155 -- 80 ? BC Kushan Empire 135 BC -- 248 AD Indo - Parthian Kingdom 20 BC -- 50 ? AD Sasanian Empire 230 -- 651 Kidarite Kingdom 320 -- 465 Alchon Huns 380 -- 560 Hephthalite Empire 410 -- 557 Nezak Huns 484 -- 711 Medieval ( show ) Kabul Shahi 565 -- 879 Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th -- 8th centuries Rashidun Caliphate 652 -- 661 Umayyads 661 -- 750 Abbasids 750 -- 821 Tahirids 821 -- 873 Saffarids 863 -- 900 Samanids 875 -- 999 Ghaznavids 963 -- 1187 Ghurids before 879 -- 1215 Seljuks 1037 -- 1194 Khwarezmids 1215 -- 1231 Qarlughids 1224 -- 1266 Ilkhanate 1258 -- 1353 Chagatai Khanate 1225 -- 1370 Khaljis 1290 -- 1320 Karts 1245 -- 1381 Timurids 1370 -- 1507 Arghuns 1479 -- 1522 Modern ( show ) Mughals 1501 -- 1738 Safavids 1510 -- 1709 Hotak dynasty 1709 -- 1738 Afsharid dynasty 1738 -- 1747 Durrani Empire 1747 -- 1826 Emirate of Afghanistan 1826 -- 1919 Kingdom of Afghanistan 1919 -- 1973 Republic of Afghanistan 1973 -- 1978 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978 -- 1992 Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992 -- 2001 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996 -- 2004 Interim / Transitional Administration 2001 -- 2004 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since 2004 Book Category Portal Citadel of Herat Excavations of prehistoric sites by Louis Dupree and others suggest that humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago , and that farming communities in the area were among the earliest in the world . An important site of early historical activities , many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites . The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and often fought . It has been home to various peoples through the ages , among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo - Iranian languages in the region . At multiple points , the land has been incorporated within large regional empires , among them the Achaemenid Empire , the Macedonian Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , and the Islamic Empire . Many empires and kingdoms have also risen to power in Afghanistan , such as the Greco - Bactrians , Kushans , Hephthalites , Kabul Shahis , Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Khaljis , Kartids , Timurids , Mughals , and finally the Hotak and Durrani dynasties that marked the political origins of the modern state . Pre-Islamic period Main article : Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan Bilingual ( Greek and Aramaic ) edict by Emperor Ashoka from the 3rd century BCE discovered in the southern city of Kandahar Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the geographical area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east , west , and north . Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic , Mesolithic , Neolithic , Bronze , and Iron ages have been found in Afghanistan . Urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE , and the early city of Mundigak ( near Kandahar in the south of the country ) may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization . More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern - day Afghanistan , making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan , Afghanistan and India . In more detail , it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan . An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan . There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well . One of the Buddhas of Bamiyan . Buddhism was widespread before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan . After 2000 BCE , successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan ; among them were many Indo - European - speaking Indo - Iranians . These tribes later migrated further into South Asia , Western Asia , and toward Europe via the area north of the Caspian Sea . The region at the time was referred to as Ariana . The religion Zoroastrianism is believed by some to have originated in what is now Afghanistan between 1800 and 800 BCE , as its founder Zoroaster is thought to have lived and died in Balkh . Ancient Eastern Iranian languages may have been spoken in the region around the time of the rise of Zoroastrianism . By the middle of the 6th century BCE , the Achaemenids overthrew the Medes and incorporated Arachosia , Aria , and Bactria within its eastern boundaries . An inscription on the tombstone of Darius I of Persia mentions the Kabul Valley in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered . Alexander the Great and his Macedonian forces arrived to Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating Darius III of Persia a year earlier in the Battle of Gaugamela . Following Alexander 's brief occupation , the successor state of the Seleucid Empire controlled the region until 305 BCE , when they gave much of it to the Maurya Empire as part of an alliance treaty . The Mauryans controlled the area south of the Hindu Kush until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE . Their decline began 60 years after Ashoka 's rule ended , leading to the Hellenistic reconquest by the Greco - Bactrians . Much of it soon broke away from them and became part of the Indo - Greek Kingdom . They were defeated and expelled by the Indo - Scythians in the late 2nd century BCE . During the first century BCE , the Parthian Empire subjugated the region , but lost it to their Indo - Parthian vassals . In the mid-to - late first century CE the vast Kushan Empire , centered in Afghanistan , became great patrons of Buddhist culture , making Buddhism flourish throughout the region . The Kushans were overthrown by the Sassanids in the 3rd century CE , though the Indo - Sassanids continued to rule at least parts of the region . They were followed by the Kidarite who , in turn , were replaced by the Hephthalites . By the 6th century CE , the successors to the Kushans and Hepthalites established a small dynasty called Kabul Shahi . Much of the northeastern and southern areas of the country remained dominated by Buddhist culture . Islamization and Mongol invasion Main articles : Islamic conquest of Afghanistan and Mongol invasion of Central Asia The Friday Mosque of Herat is one of the oldest mosques in Afghanistan . ( March 1962 photo ) Arab Muslims brought Islam to Herat and Zaranj in 642 CE and began spreading eastward ; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted . The land was collectively recognized by the Arabs as al - Hind due to its cultural connection with Greater India . Before Islam was introduced , people of the region were mostly Buddhists and Zoroastrians , but there were also Surya and Nana worshipers , Jews , and others . The Zunbils and Kabul Shahi were first conquered in 870 CE by the Saffarid Muslims of Zaranj . Later , the Samanids extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush . It is reported that Muslims and non-Muslims still lived side by side in Kabul before the Ghaznavids rose to power in the 10th century . By the 11th century , Mahmud of Ghazni defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively Islamized the wider region , with the exception of Kafiristan . Afghanistan became one of the main centers in the Muslim world during this Islamic Golden Age . The Ghaznavid dynasty was overthrown by the Ghurids , who expanded and advanced the already powerful Islamic empire . In 1219 AD , Genghis Khan and his Mongol army overran the region . His troops are said to have annihilated the Khorasanian cities of Herat and Balkh as well as Bamyan . The destruction caused by the Mongols forced many locals to return to an agrarian rural society . Mongol rule continued with the Ilkhanate in the northwest while the Khalji dynasty administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of Timur , who established the Timurid Empire in 1370 . In the early 16th century , Babur arrived from Fergana and captured Kabul from the Arghun dynasty . In 1526 , he invaded Delhi in India to replace the Lodi dynasty with the Mughal Empire . Between the 16th and 18th century , the Khanate of Bukhara , Safavids , and Mughals ruled parts of the territory . Before the 19th century , the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name Khorasan . Two of the four capitals of Khorasan ( Herat and Balkh ) are now located in Afghanistan , while the regions of Kandahar , Zabulistan , Ghazni , Kabulistan , and Afghanistan formed the frontier between Khorasan and Hindustan . Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire Main articles : Hotak dynasty and Durrani Empire Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the last Afghan empire and viewed as Father of the Nation In 1709 , Mirwais Hotak , a local Ghilzai tribal leader , successfully rebelled against the Safavids . He defeated Gurgin Khan and made Afghanistan independent . Mirwais died of a natural cause in 1715 and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz , who was soon killed by Mirwais ' son Mahmud for treason . Mahmud led the Afghan army in 1722 to the Persian capital of Isfahan , captured the city after the Battle of Gulnabad and proclaimed himself King of Persia . The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by Nader Shah after the 1729 Battle of Damghan . In 1738 , Nader Shah and his forces captured Kandahar , the last Hotak stronghold , from Shah Hussain Hotak , at which point the incarcerated 16 - year - old Ahmad Shah Durrani was freed and made the commander of an Afghan regiment . Soon after the Persian and Afghan forces invaded India . By 1747 , the Afghans chose Durrani as their head of state . Durrani and his Afghan army conquered much of present - day Afghanistan , Pakistan , the Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran , and Delhi in India . He defeated the Indian Maratha Empire , and one of his biggest victories was the 1761 Battle of Panipat . In October 1772 , Durrani died of a natural cause and was buried at a site now adjacent to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar . He was succeeded by his son , Timur Shah , who transferred the capital of Afghanistan from Kandahar to Kabul in 1776 . After Timur 's death in 1793 , the Durrani throne passed down to his son Zaman Shah , followed by Mahmud Shah , Shuja Shah and others . The Afghan Empire was under threat in the early 19th century by the Persians in the west and the Sikh Empire in the east . Fateh Khan , leader of the Barakzai tribe , had installed 21 of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire . After his death , they rebelled and divided up the provinces of the empire between themselves . During this turbulent period , Afghanistan had many temporary rulers until Dost Mohammad Khan declared himself emir in 1826 . The Punjab region was lost to Ranjit Singh , who invaded Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in 1834 captured the city of Peshawar . In 1837 , during the Battle of Jamrud near the Khyber Pass , Akbar Khan and the Afghan army failed to capture the Jamrud fort from the Sikh Khalsa Army , but killed Sikh Commander Hari Singh Nalwa , thus ending the Afghan - Sikh Wars . By this time the British were advancing from the east and the first major conflict during `` The Great Game '' was initiated . British influence and independent Kingdom Further information : European influence in Afghanistan and Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war British and allied forces at Kandahar after the 1880 Battle of Kandahar , during the Second Anglo - Afghan War . The large defensive wall around the city was removed in the early 1930s by the order of King Nadir . In 1838 , the British marched into Afghanistan and arrested Dost Mohammad , sent him into exile in India and replaced him with the previous ruler , Shah Shuja . Following an uprising , the 1842 retreat from Kabul of British - Indian forces and the annihilation of Elphinstone 's army , and the Battle of Kabul that led to its recapture , the British placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power and withdrew their military forces from Afghanistan . In 1878 , the Second Anglo - Afghan War was fought over perceived Russian influence , Abdur Rahman Khan replaced Ayub Khan , and Britain gained control of Afghanistan 's foreign relations as part of the Treaty of Gandamak of 1879 . In 1893 , Mortimer Durand made Amir Abdur Rahman Khan sign a controversial agreement in which the ethnic Pashtun and Baloch territories were divided by the Durand Line . This was a standard divide and rule policy of the British and would lead to strained relations , especially with the later new state of Pakistan . Shia - dominated Hazarajat and pagan Kafiristan remained politically independent until being conquered by Abdur Rahman Khan in 1891 - 1896 . Zahir Shah , the last king of Afghanistan , who reigned from 1933 to 1973 . After the Third Anglo - Afghan War and the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi on 19 August 1919 , King Amanullah Khan declared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state . He moved to end his country 's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community and , following a 1927 -- 28 tour of Europe and Turkey , introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation . A key force behind these reforms was Mahmud Tarzi , an ardent supporter of the education of women . He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan 's 1923 constitution , which made elementary education compulsory . The institution of slavery was abolished in 1923 . King Amanullah Khan and Queen Soraya Tarzi on a visit to Berlin in 1928 Some of the reforms that were actually put in place , such as the abolition of the traditional burqa for women and the opening of a number of co-educational schools , quickly alienated many tribal and religious leaders . Faced with overwhelming armed opposition , Amanullah Khan was forced to abdicate in January 1929 after Kabul fell to rebel forces led by Habibullah Kalakani . Prince Mohammed Nadir Shah , Amanullah 's cousin , in turn defeated and killed Kalakani in November 1929 , and was declared King Nadir Shah . He abandoned the reforms of Amanullah Khan in favor of a more gradual approach to modernisation but was assassinated in 1933 by Abdul Khaliq , a fifteen - year - old Hazara student . Mohammed Zahir Shah , Nadir Shah 's 19 - year - old son , succeeded to the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973 . Until 1946 , Zahir Shah ruled with the assistance of his uncle , who held the post of Prime Minister and continued the policies of Nadir Shah . Another of Zahir Shah 's uncles , Shah Mahmud Khan , became Prime Minister in 1946 and began an experiment allowing greater political freedom , but reversed the policy when it went further than he expected . He was replaced in 1953 by Mohammed Daoud Khan , the king 's cousin and brother - in - law . Daoud Khan sought a closer relationship with the Soviet Union and a more distant one towards Pakistan . The King built close relationships with the Axis powers in the 1930s - but Afghanistan remained neutral and was neither a participant in World War II nor aligned with either power bloc in the Cold War thereafter . However , it was a beneficiary of the latter rivalry as both the Soviet Union and the United States vied for influence by building Afghanistan 's main highways , airports , and other vital infrastructure . On per capita basis , Afghanistan received more Soviet development aid than any other country . Afghanistan had therefore good relations with both Cold War enemies . In 1973 , while King Zahir Shah was on an official overseas visit , Daoud Khan launched a bloodless coup and became the first President of Afghanistan , abolishing the monarchy . In the meantime , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto got neighboring Pakistan involved in Afghanistan . Some experts suggest that Bhutto paved the way for the April 1978 Saur Revolution . PDPA coup d'état and Soviet War Main articles : Saur Revolution , Soviet -- Afghan War , Democratic Republic of Afghanistan , and History of Afghanistan ( 1978 -- 92 ) Soviet troops in Gardez , Afghanistan in 1987 In April 1978 , the People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in the Saur Revolution , a coup d'état against then - President Mohammed Daoud Khan . The PDPA declared the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan , with its first President named as Nur Muhammad Taraki . Opposition to PDPA reforms , such as its land redistribution policy and modernization of ( traditional Islamic ) civil and marriage laws , led to unrest which aggravated to rebellion and revolt around October 1978 , first in eastern Afghanistan ( see Initiation of the insurgency in Afghanistan 1978 ) . That uprising quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against regime forces countrywide . The Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime . As early as mid-1979 ( see CIA activities in Afghanistan ) , the United States were supporting Afghan mujahideen and foreign `` Afghan Arab '' fighters through Pakistan 's ISI . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted ( in July -- August 1979 ) in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . Hezb - i Islami Khalis fighters in the Sultan Valley of Kunar Province , 1987 In September 1979 , President Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . The Soviet Union was displeased with Amin 's government , and decided to intervene and invade the country on 27 December 1979 , killing Amin that same day . A Soviet - organized regime , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions ( Parcham and Khalq ) , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops in more substantial numbers were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal , and as a result the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan ( of mujahideen against PDPA government ) , which war from December 1979 until 1989 is therefore also known as the Soviet -- Afghan War . The United States , supporting the Afghan mujahideen and foreign `` Afghan Arab '' fighters since mid-1979 through Pakistan 's ISI , and Saudi Arabia , from now on delivered for billions in cash and weapons , including two thousand FIM - 92 Stinger surface - to - air missiles , to Pakistan as support for the anti-Soviet mujahideen . The PDPA prohibited usury , declared equality of the sexes , and introduced women to political life . During this war from 1979 until 1989 , Soviet forces , their Afghan proxies and rebels killed between 562,000 and 2 million Afghans , and displaced about 6 million people who subsequently fled Afghanistan , mainly to Pakistan and Iran . Many countryside villages were bombed and some cities such as Herat and Kandahar were also damaged from air bombardment . Pakistan 's North - West Frontier Province functioned as an organisational and networking base for the anti-Soviet Afghan resistance , with the province 's influential Deobandi ulama playing a major supporting role in promoting the ' jihad ' . Meanwhile , the central Afghan region of Hazarajat , which in this period was free of Soviet or PDPA government presence , experienced an internal civil war from 1980 to 1984 . Faced with mounting international pressure and numerous casualties , the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 , but continued to support Afghan President Mohammad Najibullah until 1992 . Proxy and civil War and Islamic jihad 1989 -- 96 Main articles : Afghan Civil War ( 1989 -- 92 ) and Afghan Civil War ( 1992 -- 96 ) Mohammad Najibullah , President of Afghanistan from 1987 to 1992 Mujahideen ( Islamic resistance ) forces in October 1978 ( see above ) had started a guerrilla or civil war against the PDPA 's government of Afghanistan . After the Soviet invasion , December 1979 , replacing one PDPA President for another PDPA President , the mujahideen proclaimed to be battling the hostile PDPA `` puppet regime '' . In 1987 , Mohammad Najibullah had become Afghan President , and after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 he was still sponsored by the Soviet Union , and fought by the mujahideen . President Najibullah therefore tried to build support for his government by moving away from socialism to pan-Afghan nationalism , abolishing the one - party state , portraying his government as Islamic , and in 1990 removing all signs of communism . Nevertheless , Najibullah did not win any significant support . In March 1989 , two mujahideen groups launched an attack on Jalalabad , instigated by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) who wanted to see a mujahideen Islamic government established in Afghanistan , but the attack failed after three months . With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 and the ending of Russian support , President Najibullah was left without foreign aid . In March 1991 , mujahideen forces attacked and conquered the city of Khost . In March 1992 , President Najibullah agreed to step aside and make way for a mujahideen coalition government . Mujahideen leaders came together in Peshawar , Pakistan , to negotiate such a government , but mujahideen Hezbi Islami 's leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , presumably supported by ISI , refused to meet other leaders . On 16 April 1992 , four Afghani government Generals ousted President Najibullah . Little later , Hezbi Islami invaded Kabul . This ignited war in Kabul on 25 April with rivalling groups Jamiat and Junbish in which soon two more mujahideen groups mingled ; all groups except Jamiat were supported by an Islamic foreign government ( Saudi Arabia , Iran , Uzbekistan ) or intelligence agency ( Pakistan 's ISI ) . In 1992 -- 95 , Kabul was heavily bombarded and considerably destroyed , by Hezbi Islami , Jamiat , Junbish , Hizb - i - Wahdat , and Ittihad ; in that period , half a million Kabuli fled to Pakistan . In January -- June 1994 , 25,000 people died in Kabul due to fighting between an alliance of Dostum 's ( Junbish ) with Hekmatyar 's ( Hezbi Islami ) against Massoud 's ( Jamiat ) forces . Also other cities turned into battleground . A section of Kabul during the civil war in 1993 , which caused significant damage to the capital In 1993 -- 95 , ( sub - ) commanders of Jamiat , Junbish , Hezbi Islami and Hizb - i - Wahdat descended to rape , murder and extortion . The Taliban emerged in September 1994 as a movement and militia of Pashtun students ( talib ) from Islamic madrassas ( schools ) in Pakistan , pledged to rid Afghanistan of ' warlords and criminals ' , and soon had military support from Pakistan . In November 1994 the Taliban took control of Kandahar city after forcing local Pashtun leaders who had tolerated complete lawlessness . The Taliban in early 1995 attempted to capture Kabul but were repelled by forces under Massoud . Taliban , having grown stronger , in September 1996 attacked and occupied Kabul after Massoud and Hekmatyar had withdrawn their troops from Kabul . Taliban Emirate and northern Alliance Main articles : Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) , Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan , Taliban , and Northern Alliance The Taliban late September 1996 , in control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan , proclaimed their Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . They imposed a strict form of Sharia , similar to that found in Saudi Arabia . According to Physicians for Human Rights ( PHR ) in 1998 , `` no other regime in the world has methodically and violently forced half of its population into virtual house arrest , prohibiting them on pain of physical punishment from showing their faces , seeking medical care without a male escort , or attending school '' The brutality of the Taliban 's totalitarian regime was comparable to those of Stalin 's Russia or the Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia . After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban , Massoud and Dostum formed the Northern Alliance . The Taliban defeated Dostum 's forces during the Battles of Mazar - i - Sharif ( 1997 -- 98 ) . Pakistan 's Chief of Army Staff , Pervez Musharraf , began sending thousands of Pakistanis to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance . From 1996 to 2001 , the al - Qaeda network of Osama bin Laden and Ayman al - Zawahiri was also operating inside Afghanistan . This and the fact that around one million Afghans were internally displaced made the United States worry . From 1990 to September 2001 , around 400,000 Afghans died in the internal mini-wars . On 9 September 2001 , Massoud was assassinated by two Arab suicide attackers in Panjshir province of Afghanistan . Two days later , the September 11 attacks were carried out in the United States . The US government suspected Osama bin Laden as the perpetrator of the attacks , and demanded that the Taliban hand him over . The Taliban offered to hand over Bin Laden to a third country for trial , but not directly to the US . Washington refused that offer . Instead , the US launched the October 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom . The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion of their country . During the initial invasion , US and UK forces bombed al - Qaeda training camps . The United States began working with the Northern Alliance to remove the Taliban from power . Recent History ( 2002 -- present ) Further information : War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) , Taliban insurgency , Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) , and Corruption in Afghanistan Hamid Karzai dominated Afghan politics after the Taliban 's fall From upper left , clockwise -- Canadian troops in Kandahar ; American president Barack Obama meets Afghan leader Hamid Karzai in March 2010 ; US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with female politicians in Kabul in October , 2011 ; An officer of the RAF explains a C - 27 of the Afghan air force to ' Thunder Lab ' students in July 2011 In December 2001 , after the Taliban government was overthrown , the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed , in which process the Taliban were typecast as ' the bad guys ' and left out . The International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security . Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan , while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan and began rebuilding the war - torn country . Shortly after their fall from power , the Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan . Over the next decade , ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban , but failed to fully defeat them . Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world due to a lack of foreign investment , government corruption , and the Taliban insurgency . Meanwhile , the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures , and the country changed its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . Attempts were made , often with the support of foreign donor countries , to improve the country 's economy , healthcare , education , transport , and agriculture . ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces . In the decade following 2002 , over five million Afghans were repatriated , including some who were deported from Western countries . By 2009 , a Taliban - led shadow government began to form in parts of the country . In 2010 , President Karzai attempted to hold peace negotiations with the Taliban leaders , but the rebel group refused to attend until mid-2015 when the Taliban supreme leader finally decided to back the peace talks . After the May 2011 death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan , many prominent Afghan figures were assassinated . Afghanistan -- Pakistan border skirmishes intensified and many large scale attacks by the Pakistan - based Haqqani Network also took place across Afghanistan . The United States blamed rogue elements within the Pakistani government for the increased attacks . The U.S. government spent tens of billions of dollars on development aid over 15 years and over a trillion dollars on military expenses during the same period . Following the 2014 presidential election President Karzai left power and Ashraf Ghani became President in September 2014 . The United States ' war in Afghanistan -- by then the longest in its history -- officially ended on 28 December 2014 . However , thousands of US - led NATO troops have remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces . The 2001 -- present war has resulted in over 90,000 direct war - related deaths , which includes insurgents , Afghan civilians and government forces . Over 100,000 have been injured . Geography Main article : Geography of Afghanistan Landscapes of Afghanistan , from left to right : 1 . Band - e Amir National Park ; 2 . Salang Pass in Parwan Province ; 3 . Korangal Valley in Kunar Province ; and 4 . Kajaki Dam in Helmand Province Afghanistan map of Köppen climate classification . Topography A landlocked mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest , Afghanistan is located within South Asia and Central Asia . It is part of the US - coined Greater Middle East Muslim world , which lies between latitudes 29 ° N and 39 ° N , and longitudes 60 ° E and 75 ° E. The country 's highest point is Noshaq , at 7,492 m ( 24,580 ft ) above sea level . It has a continental climate with harsh winters in the central highlands , the glaciated northeast ( around Nuristan ) , and the Wakhan Corridor , where the average temperature in January is below − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) , and hot summers in the low - lying areas of the Sistan Basin of the southwest , the Jalalabad basin in the east , and the Turkestan plains along the Amu River in the north , where temperatures average over 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) in July . Despite having numerous rivers and reservoirs , large parts of the country are dry . The endorheic Sistan Basin is one of the driest regions in the world . Aside from the usual rainfall , Afghanistan receives snow during the winter in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains , and the melting snow in the spring season enters the rivers , lakes , and streams . However , two - thirds of the country 's water flows into the neighboring countries of Iran , Pakistan , and Turkmenistan . The state needs more than US $2 billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed . The northeastern Hindu Kush mountain range , in and around the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan , is in a geologically active area where earthquakes may occur almost every year . They can be deadly and destructive sometimes , causing landslides in some parts or avalanches during the winter . The last strong earthquakes were in 1998 , which killed about 6,000 people in Badakhshan near Tajikistan . This was followed by the 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes in which over 150 people were killed and over 1,000 injured . A 2010 earthquake left 11 Afghans dead , over 70 injured , and more than 2,000 houses destroyed . The country 's natural resources include : coal , copper , iron ore , lithium , uranium , rare earth elements , chromite , gold , zinc , talc , barites , sulfur , lead , marble , precious and semi-precious stones , natural gas , and petroleum , among other things . In 2010 , US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the US Geological Survey are worth at least $1 trillion . At 652,230 km ( 251,830 sq mi ) , Afghanistan is the world 's 41st largest country , slightly bigger than France and smaller than Burma , about the size of Texas in the United States . It borders Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan in the north ; and China in the far east . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Afghanistan and Afghan diaspora Kabul Herat Jalalabad Kandahar Mazar - i - Sharif Kunduz Lashkargah Taloqan Pul - e-Khomri Sheberghan Maimana Ghazni Khost Zaranj Map of major cities as identified by governmental organizations The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 29.2 million in 2017 . Of this , 15 million are males and 14.2 million females . About 22 % of them are urbanite and the remaining 78 % live in rural areas . An additional 3 million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring Pakistan and Iran , most of whom were born and raised in those two countries . This makes the total Afghan population at around 33,332,025 , and its current growth rate is 2.34 % . This population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050 if current population trends continue . The only city with over a million residents is its capital , Kabul . Due to a lack of census there is no clear indication of what the largest cities in the country are , with various national and international estimates and without always acknowledging the differentiation of city municipalities and urban areas that go beyond city limits . After Kabul the other five large cities are Kandahar , Herat , Mazar - i - Sharif , Kunduz and Jalalabad . Other major cities include Lashkar Gah , Taloqan , Khost , Sheberghan , and Ghazni . Largest cities or towns in Afghanistan 2012 estimate Rank Name Province Pop . Kabul Kandahar Kabul Kabul Province 3,289,000 Herat Mazar - i - Sharif Kandahar Kandahar Province 491,500 Herat Herat Province 436,300 Mazar - i - Sharif Balkh Province 368,100 5 Kunduz Kunduz Province 304,600 6 Taloqan Takhar Province 219,000 7 Jalalabad Nangarhar Province 206,500 8 Puli Khumri Baghlan Province 203,600 9 Charikar Parwan Province 171,200 10 Sheberghan Jowzjan Province 161,700 Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan as of 2001 Afghan schoolgirls from various ethnicities Afghan boys wearing traditional headgear in Kunduz Afghanistan 's population is divided into several ethnolinguistic groups , which are listed in the chart below : Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Ethnic group World Factbook c. 2013 estimate Pashtun 42 % Tajik 33 % Hazara 9 % Uzbek 9 % Aimak 4 % Turkmen 3 % Baloch 2 % Others ( Pashayi , Nuristani , Pamiri , Arab , etc . ) 4 % Languages Main article : Languages of Afghanistan Spoken languages of Afghanistan Pashto 50 % Dari ( Afghan Persian ) 25 % Uzbek and Turkmen 11 % 30 others including Balochi 4 % Pashto and Dari are the official languages of Afghanistan ; bilingualism is very common . Dari , which is a variety of and mutually intelligible with Persian ( and very often called ' Farsi ' by some Afghans like in Iran ) functions as the lingua franca in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country . Pashto is the native tongue of the Pashtuns , although many of them are also fluent in Dari while some non-Pashtuns are fluent in Pashto . There are a number of smaller regional languages , they include Uzbek , Turkmen , Balochi , Pashayi , and Nuristani . Uzbek , Turkmen , Pashayi , Nuristani , Balochi and Pamiri declared third official in areas where the majority speaks them . A number of Afghans are also fluent in Urdu , English , and other foreign languages . Religions Main article : Religion in Afghanistan Religion in Afghanistan Sunni Islam 84.7 -- 89.7 % Imamiyyah 7 -- 15 % Isma'ilism 4.5 % Other religion 0.5 % Over 99 % of the Afghan population is Muslim . According to latest estimates , up to 90 % practice Sunni Islam and the remaining 7 -- 15 % adhere to Shia Islam . Thousands of Afghan Sikhs and Hindus are also found in the major cities . There was a small Jewish community in Afghanistan who had emigrated to Israel and the United States by the end of the twentieth century ; at least one Jew , Zablon Simintov , remained . There is also at least one known Christian , current First Lady of Afghanistan Rula Ghani , apart from Christian foreigners . Governance Main articles : Politics of Afghanistan and Constitution of Afghanistan The National Assembly of Afghanistan in 2016 Afghanistan is an Islamic republic consisting of three branches , the executive , legislative , and judicial . The nation is led by President Ashraf Ghani with Abdul Rashid Dostum and Sarwar Danish as vice presidents . Abdullah Abdullah serves as the chief executive officer ( CEO ) . The National Assembly is the legislature , a bicameral body having two chambers , the House of the People and the House of Elders . The Supreme Court is led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem , the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs . According to Transparency International , Afghanistan remains in the top most corrupt countries list . A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23 % of the GDP of the nation . A number of government ministries are believed to be rife with corruption , and while then - President Karzai vowed to tackle the problem in 2009 by stating that `` individuals who are involved in corruption will have no place in the government '' , top government officials were stealing and misusing hundreds of millions of dollars through the Kabul Bank . Elections and parties Main articles : Elections in Afghanistan and List of political parties in Afghanistan From left to right : Abdullah Abdullah , John Kerry and Ashraf Ghani during the 2014 presidential election The Arg ( Presidential Palace ) The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful , in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55.4 % of the votes . However , the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security , low voter turnout , and widespread electoral fraud . The vote , along with elections for 420 provincial council seats , took place in August 2009 , but remained unresolved during a lengthy period of vote counting and fraud investigation . Two months later , under international pressure , a second round run - off vote between Karzai and remaining challenger Abdullah was announced , but a few days later Abdullah announced that he would not participate in 7 November run - off because his demands for changes in the electoral commission had not been met . The next day , officials of the election commission cancelled the run - off and declared Hamid Karzai as President for another five - year term . In the 2005 parliamentary election , among the elected officials were former mujahideen , Islamic fundamentalists , warlords , communists , reformists , and several Taliban associates . In the same period , Afghanistan reached to the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly . The last parliamentary election was held in September 2010 , but due to disputes and investigation of fraud , the swearing - in ceremony took place in late January 2011 . The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning by 56.44 % votes . Administrative divisions Main articles : Provinces of Afghanistan and Districts of Afghanistan Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces ( wilayats ) . Each province is the size of a U.S. county , having a governor and a capital . The country is further divided into nearly 400 provincial districts , each of which normally covers a city or a number of villages . Each district is represented by a district governor . The provincial governors are appointed by the President of Afghanistan and the district governors are selected by the provincial governors . The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces . There are also provincial councils that are elected through direct and general elections for a period of four years . The functions of provincial councils are to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions . According to article 140 of the constitution and the presidential decree on electoral law , mayors of cities should be elected through free and direct elections for a four - year term . However , due to huge election costs , mayoral and municipal elections have never been held . Instead , mayors have been appointed by the government . In the capital city of Kabul , the mayor is appointed by the President of Afghanistan . The following is a list of all the 34 provinces in alphabetical order : Afghanistan is divided into 34 provinces , and every province is further divided into a number of districts Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamyan Daykundi Farah Faryab Ghazni Ghor Helmand Herat Jowzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost Kunar Kunduz Laghman Logar Nangarhar Nimruz Nuristan Oruzgan Paktia Paktika Panjshir Parwan Samangan Sar - e Pol Takhar Wardak Zabul Foreign relations and military Main articles : Foreign relations of Afghanistan and Afghan Armed Forces Black Hawks of the Afghan Air Force at Kandahar Airfield . As a major non-NATO ally , the Afghan Armed Forces receive most of their equipment and training from the United States . Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946 . It enjoys cordial relations with a number of NATO and allied nations , particularly the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Germany , Australia , and Turkey . In 2012 , the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally . Afghanistan also has friendly diplomatic relations with neighboring China , Iran , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan , including with regional states such as Bangladesh , India , Japan , Kazakhstan , Nepal , Russia , South Korea , the UAE , and so forth . The Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs continues to develop diplomatic relations with other countries around the world . The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan ( UNAMA ) was established in 2002 in order to help the country recover from the decades of war and neglect . Today , a number of NATO member states deploy about 20,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission . Its main purpose is to train the Afghan National Security Forces . The Afghan Armed Forces are under the Ministry of Defense , which includes the Afghan Air Force ( AAF ) and the Afghan National Army ( ANA ) . The Afghan Defense University houses various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces , including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan . Law enforcement Main article : Law enforcement in Afghanistan Afghan National Police ( ANP ) in Kunar Province The National Directorate of Security ( NDS ) is Afghanistan 's domestic intelligence agency , which operates similar to that of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security or UK 's Scotland Yard . The Afghan National Police ( ANP ) is under the Ministry of Interior Affairs and serves as a single law enforcement agency all across the country . The Afghan National Civil Order Police is the main branch of the ANP , which is divided into five Brigades , each commanded by a Brigadier General . These brigades are stationed in Kabul , Gardez , Kandahar , Herat , and Mazar - i - Sharif . There is one Chief of Police in every province . All parts of Afghanistan are considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism - related incidents . Kidnapping for ransom and robberies are common in major cities . Every year hundreds of Afghan police are killed in the line of duty . The Afghan Border Police ( ABP ) is responsible for protecting the nation 's airports and borders , especially the disputed Durand Line border , which is often used by terrorists and criminals for their illegal activities . Drugs from Afghanistan are smuggled to neighboring countries by various nationals but mostly by Afghans , Iranians , Pakistanis , Tajikistanis , Turkmenistanis and Uzbekistanis . The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics is responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business . Economy Main article : Economy of Afghanistan Seller of Afghan carpets Workers processing pomegranates ( anaar ) , which Afghanistan is famous for in Asia Afghan women at a textile factory in Kabul Afghanistan 's GDP is around $64 billion with an exchange rate of $18.4 billion , and its GDP per capita is $2,000 . Despite having $1 trillion or more in mineral deposits , it remains as one of the least developed countries . The country imports over $6 billion worth of goods but exports only $658 million , mainly fruits and nuts . It has less than $1.5 billion in external debt . Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan 's economy . The country is known for producing some of the finest pomegranates , grapes , apricots , melons , and several other fresh and dry fruits . It is also known as the world 's largest producer of opium . Sources indicate that as much as 11 % or more of the nation 's economy is derived from the cultivation and sale of opium . While the nation 's current account deficit is largely financed with donor money , only a small portion is provided directly to the government budget . The rest is provided to non-budgetary expenditure and donor - designated projects through the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations . The Afghan Ministry of Finance is focusing on improved revenue collection and public sector expenditure discipline . For example , government revenues increased 31 % to $1.7 billion from March 2010 to March 2011 . Afghanistan , Trends in the Human Development Index , 1970 -- 2010 A bustling market street in central Kabul , 2009 Da Afghanistan Bank serves as the central bank of the nation and the `` Afghani '' ( AFN ) is the national currency , with an exchange rate of about 60 Afghanis to 1 US dollar . A number of local and foreign banks operate in the country , including the Afghanistan International Bank , New Kabul Bank , Azizi Bank , Pashtany Bank , Standard Chartered Bank , and the First Micro Finance Bank . One of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over 5 million expatriates , who brought with them fresh energy , entrepreneurship and wealth - creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses . Many Afghans are now involved in construction , which is one of the largest industries in the country . Some of the major national construction projects include the $35 billion New Kabul City next to the capital , the Aino Mena project in Kandahar , and the Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town near Jalalabad . Similar development projects have also begun in Herat , Mazar - e-Sharif , and other cities . An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year . A number of small companies and factories began operating in different parts of the country , which not only provide revenues to the government but also create new jobs . Improvements to the business environment have resulted in more than $1.5 billion in telecom investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003 . Afghan rugs are becoming popular again , allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers . Afghanistan is a member of WTO , SAARC , ECO , and OIC . It holds an observer status in SCO . Foreign Minister Zalmai Rassoul told the media in 2011 that his nation 's `` goal is to achieve an Afghan economy whose growth is based on trade , private enterprise and investment '' . Experts believe that this will revolutionize the economy of the region . In June 2012 , India advocated for private investments in the resource rich country and the creation of a suitable environment therefor . Telecommunications company Roshan is the largest private employer in the country as of 2014 . Mining Main article : Mining in Afghanistan Lapis lazuli stones Michael E. O'Hanlon of the Brookings Institution estimated that if Afghanistan generates about $10 billion per year from its mineral deposits , its gross national product would double and provide long - term funding for Afghan security forces and other critical needs . The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average 2.9 billion ( bn ) barrels ( bbl ) of crude oil , 15.7 trillion cubic feet ( 440 bn m ) of natural gas , and 562 million bbl of natural gas liquids . In 2011 , Afghanistan signed an oil exploration contract with China National Petroleum Corporation ( CNPC ) for the development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river in the north . The country has significant amounts of lithium , copper , gold , coal , iron ore , and other minerals . The Khanashin carbonatite in Helmand Province contains 1,000,000 metric tons ( 1,100,000 short tons ) of rare earth elements . In 2007 , a 30 - year lease was granted for the Aynak copper mine to the China Metallurgical Group for $3 billion , making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan 's history . The state - run Steel Authority of India won the mining rights to develop the huge Hajigak iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan . Government officials estimate that 30 % of the country 's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least $1 trillion . One official asserted that `` this will become the backbone of the Afghan economy '' and a Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the `` Saudi Arabia of lithium '' . In a 2011 news story , the CSM reported , `` The United States and other Western nations that have borne the brunt of the cost of the Afghan war have been conspicuously absent from the bidding process on Afghanistan 's mineral deposits , leaving it mostly to regional powers . '' Transport Main article : Transport in Afghanistan Air Main article : List of airports in Afghanistan An Ariana Afghan Airlines ( AAA ) Airbus A310 in 2006 Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier , Ariana Afghan Airlines ( AAA ) , and by private companies such as Afghan Jet International , East Horizon Airlines , Kam Air , Pamir Airways , and Safi Airways . Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country . These include Air India , Emirates , Gulf Air , Iran Aseman Airlines , Pakistan International Airlines , and Turkish Airlines . The country has four international airports : Hamid Karzai International Airport ( formerly Kabul International Airport ) , Kandahar International Airport , Herat International Airport , and Mazar - e Sharif International Airport . There are also around a dozen domestic airports with flights to Kabul and other major cities . Rail Main article : Rail transport in Afghanistan Rail crossing in northern Afghanistan on the line towards Uzbekistan As of 2017 , the country has three rail links , one a 75 km line from Mazar - i - Sharif to the Uzbekistan border ; a 10 km long line from Toraghundi to the Turkmenistan border ( where it continues as part of Turkmen Railways ) ; and a short link from Aqina across the Turkmen border to Kerki , which is planned to be extended further across Afghanistan . These lines are used for freight only and there is no passenger service as of yet . A rail line between Khaf , Iran and Herat , western Afghanistan , intended for both freight and passengers , is under construction and due to open by 2018 . About 125 km of the line will lie on the Afghan side . There are various proposals for the construction of additional rail lines in the country . Roads Further information : Highway 1 ( Afghanistan ) Traveling by bus in Afghanistan remains dangerous due to militant activities . The buses are usually older model Mercedes - Benz and owned by private companies . Serious traffic accidents are common on Afghan roads and highways , particularly on the Kabul -- Kandahar and the Kabul -- Jalalabad Road . Newer automobiles have recently become more widely available after the rebuilding of roads and highways . They are imported from the United Arab Emirates through Pakistan and Iran . As of 2012 , vehicles more than 10 years old are banned from being imported into the country . The development of the nation 's road network is a major boost for the economy due to trade with neighboring countries . Postal services in Afghanistan are provided by the publicly owned Afghan Post and private companies such as FedEx , DHL , and others . Health Main article : Health in Afghanistan A hospital in Kabul According to the Human Development Index , Afghanistan is the 15th least developed country in the world . The average life expectancy is estimated to be around 60 years . The country 's maternal mortality rate is 396 deaths / 100,000 live births and its infant mortality rate is 66 to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births . The Ministry of Public Health plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020 . The country has more than 3,000 midwives , with an additional 300 to 400 being trained each year . There are over 100 hospitals in Afghanistan , with the most advanced treatments being available in Kabul . The French Medical Institute for Children and Indira Gandhi Children 's Hospital in Kabul are the leading children 's hospitals in the country . Some of the other main hospitals in Kabul include the Jamhuriat Hospital and the under - construction Jinnah Hospital . In spite of all this , many Afghans travel to Pakistan and India for advanced treatment . It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60 % of the Afghan population lives within a two - hour walk of the nearest health facility . Disability rate is also high in Afghanistan due to the decades of war . It was reported recently that about 80,000 people are missing limbs . Non-governmental charities such as Save the Children and Mahboba 's Promise assist orphans in association with governmental structures . Demographic and Health Surveys is working with the Indian Institute of Health Management Research and others to conduct a survey in Afghanistan focusing on maternal death , among other things . Education Main article : Education in Afghanistan UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate population plus15 1980 -- 2015 Education in Afghanistan includes K -- 12 and higher education , which is overseen by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education . There are over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9 million students . Of this , about 60 % are males and 40 % females . Over 174,000 students are enrolled in different universities around the country . About 21 % of these are females . Former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated that construction of 8,000 schools is required for the remaining children who are deprived of formal learning . The top universities in Afghanistan are the American University of Afghanistan ( AUAF ) followed by Kabul University ( KU ) , both of which are located in Kabul . The National Military Academy of Afghanistan , modeled after the United States Military Academy at West Point , is a four - year military development institution dedicated to graduating officers for the Afghan Armed Forces . The Afghan Defense University was constructed near Qargha in Kabul . Major universities outside of Kabul include Kandahar University in the south , Herat University in the northwest , Balkh University and Kunduz University in the north , Nangarhar University and Khost University in the east . The United States is building six faculties of education and five provincial teacher training colleges around the country , two large secondary schools in Kabul , and one school in Jalalabad . The literacy rate of the entire population is 38.2 % ( males 52 % and females 24.2 % ) . In 2010 , the United States began establishing a number of Lincoln learning centers in Afghanistan . They are set up to serve as programming platforms offering English language classes , library facilities , programming venues , internet connectivity , and educational and other counseling services . A goal of the program is to reach at least 4,000 Afghan citizens per month per location . The Afghan National Security Forces are provided with mandatory literacy courses . In addition to this , Baghch - e-Simsim ( based on the American Sesame Street ) serves as a means to attract Afghan children into learning . Culture Part of a series on the Culture of Afghanistan History People Languages Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art ( show ) Architecture Sculpture Painting Literature ( show ) Afghan poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Theater Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Afghanistan portal Main article : Culture of Afghanistan Afghanistan is mostly a tribal society with different regions of the country having its own subculture . Their history is traced back to at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE . In the southern and eastern region , the people live according to the Pashtun culture by following Pashtunwali ( Pashtun way ) . The Pashtuns ( and Baloch ) are largely connected to the culture of South Asia . The remaining Afghans are culturally Persian and Turkic . Some non-Pashtuns who live in proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called Pashtunization , while some Pashtuns have been Persianized . Those who have lived in Pakistan and Iran over the last 30 years have been further influenced by the cultures of those neighboring nations . Men wearing traditional Afghan ( Pashtun ) dress in Faryab Province Ethnic Tajik girls in traditional clothing in Mazar - i - Sharif Afghans are regarded with mingled apprehension and condescension , for their high regard for personal honor , for their tribe loyalty and for their readiness to use force to settle disputes . As tribal warfare and internecine feuding has been one of their chief occupations since time immemorial , this individualistic trait has made it difficult for foreigners to conquer them . One writer considers the tribal system to be the best way of organizing large groups of people in a country that is geographically difficult , and in a society that , from a materialistic point of view , has an uncomplicated lifestyle . There are various Afghan tribes , and an estimated 2 -- 3 million nomads . The nation has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments . However , many of its historic monuments have been damaged in modern times . The two famous Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed by the Taliban , who regarded them as idolatrous . Despite that , archaeologists are still finding Buddhist relics in different parts of the country , some of them dating back to the 2nd century . This indicates that Buddhism was widespread in Afghanistan . Other historical places include the cities of Herat , Kandahar , Ghazni , Mazar - i - Sharif , and Zaranj . The Minaret of Jam in the Hari River valley is a UNESCO World Heritage site . A cloak reputedly worn by Islam 's prophet Muhammad is kept inside the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar , a city founded by Alexander and the first capital of Afghanistan . The citadel of Alexander in the western city of Herat has been renovated in recent years and is a popular attraction for tourists . In the north of the country is the Shrine of Ali , believed by many to be the location where Ali was buried . The National Museum of Afghanistan is located in Kabul . Media and entertainment Main article : Media of Afghanistan Studio of TOLOnews in Kabul Afghanistan has around 150 radio stations and over 50 television stations , which includes the state - owned RTA TV and various private channels such as TOLO and Shamshad TV . The first Afghan newspaper was published in 1906 and there are hundreds of print outlets today . By the 1920s , Radio Kabul was broadcasting local radio services . Television programs began airing in the early 1970s . Voice of America , BBC , and Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty ( RFE / RL ) broadcast in both of Afghanistan 's official languages . Since 2002 , press restrictions have been gradually relaxed and private media diversified . Freedom of expression and the press is promoted in the 2004 constitution and censorship is banned , although defaming individuals or producing material contrary to the principles of Islam is prohibited . The Afghan government cited the growth in the media sector as one of its achievements . In 2017 , Reporters Without Borders ranked Afghanistan 120th in the Press Freedom Index out of 180 countries , a better rating than all its neighbors . According to Freedom of the Press as of 2015 , Afghanistan is `` partly free '' , whereas most countries in Asia are `` not free '' . The city of Kabul has been home to many musicians who were masters of both traditional and modern Afghan music . Traditional music is especially popular during the Nowruz ( New Year ) and National Independence Day celebrations . Ahmad Zahir , Nashenas , Ustad Sarahang , Sarban , Ubaidullah Jan , Farhad Darya , and Naghma are some of the notable Afghan musicians , but there are many others . Afghans have long been accustomed to watching Indian Bollywood films and listening to its filmi songs . Many Bollywood film stars have roots in Afghanistan , including Salman Khan , Saif Ali Khan , Shah Rukh Khan ( SRK ) , Aamir Khan , Feroz Khan , Kader Khan , Naseeruddin Shah , Zarine Khan , Celina Jaitly , and a number of others . Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan , including Dharmatma , Khuda Gawah , Escape from Taliban , and Kabul Express . Communication Main article : Communications in Afghanistan Telecommunication services in Afghanistan are provided by Afghan Telecom , Afghan Wireless , Etisalat , MTN Group , and Roshan . The country uses its own space satellite called Afghansat 1 , which provides services to millions of phone , internet and television subscribers . By 2001 following years of civil war , telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector , but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry , with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users . The sector employs at least 120,000 people nationwide . Cuisine Main article : Afghan cuisine Some of the popular Afghan dishes Afghanistan has a wide varying landscape allowing for many different crops . Afghan food is largely based upon cereals like wheat , maize , barley and rice , which are the nation 's chief crops . Fresh and dried fruits is the most important part of Afghan diet . Afghanistan is well known for its fine fruits , especially pomegranates , grapes , and its extra-sweet jumbo - size melons . Poetry Main article : Poetry of Afghanistan Abdul Hadi Dawai , famous Afghan poet of the early 20th century Classic Persian and Pashto poetry are a cherished part of Afghan culture . Thursdays are traditionally `` poetry night '' in the city of Herat when men , women and children gather and recite both ancient and modern poems . Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region , to the level that it has integrated itself into culture . Some notable poets include Rumi , Rabi'a Balkhi , Sanai , Jami , Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Khalilullah Khalili , and Parween Pazhwak . Sports This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Sport in Afghanistan The Afghanistan national football team ( in red uniforms ) before its first win over India ( in blue ) during the 2011 SAFF Championship . The traditional national sport of Afghanistan , Buzkashi Afghanistan 's sports teams are increasingly celebrating titles at international events . Its basketball team won the first team sports title at the 2010 South Asian Games . Later that year , the country 's cricket team followed as it won the 2009 -- 10 ICC Intercontinental Cup . In 2012 , the country 's 3x3 basketball team won the gold medal at the 2012 Asian Beach Games . In 2013 , Afghanistan 's football team followed as it won the SAFF Championship . Cricket and association football are the most popular sports in the country . The Afghan national cricket team , which was formed in the last decade , participated in the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier , 2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One and the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 . It won the ACC Twenty20 Cup in 2007 , 2009 , 2011 and 2013 . The team eventually made it to play in the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The Afghanistan Cricket Board ( ACB ) is the official governing body of the sport and is headquartered in Kabul . The Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground serves as the nation 's main cricket stadium . There are a number of other stadiums throughout the country , including the Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium near Jalalabad . Domestically , cricket is played between teams from different provinces . The Afghanistan national football team has been competing in international football since 1941 . The national team plays its home games at the Ghazi Stadium in Kabul , while football in Afghanistan is governed by the Afghanistan Football Federation . The national team has never competed or qualified for the FIFA World Cup , but has recently won an international football trophy in 2013 . The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal , a 5 - a-side variation of football . Other popular sports in Afghanistan include basketball , volleyball , taekwondo , and bodybuilding . Buzkashi is a traditional sport , mainly among the northern Afghans . It is similar to polo , played by horsemen in two teams , each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass . The Afghan Hound ( a type of running dog ) originated in Afghanistan and was originally used in hunting . See also Afghanistan portal Asia portal Book : Afghanistan Bibliography of Afghanistan Index of Afghanistan - related articles Outline of Afghanistan Notes Jump up ^ Incorrect names that have been used as demonyms are Afghani and Afghanistani . References ^ Jump up to : `` Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan '' . 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state . Uzbek , Turkmen , Baluchi , Pashai , Nuristani and Pamiri are -- in addition to Pashto and Dari -- the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnic groups '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Pashtun , Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , other ( includes smaller numbers of Baloch , Turkmen , Nuristani , Pamiri , Arab , Gujar , Brahui , Qizilbash , Aimaq , Pashai , and Kyrghyz ) note : current statistical data on the sensitive subject of ethnicity in Afghanistan is not available , and ethnicity data from small samples of respondents to opinion polls are not a reliable alternative ; Afghanistan 's 2004 constitution recognizes 14 ethnic groups : Pashtun , Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , Baloch , Turkmen , Nuristani , Pamiri , Arab , Gujar , Brahui , Qizilbash , Aimaq , and Pashai ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Dictionary.com . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 . Reference.com ( Retrieved 13 November 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Dictionary.com . WordNet 3.0 . Princeton University . Reference.com ( Retrieved 13 November 2007 ) . Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Central Statistics Organization '' . cso.gov.af . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Archived from the original on 11 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 14 December 2015 . p. 18 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The phoneme / f / ف occurs only in loanwords in Pashto , it tends to be replaced with / p / پ . ( b ) is also an allophone of / p / before voiced consonants ; ( v ) is an allophone of / f / before voiced consonants in loanwords . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . The World Factbook . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : * `` U.S. maps '' . Pubs.usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . `` South Asia : Data , Projects , and Research '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY , OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOUTH ASIA ( Includes Afghanistan ) '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies : The South Asia Center '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` Syracruse University : The South Asia Center '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . `` Center for South Asian studies '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ The History of Afghanistan , 2nd Edition by Meredith L. Runion Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William ( 9 March 2014 ) . `` Is Afghanistan really impossible to conquer ? '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Most invaded , yet unconquerable - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Akhilesh Pillalamarri , The . `` Why Is Afghanistan the ' Graveyard of Empires ' ? '' . Jump up ^ Griffin , Luke ( 14 January 2002 ) . `` The Pre-Islamic Period '' . Afghanistan Country Study . Illinois Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on 3 November 2001 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . www.imf.org . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Afghanistan '' . 2004 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan -- John Ford Shroder , University of Nebraska '' . Webcitation.org . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : A Treasure Trove for Archaeologists '' . Time Magazine . 26 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Indo - Aryans of Ancient South Asia : Language , Material Culture and Ethnicity by George Erdosy , p. 321 Jump up ^ The History of Afghanistan by Meredith L. Runion , p. 44 - 49 Jump up ^ The Ancient Indus : Urbanism , Economy , and Society . pp. 1 Jump up ^ Kenoyer , Jonathan Mark ( 1998 ) . Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation . pp. 96 Jump up ^ Bryant , Edwin F. ( 2001 ) The quest for the origins of Vedic culture : the Indo - Aryan migration debate Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513777 - 4 . Jump up ^ Afghanistan : ancient Ariana ( 1950 ) , Information Bureau , p3 . Jump up ^ `` Chronological History of Afghanistan -- the cradle of Gandharan civilisation '' . Gandhara.com.au. 15 February 1989 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile : Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan . August 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The History of Afghanistan by Meredith L. Runion , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Afghan and Afghanistan '' . Abdul Hai Habibi . alamahabibi.com. 1969 . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A. -- The Hindu Kings of Kábul '' . Sir H.M. Elliot . London : Packard Humanities Institute . 1867 -- 1877 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ ? amd - Allah Mustawfi of Qazwin ( 1340 ) . `` The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT - AL - QULUB '' . Translated by Guy Le Strange . Packard Humanities Institute . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A. -- The Hindu Kings of Kábul ( p. 3 ) '' . Sir H.M. Elliot . London : Packard Humanities Institute . 1867 -- 1877 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Central Asian world cities '' . Faculty.washington.edu. 29 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Obama 's war : Deploying 17,000 raises stakes in Afghanistan '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Khurasan '' . The Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill. 2009 . p. 55 . In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times , the term `` Khurassan '' frequently had a much wider denotation , covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan Jump up ^ Ibn Battuta ( 2004 ) . Travels in Asia and Africa , 1325 -- 1354 ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . Routledge . p. 416 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 34473 - 9 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah ( 1560 ) . `` Chapter 200 : Translation of the Introduction to Firishta 's History '' . The History of India . 6 . Sir H.M. Elliot . London : Packard Humanities Institute . p. 8 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Edward G. Browne . `` A Literary History of Persia , Volume 4 : Modern Times ( 1500 -- 1924 ) , Chapter IV . An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries ( A.D. 1722 -- 1922 ) '' . Packard Humanities Institute . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmad Shah Durrani '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Friedrich Engels ( 1857 ) . `` Afghanistan '' . Andy Blunden . The New American Cyclopaedia , Vol . I. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam by John L. Esposito , p. 71 Jump up ^ Tanner , Stephen ( 2009 ) . Afghanistan : A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban . Da Capo Press . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81826 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nalwa , Vanit ( 2009 ) . Hari Singh Nalwa , `` champion of the Khalsaji '' ( 1791 -- 1837 ) . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chahryar , Adle ( 2003 ) . History of Civilizations of Central Asia : Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century . UNESCO . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 103876 - 1 . Jump up ^ Edward Ingram . The International History Review , Vol. 2 , No. 2 ( Apr. 1980 ) , pp. 160 -- 171 . Published by : Taylor & Francis , Ltd . Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105749 Great Britain 's Great Game : An Introduction Jump up ^ In Defence of British India : Great Britain in the Middle East , 1775 -- 1842 By Edward Ingram . Frank Cass & Co , London , 1984 . ISBN 0714632465 . p7 - 19 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Americana . Volume 25 . Americana Corporation . 1976 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bowersox , Gary W. ( 2004 ) . The Gem Hunter : The Adventures of an American in Afghanistan . United States : GeoVision , Inc. , . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 9747323 - 1 - 1 . To launch this plan , Bhutto recruited and trained a group of Afghans in the Bala - Hesar of Peshawar , in Pakistan 's North - west Frontier Province . Among these young men were Massoud , Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , and other members of Jawanan - e Musulman . Massoud 's mission to Bhutto was to create unrest in northern Afghanistan . It served Massoud 's interests , which were apparently opposition to the Soviets and independence for Afghanistan . Later , after Massoud and Hekmatyar had a terrible falling - out over Massoud 's opposition to terrorist tactics and methods , Massoud overthrew from Jawanan - e Musulman . He joined Rabani 's newly created Afghan political party , Jamiat - i - Islami , in exile in Pakistan . Jump up ^ Hussain , Rizwan ( 2005 ) . Pakistan And The Emergence Of Islamic Militancy In Afghanistan . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4434 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . pp. 68 -- 69 , 94 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7835 - 262 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . pp. 25 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Story of US , CIA and Taliban '' . The Brunei Times . 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cost of an Afghan ' Victory ' '' . The Nation. 1999 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Lacina , Bethany ; Gleditsch , Nils Petter ( 2005 ) . `` Monitoring Trends in Global Combat : A New Dataset of Battle Deaths '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Population. 21 : 154 . Jump up ^ Kakar , Mohammed . The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response , 1979 -- 1982 . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520208933 . The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower . Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union , which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan . Jump up ^ Klass , Rosanne ( 1994 ) . The Widening Circle of Genocide . Transaction Publishers . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 3965 - 5 . During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule , an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies - the four Communist regimes in Kabul , and the East Germans , Bulgarians , Czechs , Cubans , Palestinians , Indians and others who assisted them . These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare . Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except , in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley . Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population , primarily in the rural areas . Jump up ^ Reisman , W. Michael ; Norchi , Charles H. `` Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . According to widely reported accounts , substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces : Ghazni , Nagarhar , Lagham , Qandahar , Zabul , Badakhshan , Lowgar , Paktia , Paktika and Kunar ... There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Goodson , Larry P. ( 2001 ) . Afghanistan 's Endless War : State Failure , Regional Politics , and the Rise of the Taliban . University of Washington Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98050 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers of God : Cold War ( Part 1 / 5 ) '' . CNN . 1998 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ UNICEF , Land - mines : A deadly inheritance Archived 5 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Landmines in Afghanistan : A Decades Old Danger '' . Defenseindustrydaily.com. 1 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia '' . Bureau of Population , Refugees , and Migration . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Haroon , Sana ( 2008 ) . `` The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North - West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914 -- 1996 '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 18 : 66 -- 67 . JSTOR 27755911 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : History -- Columbia Encyclopedia '' . Infoplease.com. 11 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ' Mujahidin vs. Communists : Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost . By Anne Stenersen : a Paper presented at the conference COIN in Afghanistan : From Mughals to the Americans , Peace Research Institute Oslo ( PRIO ) , 12 -- 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Amin Saikal . Modern Afghanistan : A History of Struggle and Survival ( 2006 1st ed . ) . I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. , London New York . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 437 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blood - Stained Hands , Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan 's Legacy of Impunity '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ GUTMAN , Roy ( 2008 ) : How We Missed the Story : Osama Bin Laden , the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan , Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace , 1st ed. , Washington D.C. ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan : The massacre in Mazar - i Sharif . ( Chapter II : Background ) '' . Human Rights Watch . November 1998 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Shadows : War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity : 1978 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Afghanistan Justice Project . 2005 . p. 63 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Shadows : War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity : 1978 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Afghanistan Justice Project . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Matinuddin , Kamal , The Taliban Phenomenon , Afghanistan 1994 -- 1997 , Oxford University Press , ( 1999 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ ' The Taliban ' . Mapping Militant Organizations . Stanford University . Updated 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Documents Detail Years of Pakistani Support for Taliban , Extremists '' . George Washington University . 2007 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Afghanistan : Chronology of Events January 1995 - February 1997 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada . February 1997 . Jump up ^ Coll , Ghost Wars ( New York : Penguin , 2005 ) , 14 . Jump up ^ Country profile : Afghanistan ( published August 2008 ) ( page 3 ) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Taliban 's War on Women . A Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Physicians for Human Rights . 1998 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Understanding Terrorism : Challenges , Perspectives , and Issues by Gus Martin Jump up ^ Marcela Grad . Massoud : An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader ( 1 March 2009 ed . ) . Webster University Press . p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Taliban '' . National Geographic . 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmed Shah Massoud '' . History Commons . 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Maley , William ( 2009 ) . The Afghanistan wars . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 21313 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Ahmed ( 11 September 2001 ) . `` Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brigade 055 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Taliban '' . National Geographic . 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Life under Taliban cuts two ways '' . CSM. 20 September 2001 Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rory McCarthy in Islamabad ( 17 October 2001 ) . `` New offer on Bin Laden '' . London : Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Trump calls out Pakistan , India as he pledges to ' fight to win ' in Afghanistan . cnn.com , 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al - Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan . Eighty - three percent said they have a favorable view of `` the US military forces in our country '' ( 39 % very favorable ) . Just 17 % have an unfavorable view . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Futures : A National Public Opinion Survey '' ( PDF ) . 29 January 2015 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Seventy - seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces ; 67 percent say the same of NATO / ISAF forces more generally . Despite the country 's travails , eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001 . And many more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country 's violence , 53 percent , than blame the United States , 12 percent . The latter is about half what it was in 2012 , coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick ( 8 October 2001 ) . `` A Nation challenged : The attack ; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan , aiming at bases and terrorist camps ; Bush warns ' Taliban will pay a price ' '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386 . S / RES / 1386 ( 2001 ) 31 May 2001 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . -- ( UNSCR 1386 ) Jump up ^ `` United States Mission to Afghanistan '' . Nato.usmission.gov . Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Fossler , Julie . `` USAID Afghanistan '' . Afghanistan.usaid.gov . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Engagement in Afghanistan : Backgrounder '' . Afghanistan.gc.ca. 9 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Accused of Helping Taliban '' . ABC News . 31 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Crilly , Rob ; Spillius , Alex ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` Wikileaks : Pakistan accused of helping Taliban in Afghanistan attacks '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany begins deportations of Afghan refugees '' . wsws.org. 25 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Living in Fear of Deportation '' . DW-World.De. 22 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Witte , Griff ( 8 December 2009 ) . `` Taliban shadow officials offer concrete alternative '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Mirwais Khan ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Afghan Taliban leader backs peace talks with Kabul officials '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . See also : Mullah Omar : Taliban leader ' died in Pakistan in 2013 ' See also : Afghanistan says Taliban leader Mullah Omar died 2 years ago So the question remains : If Omar died in 2013 , who from the Taliban sanctioned peace talks in 2015 in Omar 's name ? Jump up ^ `` President Karzai Address to the Nation on Afghanistan 's Peace Efforts '' . The Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington , DC . Archived from the original on 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack '' . Reuters. 22 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panetta : U.S. will pursue Pakistan - based militants '' . USA Today . September 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon ca n't account for $1 billion in Afghan reconstruction aid '' . mcclatchydc.com. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Radden Keefe , `` Corruption and Revolt '' , The New Yorker , January 19 , 2015 , pp. 30 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan president Ashraf Ghani inaugurated after bitter campaign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan '' . CBS News . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Civilians '' . Brown University . 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UNdata. 26 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Snow in Afghanistan : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . 3 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow may end Afghan drought , but bitter winter looms '' . Reuters. 18 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan 's woeful water management delights neighbors '' . Csmonitor.com. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Crone , Anthony J. ( April 2007 ) . Earthquakes Pose a Serious Hazard in Afghanistan ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . US Geological Survey . Fact Sheet FS 2007 -- 3027 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Hazards '' . USGS Projects in Afghanistan . US Geological Survey . 1 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Seven dead ' as earthquake rocks Afghanistan '' . BBC News . 19 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Steven G. ( October 2007 ) . Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan , 2007 ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . USGS Afghanistan Project / US Geological Survey / Afghanistan Geological Survey . Fact Sheet 2007 -- 3063 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minerals in Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . British Geological Survey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghans say US team found huge potential mineral wealth '' . BBC News . 14 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Land area ( sq. km ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CIA Factbook -- Area : 41 '' . CIA . 26 November 1991 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://samuelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/State-of-Afghan-Cities-2015-Volume_1.pdf Jump up ^ `` Afghan Population 29.2 Million - Pajhwok Afghan News '' . www.pajhwok.com . Jump up ^ Mohammad Jawad Sharifzada , ed . ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Afghanistan 's population reaches 26m '' . Pajhwok Afghan News . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan -- Population Reference Bureau '' . Population Reference Bureau . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated population of Afghanistan 2012 - 13 '' . Central Statistics Office . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan '' . 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Pashtuns strength in Afghan parliament diminished Jump up ^ `` Pashto '' . 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Pashto Jump up ^ `` Languages and Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan '' . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Information about people from Afghanistan '' . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Afghanistan_Religion_lg.png Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 : Religious Affiliation '' . The World 's Muslims : Unity and Diversity . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavina Melwani . `` Hindus Abandon Afghanistan '' . Hinduism Today . Archived from the original on 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Majumder , Sanjoy ( 25 September 2003 ) . `` Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ N.C. Aizenman ( 27 January 2005 ) . `` Afghan Jew Becomes Country 's One and Only '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Rula Ghani , Afghanistan 's Christian First Lady '' . 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court Chief Justice Biography '' . supremecourt.gov.af . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Database '' . afghan-bios.info . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 Results '' . Transparency International . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption widespread in Afghanistan , UNODC survey says '' . UNODC.org. 19 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karzai vows to tackle corruption '' . CBC.ca. 9 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Helene ( 2 November 2009 ) . `` Karzai Gets New Term as Afghan Runoff is Scrapped '' . Nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RAWA Photo Gallery : They are Responsible for Afghanistan 's Tragedy '' . RAWA . Archived from the original on 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Parliaments : World Classification '' . Ipu.org. 30 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Azam ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) . `` For Afghan Officials , Prospect of Death Comes With Territory '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining Elections , Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan '' . Iec.org.af. 9 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Glasch , Mike . `` USACE TAA employee named top engineer '' . Army.mil . US Army . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehrotra , Kartikay . `` Karzai Woos India Inc. as Delay on U.S. Pact Deters Billions '' . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture '' . USAID . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Taliban Is Capturing Afghanistan 's $1 Trillion in Mining Wealth '' . www.bloomberg.com. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gall , Carlotta ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` Afghan Companies Say U.S. Did Not Pay Them '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` the Kabul New City Official Website '' . DCDA . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ghazi Amanullah Khan City '' . najeebzarab.af. 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Case study : Aino Mina '' . Designmena.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ A Humane Afghan City ? by Ann Marlowe in Forbes 2 September 2009 . Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf Jump up ^ `` Economic Growth '' . USAID . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , neighbors unveil ' Silk Road ' plan '' . Reuters. 22 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CEOs should replace generals in Afghanistan : India '' . 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Private Employer In Afghanistan Is AB Corporation , And It 's Growing Fast '' . 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Michael E. `` Deposits Could Aid Ailing Afghanistan '' Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , The Brookings Institution , 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Klett , T.R. ( March 2006 ) . Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Northern Afghanistan , 2006 ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . USGS - Afghanistan Ministry of Mines & Industry Joint Oil & Gas Resource Assessment Team . Fact Sheet 2006 -- 3031 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan signs ' $7 bn ' oil deal with China '' . 28 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan 's Mineral Fortune '' . Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security Report . 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ronald D. ( 2011 ) . Rare Earth Element Mineralogy , Geochemistry , and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex , Helmand Province , Afghanistan ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . USGS . Open - File Report 2011 -- 1207 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` China , Not U.S. , Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan 's Mineral Riches '' . Daily Finance . 14 June 2010 Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` China Willing to Spend Big on Afghan Commerce '' . The New York Times . 29 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Group Wins Rights to Mine in Afghanistan 's Hajigak Archived 10 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Businessweek. 6 December 2011 Jump up ^ Risen , James ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China wins $700 million Afghan oil and gas deal . Why did n't the US bid ? '' . CSMonitor.com. 28 December 2011 Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hairatan to Mazar - i - Sharif railway - Railways of Afghanistan '' . www.andrewgrantham.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Afghan - Turkmenistan railroad inaugurated '' . www.pajhwok.com . Jump up ^ `` Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018 '' . 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Khaf - Herat railway , http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ Jump up ^ Maps , Railways of Afghanistan , http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/tag/map/ Jump up ^ `` Driving in Afghanistan '' . Caravanistan . Caravanistan . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan bus crash kills 45 '' . theguardian.com. 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO , Country profile , http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af Jump up ^ Peter , Tom A. ( 17 December 2011 ) . `` Childbirth and maternal health improve in Afghanistan '' . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Health '' . United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Anne - Marie DiNardo , LPA / PIPOS ( 31 March 2006 ) . `` Empowering Afghanistan 's Disabled Population -- 31 March 2006 '' . Usaid.gov . Archived from the original on 8 May 2004 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Norton - Taylor ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Afghanistan 's refugee crisis ' ignored ' '' . Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : People living with disabilities call for integration Archived 20 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Virginia Haussegger Mahooba 's Promise ABC TV 7.30 Report . 2009 . ABC.net.au . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan '' . Measuredhs.com . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education '' . USAID . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wardak seeks $3 b in aid for school buildings '' . Pajhwok Afghan News . 18 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Management and Establishment of Lincoln Learning Centers in Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ghazni governor signs memorandum for Lincoln Learning Center -- War On Terror News '' . Waronterrornews.typepad.com. 22 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rising literacy in Afghanistan ensures transition '' . Army.mil . Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile : Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan . August 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ US Library of Congress : Afghanistan -- Ethnic Groups ( Pashtun ) Jump up ^ Heathcote , Tony ( 1980 , 2003 ) `` The Afghan Wars 1839 -- 1919 '' , Sellmount Staplehurst . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Kuchi nomads seek a better deal '' . IRIN Asia . 18 February 2008 . Archived 10 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ G.V. Brandolini . Afghanistan cultural heritage . Orizzonte terra , Bergamo. 2007 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` 42 Buddhist relics discovered in Logar '' . Maqsood Azizi . Pajhwok Afghan News . 18 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ( bad URL - does not match page title ) Jump up ^ `` Afghan archaeologists find Buddhist site as war rages '' . Sayed Salahuddin . News Daily . 17 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buddhist remains found in Afghanistan '' . Press TV . 17 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Alikozai , Hasib Danish . `` Report : 21 Journalists Killed in Afghanistan in 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Press Freedom Index - Reporters Without Borders '' . Jump up ^ `` Artist Biographies '' . Afghanland.com . Archived from the original on 9 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting Afghanistan : The rise of technology in governance and society - The Embassy of Afghanistan in London '' . afghanistanembassy.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : 10 facts you may not know '' . 6 July 2011 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Classical Dari and Pashto Poets '' . Afghan-web.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports '' . Pajhwok Afghan News . pajhwok.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Further reading Books Banting , Erinn. ( 2003 ) . Afghanistan the People . Crabtree Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7787 - 9336 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Bleaney , C. H ; Gallego , María Ángeles ( 2006 ) . Afghanistan : a bibliography . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14532 - 0 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Clements , Frank ( 2003 ) . Conflict in Afghanistan : a Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 402 - 8 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Fowler , Corinne ( 2007 ) . Chasing Tales : Travel Writing , Journalism and the History of British Ideas About Afghanistan . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2262 - 1 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Griffiths , John C ( 2001 ) . Afghanistan : a History of Conflict . Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84222 - 597 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Habibi , Abdul Hai ( 2003 ) . Afghanistan : an Abridged History . Fenestra Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 169 - 2 . Hopkins , B.D. ( 2008 ) . The Making of Modern Afghanistan . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 55421 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Johnson , Robert ( 2011 ) . The Afghan Way of War : How and Why They Fight . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979856 - 8 . Levi , Peter ( 1972 ) . The Light Garden of the Angel King : Journeys in Afghanistan . Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 211042 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Malleson , George Bruce ( 2005 ) . History of Afghanistan , from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 ( Elibron Classic Replica ed . ) . Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 7278 - 6 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Olson , Gillia M ( 2005 ) . Afghanistan . Capstone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 2685 - 3 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Omrani , Bijan ; Leeming , Matthew ( 2011 ) . Afghanistan : A Companion and Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Odyssey Publications . ISBN 978 - 962 - 217 - 816 - 8 . Reddy , L.R. ( 2002 ) . Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 319 - 3 . Romano , Amy ( 2003 ) . A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3863 - 6 . Runion , Meredith L. ( 2007 ) . The History of Afghanistan . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33798 - 7 . Articles Meek , James . Worse than a Defeat . London Review of Books , Vol. 36 , No. 24 , December 2014 , pages 3 -- 10 External links Find more aboutAfghanistanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Afghanistan . Office of the President `` Afghanistan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Qaeda Osama bin Laden al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Anwar al - Awlaki Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish - e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar - e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF -- Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF -- Horn of Africa OEF -- Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia War in North - West Pakistan War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 09 ) 2007 Lebanon conflict al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Korean conflict See also Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Black sites Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the War on Terror Death of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan 's role Patriot Act President 's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan CAGE Terrorism portal War portal War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Invasion and occupation Order of battle Operations Logistics International Security Assistance Force Taliban insurgency Drone strikes in Pakistan Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan Resolute Support Mission Casualties and losses Afghan forces Civilian Lists 2001 -- 06 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Coalition U.S. United Kingdom Canadian German Norwegian Aviation incidents Events and controversies 2001 -- 2006 2001 Dasht - i - Leili massacre Battle of Tarinkot Fall of Mazar - i - Sharif Siege of Kunduz Uprising in Herat Fall of Kabul Battle of Shawali Kowt Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay Battle of Qala - i - Jangi Fall of Kandahar Battle of Tora Bora 2002 Guantanamo Bay 2002 Kabul bombing 2003 2005 Bagram torture and prisoner abuse Salt Pit 2006 2007 Shinwar shooting Hyderabad airstrike Nangar Khel incident Helmand Province airstrikes 2007 Baghlan sugar factory bombing 2007 Bagram Airfield bombing 2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan 2008 Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike Azizabad airstrike Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul 2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack Kidnapping of David Rohde Sarposa prison attack of 2008 2008 Kandahar bombing Spin Boldak bombing 2009 Granai airstrike Kunduz airstrike Narang night raid February 2009 Kabul raids 2009 Kabul Indian embassy attack 2009 Kandahar bombing 2009 NATO Afghanistan headquarters bombing Camp Chapman attack Khataba raid February 2010 Kabul attack Uruzgan helicopter attack Sangin airstrike Maywand District murders Tarok Kolache Nadahan wedding bombing May 2010 Kabul bombing 2010 Badakhshan massacre 2011 Mano Gai airstrike Pakistani border attack Bin Laden raid Sarposa Prison tunneling escape Helmand Province incident 2011 Logar province bombing 2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings 2011 Nimruz province bombing 2011 Zabul province bombing 2011 Chinook shootdown in Afghanistan 2012 Urination video Kapisa airstrike Quran burning protests April 2012 Afghanistan attacks Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre Kandahar massacre September 2012 Camp Bastion raid Body pictures 2013 June 2013 Kabul bombings 2013 Afghan presidential palace attack 2013 attack on U.S. consulate in Herat 2013 Indian embassy attack 2014 Herat Indian Consulate Attack 2014 Paktika car bombing 2014 Yahyakhel suicide bombing 2014 Kabul Serena Hotel attack Atiqullah Raufi assassination December 2014 Kabul bombings 2015 2015 Park Palace guesthouse attack 2015 Kabul Parliament attack Khost suicide bombing Jalalabad suicide bombing August 2015 Kabul attacks 10 August 2015 Kabul suicide attack 22 August 2015 Kabul suicide attack Ghazni prison escape Battle of Kunduz Kunduz hospital airstrike Kandahar Airport attack 2015 Spanish Embassy attack in Kabul 2016 February 2016 Kabul bombing Nangarhar Offensive ( 2016 ) 2016 Jalalabad suicide bombing Operation Omari Kabul NDS building Kunduz - Takhar highway hostage crisis Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy bombing Wardak Province bombing Kabul Hazara protest bombing Kabul Northgate Hotel bombing Jani Khel offensive Kabul American University siege Kabul Defense Ministry bombing Battle of Tarinkot ( 2016 ) Battle of Kunduz ( 2016 ) Battle of Boz Qandahari Mazar - i - Sharif German consulate attack Bagram Airfield bombing Kabul Shia mosque bombing 2017 10 January 2017 Afghanistan bombings February 2017 Supreme Court of Afghanistan attack 2017 Sangin airstrike March 2017 Kabul attack 2017 Nangarhar airstrike 2017 Camp Shaheen attack May 2017 Kabul attack June 2017 Kabul attack 2017 Herat bombing June 2017 Kabul mosque attack 2017 Lashkargah bombing 2017 attack on the Iraqi embassy in Kabul 2017 Herat mosque attack December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing 2018 2018 Inter-Continental Hotel Kabul attack 2018 Save the Children Jalalabad attack 2018 Kabul ambulance bombing March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing 22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing 30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings Battle of Farah Reactions Afghan War documents leak International public opinion Opposition Protests Memorials London Category Multimedia Wikinews BNF : cb11987818g ( data ) GND : 4000687 - 6 HDS : 3402 ISNI : 0000 0001 2167 7801 LCCN : n79063030 NARA : 10046295 NDL : 00560077 NLA : 35001590 SUDOC : 027944069 VIAF : 138292433 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&oldid=843141047 '' Categories : Afghanistan Central Asian countries Iranian Plateau Islamic republics Landlocked countries Least developed countries Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Member states of the United Nations Pashto - speaking countries and territories Persian - speaking countries and territories South Asian countries States and territories established in 1709 States and territories established in 1747 Territories under military occupation 1709 establishments in Asia Countries in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2013 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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-6275901714110864847	Bar examination	Bar examination - wikipedia Bar examination For other non-legal uses , see Bar ( disambiguation ) . For the broader meaning of `` bar '' in legal contexts , see Bar ( law ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A bar examination is a test intended to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 1.1 New South Wales 1.2 Further Information 2 Brazil 3 Canada 4 People 's Republic of China 5 England and Wales 6 France 7 Germany 8 Ghana 9 Hungary 10 Ireland 11 Iran 12 Japan 13 Korea ( South ) 14 Malaysia 15 Philippines 16 Poland 17 Singapore 18 South Africa 19 Thailand 20 United States 20.1 When exams occur 20.1. 1 Preparation for the exam 20.2 Multistate standardized examinations 20.2. 1 Uniform Bar Examination ( UBE ) 20.2. 2 Multistate Bar Examination ( MBE ) 20.2. 2.1 Description 20.2. 2.2 Average scores 20.2. 2.3 Transfer of MBE scores 20.2. 3 Multistate Essay Examination ( MEE ) 20.2. 4 Multistate Performance Test ( MPT ) 20.2. 5 Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination ( MPRE ) 20.3 Non-standardized examinations 20.4 Controversy 20.4. 1 Arguments against bar exams 20.4. 2 Arguments for alternatives to the bar exam 21 See also 22 References 23 External links Australia ( edit ) The administration of bar exams is the responsibility of the bar association in the particular state or territory concerned . Those interested in pursuing a career at the bar must first be admitted as lawyers in the Supreme Court of their home state or territory . This generally requires the completion of legal studies which can take up to 8 years depending on the mode of study , the particular degree being completed and the law school . After completing a law degree , law graduates are then usually required to complete a period of practical legal training or PLT . During the PLT period , law graduates are provided with further legal education focusing more on the practical or technical aspects of the law , such as court practice , conveyancing and drafting statements of claim . Law graduates are also required to complete a minimum number of days under the supervision of a more senior lawyer . After the successful completion of practical legal training , law graduates must then apply to be admitted to the Supreme Court in their state or territory . This ceremony is usually held with the Chief Justice of the state or territory presiding . It is a formal ceremony which also includes taking an oath ( or making an affirmation ) to uphold the laws of the jurisdiction and results in the person 's name being recorded on the Roll of Practitioners in that jurisdiction . Once admitted , those wishing to practise as barristers must contact the relevant bar association to register and sit the bar exam . The frequency and availability of these exams depends on the relevant bar association . Generally , the bar exams focus on three main areas of practice which are relevant to barristers ; namely evidence , procedure and ethics . The exams are usually administered during the course of a day and comprise of a variety of question types , usually answers are given in essay form . Candidates are informed of their results within a few months and pass rates are very competitive . It should be noted that passing the bar exam in and of itself does not automatically allow one to practise as a barrister , in many jurisdictions ( such as New South Wales ) further requirements apply . New South Wales ( edit ) In New South Wales , successful bar exam candidates are required to complete the NSW Bar Association Bar Practice Course ( BPC ) , which despite its name , is a mandatory course required to be taken after passing the bar exam . The BPC consists of lectures , assignments and a significant amount of further reading about court procedure and case law . At the conclusion of the BPC , candidates are then required to appear in a mock trial , often before real judicial officers , and argue their respective case . Once satisfied that the candidate has completed these requirements , the NSW Bar Association then provides each candidate with their practising certificate . Newly called barristers are referred to as readers for a period of usually one year and are required to have at least one tutor who is barrister with at least seven years of call but is not Senior Counsel . The term reader and tutor are similar to the term pupil and pupil master as used in the United Kingdom Inns of Court . The initial practising certificate often contains restrictions on what type of work readers are permitted to do . This may include restrictions such as appearing in court alone , undertaking direct access briefs or any other restriction which the bar association deems appropriate . After the 12 month period and upon completion of further requirements such as civil and criminal reading to the bar associations satisfaction , readers are then provided with an unrestricted practising certificate and are no longer readers but barristers . Further Information ( edit ) Further information can be obtained from the relevant bar association in each state or territory : New South Wales Bar Association Victorian Bar Association Queensland Bar Association Brazil ( edit ) The Order of Attorneys of Brazil ( Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil ) , the Brazilian Bar association , administers a bar examination nationwide two to three times a year ( usually in January , March and September ) . The exam is divided in two stages -- the first consists of 80 multiple choice questions covering all disciplines ( Ethics , Human Rights , Philosophy of Law , Constitutional Law , Administrative Law , Civil Law , Consumer Law , Civil Procedure Law , Criminal Law , Criminal Procedure Law , Labour Law and Labour Procedure Law ) . The candidate must score at least 40 questions correctly to proceed to the second part of the exam , four essay questions and a drafting project ( motion , opinion or claim document ) in Civil Law ( including Consumer Law ) , Labour Law , Criminal Law , Administrative Law , Constitutional Law , Corporate Law or Tax Law , and their respective procedures . The Bar examination can be taken on the graduation year . Success in the examination allows one to practice in any court or jurisdiction of the country . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , admission to the bar is a matter of provincial or territorial jurisdiction . All provinces except for Québec follow a common law tradition . Lawyers in every common law province are qualified as both barristers and solicitors , and must pass a Barristers ' Examination and Solicitors ' Examination administered by the Law Society that governs the legal profession in their respective province or territory . The common law provinces all require prospective lawyers to complete a term of articles ( usually 10 months ) after graduation from law school during which they work under the supervision of a qualified lawyer . The bar exams may be taken after graduation from law school , but before the commencement of articling , or may be taken during or after articling is completed . Once the barristers ' and solicitors ' exams have been passed and the term of articles is successfully completed , students may then be called the bar and admitted to the legal profession as lawyers ( barristers and solicitors ) . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Main article : State Judicial Exam England and Wales ( edit ) Since the UK has a separated legal profession , Law graduates in England and Wales can take examinations to qualify as a Barrister or a Solicitor by either undertaking the BPTC or the LPC respectively . These courses are the vocational part of the training required under the Bar Association and The Law Society rules and are either undertaken on a full - time basis for one year or on a part - time basis over two years . After successfully completing these courses , which generally include various examinations and practical ability tests , graduates must secure either a Training Contract ( for those who have completed the LPC ) or a Pupillage ( for those who have completed the BPTC ) . These are akin to Articling positions in other jurisdictions and are the final Practical stage before being granted full admission to practice . The general timescale therefore to become fully qualified after entering Law School can range between 6 -- 7 years ( assuming no repeats are required ) . However some controversy remains about the lack of Training Contracts and Pupillages available to graduates even after having completed the LPC / BPTC . These courses can vary in cost anywhere from £ 9,000 to £ 17,000 and are generally undertaken by students on a private basis making them incur additional costs . The final debt in student fees alone after having completed the academic and vocational training can range between £ 20,000 - £ 25,000 . This is set to increase to £ 40,000 - £ 50,000 for students entering law school in the years 2012 due to the increased tuition fees for Law School itself . France ( edit ) In France , Law graduates must obtain a vocational degree called certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat ( or CAPA in everyday speech ) in order to practice independently . The most common way to achieve the CAPA is by training in an école d'avocats ( Lawyer 's School ) . This training includes academical and vocational courses and mandatory internships in law firms . Entrance to Lawyer 's School is obtained by competitive examination . Germany ( edit ) To become a lawyer in Germany , one has to study law at university for four or five years . Then , one has to pass the First Juristic Examination ( Erste Juristische Prüfung ) in Law , which is administered in parts by the ministry of justice of the respective state and in parts by the university the person attends ; the state part accounts for two thirds of the final grade , the university part for one third . This examination provides a very limited qualification , as there are no formal careers in the legal field that can be followed without further training . After the first juristic examination , candidates that wish to fully qualify must participate in a two - year practical training period ( Referendariat ) including practical work as judge , prosecutor , and attorney . At the end of this training , candidates must take and pass the Second State Examination ( Zweites Staatsexamen ) . This examination , if passed , allows successful participants to enter the bar as attorney , to become judges and to become state attorneys . All careers have the same legal training ( Einheitsjurist ) , even though some careers require additional training ( namely public notaries and patent lawyers ) . Ghana ( edit ) To become a lawyer in Ghana , you have to study law at any university that offers the Bachelor of Laws degree . After completing the four year law degree , graduands can apply to be enrolled at the Ghana School of Law . Following two years of professional training , successful students can take their bar examination . Upon passing the bar examination , an induction and calling to the bar ceremony is held for all graduating students . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , the Bar Examination is called `` Jogi Szakvizsga '' , can be translated as `` Legal Profession Examination '' . This exam is composed of three parts : Criminal Law , Criminal Procedural Law and Law of Criminal Enforcement Civil Law , Civil Procedural Law and Business Law Constitutional Law , Administrative Law , Labor Law , Social Security Law and Law of the European Union . After passing these exams the candidate can practice law as an attorney - at - law / barrister or as a secretary / judge at the court or as a prosecutor at the public prosecutor 's office or in - house legal counsel or may operate individually at any field of law . Ireland ( edit ) The bar exams in Ireland are the preserve of the Honorable Society of King 's Inns , which runs a series of fourteen exams over ten weeks , from March to June each year , for those enrolled as students in its one - year Barrister - at - Law degree course . These exams cover such skills as advocacy , research and opinion writing , consulting with clients , negotiation , drafting of legal documents and knowledge of civil and criminal procedure . For those who fail to meet the requisite 50 % pass mark , repeats are held in the following August and September . Iran ( edit ) The Bar Exam in Iran is administered by two different and completely separate bodies , one of which is the Bar Association of every province all of which are under the auspices of the country 's syndicate of the bars of the country , and the other one is administered by Judiciary System subject to article 187 of the country 's economic , social and cultural development plan . The following is the process of obtaining the license through the Bar Association 's procedures . To receive the license to practice as a `` First Degree Attorney '' in Iran , an applicant should complete a bachelor of law program . The official career path starts after passing the Bar Exam and receiving the title of `` Trainee at Law '' . The exam is highly competitive and only a certain number of top applicants are admitted annually . After admission to the bar , an eighteen - months apprenticeship program begins which is highly regulated under the auspices of Bar Syndicate Rules and supervision of an assigned First Degree Attorney . Trainees or apprentices must attend designated courts for designated weeks to hear cases and write case summaries . A logbook signed by the judge on the bench has to certify their weekly attendance . By the end of the eighteenth month , they are eligible to apply to take the Final Bar Exam by submitting their case summaries , the logbook and a research work pre-approved by the Bar . It is noteworthy , however , that during these eighteen months , Trainees are eligible to have a limited practice of law under the supervision of their supervising Attorney . This practice does not include Supreme Court eligible cases and certain criminal and civil cases . Candidates will be tested on Civil law , Civil Procedure , Criminal law , Criminal Procedure , Commercial Law , Notary ( including rules pertaining Official Documents , Land & Real Estate registrations and regulations etc . ) . Each exam takes two days , a day on oral examination in front of a judge or an attorney , and a day of essay examination , in which they will be tested on hypothetical cases submitted to them . Successful applicants will be honoured with the title of `` First Degree Attorney '' , after they take the oath and can practice in all courts of the country including the Supreme Court . Those who fail must redo the apprenticeship program in full or in part before taking the Final Bar Exam again . Japan ( edit ) The bar exams in Japan yield the least number of successful candidates worldwide . The old format of the examinations , last held in 2010 saw only 6 % passing the exam . With the new format of examinations , even after extensive reforms and a new mandatory duration of graduate school education for a period of two years , the pass rate is only 22 % . Since 2014 , candidates are allowed to take the examinations within five years before their right to take the exam is revoked and they either have to return to law school , take the preparatory exam or give up totally . It is administered solely by the Ministry of Justice . Korea ( South ) ( edit ) Due to the colonial - era influence , Korea 's bar exam system closely follows that of Japan 's . Korea is phasing out in 2017 its old system that allows anyone to take the exam and undergo mandatory 2 - year state - sponsored training that is criticized for generating `` 고시 낭인 '' or `` exam jobless '' referring to people who spend many years of their lives preparing for the exam . The new law school system that began in 2009 allows only the graduates of a law school to apply for the bar exam . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Certificate in Legal Practice ( Malaysia ) Philippines ( edit ) The Philippine Bar Examination is administered once every year on the four Sundays of November ( September before 2011 ) . It covers eight areas of law : political law , labor law and social legislation , criminal law , civil law , commercial law , taxation law , remedial law , and legal ethics and practical exercises . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , the bar examination is taken after graduating from a law faculty at a university . It allows a person to undertake practice , the duration of which varies depending on the specialization . After the practical period applicants must pass the exam held by the Professional Chambers with assistance from some members of the Ministry of Justice . Singapore ( edit ) The Singapore Bar Examination ( Part B) is administered once every year , usually over the course of four days . The exam is generally held on the last week of November , and is administered by the Singapore Institute of Legal Education ( SILE ) . The eight practice areas covered in the examination include , Civil Law Practice , Criminal Law Practice , Ethics and Professional Responsibility , Family Law Practice , Real Estate Practice , Insolvency Practice , and two electives to be chosen from a list of elective subjects offered , such as , Mediation , Arbitration , and Intellectual Property . In Singapore , the legal profession is a fused profession , granting the professional qualification of an ' Advocate and Solicitor ' to any successful candidate of the Bar Examinations and its practical requirements . To qualify as a candidate for the Bar Examinations , an aspiring candidate must first be a graduate from a law school or university that is on the approved list of schools mandated by the Ministry of Law . The three universities based in Singapore offering a Bachelor of Laws degree are , National University of Singapore , Singapore Management University , and Singapore University of Social Sciences . There are presently twenty - seven ( 27 ) foreign universities offering an approved Bachelor of Laws degree on the list , hailing from four countries , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and the United States of America . To be called to the Singaporean Bar , all law graduates must complete the following : Sit for , and pass the Singapore Bar Examinations ( Part B) . Completed a six - month training contract known as the Practice Training Contract with a local law firm , or practice . Subject to an order from Court , legal trainees who have completed at least three months of their Practice Training Contract , as well as sat for and passed the Singapore Bar Examinations ( Part B ) , are able to seek partial admission to the Bar . By applying to the Court to be part - called , candidates are granted the right to appear before the Court in specific circumstances . In addition , all law graduates of non-Singaporean university must complete the following additional requirements : Sit for , and pass the Singapore Bar Examinations ( Part A ) . The five subjects which are offered in this exam are , Administrative and Constitutional Law , Company Law , Criminal Law , Evidence , and Land Law . All foreign university graduates are required to pass this exam to prove competence in Singaporean law . Part A of the Bar Examinations are administered by SILE as well . All foreign university graduates are also required to complete an additional six - month training known as the Relevant Legal Training , to prove practical competence with a local law firm , or practice . Both the Relevant Legal Training , and the Singapore Bar Examinations ( Part A ) must be completed by a candidate before said candidate is allowed to commence either their Practice Training Contract , or sit for the Singapore Bar Examinations ( Part B) . South Africa ( edit ) See Legal education : South Africa . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , the bar examination is different from the lawyer licence . To practice law as a lawyer , i.e. to speak in the court , one must pass a lawyer licence examination and does not need to be called to the bar . People take the bar examination to become qualified to take a judge or public prosecutor examination . To be called to the bar , one must pass the written exams consisting of four parts as follows . Civil and commercial law , intellectual property law , and international trade law . Criminal law , employment law , constitution law , administrative law , and tax law . Civil procedure law , bankruptcy and business reorganization law , and the system of the court of justice . And Criminal procedure law , human rights , and law on the evidence . Each part has 10 essay questions . The pass mark is 50 . The parts 1 - 2 are usually taken in October and the rest are usually taken in March . One does not need to pass all four parts in one year . After passing all the written exams , there is an oral exam . Around 10,000 bar students sit the exam each year . In 2013 , 1,231 students were called to the bar , 111 of whom did it in only one year . Quite confusingly with international norms , students called to the bar are referred to as netibandit ( เนติบัณฑิต ) , which gets translated into English as Barrister - at - Law . The Thai legal profession , however , is a fused one and those with lawyer licenses are able to practice both as barristers and solicitors in the British / Commonwealth sense . Many students called to the bar choose to become judges or public prosecutors instead of lawyers . As the Thai bar examination ( administered and awarded by the Thai Bar Association ) is separate from the lawyers licensing scheme ( administered and awarded by the Lawyers Council of Thailand ) , this means that judges and public prosecutors belong to a separate licensing organization from lawyers . This is unlike in the US where judges and prosecutors most often come from the ranks of senior lawyers and belong to the same bar . \ United states ( edit ) Bar exams are administered by agencies of individual states . In 1738 , Delaware created the first bar exam with other American colonies soon following suit . A state bar licensing agency is invariably associated with the judicial branch of government , because American attorneys are all officers of the court of the bar ( s ) to which they belong . Sometimes the agency is an office or committee of the state 's highest court or intermediate appellate court . In some states which have a unified or integrated bar association ( meaning that formal membership in a public corporation controlled by the judiciary is required to practice law therein ) , the agency is either the state bar association or a subunit thereof . Other states split the integrated bar membership and the admissions agency into different bodies within the judiciary ; in Texas , the Board of Law Examiners is appointed by the Texas Supreme Court and is independent from the integrated State Bar of Texas . The bar examination in most U.S. states and territories is at least two days long ( a few states have three - day exams ) and usually consists of : Essay questions : Essentially all jurisdictions administer several such questions that test knowledge of general legal principles , and may also test knowledge of the state 's own law ( usually subjects such as wills , trusts and community property , which always vary from one state to another ) . Some jurisdictions choose to use the Multistate Essay Examination ( MEE ) , drafted by the NCBE since 1988 , for this purpose . Others may draft their own questions with this goal in mind , while some states both draft their own questions and use the MEE . Some jurisdictions administer complicated questions that specifically test knowledge of that state 's law . Multistate standardized examinations ( below ) When exams occur ( edit ) Each state controls where it administers its bar exam . Because the MBE ( below ) is a standardized test , it must be administered on the same day across the country . That day occurs twice a year as the last Wednesday in July and the last Wednesday in February . Two states , Delaware and North Dakota , may administer their bar exams only once , in July , if they do not have enough applicants to merit a second sitting . North Dakota requires ten applicants in order to administer the February exam . Most bar exams are administered on consecutive days . Louisiana is the exception , with the Louisiana Bar Exam being a three - day examination on Monday , Wednesday and Friday . Also , Louisiana 's examination is the longest in the country in terms of examination time , with seven hours on Monday and Wednesday and seven and one half hours on Friday for a total of 21.5 hours of testing . Montana 's bar examination also occurs over a three - day period , with a total of 18 hours of testing . The bar exams in Delaware , Nevada , Ohio , South Carolina , and Texas are also three days long . The California bar exam moved to a two - day format beginning with the July , 2017 exam . The MEE and MPT , as uniform though not standardized tests , also must be administered on the same day across the country -- specifically the day before the MBE . Preparation for the exam ( edit ) Most law schools teach students common law and how to analyze hypothetical fact patterns like a lawyer , but do not specifically prepare law students for any particular bar exam . Only a minority of law schools offer bar preparation courses . To refresh their memory on `` black - letter rules '' tested on the bar , most students engage in a regimen of study ( called `` bar review '' ) between graduating from law school and sitting for the bar . For bar review , most students in the United States attend a private bar review course which is provided by a third - party company and not their law school . Multistate standardized Examinations ( edit ) The National Conference of Bar Examiners ( NCBE ) is a U.S. based non-profit organization that develops national ( `` multistate '' ) standardized tests for admission to the bar in individual states . The organization was founded in 1931 . The best known exams developed by NCBE are the Multistate Bar Examination ( 1972 ) , the Multistate Essay Examination ( 1988 ) , the Multistate Performance Test ( 1997 ) , and the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination ( 1980 ) . Uniform bar examination ( UBE ) ( edit ) Main article : Uniform Bar Examination This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources . Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page . Help on using footnotes is available . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NCBE has developed a Uniform Bar Examination ( UBE ) , which consists solely of the MBE , MEE , and MPT , and offers portability of scores across state lines . Missouri became the first state to adopt the UBE ; both that state and North Dakota were the first to administer the UBE , doing so in February 2011 . Following Missouri 's lead , several other jurisdictions , all of which were among the 22 that already were using all three components of the UBE , are expected to adopt that examination . However , many of the largest legal markets -- California , Florida , Illinois and Texas -- have so far chosen not to adopt the UBE . Among the concerns cited with the adoption of the UBE were its absence of questions on state law and the fact that it would give the NCBE much greater power in the bar credentialing process . As of January 2017 , the Uniform Bar Examination Jurisdictions are ( date of first UBE administration in parentheses ) : Alabama ( July 2011 ) Alaska ( July 2014 ) Arizona ( July 2012 ) Colorado ( February 2012 ) Connecticut ( January 2017 ) District of Columbia ( January 2016 ) Idaho ( February 2012 ) Iowa ( February 2016 ) Kansas ( February 2016 ) Maine ( July 2017 ) Massachusetts ( January 2018 ) Minnesota ( February 2014 ) Missouri ( February 2011 ) Montana ( July 2013 ) Nebraska ( February 2013 ) New Hampshire ( February 2014 ) New Jersey ( February 2016 ) New Mexico ( January 2016 ) New York ( July 2016 ) North Dakota ( February 2011 ) Oregon ( January 2017 ) South Carolina ( January 2017 ) Utah ( February 2013 ) Vermont ( January 2016 ) Washington ( July 2013 ) West Virginia ( January 2017 ) Wyoming ( July 2013 ) Multistate bar examination ( MBE ) ( edit ) The Multistate Bar Examination ( MBE ) is a standardized , multiple - choice examination created and sold to participating state bar examiners . Description ( edit ) The examination is administered on a single day of the bar examination in 49 states and the District of Columbia , as well as in Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Republic of Palau . The only state that does not administer the MBE is Louisiana , which follows a civil law system very different from the law in other states . The MBE is also not administered in Puerto Rico , which , like Louisiana , has a civil law system . The MBE is given twice a year : on the last Wednesday of July in all jurisdictions that require that examination , and on the last Wednesday of February in the same jurisdictions , except for Delaware and North Dakota . The 200 MBE questions test six subjects based upon principles of common law and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code ( covering sales of goods ) that apply throughout the United States . The questions are not broken down into sections and the six topics are distributed more or less evenly throughout the course of the exam . Exam - takers generally receive three hours during the morning session to complete the first 100 questions , and another three hours during the afternoon session to complete the second 100 questions . In January 2009 , NCBE indicated that it was considering adding a seventh topic , civil procedure , to the examination . Civil Procedure was scheduled to make its first showing on the MBE in February 2015 . Average scores ( edit ) The average raw score from the summer exam historically has been about 128 , or about 67 % correct ( only 175 of the 200 questions are scored with the remaining 25 questions being evaluated for future use ) , while the average scaled score in 2007 was about 140 . In summer 2007 , the average scaled score was 143.7 with a standard deviation of 15.9 . Over 50,000 applicants took the test ; less than half that number took it in the winter . Transfer of MBE scores ( edit ) Taking the MBE in one jurisdiction may allow an applicant to use his or her MBE score to waive into another jurisdiction or to use the MBE score with another state 's bar examination . Multistate essay examination ( MEE ) ( edit ) The Multistate Essay Examination ( MEE ) is a collection of essay questions largely concerning the common law administered as a part of the bar examination in 26 jurisdictions of the United States : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Connecticut , District of Columbia , Guam , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kentucky , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Mexico , New York , North Dakota , Northern Mariana Islands , Oregon , Palau ( Not part of the United States ) , Rhode Island , South Carolina ( eff . Feb. 2017 ) , South Dakota , Utah , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin , Wyoming . The MEE can cover any of the following areas : Business associations -- Agency and partnership , corporations , limited liability companies Conflict of laws Constitutional law Contracts Criminal law and procedure Evidence Family law Federal civil procedure Real property Torts Trusts and estates -- decedents ' estates ; trusts and future interests Uniform Commercial Code -- Article 3 , Negotiable Instruments ; Article 4 ( Bank Deposits and Collections ) ; Article 9 , Secured Transactions MEE questions are actually drafted by the NCBE Drafting Committee , with the assistance of outside academics and practitioners who are experts in the fields being tested . After initial drafting , the questions are pretested , analyzed by outside experts and a separate NCBE committee , reviewed by boards of bar examiners in the jurisdictions that use the test , and then revised by the Drafting Committee in accordance with the results of this process . Each MEE question is accompanied by a grading guide , and the NCBE sponsors a grading workshop on the weekend following the bar exam whose results are provided to bar examiners . The examination is always administered on a single day of the bar examination , specifically the day before the Multistate Bar Examination ( MBE ) . Through February 2007 , the MEE consisted of seven questions , with most jurisdictions selecting six of the seven questions to administer . Unlike the MBE , which is graded and scored by the NCBE , the MEE is graded exclusively by the jurisdiction that administers the bar examination . Each jurisdiction has the choice of grading MEE questions according to general U.S. common law or the jurisdiction 's own law . The MEE is generally paired with the MPT . Multistate performance test ( MPT ) ( edit ) The Multistate Performance Test ( MPT ) , a written performance test designed to test an examinee 's ability to use fundamental lawyering skills in a realistic situation and complete a task that a beginning lawyer should be able to accomplish . It was developed by the NCBE and is used in many U.S. jurisdictions . The MPT is generally paired with the MEE . Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination ( MPRE ) ( edit ) Main article : Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination In almost all jurisdictions , the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination ( MPRE ) , an ethics exam , is also administered by the NCBE , which creates it and grades it . The MPRE is offered three times a year , in March , August and September , November Non-standardized Examinations ( edit ) California and Pennsylvania draft and administer their own performance tests . California performance tests are three hours in length ( as California has traditionally viewed the 90 - minute MPT as too short to meaningfully test anything , though it reverted to this format with its July 2017 sitting ) and are far more difficult than the MPT . As noted above , essay questions are the most variable component of the bar exam . States emphasize different areas of law in their essay questions depending upon their respective histories and public policy priorities . For example , unlike Texas and Alta California , Louisiana did not convert to common law when it was acquired by the United States , so its essay questions require knowledge of the state 's unique civil law system . Several states whose law descends from Spanish and Mexican civil law , like Texas and California , require all bar exam applicants to demonstrate knowledge of community property law . Pennsylvania , with a history of federal tax evasion ( e.g. , the Whiskey Rebellion ) , tests federal income tax law , while New Jersey , with a history of discriminatory zoning ( resulting in the controversial Mount Laurel doctrine ) , tests zoning and planning law . Washington , South Dakota , and New Mexico each test Indian law , because of their relatively large populations of Native Americans and large numbers of Indian reservations . Most states test knowledge of the law of negotiable instruments and secured transactions ( Articles 3 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code ) , but Alaska , California , Minnesota , and Pennsylvania do not ; they have recognized that the vast majority of criminal , personal injury , and family lawyers will never draft a promissory note or litigate the validity of a security interest . Controversy ( edit ) Arguments against bar exams ( edit ) A statement by the Society of American Law Teachers ( SALT ) articulates many criticisms of the bar exam. . The SALT statement , however , does propose some alternative methods of bar admission that are partially test - based . A response to the SALT statement was made by Suzanne Darrow - Kleinhau in The Bar Examiner Arguments for alternatives to the bar exam ( edit ) The NCBE published an article in 2005 addressing alternatives to the bar exam , including a discussion of the Daniel Webster Scholar Honors Program , an alternate certification program introduced at the University of New Hampshire School of Law ( formerly Franklin Pierce Law Center ) in that year . See also ( edit ) Bar Review Bar association IRAC for essay tips and strategies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australian Bar Association Becoming a lawyer in Australia '' . austbar.asn.au . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Coming to the Bar NSW Bar Association '' . www.nswbar.asn.au . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` OAB registra recorde de aprovação no 5o Exame de Ordem : quase 25 % - Educação - iG '' . Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ California Bar Background information , accessed April 21 , 2009 Archived May 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William Burnham , Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States , 4th ed . ( St. Paul : Thomson West , 2006 ) , 135 . Jump up ^ LaCrosse , Nikki ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) . `` ' Guidelines on Reciprocity or ' Admission on Motion ' among the States as per American Bar Association ' '' . LawCrossing.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Steiner , `` International Conference on Legal Education Reform : Cram Schooled '' , 24 Wis . Int'l L.J. 377 , 392 ( 2006 ) . This article contrasts American bar review courses against the 18 - month cram schools used in Japan , Germany , Korea , and Taiwan , and argues that the short length of American bar review is due to the superior pedagogical methods of American law schools and the American tradition of relatively easy access to the legal profession ( in comparison to most countries ) . Jump up ^ Wayne L. Anderson and Marilyn J. Headrick , The Legal Profession : Is it for you ? ( Cincinnati : Thomson Executive Press , 1996 ) , 103 . Jump up ^ `` About NCBE '' . NCBE . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bar Admissions statistics PDF ( accessed April 21 , 2009 ) Archived October 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cassens Weiss , Debra ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) . `` With Missouri Move , Idea of Uniform Bar Exam Finally Gets Legs '' . ABA Journal . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jones , Leigh ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Uniform Bar Exam Drawing Closer to Reality '' . The National Law Journal . Archived from the original on 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Bar Examination '' . NCBE . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Bar Exam Schedule and Fees '' . www.iowacourtsonline.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bar Admissions background , PDF Archived October 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jurisdictions Using the MBE in 2008 '' . National Conference of Bar Examiners . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jones , Leigh ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Potential Major Changes to Bar Exams Considered '' . The National Law Journal . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Preparing for the MBE '' . NCBE . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Statistics '' ( PDF ) . The Bar Examiner. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bar Admission Guide '' ( PDF ) . NCBE . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MEE FAQs0 '' . National Conference of Bar Examiners . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Multistate Essay Examination ( MEE ) '' . National Conference of Bar Examiners . Archived from the original on 30 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the MEE '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . `` The Multistate Essay Examination ( MEE ) ... inaugurated in July 1988 '' Jump up ^ `` Why Jurisdictions May Want to Implement the MEE '' . National Conference of Bar Examiners . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Multistate Performance Test '' . National Conference of Bar Examiners . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society of American Law Teachers '' . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 54 JOURNAL OF LEGAL EDUCATION 442 -- 458 Jump up ^ Suzanne Darrow - Kleinhau , `` A Response to Criticism of the Bar Exam '' , The Bar Examiner , May 2005 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) National Conference of Bar Examiners : Makers of the Multistate Bar Exam The Louisiana Supreme Court Committee on Bar Admission NDL : 00570925 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bar_examination&oldid=845091020 '' Categories : Bar examinations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 Articles with broken or outdated citations from February 2013 All articles with broken or outdated citations Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia 한국어 日本語 Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 09 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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1695174253008210728	Legion (TV series)	Legion ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Legion ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Legion Genre Science fiction Psychological thriller Psychological horror Drama Superhero fiction Created by Noah Hawley Based on Legion by Chris Claremont Bill Sienkiewicz Starring Dan Stevens Rachel Keller Aubrey Plaza Bill Irwin Jeremie Harris Amber Midthunder Katie Aselton Jean Smart Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Noah Hawley John Cameron Lauren Shuler Donner Bryan Singer Simon Kinberg Steve Blackman Jeph Loeb Jim Chory Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Karim Zreik Producer ( s ) Brian Leslie Parker Location ( s ) Vancouver Burnaby Cinematography Dana Gonzales Running time 44 -- 68 minutes Production company ( s ) 26 Keys Productions The Donners ' Company Bad Hat Harry Productions Kinberg Genre Marvel Television FX Productions Distributor 20th Television Release Original network FX Original release February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows The Gifted External links Official website www.fxnetworks.com/shows/legion/episodes Legion is an American cable television series created for FX by Noah Hawley , based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller / Legion . It is connected to the X-Men film series , the first television series to be so , and is produced by FX Productions in association with Marvel Television . Hawley serves as showrunner on the series . Dan Stevens stars as Haller , a mutant diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age . Rachel Keller , Aubrey Plaza , Bill Irwin , Jeremie Harris , Amber Midthunder , Katie Aselton , and Jean Smart also star . FX and Marvel Television announced a new collaboration to create a television series based on the X-Men character Legion in October 2015 , with Hawley signed on to write , and direct the pilot . Casting began by January 2016 , and filming took place in Vancouver . Hawley wanted to show Haller as an `` unreliable narrator '' , including mixing 1960s design with modern - day elements , and filming the series through the title character 's distorted view of reality . The eight - episode first season of Legion premiered at the Pacific Design Center on January 26 , 2017 , ahead of its FX debut on February 8 . The series received critical acclaim , particularly for its visuals and departure from superhero genre standards . A ten - episode second season was ordered in March 2017 and is planned for a February 2018 release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Music 4.7 Shared universe connections 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) David Haller was diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age and has been a patient in various psychiatric hospitals since . After Haller has an encounter with a fellow psychiatric patient , he is confronted with the possibility that there may be more to him than mental illness . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Legion characters Dan Stevens as David Haller : The mutant son of Charles Xavier , Haller was diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age and meets the `` girl of his dreams '' in a psychiatric hospital . The character possesses various psychic abilities , including telepathy and telekinesis . Stevens joined the series because of showrunner Noah Hawley 's involvement , and did extensive research on mental health to prepare for the role , talking to both mentally ill persons and doctors . Hawley and the cast kept secrets from Stevens about the character and plot so that he could identify with Haller 's confusion about himself and reality . Rachel Keller as Sydney `` Syd '' Barrett : A young woman who becomes Haller 's girlfriend . Syd 's mind trades places with that of anyone she touches , with hers entering their body , and vice versa . Because of her abilities , the character is portrayed as `` withdrawn '' , the opposite of Keller 's breakout performance in the second season of Hawley 's Fargo . She is named after Roger `` Syd '' Barrett of the rock band Pink Floyd , whose music was an important influence on the series for Hawley . Aubrey Plaza as Lenny Busker : Haller 's friend , an `` impossible optimist '' despite a history of drug and alcohol abuse . The character dies in the first episode , but returns as one form of the powerful mutant Amahl Farouk / Shadow King , who appears in Haller 's mind using several forms in addition to Busker . Busker was originally written for a middle aged man , until Hawley met Plaza and rethought the character . However , Plaza insisted that the character 's dialogue not be changed for her , instead choosing to play the character as both male and female . This led to Busker `` making crass remarks about women and muttering vintage phrases '' . Bill Irwin as Cary Loudermilk : A mutant scientist , one of the founders of Summerland and one of Bird 's specialists . The character is introduced in the second episode , but Hawley sought to cast Irwin , for his `` playful approach to characters '' , during filming on the pilot , before the character 's role had been written . Hawley `` had to pitch him the weird , crazy character dynamic and that the show is about memory and identity '' , and Irwin agreed to join the project . Jeremie Harris as Ptonomy Wallace : A former child prodigy , one of Bird 's specialists . A `` memory artist '' , Ptonomy `` remembers everything , and has the ability to take people back into their own memories '' . Amber Midthunder as Kerry Loudermilk : A savant who lives inside Cary 's body ; their mutant power allows them to coexist in one body or to become separate physical persons . Kerry only ages when she is outside Cary , leaving her physically much younger than he is . Katie Aselton as Amy Haller : David 's older sister , who tries to remain positive despite his history of mental illness . Hawley said that she defined herself as normal `` against her brother . She finds herself being looked at as if she might be crazy , as well . '' Jean Smart as Melanie Bird : A demanding psychiatric therapist . Smart joined the series immediately when asked by Hawley , despite knowing nothing about the show and its source material , due to her previous Emmy - nominated work with him on the second season of Fargo . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Legion ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter 1 '' Noah Hawley Noah Hawley February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) XLN01001 1.62 `` Chapter 2 '' Michael Uppendahl Noah Hawley February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) XLN01002 1.13 `` Chapter 3 '' Michael Uppendahl Peter Calloway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) XLN01003 1.04 `` Chapter 4 '' Larysa Kondracki Nathaniel Halpern March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) XLN01004 0.75 5 `` Chapter 5 '' Tim Mielants Peter Calloway March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) XLN01005 0.80 6 `` Chapter 6 '' Hiro Murai Nathaniel Halpern March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) XLN01006 0.73 7 `` Chapter 7 '' Dennie Gordon Jennifer Yale March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) XLN01007 0.72 8 `` Chapter 8 '' Michael Uppendahl Noah Hawley March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) XLN01008 0.81 Season 2 ( edit ) FX renewed Legion for a second season on March 15 , 2017 . At the end of that month , Hawley explained that he planned for the season to have ten episodes , and to focus more on the series ' other characters in addition to David Haller . Filming is set to begin in July 2017 , with the season expected to begin airing in February 2018 . Production ( edit ) See also : Production of season 1 Development ( edit ) Creator Noah Hawley set out to create a fresh take on the superhero genre . After completing work on the first season of Fargo at FX in 2014 , Noah Hawley was presented with the opportunity to develop the first live - action television series based on the X-Men comics , of which Hawley was a fan when growing up . Hawley was initially pitched two different ideas for the potential series , including an adaptation of the comics ' Hellfire Club , but the ideas did not interest Hawley . Instead , he worked with X-Men film series writer and producer Simon Kinberg to reverse - engineer an idea for the series . After discussing an `` interesting show in this genre ... that is n't being done '' , the two settled on the character of David Haller / Legion . Hawley found the character interesting because of his mental illness , and for the potential of the series to depict his unique mindset . He pitched the series as `` a deconstruction of a villain ... and a love story '' . In October 2015 , FX ordered a pilot for Legion , with Marvel Television and FX Productions producing ; FX Productions would handle the physical production . Hawley was set to write the pilot , and executive produce the series alongside X-Men film producers Lauren Shuler Donner , Bryan Singer , and Kinberg , Marvel Television executives Jeph Loeb and Jim Chory , and Hawley 's Fargo collaborator John Cameron . Steve Blackman , Alan Fine , Stan Lee , Joe Quesada , and Karim Zreik also executive produce . Hawley 's initial script for the series was described as `` less fractured '' , `` cohesive ( and ) much more regular . '' However , he quickly reconceived the series `` and decided more Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , Terrence Malick , more whimsy , more impressionistic and went in that direction . '' By January 2016 , FX President John Landgraf was confident that the series would be picked up by the network , saying that `` the vast majority of things that we pilot do go forward to series '' and `` the scripts ( for Legion ) are extraordinary . '' That May , FX ordered an eight - episode first season of Legion . In June , Landgraf said that the series , if successful , could run for as many seasons as Hawley feels it needs to tell the story . Discussing future seasons , Hawley said in January 2017 that he was open to continuing the story past the first season , but did n't want the audience to get to the end of the first run and have `` no resolution of any kind at the end of it . '' Star Dan Stevens said , `` I know for a fact that there are more issues that David has to deal with than the one that we really address in the first season . '' Also at that time , Singer explained the executive producers ' roles in the series , saying that he , Donner , and Kinberg brought their experience from making the X-Men films , but their involvement generally consisted of giving small notes on scripts and early cuts of episodes . In March , FX ordered a second season of the series . With the end of the first season , Hawley said that the second season would consist of ten episodes , and explained that he was unsure at that time how long he would like the series to run : `` I think there were things about the first season that ( I felt ) would unfold faster than they did , and things that I thought would take longer that I dealt with more quickly . I think by the end of the second year I 'll have a better sense of how many more years there are to go '' . Writing ( edit ) Kinberg teased in November 2015 that the series would tell `` X-Men stories in a slightly different way and even with a slightly different tone '' from the films , noting the differences in tone between the `` operatic '' X-Men films and the `` irreverent and hysterical '' Deadpool , and feeling that Legion gives `` us an opportunity to go even further ... in some ways to sort of blow up the paradigm of comic book or superhero stories and almost do our Breaking Bad of superhero stories . '' Loeb noted that `` the core '' of all X-Men comic books has always been that `` the X-Men were different ... We live in a world right now where diversity and uniqueness and whether or not we fit in is something that 's on our minds twenty - four hours a day . The X-Men have never been more relevant than they are right now . '' Hawley added , `` The great thing about exploring this character is before he has an opinion about anyone else , he has to figure out his own shit . That 's what we all have to do . This journey is n't necessarily racing toward a battle with an entity , so much as embracing the battle within . '' In May 2016 , Hawley described his take on the series as being inspired by the works of David Lynch , and said that `` the structure of a story should reflect the content of the story . If the story , as in this case , is about a guy who is either schizophrenic or he has these abilities , i.e. , he does n't know what 's real and what 's not real , then the audience should have the same experience ... my goal with this is to do something whimsical and imaginative and unexpected . Not just because I want to do something different , but because it feels like the right way to tell this story . '' Elaborating on structuring the series to reflect Haller 's point of view , Hawley said , `` I love the idea that even when you 're in it on the journey , there is this Alice in Wonderland quality to it , of a story within a story . '' Discussing the increasing popularity of unreliable narrators in television , Hawley said that he wanted to avoid making the audience think that the series is a puzzle that needs to be solved by solving the mysteries for them upfront -- `` We 're going to take a character out of confusion into clarity and an audience out of mystery into clarity . '' Hawley deliberately chose not to directly adapt any storylines from the comics , feeling that `` you 're bound to offend somebody , no matter what you do '' in that situation . Instead , he wanted to take the character of Legion and basic set - up around him , and `` play '' with that , which he described in relation to Fargo -- `` my job was not to remake the movie , to sort of retell a story that had already been told , but to try to tell a different story with the same effect , the same impact . '' Concerning the mental illness aspects of the character , Hawley said , `` It 's a tragic condition that people have , and so I do n't want to use it for entertainment purposes ... if we can ground that ( aspect ) for the audience , then the idea that he 's fallen in love and that he 's not ill , there 's a hope to that that the audience is gon na grab onto . '' In January 2017 , Hawley explained that he was willing to use different tropes from the superhero genre in the series , such as superhero costumes with capes , if necessary , but did want to avoid `` sending a message that all conflict can only be resolved through battle . There is a sense in a lot of these stories that everything always builds to a big fight ... I wanted to find a story that was just as exciting and interesting but does n't send the message that in the end that ' might makes right ' . '' At the end of the first season , Hawley said , `` I like this idea of having to face our demons '' , with the first season seeing Haller go through an internal struggle with the malevolent Shadow King occupying his mind , and then the second season seeing that character possess someone else `` making it an exterior agent . And there 's going to be something very complicated about going to war with himself . It 's been with him since he was a baby , it 's like a phantom limb now , it 's part of him . '' Hawley said he preferred this idea of a villain `` worthy of creating a whole story around '' , rather than a villain - of - the year . He was unsure at the time how long that storyline would continue throughout the show , but said `` it 's a fascinating setup to follow . '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2016 , Rachel Keller was cast as the female lead of the series , after her breakout role in Fargo . In early February , Stevens , Aubrey Plaza , and Jean Smart were cast as Haller , his friend Lenny Busker , and therapist Melanie Bird , respectively . Keller 's role was revealed to be Syd Barrett . Later that month , Jeremie Harris was cast in the regular role of Ptonomy Wallace , and Amber Midthunder was cast as the savant Kerry Loudermilk . In March , Katie Aselton was cast as Haller 's older sister Amy . With the full series order in May 2016 , Bill Irwin was added to the cast , in the role of Cary Loudermilk . Design ( edit ) An advertisement for the series at San Diego Comic - Con 2017 Though he put little thought into the aesthetics of the series when writing the pilot , as a director Hawley wanted the series to be highly stylized , describing his vision for it as `` a 1964 Terence Stamp movie '' . It was not feasible to literally translate Bill Sienkiewicz 's iconic artwork of the character to the screen , and Hawley wanted the series to have `` its own visual aesthetic to it , and part of that is being a story kind of out of time and out of place '' . He stated that `` the design of a show has to have its own internal logic '' , and compared this sensibility to the series Hannibal , which he said was `` a great example of something that had this almost fetishistic beauty to everything that you saw , whether it was food or violence . '' Hawley elaborated that the design choice of 60s British films came about because `` this whole show is not the world , it 's David 's experience of the world . He 's piecing his world together from nostalgia and memory and the world becomes that . '' Filming ( edit ) Filming for the pilot took place in Vancouver , with Hawley directing and Dana Gonzales serving as cinematographer . With the series order , the rest of the first season were set to also film in Vancouver , with Craig Wrobleski also working as a cinematographer . Both Ganzales and Wrobleski previously worked with Hawley on Fargo . The pilot featured a large amount of in - camera effects , which Hawley admitted would be a challenge for the series ' directors to maintain , given he had 21 days to film the pilot , but the subsequent episodes were only scheduled 8 days of filming each . Some of these shoots ultimately had to be extended to 10 or 11 days filming to meet Hawley 's vision . For the second season , the series relocated its production to California to take advantage of tax incentives provided by the California Film Commission under its `` Program 2.0 '' initiative . Music ( edit ) Jeff Russo was revealed to be composing the series ' score in October 2016 . Hawley stated that when first meeting with Russo about the series , he told the latter that he wanted the series to sound like Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon , explaining `` that album more than anything is really the soundscape of mental illness to some degree '' . Russo felt that `` the important part is allowing the humanity of these characters to really shine through '' , and in addition to an orchestra he used `` a bunch of old synthesizers '' and `` a lot of interesting sound design '' to represent the `` otherworldly '' elements of the series . With the series ' premiere , Russo reiterated that the `` through - line '' of the series is the relationship between Haller and Barrett , and said that a love story `` lends itself to musical moments . It allows it to underscore the character . '' After his early meetings with Hawley , Russo developed some initial ideas for the score , and created three different themes to represent Haller . He adapted these ideas to fit the episodes once they had been edited . A soundtrack album for the first season was released digitally on February 24 , 2017 , on Amazon.com . Shared universe connections ( edit ) Landgraf stated , in January 2016 , that the series would be set in a universe parallel to the X-Men films where `` the US government is in the early days of being aware that something called mutants exist but the public is not '' . He felt it was unlikely that characters would cross over between the show and films , but noted that this could change between then and the premiere of the series . That July , an article on Marvel.com referred to Legion as one of several characters joining the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , suggesting that Legion would be set in that shared universe like Marvel Television 's other series . The next month , Singer said that Legion had actually been designed to fit into the X-Men universe , but also to stand alone , so `` you would n't have to label '' the relationship between the series and the films . He teased plans to have the series `` relate to future X-Men movies '' . At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Donner said that the series is `` far from the X-Men movies , but still lives in that universe . The only way for X-Men to keep moving forward is to be original and to surprise . And this is a surprise . It is very , very different . '' Hawley explained that because the series is depicting the title character 's `` subjective reality '' , it would not have to address any connections to the films straight away , noting that Fargo , which is connected to the 1996 film of the same name , at first `` had to stand on its own feet '' before exploring those connections more ; `` We have to earn the right to be part of this universe . My hope is we create something so strong that the people in the movie studio call and say they would be foolish enough not to connect these things . '' He did state that `` you ca n't tell this story without '' acknowledging that Legion is the son of Charles Xavier , who appears in the films . In regards to the MCU , Loeb stated that his involvement in the series was a sign that `` bridges are being made '' between Marvel and Fox , `` but I do n't want to make any promises ... Marvel heroes at their core are people who are damaged and are trying to figure out who they are in life . It does n't matter whether or not they 're X-Men , Tony Stark , Matt Murdock or Peter Parker ... If you start at a place as strong as David 's character is and you have a storyteller like Noah , then it 's Marvel . In that way , it is all connected . '' Loeb and Donner stated in January 2017 that there were no plans to have Legion be the first in a series of connected shows on FX , like Marvel Television 's group of interconnected Defenders series on Netflix , and that Legion and the X-Men series being developed for Fox are `` not going to get in each other 's way . '' Donner stated that the series was just a chance to bring an X-Men character to the screen who was not going to be used by the films . The producers hoped that audiences would watch the show because of its character - focus and the talents of Hawley and the cast , rather than to `` see a Marvel franchise show . '' Donner also noted that having Hawley focus on Haller 's perspective of reality rather than connections to the X-Men films allowed the series to avoid the convoluted continuity of the films , `` because we play with so many different timelines , and we rebooted and not really rebooted and all that '' throughout the films . Therefore , `` the cinematic universe will not worry about Legion . They will not worry about these TV worlds at all . They will just continue in the way that they have been continuing . '' For the onscreen confirmation that Xavier is Haller 's father in `` Chapter 7 '' , with Xavier 's signature wheelchair shown in a brief flashback , the series ' production was able to choose from any of the variant wheelchairs used throughout the film series . They settled on the version from X-Men : Apocalypse , with the prop used in that film being brought out of storage for the show . Release ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired DVD and Blu - ray release dates First aired Last aired Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 8 February 8 , 2017 March 29 , 2017 TBA October 2 , 2017 TBA 10 February 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Broadcast ( edit ) Legion airs on FX in the United States , while Fox channels in over 125 countries have picked up their respective airing rights for the series , releasing the show using a `` day - and - date '' delivery system so that viewers around the world get the series on the same day as the U.S. Fox Networks Group 's sales division handle distribution of the series to third parties . Reception ( edit ) Season Nielsen ratings Critical response Premiere total viewers ( in millions ) Finale total viewers ( in millions ) Season average total viewers , inc . DVR ( in millions ) Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 1.62 0.81 2.48 90 % ( 61 reviews ) 82 ( 40 reviews ) Ratings ( edit ) Writing for Screen Rant , J.M. Brandt noted that FX extensively advertised the series , but was debuting the 90 minute ( with commercials ) premiere at 10 : 00 pm on a Wednesday night , later than other genre `` monster hits '' like Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead . Brandt felt that the series ' success would heavily depend on DVR viewing `` to bolster what might be a likely smallish live audience '' . Following the series premiere , Legion 's debut ratings were described as `` OK , not great '' , in line with other cable series debuts , but lower than other high - profile FX debuts such as American Crime Story and Hawley 's own Fargo . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.37 / 10 based on 61 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Bold , intelligent , and visually arresting , Legion is a masterfully surreal and brilliantly daring departure from traditional superhero conceits . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 82 out of 100 based on 40 critics , indicating what the website considers to be `` universal acclaim '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Ref . 2017 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` Chapter 6 '' Aubrey Plaza Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Legion Won Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Legion Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Supporting Actress Aubrey Plaza Nominated Drama Guest Actor Jemaine Clement Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Legion tells a human story without giving up its superpowers '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Legion managed to terrify viewers with this very quick scenes '' . Polygon . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legion , FX 's new superhero show , is a landmark production in more ways than one '' . Vox . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FX Networks Orders Pilot for ' Legion ' '' . Marvel.com . October 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Stevens , Aubrey Plaza & Jean Smart Cast in FX Networks ' Pilot for ' Legion ' '' . Marvel.com . February 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' Premiere Previewed at NYCC : A Look Inside FX 's Upcoming ' X-Men ' Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Legion a ' dramatic departure ' for Marvel and X-Men '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eley , Julie ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens returns to TV in Marvel 's Legion '' . Stuff.co.nz . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joana ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Cast of Legion Lied to Star Dan Stevens to Make the Show Better '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : X-Men Producer on How Professor X Fits in and Future TV Plans '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Desta , Yohana ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Surprising Connection Between Marvel 's Legion and Pink Floyd '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : Dan Stevens and Amber Midthunder on Pulling off the Ambitious Scenes in `` Chapter 7 '' `` . IGN . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` How David Bowie Inspired Aubrey Plaza 's Gender - Bending Legion Character '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FX Networks Picks Up ' Legion ' to Series '' . Marvel.com . May 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Why FX 's Legion is the Fargo of superhero TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` The highly - anticipated new drama to premiere in February ! '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Creator Noah Hawley Breaks Down That Trippy Premiere '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Tara ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Legion aims to be a Marvel show completely different from the pack '' . SyFyWire . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Leslie ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` FX 's ' X-Men ' Drama ' Legion ' Adds to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' FX Pilot Casts Amber Midthunder '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` The League star Katie Aselton cast in FX 's Legion '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Ian ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why the production designer of new TV series Legion has a dream job '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' premiere brings in strong numbers , ' The Magicians ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Black Ink Crew ' wins the night , ' Legion ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' ticks up , ' Legion ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' takes a hit , ' Six ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Underground ' scores strong premiere , ' Legion ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Black Ink Crew ' wins the night , ' Legion ' slips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' ticks back up , ' Greenleaf ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' season finale holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Renewed by FX for Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' : Noah Hawley and Dan Stevens Unpack the Finale , Tease Season 2 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : How ' Dark Side of the Moon ' shaped the music of ' Legion ' '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwell , Alan ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fargo ' boss on Ewan McGregor in season 3 , ' X-Men ' spin - off ' Legion , ' and his new hit novel '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Legion ' on FX , Starring Dan Stevens '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` FX 'S Legion Anticipated to Debut in 2016 ; Series Not Set in X-Men Film Universe '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 4 , 2016 ) . `` John Landgraf Talks ' Legion ' On FX & Changing Marketplace ; Slams Silicon Valley -- Produced By '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryan Singer On Directing Fox 's Upcoming ' X-Men ' Pilot & Producing FX 's ' Legion ' . Access Hollywood . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Kinberg Says the ' Legion ' TV Series Will Be the `` ' Breaking Bad ' of Superhero Stories '' `` . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Why Everyone Wants a Piece of Noah Hawley '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Legion : Noah Hawley on His Surreal Approach and Casting Dan Stevens for the Marvel Adaptation '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' : FX Marvel Pilot Casts ' Fargo 's Rachel Keller As Female Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pruner , Aaron ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Noah Hawley & Dan Stevens on the ' Clockwork Orange ' / ' Quadrophenia ' style of ' Legion ' '' . Screener . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' Adds Jemaine Clement To FX Marvel Series -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV pilot shoots in Vancouver grew nearly 70 % since last year '' . Daily Hive . August 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys : Why ' Gotham 's ' Penguin Is a Favorite Among the Series ' Cinematographers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maslow , Nick ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Legion : Noah Hawley reveals why he chose TV over film for Marvel adaptation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nilma , Carina ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` First Impressions : FX 'S Legion Takes the Superhero Genre and Subverts It '' . The AU Review . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion , ' ' The Affair ' Among Four TV Series Relocating Production to California '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tonic 's Jeff Russo on Scoring ' American Gothic , ' ' Fargo ' & Marvel 's ' Legion , ' Plus the 20th Anniversary of ' Lemon Parade ' '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moser , Joey ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Russo Finds a Mutant 's Emotional Truth Via Music '' . Awards Daily . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Details for FX 's ' Legion ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men's Legion Seemingly Confirmed As Part Of Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Singer , Peter Rice Talk FX 's ' Legion , ' Start of ' X-Men ' Movie Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Cast and Creators on X-Men Connections and If It Will Start an FX Marvel Franchise '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legion : The Complete Season One ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morse , Ben ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Legion ' Goes Global '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legion : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legion : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandt , J.M. ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : 15 Things We Learned From The Premiere '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Off To So - So Ratings Start At FX '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's Performer of the Week : Legion 's Aubrey Plaza '' . TVLine . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Lego Batman ' & Warner Bros Top Winners At Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Legion on IMDb FX original programming Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . ( 2006 ) Damages ( 2007 -- 12 ) Dirt ( 2007 -- 08 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2005 -- 12 ) The League ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lucky ( 2003 ) NASCAR Drivers : Non-Stop ( 2004 -- 06 ) NASCAR on Fox ( 2001 -- 06 ) The New Movie Show with Chris Gore ( 2000 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2003 -- 10 ) Over There ( 2005 ) Rescue Me ( 2004 -- 11 ) The Riches ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Shield ( 2002 -- 08 ) Son of the Beach ( 2000 -- 02 ) Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) Starved ( 2005 ) Testees ( 2008 ) Thief ( 2006 ) 2010s debuts Anger Management ( 2012 -- 14 ) The Bastard Executioner ( 2015 ) Brand X with Russell Brand ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Bridge ( 2013 -- 14 ) Chozen ( 2014 ) The Comedians ( 2015 ) Justified ( 2010 -- 15 ) Legit ( 2013 ) Lights Out ( 2011 ) Married ( 2014 -- 15 ) Partners ( 2014 ) Saint George ( 2014 ) Sex&Drugs&Rock&Roll ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) Terriers ( 2010 ) Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell ( 2012 -- 13 ) Tyrant ( 2014 -- 16 ) UFC on FX ( 2012 -- 13 ) Unsupervised ( 2012 ) Wilfred ( 2011 -- 13 ) You 're the Worst ( 2014 ) Current American Crime Story ( since 2016 ) American Horror Story ( since 2011 ) The Americans ( since 2013 ) Atlanta ( since 2016 ) Baskets ( since 2016 ) Better Things ( since 2016 ) Fargo ( since 2014 ) Feud ( since 2017 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Louie ( since 2010 ) Snowfall ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Trust ( 2018 ) Pose ( 2018 ) X-Men in other media Films X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand soundtrack X-Men Origins : Wolverine X-Men : First Class The Wolverine X-Men : Days of Future Past Deadpool soundtrack X-Men : Apocalypse Logan New Mutants Deadpool 2 X-Men : Dark Phoenix Characters List of X-Men films cast members Television Pryde of the X-Men X-Men characters episodes Night of the Sentinels Days of Future Past releases Generation X X-Men : Evolution characters episodes Wolverine and the X-Men episodes Marvel Anime : X-Men Legion season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' characters The Gifted Characters Firestar Spyke X-23 Video games X-Men Questprobe The Uncanny X-Men X-Men : Madness in Murderworld X-Men II : The Fall of the Mutants X-Men ( 1992 ) Spider - Man and the X-Men in Arcade 's Revenge X-Men ( 1993 ) X-Men : Mutant Apocalypse X-Men : Children of the Atom X-Men ( Game Gear ) X-Men : Gamesmaster 's Legacy X-Men 2 : Clone Wars X-Men vs. Street Fighter X-Men : Mojo World X-Men : The Ravages of Apocalypse X-Men : Mutant Academy X-Men : Mutant Wars X-Men : Mutant Academy 2 X-Men : Reign of Apocalypse X-Men : Next Dimension X-Men Legends X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse X-Men : The Official Game X-Men : Destiny Wolverine Wolverine Wolverine : Adamantium Rage X-Men : Wolverine 's Rage X2 : Wolverine 's Revenge X-Men Origins : Wolverine Characters in other media Apocalypse Cyclops Gambit Magneto Jean Grey Professor X Psylocke Rogue Storm Wolverine See also X-Men storylines X-Men comics Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) The Defenders ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) Upcoming Inhumans ( 2017 ) The Gifted ( 2017 ) The Punisher ( 2017 ) Runaways ( 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legion_(TV_series)&oldid=801207403 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American drama television series American horror fiction television series American science fiction television series English - language television programs Fictional portrayals of schizophrenia Fiction with unreliable narrators FX network shows Marvel Television series Nonlinear narrative television series Spirit possession in fiction Superhero television programs Television programs based on Marvel Comics Television programs based on films X-Men television series Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new season of legion come out	[ "The eight-episode first season of Legion premiered at the Pacific Design Center on January 26, 2017, ahead of its FX debut on February 8. The series received critical acclaim, particularly for its visuals and departure from superhero genre standards. A ten-episode second season was ordered in March 2017 and is planned for a February 2018 release." ]	[ "February 2018" ]
4766826845996871511	Christmas decoration	Christmas decoration - wikipedia Christmas decoration Jump to : navigation , search On Christmas Day , the Christ Candle in the center of the Advent wreath is traditionally lit in many church services . Christmas decorations , Germany Christmas decoration in front of The church in Weissenbach an der Triesting Christmas decorations in a private home , Europe . A Christmas decoration is any of several types of ornamentation used at Christmastime . The traditional colours of Christmas are pine green ( evergreen ) , snow white , and heart red . Blue and white are often used to represent winter , or sometimes Hanukkah , which occurs around the same time . Gold and silver are also very common , as are other metallic colours . Typical images on Christmas decorations include Baby Jesus , Father Christmas , Santa Claus , and the star of Bethlehem . Typical winter icons include snowflakes , snowmen , icicles , and even penguins and polar bears . In many countries , such as Sweden , people start to set up their Advent and Christmas decorations on the first day of Advent . Liturgically , this is done in some parishes through a Hanging of the Greens ceremony . In the Western Christian world , the two traditional days when Christmas decorations are removed are Twelfth Night and if they are not taken down on that day , Candlemas , the latter of which ends the Christmas - Epiphany season in some denominations . Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is historically considered to be inauspicious . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tree 1.1 Types of decorations 1.1. 1 Glass ornaments 1.1. 1.1 Method 1.1. 2 Cotton batting 1.1. 3 Dresden 2 Plants 3 Outdoors 4 Others 5 Season 6 References Tree ( edit ) A Christmas tree inside a home . The Christmas tree is sometimes explained as a Christianization of pagan tradition and ritual surrounding the winter solstice , which included the use of evergreen boughs , and an adaptation of pagan tree worship . The English - language phrase `` Christmas tree '' is first recorded in 1835 and represents an importation from the German language . The modern Christmas tree tradition , though , is believed to have begun in Germany in the 18th century though many argue that Martin Luther began the tradition in the 16th century . From Germany the custom was introduced to England , first via Queen Charlotte , wife of George III , and then more successfully by Prince Albert during the early reign of Queen Victoria . The influential 1840s image of the Queen 's decorated evergreen was republished in the U.S , and as the first widely circulated picture of a decorated Christmas tree in America , the custom there spread . Christmas trees may be decorated with lights and ornaments . Types of decorations ( edit ) Glass ornaments ( edit ) A Christmas pickle produced by Lauschaer Glaskugelhaus of Germany Figural glass Christmas ornaments originated in the small town of Lauscha , Germany in the latter half of the 19th century . The town had long produced fine glassware . The production of Christmas ornaments became a family affair for many people . Some families invested 16 hours a day in production . For some , it was their sole source of income . Sometimes competitions were held . Prizes were awarded to the family producing the finest examples . Santa Clauses , angels , birds , animals , and other traditional Yuletide subjects were favorites . F.W. Woolworth discovered these glass ornaments on a toy and doll buying trip to Sonnenburg , Germany in the 1890s . He sold them in his `` five and ten cent '' stores in America . The ornaments were said to have contributed to Woolworth 's great business success . For the American market , figures were blown depicting comic book characters as well as patriotic subjects such as Uncle Sams , eagles , and flags . Glassblowers have held on to the old molds . Glass ornaments are still created from these old molds . Method ( edit ) A clear glass tube is heated over an open flame . It is then inserted into a mold . The glassblower then blows into the end of the tube . The glass expands to fill the mold . The glass takes on the shape of the mold . It is cooled . A silver nitrate solution is swirled about inside the ornament . This gives the ornament a silver glow . The outside of the ornament is painted or decorated with metal trims , paper clippings , etc . Cotton batting ( edit ) Cotton batting Christmas ornaments were popular during the years of the German Christmas toy and decoration boom at the turn of the century . They were exported in large numbers to the United States . These decorations suggested puffs of snow . Fruits and vegetables were popular subjects and often had a realistic appearance . African American and patriotic characters were fashioned for the American market . Some ornaments were used to hide boxes of candy . Assembling these decorations was a cottage industry . Cotton batting was wound around a wire frame resembling a human or animal . A face was either painted on or a lithograph cut - out was affixed to the batting . Figures were given crepe paper costumes . Some were touched with glue and sprinkled with flakes of mica for a glittering appearance . Dresden ( edit ) Dresdens are three - dimensional ornaments . They are made of paper , card , or cardboard . Dresdens were produced mostly in Dresden and Leipzig , Germany , from the 1860s to WWI . They were originally priced between 1 and 60 cents . Subjects included animals and birds , suns and moons , humans , carriages and ships , etc . Some Dresdens were flat , allowing the buyer to collect them in scrapbooks . Positive and negative molds were set into a press . A moistened sheet of card was put into the press . The images were pressed . When they had dried , they were sent to cottage workers for the finishing touches . This involved separating the form - halves from the card , trimming ragged edges , and gluing the two halves together . The form was then gilded , silvered , or hand - painted . Sometimes a small gift or sweet was put into the form . Forms were usually no larger than five inches . Plants ( edit ) Mistletoe Popular Christmas plants include holly , mistletoe , ivy and Christmas trees . The interior of a home may be decorated with these plants , along with garlands and evergreen foliage . These often come with small ornaments tied to the delicate branches , and sometimes with a small light set . European Holly , traditional Christmas decoration . Wreaths are made from real or artificial conifer branches , or sometimes other broadleaf evergreens or holly . Several types of evergreen or even deciduous branches may be used in the same wreath , along with pinecones and sprays of berries , and Christmas ornaments including jingle bells . A bow is usually used at the top or bottom , and an electric or unlit candle may be placed in the middle . Christmas lights are often used , and they may be hung from door or windows , and sometimes walls , lampposts and light fixtures , or even statuary . Since the 19th century , the poinsettia , a native plant from Mexico , has been associated with Christmas . Outdoors ( edit ) A house decorated for Christmas Christmas decoration of a house in Dublin , California In North and South America , Australia , and Europe , it is traditional to decorate the outside of houses with lights and sometimes with illuminated sleighs , snowmen , and other Christmas figures . Municipalities often sponsor decorations as well . Christmas banners may be hung from street lights and Christmas trees placed in the town square . Others ( edit ) In the Western world , rolls of brightly colored paper with secular or religious Christmas / winter / Hanukkah motifs are manufactured for the purpose of giftwrapping presents . The display of Christmas villages has also become a tradition in many homes during this season . Other traditional decorations include bells , candles , candy canes , garland , stockings , wreaths , snow globes , and angels . Snow sheets are made specifically for simulating snow under a tree or village . In many countries a representation of the Nativity scene is very popular , and people are encouraged to compete and create the most original or realistic ones . Within some families , the pieces used to make the representation are considered a valuable family heirloom . Some churches also perform a live Nativity with volunteers and even live animals . One of the most popular items of Christmas decorations are stockings . According to legend , Saint Nicolas would creep in through the chimney and slip gold into stockings hanging by the fireplace . Various forms of stockings are available ; from simple velvet ones , to sock - shaped bags to animated ones . Season ( edit ) Christmas decorations are typically put up in late November or early December , usually to coincide with the start of Advent . In the UK , Christmas lights on the high street are generally switched on in November . In the U.S. , the traditional start of Christmas time is Thanksgiving . Major retailers put their seasonal decorations out for sale after back to school sales , while smaller niche Christmas Stores sell Christmas decorations year round . A Christmas tree ornament . In some places Christmas decorations are traditionally taken down on Twelfth Night , the evening of January 5 or January 6 . The difference in this date is due to the fact that some count Christmas Day as the first day of Christmas , whereas for others Christmas Day is a feast day in its own right , and the first full day of the Christmas Season is December 26 . In Hispanic and other cultures , this is more like Christmas Eve , as the Three Wise Men bring gifts that night , and therefore decorations are left up longer . The same is true in Eastern Churches which often observe Christmas according to the Julian Calendar , thus making it fall 13 days later . In England , it was customary to burn the decorations in the hearth , however this tradition has fallen out of favour as reusable and imperishable decorations made of plastics , wood , glass and metal became more popular . If a Yule Log has been kept alight since Christmas Day , it is put out and the ashes kept to include in the fire on the following Christmas Day . A superstition exists which suggests that if decorations are kept up after Twelfth Night , they must be kept up until the following Twelfth Night , but also that if the decorations for the current Christmas are taken down before the New Year begins , bad luck shall befall the house for a whole year . In the United States , most stores immediately remove decorations the day after Christmas , as if the holiday season were over once the gifts are bought . Nearly all Americans leave their home decorations up and lit until at least New Year 's Day , and inside decorations can often be seen in windows for several days afterward . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michelin ( 10 October 2012 ) . Germany Green Guide Michelin 2012 -- 2013 . Michelin . p. 73 . ISBN 9782067182110 . Advent -- The four weeks before Christmas are celebrated by counting down the days with an advent calendar , hanging up Christmas decorations and lightning an additional candle every Sunday on the four - candle advent wreath . Jump up ^ Normark , Helena ( 1997 ) . `` Modern Christmas '' . Graphic Garden . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Christmas in Sweden starts with Advent , which is the await for the arrival of Jesus . The symbol for it is the Advent candlestick with four candles in it , and we light one more candle for each of the four Sundays before Christmas . Most people start putting up the Christmas decorations on the first of Advent . Jump up ^ Rice , Howard L. ; Huffstutler , James C. ( 1 January 2001 ) . Reformed Worship . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 50147 - 1 . Another popular activity is the `` Hanging of the Greens , '' a service in which the sanctuary is decorated for Christmas . Jump up ^ `` Candlemas '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night ( January 5th ) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down . Jump up ^ Raedisch , Linda ( 1 October 2013 ) . The Old Magic of Christmas : Yuletide Traditions for the Darkest Days of the Year . Llewellyn Publications . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 3450 - 7 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : van Renterghem , Tony . When Santa was a shaman . St. Paul : Llewellyn Publications , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 56718 - 765 - X Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas , Christ , Online Etymology Dictionary , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree '' . The Christmas Archives . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tradition -- The Christmas Tree Custom '' . Fashion Era . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Alfred Lewis . ( 1959 ) Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk - cultural study . Edition 40 . p. 52 , 53 . Stackpole Books 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0328 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Merck ( 1992 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Merck ( 1992 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Merck ( 1992 ) , pp. 65 - 69 Jump up ^ Merck ( 1992 ) , pp. 54 -- 63 Jump up ^ Smith and Smith ( 1993 ) , p. 56 Jump up ^ Murray , Brian . `` Christmas lights and community building in America , '' Archived October 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . History Matters , Spring 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC -- London 's Oxford Street and Regent Street Christmas lights have been switched on at precisely the same time . Jump up ^ Gifts , Unusual . `` ThanksGiving Preparations '' . Unusual Gifts . Sravan . Jump up ^ Twelfth Night Traditions Archived September 5 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Superstitions About Christmas `` The Psychic Well '' . thepsychicwell.com . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas decorations . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal LCCN : sh85025309 GND : 4065080 - 7 BNF : cb11931847k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_decoration&oldid=816310931 '' Categories : Christmas decorations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Suomi Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 15 : 27 . 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-5348514677625190734	Intermolecular force	Intermolecular force - wikipedia Intermolecular force Jump to : navigation , search Intermolecular forces ( IMFs ) are the forces which mediate interaction between molecules , including forces of attraction or repulsion which act between molecules and other types of neighboring particles , e.g. , atoms or ions . Inter-molecular forces are weak relative to intramolecular forces -- the forces which hold a molecule together . For example , the covalent bond , involving sharing electron pairs between atoms , is much stronger than the forces present between neighboring molecules . Both sets of forces are essential parts of force fields frequently used in molecular mechanics . The investigation of inter-molecular forces starts from macroscopic observations which indicate the existence and action of forces at a molecular level . These observations include non-ideal - gas thermodynamic behavior reflected by virial coefficients , vapor pressure , viscosity , superficial tension , and absorption data . The first reference to the nature of microscopic forces is found in Alexis Clairaut 's work Theorie de la Figure DE la Terre . Other scientists who have contributed to the investigation of microscopic forces include : Laplace , Gauss , Maxwell and Boltzmann. , Attractive intermolecular forces are considered by the following types : Ion - induced dipole forces Ion - dipole forces van der Waals forces -- Keesom force , Debye force , and London dispersion force Information on intermolecular force is obtained by macroscopic measurements of properties like viscosity , PVT data . The link to microscopic aspects is given by virial coefficients and Lennard - Jones potentials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dipole - dipole interactions 1.1 Ion - dipole and ion - induced dipole forces 1.2 Hydrogen bonding 2 Van der Waals forces 2.1 Keesom ( permanent - permanent dipoles ) interaction 2.2 Debye ( permanent - induced dipoles ) force 2.3 London dispersion force ( induced dipole - induced dipoles interaction ) 3 Relative strength of forces 4 Effect on the behavior of gases 5 Quantum mechanical theories 6 See also 7 References Dipole - dipole interactions ( edit ) Dipole - dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions between molecules which have permanent dipole ( s ) . These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction ( reducing potential energy ) . An example of a dipole - dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) : the positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence its position . Polar molecules have a net attraction between them . Examples of polar molecules include hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) and chloroform ( CHCl ) . H δ + − Cl δ − ⋯ H δ + − Cl δ − ( \ displaystyle ( \ overset ( \ color ( Red ) \ delta + ) ( \ ce ( H ) ) ) - ( \ overset ( \ color ( Red ) \ delta - ) ( \ ce ( Cl ) ) ) \ cdots ( \ overset ( \ color ( Red ) \ delta + ) ( \ ce ( H ) ) ) - ( \ overset ( \ color ( Red ) \ delta - ) ( \ ce ( Cl ) ) ) ) Often molecules contain dipolar groups , but have no overall dipole moment . This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles to cancel each other out . This occurs in molecules such as tetrachloromethane and carbon dioxide . The dipole - dipole interaction between two individual atoms is usually zero , since atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole . Ion - dipole and ion - induced dipole forces ( edit ) Ion - dipole and ion - induced dipole forces are similar to dipole - dipole and induced - dipole interactions but involve ions , instead of only polar and non-polar molecules . Ion - dipole and ion - induced dipole forces are stronger than dipole - dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole moment . Ion - dipole bonding is stronger than hydrogen bonding . An ion - dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule interacting . They align so that the positive and negative groups are next to one another , allowing maximum attraction . An ion - induced dipole force consists of an ion and a non-polar molecule interacting . Like a dipole - induced dipole force , the charge of the ion causes distortion of the electron cloud on the non-polar molecule . Hydrogen bonding ( edit ) Main article : Hydrogen bond A hydrogen bond is the attraction between the lone pair of an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to either nitrogen , oxygen , or fluorine . The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole - dipole interaction . However , it also has some features of covalent bonding : it is directional , stronger than a van der Waals force interaction , produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of van der Waals radius , and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners , which can be interpreted as a kind of valence . Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water ( 100 ° C ) compared to the other group 16 hydrides , which have no hydrogen bonds . Intramolecular hydrogen oxygen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary , tertiary , and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids . It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers , both synthetic and natural . Van der Waals forces ( edit ) Main article : van der Waals force The van der Waals forces arise from interaction between uncharged atoms or molecules , leading not only to such phenomena as the cohesion of condensed phases and physical adsorption of gases , but also to a universal force of attraction between macroscopic bodies . Keesom ( permanent - permanent dipoles ) interaction ( edit ) The first contribution to van der Waals forces is due to electrostatic interactions between charges ( in molecular ions ) , dipoles ( for polar molecules ) , quadrupoles ( all molecules with symmetry lower than cubic ) , and permanent multipoles . It is termed Keesom interactions , named after Willem Hendrik Keesom . These forces originate from the attraction between permanent dipoles ( dipolar molecules ) and are temperature dependent . They consist of attractive interactions between dipoles that are ensemble averaged over different rotational orientations of the dipoles . It is assumed that the molecules are constantly rotating and never get locked into place . This is a good assumption , but at some point molecules do get locked into place . The energy of a Keesom interaction depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance , unlike the interaction energy of two spatially fixed dipoles , which depends on the inverse third power of the distance . The Keesom interaction can only occur among molecules that possess permanent dipole moments , i.e. , two polar molecules . Also Keesom interactions are very weak van der Waals interactions and do not occur in aqueous solutions that contain electrolytes . The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation : − m 1 2 m 2 2 24 π 2 ε o 2 ε r 2 k b T r 6 = V ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( - m_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 24 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) \ varepsilon _ ( o ) ^ ( 2 ) \ varepsilon _ ( r ) ^ ( 2 ) k_ ( b ) Tr ^ ( 6 ) ) ) = V ) Where m = dipole moment , ε o ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon _ ( o ) ) = permitivity of free space , ε r ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon _ ( r ) ) = dielectric constant of surrounding material , T = temperature , k b ( \ displaystyle k_ ( b ) ) = Boltzmann constant , and r = distance between molecules . Debye ( permanent - induced dipoles ) force ( edit ) The second contribution is the induction ( also termed polarization ) or Debye force , arising from interactions between rotating permanent dipoles and from the polarizability of atoms and molecules ( induced dipoles ) . These induced dipoles occur when one molecule with a permanent dipole repels another molecule 's electrons . A molecule with permanent dipole can induce a dipole in a similar neighboring molecule and cause mutual attraction . Debye forces can not occur between atoms . The forces between induced and permanent dipoles are not as temperature dependent as Keesom interactions because the induced dipole is free to shift and rotate around the non-polar molecule . The Debye induction effects and Keesom orientation effects are termed polar interactions . The induced dipole forces appear from the induction ( also termed polarization ) , which is the attractive interaction between a permanent multipole on one molecule with an induced ( by the former di / multi-pole ) multipole on another . This interaction is called the Debye force , named after Peter J.W. Debye . One example of an induction - interaction between permanent dipole and induced dipole is the interaction between HCl and Ar . In this system , Ar experiences a dipole as its electrons are attracted ( to the H side of HCl ) or repelled ( from the Cl side ) by HCl . The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation . − m 1 2 α 2 16 π 2 ε o 2 ε r 2 r 6 = V ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( - m_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ alpha _ ( 2 ) ) ( 16 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) \ varepsilon _ ( o ) ^ ( 2 ) \ varepsilon _ ( r ) ^ ( 2 ) r ^ ( 6 ) ) ) = V ) Where α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) = polarizability This kind of interaction can be expected between any polar molecule and non-polar / symmetrical molecule . The induction - interaction force is far weaker than dipole - dipole interaction , but stronger than the London dispersion force . London dispersion force ( induced dipole - induced dipoles interaction ) ( edit ) Main article : London dispersion force The third and dominant contribution is the dispersion or London force ( fluctuating dipole - induced dipole ) , which arises due to the non-zero instantaneous dipole moments of all atoms and molecules . Such polarization can be induced either by a polar molecule or by the repulsion of negatively charged electron clouds in non-polar molecules . Thus , London interactions are caused by random fluctuations of electron density in an electron cloud . An atom with a large number of electrons will have a greater associated London force than an atom with fewer electrons . The dispersion ( London ) force is the most important component because all materials are polarizable , whereas Keesom and Debye forces require permanent dipoles . The London interaction is universal and is present in atom - atom interactions as well . For various reasons , London interactions ( dispersion ) have been considered relevant for interactions between macroscopic bodies in condensed systems . Hamaker developed the theory of van der Waals between macroscopic bodies in 1937 and showed that the additivity of these interactions renders them considerably more long - range . Relative strength of forces ( edit ) Bond type Dissociation energy ( kcal / mol ) Note Ionic lattice 250 -- 4000 Covalent bond 30 -- 260 Hydrogen bond 1 -- 12 About 5 in water Dipole -- dipole 0.5 -- 2 London dispersion forces < 1 to 15 Estimated from the enthalpies of vaporization of hydrocarbons This comparison is approximate . The actual relative strengths will vary depending on the molecules involved . Ionic bonding and covalent bonding will always be stronger than intermolecular forces in any given substance . Effect on the behavior of gases ( edit ) Intermolecular forces are repulsive at short distances and attractive at long distances ( see the Lennard - Jones potential ) . In a gas , the repulsive force chiefly has the effect of keeping two molecules from occupying the same volume . This gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a larger volume than an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure . The attractive force draws molecules closer together and gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a smaller volume than an ideal gas . Which interaction is more important depends on temperature and pressure ( see compressibility factor ) . In a gas , the distances between molecules are generally large , so intermolecular forces have only a small effect . The attractive force is not overcome by the repulsive force , but by the thermal energy of the molecules . Temperature is the measure of thermal energy , so increasing temperature reduces the influence of the attractive force . In contrast , the influence of the repulsive force is essentially unaffected by temperature . When a gas is compressed to increase its density , the influence of the attractive force increases . If the gas is made sufficiently dense , the attractions can become large enough to overcome the tendency of thermal motion to cause the molecules to disperse . Then the gas can condense to form a solid or liquid , i.e. , a condensed phase . Lower temperature favors the formation of a condensed phase . In a condensed phase , there is very nearly a balance between the attractive and repulsive forces . Quantum mechanical theories ( edit ) Main article : Quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2009 ) Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles , as outlined above . Alternatively , one may seek a fundamental , unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding , van der Waals forces and dipole - dipole interactions . Typically , this is done by applying the ideas of quantum mechanics to molecules , and Rayleigh -- Schrödinger perturbation theory has been especially effective in this regard . When applied to existing quantum chemistry methods , such a quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions , this provides an array of approximate methods that can be used to analyze intermolecular interactions . See also ( edit ) Coomber 's relationship Force field ( chemistry ) Hydrophobic effect Intramolecular force Molecular solid Polymer Quantum chemistry computer programs van der Waals force Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling Non-covalent interactions Solvation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margenau , H. and Kestner , N. ( 1969 ) Theory of intermolecular forces , International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy , Pergamon Press , ISBN 1483119289 Jump up ^ Blaber , Michael ( 1996 ) . Intermolecular Forces . mikeblaber.org Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` hydrogen bond '' . ^ Jump up to : Leite , F.L. ; Bueno , C.C. ; Da Róz , A.L. ; Ziemath , E.C. ; Oliveira , O.N. ( 2012 ) . `` Theoretical Models for Surface Forces and Adhesion and Their Measurement Using Atomic Force Microscopy '' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 13 ( 12 ) : 12773 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms131012773 . Jump up ^ Keesom , W.H. ( 1915 ) . `` The second virial coefficient for rigid spherical molecules whose mutual attraction is equivalent to that of a quadruplet placed at its center '' ( PDF ) . Proc. R. Acad. Sci. 18 : 636 -- 646 . ^ Jump up to : Blustin , P.H. ( 1978 ) . `` A Floating Gaussian Orbital calculation on argon hydrochloride ( Ar HCl ) '' . Theoretica Chimica Acta. 47 ( 3 ) : 249 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00577166 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , J.K. ; Orr , W.J.C. ( 1938 ) . `` Induced dipoles and the heat of adsorption of argon on ionic crystals '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 34 : 1346 . doi : 10.1039 / TF9383401346 . Jump up ^ Sapse , A.M. ; Rayez - Meaume , M.T. ; Rayez , J.C. ; Massa , L.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Ion - induced dipole H − n clusters '' . Nature . 278 ( 5702 ) : 332 . Bibcode : 1979Natur. 278 ... 332S . doi : 10.1038 / 278332a0 . Jump up ^ Ege , Seyhan ( 2003 ) Organic Chemistry : Structure and Reactivity . Houghton Mifflin College . ISBN 0618318097 . pp. 30 -- 33 , 67 Jump up ^ `` Lattice Energies '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Majer , V. and Svoboda , V. ( 1985 ) Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds , Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford . ISBN 0632015292 ( hide ) Chemical bonds Intramolecular ( strong ) Covalent By symmetry Sigma ( σ ) Pi ( π ) Delta ( δ ) Phi ( φ ) By multiplicity 1 ( single ) 2 ( double ) 3 ( triple ) 4 ( quadruple ) 5 ( quintuple ) 6 ( sextuple ) Miscellaneous Agostic Bent Coordinate ( dipolar ) Pi backbond Charge - shift Hapticity Conjugation Hyperconjugation Antibonding Resonant Electron deficiency 3c -- 2e 4c -- 2e Hypercoordination 3c -- 4e Aromaticity möbius super sigma homo spiro σ - bishomo spherical Y - Metallic Metal aromaticity Ionic Intermolecular ( weak ) van der Waals forces London dispersion Hydrogen Low - barrier Resonance - assisted Symmetric Dihydrogen bonds C -- H O interaction Noncovalent other Mechanical Halogen Aurophilicity Intercalation Stacking Cation -- pi Anion -- pi Salt bridge Hyper Conjugation Or no bonding resonance 1 ) More than number of alpha hydrogen atom GND : 4191346 - 2 NDL : 00576112 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intermolecular_force&oldid=803767991 '' Categories : Intermolecular forces Chemical bonding Johannes Diderik van der Waals Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles to be expanded from September 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 14 : 18 . 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-1033069243317383398	Game of Thrones (season 7)	Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=804373108 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 15 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	game of thrones season 7 season 3 release date	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n61\n1\n\"Dragonstone\"\nJeremy Podeswa\nDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss\nJuly 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)\n10.11[6]\n\n\nAt the Twins, Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey. The White Walkers march toward the Wall, where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside. At Winterfell, despite Sansa's disapproval, Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark, who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards. At the Citadel, Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone, and sends word to Jon. He later finds Jorah in a cell. In the Riverlands, Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers, who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke. Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire. The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light. In King's Landing, Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies. She welcomes Euron, who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara. Cersei declines citing trust as a concern, so Euron promises to return with a \"gift\" to prove his loyalty. Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone, the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis, with her army and dragons.\n\n\n62\n2\n\"Stormborn\"\nMark Mylod\nBryan Cogman\nJuly 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)\n9.27[7]\n\n\nDaenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock, deciding to place King's Landing under siege. She questions Varys' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her. Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone. Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship. Cersei gathers several lords, asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South. Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons. Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon's ascension to King in the North, halting plans to travel to King's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell. After receiving Samwell's letter, Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers. He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance. Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah's Greyscale infection. Euron's fleet attacks Yara's. Obara and Nymeria are killed, while Ellaria, Tyene, and Yara are captured. Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek, hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea.\n\n\n63\n3\n\"The Queen's Justice\"\nMark Mylod\nDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss\nJuly 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)\n9.25[8]\n\n\nJon arrives at Dragonstone. Daenerys demands his fealty. He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead. Following Tyrion's advice, Daenerys grants Jon access to the island's dragonglass. Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis. Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three-Eyed Raven to Sansa. In King's Landing, Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei, who promises to marry him after the war is won. She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime. Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella, forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter's impending death. In Oldtown, a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys. Ebrose forgives Samwell. Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock, only to find it mostly abandoned. Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden, while Euron's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied's ships. The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna's army. Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison, offering her a quick and painless death. After drinking it, she confesses to poisoning Joffrey.\n\n\n64\n4\n\"The Spoils of War\"\nMatt Shakman\nDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss\nAugust 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)\n10.17[9]\n\n\nArya returns to Winterfell, where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne, both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills. Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera, divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North. Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination. Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment, as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King's Landing. In a cave filled with dragonglass, Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead. Later, Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction. Despite Tyrion's protests, she decides to take action. Led by Daenerys riding Drogon, the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces. Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn. Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys, but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack. Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him.\n\n\n65\n5\n\"Eastwatch\"\nMatt Shakman\nDave Hill\nAugust 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)\n10.72[10]\n\n\nJaime and Bronn return to King's Landing. Against Tyrion's advice, Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei, forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former. Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys. Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea. Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance. Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King's Landing, where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice, which Cersei accepts, informing Jaime that she is pregnant. Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone. With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan's letter, Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam. At Winterfell, Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room. Jon, Jorah, and Gendry, joined by the Hound, the Brotherhood, and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund, leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall, intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real.\n\n\n66\n6\n\"Beyond the Wall\"\nAlan Taylor\nDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss\nAugust 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)\n10.24[11]\n\n\nAt Winterfell, Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa. Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb's fealty to Joffrey. Sansa discovers Arya's bag of faces she took from Braavos. At Dragonstone, Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei. Beyond the Wall, Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers' existence. After successfully capturing one, the group is besieged by the White Walker army. Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help. Thoros freezes to death overnight. Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights, with the help of her dragons. The Night King, leader of the White Walkers, throws an ice spear at Viserion, one of Daenerys' dragons, and kills it. Daenerys flies off, along with the raiding party, but is unable to save Jon. Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape. When Jon and Daenerys are reunited, Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen. The Night King resurrects Viserion, making the dragon a part of his army.\n\n\n67\n7\n\"The Dragon and the Wolf\"\nJeremy Podeswa\nDavid Benioff & D. B. Weiss\nAugust 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)\n12.07[12]\n\n\nAt King's Landing, the wight is presented to the Lannisters. Cersei demands Jon's neutrality in the Great War, but he upholds his oath to Daenerys, provoking Cersei to leave. Tyrion meets privately with Cersei, apparently persuading her to ally. Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros. Disgusted, Jaime deserts her and rides north. Bound for White Harbor, Jon and Daenerys make love. At Dragonstone, Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara. At Winterfell, Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya's threatening demeanor with Sansa, who assembles a trial. After listing Littlefinger's acts of treason against House Stark and the North, Sansa has Arya execute him. Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran, where both discuss Jon's parentage. They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne, with his parents—Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark—having married in secret. At Eastwatch, an undead Viserion damages the Wall, allowing the Army of the Dead to march south.\n\n" ]	[ "July 30, 2017" ]
-1064677199943586917	Tuileries Palace	Tuileries palace - wikipedia Tuileries palace Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 19 ′ 57 '' E / 48.86222 ° N 2.33250 ° E / 48.86222 ; 2.33250 Tuileries Palace Palais des Tuileries The Tuileries Palace and the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel circa 1860 . The Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile can be seen in the background . General information Type Royal residence Architectural style Built in the 16th century : Renaissance , Additions of the 17th and 18th centuries : Louis XIII Style and Baroque , Additions of the 19th century : Neo-Classicism , Neo-Baroque and Napoleon III Style Construction started 1564 Completed 1860 's Demolished 23 May 1871 The Tuileries Palace ( French : Palais des Tuileries , IPA : ( palɛ de tɥilʁi ) ) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine . It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs , from Henry IV to Napoleon III , until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871 . Built in 1564 , it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres . Since the destruction of the Tuileries , the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden , forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Louis XIV 1.2 Louis XV 1.3 Louis XVI 1.4 Revolutionary France 1.5 Napoleon 1.6 Restoration 1.7 The Second Empire 1.7. 1 Interior 2 Destruction of the Tuileries 2.1 Demolition 3 Tuileries Garden and the Axe historique 3.1 Tuileries Garden 4 Rebuilding the Tuileries Palace 4.1 Cost 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Tuileries Palace in the 1600s The old medieval Louvre ( background ) and the Tuileries ( foreground ) linked by the Grande Galerie along the River Seine , in 1615 The Tuileries Palace and the Louvre on the 1739 Turgot map of Paris , during the reign of Louis XV The Tuileries Palace ( white ) was located at the west end of the modern Louvre , closing off the Louvre courtyard After the accidental death of Henry II of France in 1559 , his widow Catherine de ' Medici ( 1519 -- 1589 ) planned a new palace . She sold the medieval Hôtel des Tournelles , where her husband had died , and began building the palace of Tuileries in 1564 , using architect Philibert de l'Orme . The name derives from the tile kilns or tuileries which had previously occupied the site . The palace was formed by a range of long , narrow buildings . During the reign of Henry IV ( 1589 -- 1610 ) , the building was enlarged to the south , so it joined the long riverside gallery , the Grande Galerie , which ran all the way to the older Louvre Palace in the east . Louis XIV ( edit ) During the reign of Louis XIV major changes were made to the Tuileries Palace . From 1659 to 1661 it was extended to the north by the addition of the Théâtre des Tuileries . From 1664 to 1666 the architect Louis Le Vau and his assistant François d'Orbay made other significant changes . They transformed Philibert de l'Orme's facades and central pavilion , replacing its grand central staircase with a colonnaded vestibule on the ground floor and the Salle des Cents Suisses ( Hall of the Hundred Swiss Guards ) on the floor above and adding a rectangular dome . A new grand staircase was installed in the entrance of the north wing of the palace , and lavishly decorated royal apartments were constructed in the south wing . The king 's rooms were on the ground floor , facing toward the Louvre , and the queen 's on the floor above , overlooking the garden . At the same time , Louis ' gardener , André Le Nôtre , redesigned the Tuileries gardens . The Court moved into the Tuileries Palace in November 1667 , but left in 1672 , and soon thereafter went to the Palace of Versailles . The Tuileries Palace was virtually abandoned and used only as a theatre , but its gardens became a fashionable resort of Parisians . Louis XV ( edit ) The boy - king Louis XV was moved from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace on 1 January 1716 , four months after ascending to the throne . He moved back to Versailles on 15 June 1722 , three months before his coronation . Both moves were made at the behest of the Regent , the duc d'Orléans . The king also resided at the Tuileries for short periods during the 1740s . Louis XVI ( edit ) The storming of the Tuileries Palace on 10 August 1792 and the massacre of the Swiss Guard On 6 October 1789 , during the French Revolution , Louis XVI and his family were forced to leave Versailles and brought to the Tuileries where they were kept under surveillance . For the next two years the palace remained the official residence of the king . On 9 November 1789 , the National Constituent Assembly , formerly the Estates - General of 1789 , had moved its deliberations from the tennis court at Versailles to the Tuileries , following the removal of the court to Paris . The Tuileries ' covered riding ring , the Salle du Manège ( which ran along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the palace ) , home to the royal equestrian academy , provided the largest indoor space in the city . The royal family tried to escape after dark , on 20 June 1791 , but were captured at Varennes and brought back to the Tuileries . The following year , on 10 August 1792 , the palace was stormed by an armed mob , which overwhelmed and massacred the Swiss Guard as the royal family fled through the gardens and took refuge with the Legislative Assembly . The Paris National Guard defended the King , but the daughter of King Louis XVI claimed that many of the guard were already in favor of the revolution . In November 1792 , the Armoire de fer incident took place at the Tuileries palace . This was the discovery of a hiding place at the royal apartments , believed to contain the secret correspondence of Louis XVI with various political figures . The incident created a considerable scandal that served to discredit the King . Revolutionary France ( edit ) The Tuileries accommodated the Constituent Assembly , its successor , the National Convention , and , in 1795 , the Council of Five Hundred ( Conseil des Cinq - Cents ) of the Directoire until the body moved to the Palais - Bourbon in 1798 . In 1799 , the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there . The Committee of Public Safety met in the Pavillon de Flore . A courtier of a later era could summon up nightmarish visions of the palace 's Salle de Spectacle , or theater , where many Convention sessions were held during the Reign of Terror : At night a single lamp illumined this huge deserted hall , peopled with terrible memories . These I would often muse over as I stopped at the spot once occupied by the chair of the president , where Boissy d'Anglas had saluted the bleeding head of Feraud , and where Thuriot had listened impassively to the outburst of Robespierre at bay : `` President of assassins , once more I ask your ear ! '' I saw in imagination the `` Mountain , '' the `` Plain , '' the `` Marsh , '' and the crowded tribunes ; I fancied I could hear the shrieking clamour of the `` tricoteuses '' and the drums of the `` sections '' hastening to the attack or to the rescue of the Assembly ; and I would call up one or other of the acts of the mighty drama of which this sinister hall has been the scene . -- Augustin Filon , Recollections of the Empress Eugénie , Napoleon ( edit ) Military review in front of the Tuileries in 1810 , by Hippolyte Bellangé . The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , which can be seen on the right of this painting , used to be the entrance gate of the palace of the Tuileries and , with the Pavillon de Flore , is all that remains , above ground , of the palace at the site . When Napoleon Bonaparte came into power in 1799 , he made the Tuileries the official residence of the First Consul and , later , the imperial palace . In 1808 , Napoleon began constructing the northern gallery which also connected to the Louvre , enclosing a vast square ( place ) . As Napoleon I 's chief residence , the Tuileries Palace was redecorated in the Neoclassical Empire style by Percier and Fontaine and some of the best known architects , designers , and furniture makers of the day . In 1809 , Jacob - Desmalter , principal supplier of furniture to the Emperor , began work on a jewel cabinet designed for the Empress Joséphine 's great bedroom in the Tuileries ( and soon to be used by Marie - Louise ) . Designed by the architect Charles Percier , this impressive piece of furniture was embellished with several gilt - bronze ornaments : the central panel depicts the `` Birth of the Queen of the Earth to whom Cupids and Goddesses hasten with their Offerings '' by the bronzier Pierre - Philippe Thomire , after a bas - relief by Chaudet . Jacob - Desmalter completed the `` great jewelry box '' in 1812 , with two smaller items of furniture in the same style but using woods from rainforests in China . After Napoléon 's divorce , Pierre Paul Prud'hon was commissioned to design the apartments of his new wife , Marie - Louise . For the bridal suite of the new Empress he designed all the furniture and interior decorations in a Greek Revival style . Restoration ( edit ) The Tuileries Palace became the royal residence at the time of the Bourbon Restoration from 1814 to 1830 . During the July Revolution of 1830 , the palace was attacked for a third time by an armed mob and occupied . The Swiss Guards stationed at the palace , aware of what had happened in 1792 to their predecessors , abandoned the palace . King Louis Philippe I took up permanent residence there until 1848 , when it was again invaded on 24 February . After the coup d'état by Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte in 1852 , the Tuileries Palace served as the official residence of the executive branch of government , and when President Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoléon III , he moved from his office at the Élysée Palace to the Tuileries . The Second Empire ( edit ) Gala soirée of 10 June 1867 , for sovereigns attending the International Exposition of that year , by Pierre Tetar van Elven . The exterior horseshoe staircase , from the garden to the Salle de Maréchaux , was temporarily erected for the occasion . During the Second Empire , the Tuileries was extensively refurbished and redecorated after the looting and damage that occurred during the Revolution of 1848 . Some imposing state rooms were designed and richly decorated , serving as the center stage of the ceremonies and pageantry of the Second Empire , such as on the occasion of Queen Victoria 's state visit to France in 1855 . The Second Empire also completed the northern wing of the Louvre along the rue de Rivoli , linking the Tuileries Palace with the rest of the Louvre , and thus finally achieving the huge complex of the Louvre - Tuileries , whose master plan had been envisioned three centuries earlier . Previously , the Place du Carrousel had been swept clear of the old houses that had encroached on it . The prominent roof - lines of the palace and especially its squared central dome were influential prototypes in the Second Empire style adopted for hotels and commercial buildings as well as residences in the United Kingdom and North America . Interior ( edit ) The private apartment used by Napoleon III , on the ground floor of the southern wing of the palace , consisted of `` overheated gilt boxes furnished in the style of the First Empire '' , being kept at `` an excessively high temperature '' by the emperor . Empress Eugénie had her apartment above , connected to the emperor 's by a winding staircase , with a mezzanine occupied by the treasurer of the privy purse in between , and comprising eight of the eleven rooms on the bel etage of the southern wing 's garden side . This arrangement at the Tuileries was unlike at Versailles , where the apartments of monarch and consort were both on the same floor and the king 's was the grander of the two . The state rooms -- on the Carrousel , or east , side -- of the south wing were used variously depending on the occasion . If it were an informal dinner , the household would gather in the Private Drawing Room , or Salon d'Apollon , which was separated from the Salle de Maréchaux , in the central pavilion , by the First Consul 's Room , or Salon Blanc . The party would proceed through the throne room to dinner in the Salon Louis XIV . However , gala dinners were held in the larger Galerie de Diane , the southernmost of the state apartments . If it were a state ball , then refreshments would be set up in the Galerie ; and the procession of the imperial party would be from there to the Salle de Maréchaux , which occupied the space of two entire floors of the central Pavillon de L'Horloge and served as the ballroom . The little - used northern wing of the palace , which contained the chapel , Galerie de la Paix , and the Salle de Spectacle would be called into service only for performances , such as the Auber cantata performed the evening of Napoleon and Eugénie 's civil wedding ceremony , 29 July 1853 , or for the most important fêtes , such as the party given for sovereigns attending the International Exposition , on 10 June 1867 . The Salle de Spectacle was also used as a hospital during the Franco - Prussian War . The southernmost pavilion , the Pavillon de Flore , served as the backstairs to the palace . Service corridors led to it . One could get from there to the sprawling basement , lit with innumerable gas lamps , where a railway had been set up to bring food from the kitchens under the Rue de Rivoli . Destruction of the Tuileries ( edit ) Tuileries Palace before 1871 , view from the Louvre The same view after the 1871 fire and before the demolition of 1883 The finalization of the long planned Louvre - Tuileries complex was not to happen . On 23 May 1871 , during the suppression of the Paris Commune , 12 men under the orders of Jules Bergeret , the former chief military commander of the Commune , set the Tuileries on fire at 7 p.m. , using petroleum , liquid tar and turpentine . The fire lasted 48 hours and thoroughly gutted the palace , except for the southernmost part , the Pavillon de Flore ( the gate of honor , the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , also remains , as well as the foundation ) . The dome itself was blown up by explosives placed in the central pavilion and detonated by the converging fires . Observing this , Bergeret sent a note to the Committee of Public Safety : ' The last vestiges of Royalty have just disappeared . I wish that the same may befall all the public buildings of Paris ' It was only on 25 May that the Paris fire brigades and the 26th battalion of the Chasseurs d'Afrique managed to put out the fire . The library and other portions of the Louvre were also set on fire by Communards and entirely destroyed . The museum itself was only miraculously saved . The ruins of the Tuileries stood on the site for 11 years . Although the roofs and the inside of the palace had been utterly destroyed by the fire , the stone shell of the palace remained intact and restoration was possible . Other monuments of Paris also set on fire by Communards , such as the City Hall , were rebuilt in the 1870s . After much hesitation , the Third Republic eventually decided not to restore the ruins of the Tuileries , which had become a symbol of the former royal and imperial regimes . However , the portions of the Louvre that had also been destroyed by fire were rebuilt in their original style . Demolition ( edit ) The Château de la Punta in Corsica which was partially built with stones from the Tuileries In 1882 , the French National Assembly voted for the demolition of the ruins , which were sold to a private entrepreneur for the sum of 33,300 gold francs ( approximately US $130,000 in 2005 ) , despite the protests of Baron Haussmann and other members of French artistic and architectural circles , who opposed what they thought was a crime against French arts and history . The demolition was started in February 1883 and completed on 30 September 1883 . Bits of stone and marble from the palace were sold by a private entrepreneur , Achille Picart , as souvenirs , and even to build a castle in Corsica , near Ajaccio , the Château de la Punta ( fr ) , which is essentially a reconstruction of the Pavillon de Bullant . The courtyard pediment of the central pavilion can be seen in Paris ' Georges Cain square ( fr ) , some courtyard is in the garden of the Trocadero . Other pieces are in the Louvre , the Museum of Decorative Arts , and at schools of architecture , fine arts , and bridges and roads . Tuileries garden and the Axe historique ( edit ) Main article : Tuileries Garden Afternoon at the Tuileries Park by Adolph von Menzel When the large empty space between the northern and southern wings of the Louvre now familiar to modern visitors was revealed in 1883 , for the first time the Louvre courtyard opened into an unbroken Axe historique . The Tuileries Garden ( French : Jardin des Tuileries ) is surrounded by the Louvre ( to the east ) , the Seine ( to the south ) , the Place de la Concorde ( to the west ) and the Rue de Rivoli ( to the north ) . The straight line which runs through the Place de la Concorde and the Arc de Triomphe to La Défense was originally centred on the façade of the Tuileries , a similar line leading across the entrance court of the Louvre . As the two façades were placed at slightly differing angles , this has resulted in a slight ' kink ' on the site of the palace a feature ultimately dictated by the curved course of the River Seine . Tuileries garden ( edit ) The Tuileries Garden covers about 63 acres ( 25 hectares ) and still closely follows a design laid out by the royal landscape architect André Le Nôtre in 1664 . His spacious formal garden plan drew out the perspective from the reflecting pools one to the other in an unbroken vista along a central axis from the west façade , which has been extended as the Axe historique . The Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume is a museum of contemporary art located in the northwest corner of the gardens . Rebuilding the Tuileries palace ( edit ) Le Nôtre 's central axis of the Tuileries ' parterres in a late 17th - century engraving The same view today , past the palace 's site to the Palais du Louvre Since 2003 , the Comité national pour la reconstruction des Tuileries has been proposing to rebuild the Tuileries Palace . This effort is similar to the proposal of reconstruction of the Berliner Stadtschloss ( Berlin City Palace ) . There are several reasons for rebuilding the Palace of the Tuileries . Ever since the destruction of 1883 , the famous perspective of the Champs - Élysées , which ended on the majestic façade of the Tuileries Palace , now ends at the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , formerly centered on the Tuileries but now occupying a large empty space . The Louvre , with its pyramid on the one hand , and the Axe historique of the Place de la Concorde - Champs - Élysées - Arc de Triomphe on the other , are not aligned on the same axis . The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel fortuitously stands near the intersection of the two axes . The Palace of the Tuileries , which was located at the junction of these two diverging axes , helped to disguise this bending of the axes . Architects argue that the rebuilding of the Tuileries would allow the re-establishment of the harmony of these two different axes . The Tuileries Gardens would also recover their purpose , which was to be a palace garden . Also , it is emphasized that the Musée du Louvre needs to expand its ground plan to properly display all its collections , and if the Tuileries Palace were rebuilt the Louvre could expand into the rebuilt palace . It 's also proposed to rebuild the state apartments of the Second Empire as they stood in 1871 . All the plans of the palace and many photographs are stored at the Archives nationales . Furthermore , all the furniture and paintings from the palace survived the 1871 fire because they had been removed in 1870 at the start of the Franco - Prussian War and stored in secure locations . Today , the furniture and paintings are still deposited in storehouses and are not on public display due to the lack of space in the Louvre . It is argued that recreating the state apartments of the Tuileries would allow the display of these treasures of the Second Empire style which are currently hidden . Cost ( edit ) In 2006 a rebuilding of the Palace of the Tuileries was estimated to cost 300 million euros ( US $380 million ) . The plan was to finance the project by public subscription with the work being undertaken by a private foundation , with the French government spending no money on the project . The French president at that time , Jacques Chirac , called for a debate on the subject . Former president Charles de Gaulle had also supported reconstruction , saying that it would `` make a jewel of the centre of Paris . '' Gallery ( edit ) The vast complex formed by the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre Palace . State rooms of the Tuileries Palace before 1871 - Salon Louis XIV Great staircase Tuileries Palace before 1871 - View from the Tuileries Gardens Princess Marie of Orléans in her studio in the Tuileries Palace ( by Prosper Lafaye ( fr ) , c. 1842 ) Stool from the former Palais des Tuileries by François - Honoré - Georges Jacob - Desmalter , Paris around 1810 See also ( edit ) Paris portal Pavillon de Flore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coeyman 1998 , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Hautecoeur 1927 , pp. 123 -- 142 ; Devêche 1981 , pp. 9 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Bernier , Oliver , Louis The Beloved : The Life of Louis XV , Doubleday , Garden City , 1984 pp. 12 - 39 Jump up ^ O'Leary , Margaret R. `` Tuileries Palace Attacked , August 10 , 1792 . '' Forging Freedom : The Life of Cerf Berr of Médelsheim . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 344 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Filon , Augustin ( 1920 ) . Recollections of the Empress Eugénie . London : Cassell and Company , Ltd . pp. 126 -- 127 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fête de nuit aux Tuileries le 10 juin 1867 , à l'occasion de la visite de souverains étrangers à l'exposition universelle '' . Paintings . Carnavalet Museum ( in French ) . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Filon , Augustin ( 1920 ) . Recollections of the Empress Eugénie . London : Cassell and Company , Ltd . pp. 61 -- 74 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1964 ) . The Empress Eugénie : 1826 - 1920 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Filon , Augustin ( 1920 ) . Recollections of the Empress Eugénie . London : Cassell and Company , Ltd . pp. 107 -- 108 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paris '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 14th ed . ) . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1956 . p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel , Henry ( 14 August 2006 ) . `` £ 200m plan to restore glory of Tuileries Palace '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Paris under Siege ' by Joanna Richardson publ . Folio Society London 1982 Jump up ^ `` Le Chateau de la Punta '' . Pagesperso-orange.fr . Jump up ^ Van Cappel de Premont , François . `` Du Pavillon Bullant au Château de la Punta '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alain Boumier , président du Comité national pour la reconstruction des Tuileries , en chat sur L'Internaute '' ( in French ) . Linternaute.com. 2006 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Le Palais des Tuileries va - t - il renaître de ses cendres ? '' ( Will the Tuileries Palace Rise From Its Ashes ? ) . La Croix ( in French ) . 14 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Sources Coeyman , Barbara ( 1998 ) . `` Opera and Ballet in Seventeenth - Century French Theatres : Case Studies of the Salle des Machines and the Palais Royal Theater '' in Radice 1998 , pp. 37 -- 71 . Devêche , André ( 1981 ) . The Tuileries Palace and Gardens , translated by Jonathan Eden . Paris : Éditions de la Tourelle - Maloine . OCLC 461768004 , 13623823 . Hautecoeur , Louis ( 1927 ) . L'Histoire des Chateaux du Louvre et des Tuileries . Paris : G. Van Oest . OCLC 1748382 , 250838397 . Radice , Mark A. , editor ( 1998 ) . Opera in Context : Essays on Historical Staging from the Late Renaissance to the Time of Puccini . Portland , Oregon : Amadeus Press . ISBN 9781574670325 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuileries Palace . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article about Tuileries Palace . National Committee for the rebuilding of the Tuileries Palace ( in French ) Rebuilding the Tuileries by Charles T. Downey ( Ionarts , 17 August 2006 ) http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2008/qSEQ080604809.html : Projet de reconstruction du palais des Tuileries - 13 ème législature , Journal Officiel du Sénat , June & August 2008 , ( French ) . Photos of the gardens of the Tuileries Interior and exterior photos , as well as plan of the state floor , of the Second Empire period The Louvre and Tuileries Musée du Louvre Branch museums The Louvre - Lens The Louvre Abu Dhabi Palais du Louvre Sections in detail Perrault 's Colonnade Lescot Wing Pavillon de Flore Pavillon de l'Horloge Louvre Pyramid La Pyramide Inversée Cour Carrée Louvre castle Architects Raymond du Temple Pierre Lescot Pierre II Chambiges Louis Métezeau Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau Jacques Lemercier Louis Le Vau François d'Orbay Claude Perrault Ange - Jacques Gabriel Jacques - Germain Soufflot Maximilien Brebion Auguste Cheval de Saint - Hubert Jean - Arnaud Raymond Charles Percier Pierre - François - Léonard Fontaine Félix Louis Jacques Duban Louis - Tullius - Joachim Visconti Hector - Martin Lefuel Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume Gaston Redon Victor - Auguste Blavette Camille Lefèvre Albert Ferran I.M. Pei Palais des Tuileries Sections in detail Pavillon de Flore Architects Philibert de l'Orme Jardin des Tuileries Sections in detail Musée de l'Orangerie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Architects André Le Nôtre French royal residences Versailles ( including the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon ) Paris : Palais de la Cité Palais du Louvre Palais des Tuileries Palais du Luxembourg Palais Royal Château de la Muette Elsewhere : Blois Chambord Choisy Compiègne Fontainebleau Marly Meudon Saint Cloud Saint Germain en Laye VIAF : 316732528 GND : 4670625 - 2 ULAN : 500310657 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuileries_Palace&oldid=796425184 '' Categories : Houses completed in the 19th century Renaissance architecture in France French Renaissance gardens Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris Destroyed landmarks in France Demolished buildings and structures in France Former buildings and structures in Paris Official residences in France Parks and open spaces in Paris Landscape design history of France Palaces and residences of Napoleon Palaces in France Royal residences in France French Revolution Buildings and structures demolished in 1883 Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from February 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing French - language text Pages incorrectly using the quote template All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the king of france live before versailles	[ "During the reign of Louis XIV major changes were made to the Tuileries Palace. From 1659 to 1661 it was extended to the north by the addition of the Théâtre des Tuileries.[1] From 1664 to 1666 the architect Louis Le Vau and his assistant François d'Orbay made other significant changes. They transformed Philibert de l'Orme's facades and central pavilion, replacing its grand central staircase with a colonnaded vestibule on the ground floor and the Salle des Cents Suisses (Hall of the Hundred Swiss Guards) on the floor above and adding a rectangular dome. A new grand staircase was installed in the entrance of the north wing of the palace, and lavishly decorated royal apartments were constructed in the south wing. The king's rooms were on the ground floor, facing toward the Louvre, and the queen's on the floor above, overlooking the garden. At the same time, Louis' gardener, André Le Nôtre, redesigned the Tuileries gardens. The Court moved into the Tuileries Palace in November 1667, but left in 1672, and soon thereafter went to the Palace of Versailles.[2] The Tuileries Palace was virtually abandoned and used only as a theatre, but its gardens became a fashionable resort of Parisians." ]	[ "Tuileries Palace" ]
7632143044899569619	Tybalt	Tybalt - wikipedia Tybalt Jump to : navigation , search Tybalt Romeo and Juliet character Created by William Shakespeare Information Family Capulets ( cousin ) Role Short tempered cousin of the Capulets . Tybalt is the main antagonist in William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . He is the son of Lady Capulet 's brother , Juliet 's short - tempered first cousin , and Romeo 's rival . Tybalt shares the same name as the character Tibert / Tybalt the `` Prince of Cats '' in Reynard the Fox , a point of mockery in the play . Mercutio repeatedly calls Tybalt `` Prince of Cats '' ( perhaps referring not only to Reynard but to the Italian word cazzo as well ) . Luigi da Porto adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti published in 1530 . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe and Giovanni Boccaccio 's Decameron . He gave it much of its modern form , including the lovers ' names , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He also introduces characters corresponding to Shakespeare 's Mercutio , Tybalt , and Paris . Da Porto presents his tale as historically true and claims it took place in the days of Bartolomeo II della Scala ( a century earlier than Salernitano ) . Montague and Capulet were actual 13th - century political factions , but the only connection between them is a mention in Dante 's Purgatorio as an example of civil dissension . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the play 2 Performers 3 Analysis 4 References 4.1 Bibliography 5 External links Role in the play ( edit ) In Act I , Scene I , Tybalt enters and helps his servants , Sampson and Gregory , who are fighting in the streets with servants of the Montagues , Abraham and Balthasar . Seeing Benvolio ( Romeo 's cousin ) trying to stop the fight , Tybalt draws his sword to fight Benvolio , saying : What , drawn and talk of peace ? I hate the word As I hate hell , all Montagues , and thee . Have at thee , coward ! Later , at the Capulets ' ball , Tybalt is the first to recognise Romeo through his disguise , and would kill him if not forbidden by his uncle , Lord Capulet . His lust for revenge unsated , Tybalt sends a challenge letter to Romeo for a duel to the death . He enters looking for Romeo at the beginning of Act III , only to create tensions with Mercutio , who was mocking Tybalt even before he entered the scene . Tybalt initially ignores Mercutio and confronts Romeo , who refuses to fight because of his marriage to Juliet . Tybalt becomes even angrier ; he does not know Romeo can not fight him because they are now relatives . Mercutio loses his temper and begins fighting Tybalt himself . Romeo tries to stop the combat by rushing between them , and Tybalt then stabs Mercutio under Romeo 's arm . Mercutio dies . Enraged , Romeo duels and kills Tybalt in return , leading to his own exile by the prince . Tybalt is revealed to be Juliet 's maternal first cousin , when Lady Capulet arrives at the scene where Tybalt lies dead , and cries `` Tybalt , my cousin , O my brother 's child ! '' ( III. I ) Performers ( edit ) Orson Welles performed the role in the 1934 -- 35 production presented by Katharine Cornell , in which he made his Broadway debut . Basil Rathbone performed the role in the 1936 Hollywood film Romeo and Juliet . He was nominated for an Oscar as Best Supporting Actor . George Chakiris performed the role of Bernardo Nunez , the Tybalt character in the 1961 film West Side Story , the musical modernised version of Romeo and Juliet . Michael York in the 1968 Franco Zeffirelli film version Armand Assante in the 1977 Broadway revival Alan Rickman in the 1978 television adaptation within the BBC Television Shakespeare series John Leguizamo in Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 modernised film adaption , Romeo + Juliet Tom Ross in the 2001 French musical Roméo et Juliette Corey Hawkins in the 2013 Broadway revival Ed Westwick in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet Analysis ( edit ) John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt is a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erne ( 2007 : 88 ) Jump up ^ Moore ( 1937 : 38 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Hosley ( 1965 : 168 ) . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1930 : 264 -- 277 ) Jump up ^ `` Romeo and Juliet '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Draper ( 1939 : 16 -- 34 ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Erne , Lukas ( 2007 ) . The first quarto of Romeo and Juliet . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82121 - 6 . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . -- -- ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and `` Clizia '' `` . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . External links ( edit ) Complete listing of Tybalt 's lines William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tybalt&oldid=828836545 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Fictional murderers Fictional nobility Male Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Italiano Polski Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is tybalt's nickname in romeo and juliet	[]	[]
-3514971975751199098	Food Network Star (season 11)	Food Network Star ( season 11 ) - wikipedia Food Network Star ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search Food Network Star ( season 11 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network Food Network Original release June 7 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) -- August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) Additional information No. of contestants 12 Winner Eddie Jackson Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 Next → Season 12 The eleventh season of the American reality television series Food Network Star premiered June 7 , 2015 on Food Network . Food Network chefs Bobby Flay and Giada de Laurentiis returned to the series as judges , with Alton Brown not returning for undisclosed reasons . This season also continued the inclusion of Star Salvation , a six - week webseries that featured the most recently eliminated contestant competing against the remaining previously eliminated contestants for a chance to re-enter the main Food Network Star competition . This season also returned to the practice of the winner of the competition being chosen by the Food Network staff , rather than by viewers as in the three previous seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 Winner 1.2 Runners - up 1.3 Eliminated 2 Contestant progress 3 Star Salvation 4 Episodes 4.1 Week 1 4.2 Week 2 4.3 Week 3 4.4 Week 4 4.5 Week 5 4.6 Week 6 4.7 Week 7 4.8 Week 8 4.9 Week 9 4.10 Week 10 4.11 Week 11 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Winner ( edit ) Eddie Jackson -- Richardson , Texas Runners - up ( edit ) Jay Ducote -- Baton Rouge , Louisiana Dominick `` Dom '' Tesoriero -- Staten Island , New York Eliminated ( edit ) ( In order of elimination ) Christina Fitzgerald -- St. Louis , Missouri Matthew Grunwald -- Scottsdale , Arizona Sita Lewis -- New York , New York Rosa Graziano -- Los Angeles , California Rue Rusike -- Brooklyn , New York Emilia Cirker -- Reston , Virginia Michelle Karam -- Santa Barbara , California ( withdrew ) Dominick `` Dom '' Tesoriero -- Staten Island , New York ( Returned to competition after winning Star Salvation ) Alex McCoy -- Washington D.C. Arnold Myint -- Nashville , Tennessee Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mentor Challenge Winner N / A N / A Dom N / A Rue Eddie Jay Alex Eddie N / A N / A Eddie HIGH HIGH LOW WIN HIGH HIGH LOW LOW HIGH LOW WINNER Jay HIGH IN IN IN HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH RUNNER - UP Dom LOW IN HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW OUT IN RUNNER - UP Arnold HIGH HIGH HIGH WIN LOW IN HIGH LOW LOW OUT Alex IN IN IN WIN HIGH LOW LOW HIGH OUT Michelle IN IN WIN LOW LOW IN QUIT Emilia IN LOW IN IN HIGH OUT Rue IN IN IN IN OUT Rosa IN IN LOW OUT Sita IN LOW OUT Matthew LOW OUT Christina OUT ( WINNER ) The contestant won the competition and became the next `` Food Network Star '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant made it to the finale , but did not win . ( WIN ) The contestant won the challenge for that week . ( RETURNED ) The contestant won Star Salvation and returned to the main competition . ( HIGH ) The contestant was one of the selection committee 's favorites for that week . ( IN ) The contestant performed well enough to move on to the next week . ( LOW ) The contestant was one of the selection committee 's three or four least favorites for that week , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant was the selection committee 's least favorite for that week , and was eliminated . ( QUIT ) The contestant voluntarily left the competition . Star Salvation ( edit ) This season of Star Salvation was hosted by Iron Chef Alex Guarnaschelli and season 7 winner Jeff Mauro . Contestant 5 6 Dom IN WIN Rue IN IN IN IN OUT Alex OUT Emilia IN IN OUT Matthew IN IN IN OUT Christina IN IN OUT Rosa IN OUT Sita OUT ^ Note 1 : Having withdrawn from the competition , Michelle did not compete in Star Salvation this week . ( WIN ) The chef won Star Salvation and returned to the main competition . ( IN ) The chef continued in the competition . ( OUT ) The chef lost in that week 's Star Salvation and was eliminated from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) Week 1 ( edit ) Top 3 : Jay , Eddie and Arnold Bottom 3 : Dom , Matthew and Christina Eliminated : Christina Week 2 ( edit ) Top 2 : Eddie and Arnold Bottom 3 : Emilia , Sita and Matthew Eliminated : Matthew Week 3 ( edit ) Top 2 : Dom and Arnold Winner : Michelle Bottom 3 : Eddie , Rosa and Sita Eliminated : Sita Week 4 ( edit ) Winners : Eddie , Arnold and Alex Bottom 3 : Dom , Michelle and Rosa Eliminated : Rosa Week 5 ( edit ) Top 4 : Eddie , Alex , Jay and Emilia Bottom 4 : Arnold , Dom , Michelle and Rue Eliminated : Rue Week 6 ( edit ) Top 2 : Eddie and Jay Bottom 3 : Alex , Dom and Emilia Eliminated : Emilia Week 7 ( edit ) Top 2 : Jay and Arnold Bottom 4 : Dom , Eddie , Michelle and Alex Withdrew : Michelle ^ Note 2 Michelle chose to withdraw from the competition to be with her family . She did not compete in Star Salvation . Week 8 ( edit ) Top 2 : Jay and Alex Bottom 3 : Arnold , Eddie and Dom Eliminated : Dom Week 9 ( edit ) Top 2 : Eddie and Jay Bottom 2 : Arnold and Alex Eliminated : Alex Week 10 ( edit ) Top : Jay Bottom 2 : Eddie and Arnold Eliminated : Arnold ^ Note 3 Dom returned to the competition , having won Star Salvation . Week 11 ( edit ) Winner : Eddie Show on Food Network : BBQ Blitz Runners - up : Dom and Jay References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Maria ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Food Network Star , Season 11 : The Search for Star Power Is On This Summer Star Blog '' . Food Network . Scripps Networks Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Alton Brown out of Food Network Star season 11 '' . Reality Blurred . WordPress.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Salvation '' . Food Network . Scripps Networks Interactive . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Food Network Gossip : Food Network Star Winner Poll '' . Food Network Gossip . Blogger . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network Star on IMDb Food Network Star at TV.com Food Network Star season 11 Finalists Eddie Jackson Jay Ducote Dom Tesoriero Other contestants Arnold Myint Alex McCoy Michelle Karam Emilia Cirker Rue Rusike Rosa Graziano Sita Lewis Matthew Grunwald Christina Fitzgerald Food Network Star Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners ( series ) Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh Party Line with the Hearty Boys Guy Fieri Guy 's Big Bite Diners , Drive - Ins , and Dives Guy Off the Hook Minute to Win It Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off Guy 's Grocery Games Amy Finley The Gourmet Next Door Aaron McCargo , Jr . Big Daddy 's House Melissa d'Arabian Ten Dollar Dinners Aarti Sequeira Aarti Party Jeff Mauro $24 in 24 The Kitchen Kitchen Sink Sandwich King Justin Warner Rebel Eats Damaris Phillips Kids BBQ Championship Southern at Heart Lenny McNab Eddie Jackson BBQ Blitz Clash of the Grandmas Kids BBQ Championship Tregaye Fraser Kitchen Sink Jason Smith Best Baker in America Other contestants ( series ) Damiano Carrara Halloween Baking Championship Nikki Dinki Junk Food Flip Adam Gertler Will Work for Food Kid in a Candy Store Kelsey Nixon Kelsey 's Essentials Kelsey 's Homemade Jeffrey Saad United Tastes of America Selection committee Current Bobby Flay Giada De Laurentiis Former Alton Brown Gordon Elliott Marc Summers Spin - offs Food Network Star Kids Production Food Network CBS EYEtoo Productions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Network_Star_(season_11)&oldid=795434016 '' Categories : Food Network Star Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 05 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won season 11 of food network star	[ "\n\nFood Network Star (season 11)\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n11\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nFood Network\n\n\nOriginal release\n\nJune 7 (2015-06-07) – August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)[1]\n\n\n\nAdditional information\n\n\nNo. of contestants\n12\n\n\nWinner\nEddie Jackson\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 10\nNext →\nSeason 12\n\n\n" ]	[ "Eddie Jackson" ]
-7152150181287503521	Nonverbal communication	Nonverbal communication - wikipedia Nonverbal communication This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Understanding each other through hand and eye expression ; seen in a street near the bell tower of Xi'an , China . Nonverbal communication ( NVC ) between people is communication through sending and receiving wordless clues . It includes the use of visual cues such as body language ( kinesics ) , distance ( proxemics ) and physical environments / appearance , of voice ( paralanguage ) and of touch ( haptics ) . It can also include chronemics ( the use of time ) and oculesics ( eye contact and the actions of looking while talking and listening , frequency of glances , patterns of fixation , pupil dilation , and blink rate ) . Just as speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage , including voice quality , rate , pitch , volume , and speaking style , as well as prosodic features such as rhythm , intonation , and stress , so written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style , spatial arrangement of words , or the physical layout of a page . However , much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on interaction between individuals , where it can be classified into three principal areas : environmental conditions where communication takes place , physical characteristics of the communicators , and behaviors of communicators during interaction . Nonverbal communication involves the conscious and unconscious processes of encoding and decoding . Encoding is the act of generating information such as facial expressions , gestures , and postures . Encoding information utilizes signals which we may think to be universal . Decoding is the interpretation of information from received sensations given by the encoder . Decoding information utilizes knowledge one may have of certain received sensations . For example , refer to the picture provided above . The encode holds up two fingers and the decoder may know from previous experience that this means two . Only a small percentage of the brain processes verbal communication . As infants , nonverbal communication is learned from social - emotional communication , making the face rather than voice the dominant communication channel . As children become verbal communicators , they begin to look at facial expressions , vocal tones , and other nonverbal elements more subconsciously . Culture plays an important role in nonverbal communication , and it is one aspect that helps to influence how learning activities are organized . In many Indigenous American Communities , for example , there is often an emphasis on nonverbal communication , which acts as a valued means by which children learn . In this sense , learning is not dependent on verbal communication ; rather , it is nonverbal communication which serves as a primary means of not only organizing interpersonal interactions , but also conveying cultural values , and children learn how to participate in this system from a young age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance 2 History of research 3 First impression 4 Posture 5 Clothing 6 Gestures 6.1 Adapters 6.2 Symbolic 6.3 Conversational 7 Distance 8 Eye contact 9 Across cultures 9.1 Gestures 9.2 Displays of emotion 9.3 Nonverbal actions 9.4 Children 's learning in indigenous American communities 10 Genetics 11 Movement and body position 11.1 Kinesics 11.2 Haptics : touching in communication 12 Proxemics 13 Functions 14 Versus verbal communication 14.1 Interaction 14.1. 1 Conflicting 14.1. 2 Complementing 14.1. 3 Substituting 14.1. 4 Structure versus non-structure 14.1. 5 Linguistic versus non-linguistic 14.1. 6 Continuous and discontinuous 14.1. 7 Learned versus innate 14.1. 8 Left versus right - hemispheric processing 15 Clinical studies 15.1 Child comprehension 15.2 Comprehension of nonverbal facial cues 16 See also 17 Footnotes 18 References 19 External links Importance ( edit ) Symbol table for non-verbal communication with patients Nonverbal communication represents two - thirds of all communications . Nonverbal communication can portray a message both vocally and with the correct body signals or gestures . Body signals comprise physical features , conscious and unconscious gestures and signals , and the mediation of personal space . The wrong message can also be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message . Nonverbal communication strengthens a first impression in common situations like attracting a partner or in a business interview : impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact . First encounters or interactions with another person strongly affect a person 's perception . When the other person or group is absorbing the message , they are focused on the entire environment around them , meaning the other person uses all five senses in the interaction : 83 % sight , 11 % hearing , 3 % smell , 2 % touch and 1 % taste . Many indigenous cultures use nonverbal communication in the integration of children at a young age into their cultural practices . Children in these communities learn through observing and pitching in through which nonverbal communication is a key aspect of observation . History of research ( edit ) Scientific research on nonverbal communication and behavior was started in 1872 with the publication of Charles Darwin 's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . In the book , Darwin argued that all mammals , both humans and animals , showed emotion through facial expressions . He posed questions such as : `` Why do our facial expressions of emotions take the particular forms they do ? '' and `` Why do we wrinkle our nose when we are disgusted and bare our teeth when we are enraged ? '' Darwin attributed these facial expressions to serviceable associated habits , which are behaviors that earlier in our evolutionary history had specific and direct functions . For example , a species that attacked by biting , baring the teeth was a necessary act before an assault and wrinkling the nose reduced the inhalation of foul odors . In response to the question asking why facial expressions persist even when they no longer serve their original purposes , Darwin 's predecessors have developed a highly valued explanation . According to Darwin , humans continue to make facial expressions because they have acquired communicative value throughout evolutionary history . In other words , humans utilize facial expressions as external evidence of their internal state . Although The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals was not one of Darwin 's most successful books in terms of its quality and overall impact in the field , his initial ideas started the abundance of research on the types , effects , and expressions of nonverbal communication and behavior . Despite the introduction of nonverbal communication in the 1800s , the emergence of behaviorism in the 1920s paused further research on nonverbal communication . Behaviorism is defined as the theory of learning that describes people 's behavior as acquired through conditioning . Behaviorists such as B.F. Skinner trained pigeons to engage in various behaviors to demonstrate how animals engage in behaviors with rewards . While most psychology researchers were exploring behaviorism , the study of nonverbal communication began in 1955 by Adam Kendon , Albert Scheflen , and Ray Birdwhistell . They analyzed a film using an analytic method called context analysis . Context analysis is the method of transcribing observed behaviors on to a coding sheet . This method was later used in studying the sequence and structure of human greetings , social behaviors at parties , and the function of posture during interpersonal interaction . Birdwhistell pioneered the original study of nonverbal communication , which he called kinesics . He estimated that humans can make and recognize around 250,000 facial expressions . Research on nonverbal communication rocketed during the mid 1960s by a number of psychologists and researchers . Argyle and Dean , for example , studied the relationship between eye contact and conversational distance . Ralph V. Exline examined patterns of looking while speaking and looking while listening . Eckhard Hess produced several studies pertaining to pupil dilation that were published in Scientific American . Robert Sommer studied the relationship between personal space and the environment . Robert Rosenthal discovered that expectations made by teachers and researchers can influence their outcomes , and that subtle , nonverbal cues may play an important role in this process . Albert Mehrabian studied the nonverbal cues of liking and immediacy . By the 1970s , a number of scholarly volumes in psychology summarized the growing body of research , such as Shirley Weitz 's Nonverbal Communication and Marianne LaFrance and Clara Mayo 's Moving Bodies . Popular books included Body Language ( Fast , 1970 ) , which focused on how to use nonverbal communication to attract other people , and How to Read a Person Like a Book ( Nierenberg & Calero , 1971 ) which examined nonverbal behavior in negotiation situations . The Journal of Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior were also founded in 1978 . The pioneer F-M Facial Action Coding System 2.0 ( F-M FACS 2.0 ) was created in 2017 by Dr. Freitas - Magalhães , and presents about 2,000 segments in 4K , using 3D technology and automatic and real - time recognition . First impression ( edit ) Main article : First impression ( psychology ) This article possibly contains unsourced predictions , speculative material , or accounts of events that might not occur . Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources . Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It takes just one - tenth of a second for someone to judge and make their first impression . A first impression is a lasting non-verbal communicator . The way a person portrays themselves on the first encounter is non-verbal statement to the observer . `` First impressions are lasting impressions . '' There can be positive and negative impressions . Positive impressions can be made through the way people present themselves . Presentation can include clothing and other visible attributes . Negative impressions can also be based on presentation and also on personal prejudice . First impressions , although sometimes misleading , can in many situations be an accurate depiction of others . Posture ( edit ) Main article : Posture ( psychology ) There are many different types of body positioning to portray certain postures , including slouching , towering , legs spread , jaw thrust , shoulders forward , and arm crossing . The posture or bodily stance exhibited by individuals communicates a variety of messages whether good or bad . Posture can be used to determine a participant 's degree of attention or involvement , the difference in status between communicators , and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator , depending on body `` openness '' . Studies investigating the impact of posture on interpersonal relationships suggest that mirror - image congruent postures , where one person 's left side is parallel to the other person 's right side , leads to favorable perception of communicators and positive speech ; a person who displays a forward lean or decreases a backward lean also signifies positive sentiment during communication . Posture can be situation - relative , that is , people will change their posture depending on the situation they are in . Clothing ( edit ) Clothing is one of the most common forms of non-verbal communication . The study of clothing and other objects as a means of non-verbal communication is known as artifactics or objectics . The types of clothing that an individual wears convey nonverbal cues about his or her personality , background and financial status , and how others will respond to them . An individual 's clothing style can demonstrate their culture , mood , level of confidence , interests , age , authority , and values / beliefs . For instance , Jewish men may wear a yarmulke to outwardly communicate their religious belief . Similarly , clothing can communicate what nationality a person or group is , for example , in traditional festivities Scottish men often wear kilts to specify their culture . Aside from communicating a person 's beliefs and nationality , clothing can be used as a nonverbal cue to attract others . Men and women may shower themselves with accessories and high - end fashion in order to attract partners they are interested in . In this case , clothing is used as a form of self - expression in which people can flaunt their power , wealth , sex appeal , or creativity . A study of the clothing worn by women attending discothèques , carried out in Vienna , Austria , showed that in certain groups of women ( especially women who were without their partners ) , motivation for sex and levels of sexual hormones were correlated with aspects of their clothing , especially the amount of skin displayed and the presence of sheer clothing . The way one chooses to dress tells a lot about one 's personality . In fact , there was a study done at the University of North Carolina , which compared the way undergraduate women chose to dress and their personality types . The study showed that women who dressed `` primarily for comfort and practicality were more self - controlled , dependable , and socially well adjusted '' ( `` Sarasota Journal '' 38 ) . Women who did n't like to stand out in a crowd had typically more conservative and traditional views and beliefs . Clothing , although non-verbal , tells people what the personality of the individual is like . The way a person dresses is typically rooted from deeper internal motivations such as emotions , experiences and culture . Clothing expresses who the person is , or even who they want to be that day . It shows other people who they want to be associated with , and where they fit in . Clothing can start relationships , because they clue other people in on what the wearer is like ( `` Sarasota Journal '' 38 ) . Gestures ( edit ) Gestures may be made with the hands , arms or body , and also include movements of the head , face and eyes , such as winking , nodding , or rolling one 's eyes . Although the study of gesture is still in its infancy , some broad categories of gestures have been identified by researchers . The most familiar are the so - called emblems or quotable gestures . These are conventional , culture - specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words , such as the hand wave used in western cultures for `` hello '' and `` goodbye . '' A single emblematic gesture can have a very different significance in different cultural contexts , ranging from complimentary to highly offensive . For a list of emblematic gestures , see List of gestures . There are some universal gestures like the shoulder shrug . Gestures can also be categorized as either speech independent or speech related . Speech - independent gestures are dependent upon culturally accepted interpretation and have a direct verbal translation . A wave or a peace sign are examples of speech - independent gestures . Speech - related gestures are used in parallel with verbal speech ; this form of nonverbal communication is used to emphasize the message that is being communicated . Speech - related gestures are intended to provide supplemental information to a verbal message such as pointing to an object of discussion . Facial expressions , more than anything , serve as a practical means of communication . With all the various muscles that precisely control mouth , lips , eyes , nose , forehead , and jaw , human faces are estimated to be capable of more than ten thousand different expressions . This versatility makes non-verbals of the face extremely efficient and honest , unless deliberately manipulated . In addition , many of these emotions , including happiness , sadness , anger , fear , surprise , disgust , shame , anguish and interest are universally recognized . Displays of emotions can generally be categorized into two groups : negative and positive . Negative emotions usually manifest as increased tension in various muscle groups : tightening of jaw muscles , furrowing of forehead , squinting eyes , or lip occlusion ( when the lips seemingly disappear ) . In contrast , positive emotions are revealed by the loosening of the furrowed lines on the forehead , relaxation of the muscles around the mouth , and widening of the eye area . When individuals are truly relaxed and at ease , the head will also tilt to the side , exposing our most vulnerable area , the neck . This is a high - comfort display , often seen during courtship , that is nearly impossible to mimic when tense or suspicious . Gestures can be subdivided into three groups : Adapters ( edit ) Some hand movements are not considered to be gestures . They consist of manipulations either of the person or some object ( e.g. clothing , pencils , eyeglasses ) -- the kinds of scratching , fidgeting , rubbing , tapping , and touching that people often do with their hands . Such behaviors are referred to as adapters . They may not be perceived as meaningfully related to the speech in which they accompany , but may serve as the basis for dispositional inferences of the speaker 's emotion ( nervous , uncomfortable , bored . ) Symbolic ( edit ) Other hand movements are considered to be gestures . They are movements with specific , conventionalized meanings called symbolic gestures . Familiar symbolic gestures include the `` raised fist , '' `` bye - bye , '' and `` thumbs up . '' In contrast to adapters , symbolic gestures are used intentionally and serve a clear communicative function . Every culture has their own set of gestures , some of which are unique only to a specific culture . Very similar gestures can have very different meanings across cultures . Symbolic gestures are usually used in the absence of speech , but can also accompany speech . Conversational ( edit ) The middle ground between adapters and symbolic gestures is occupied by conversational gestures . These gestures do not refer to actions or words , but do accompany speech . Conversational gestures are hand movements that accompany speech , and are related to the speech they accompany . Though they do accompany speech , conversational gestures are not seen in the absence of speech and are only made by the person who is speaking . Distance ( edit ) According to Edward T. Hall , the amount of space we maintain between ourselves and the persons with whom we are communicating shows the importance of the science of proxemics . In this process , it is seen how we feel towards the others at that particular time . Within American culture Hall defines four primary distance zones : ( i ) intimate ( touching to eighteen inches ) distance , ( ii ) personal ( eighteen inches to four feet ) distance , ( iii ) social ( four to twelve feet ) distance , and ( iv ) public ( more than twelve feet ) distance . Intimate distance is considered appropriate for familiar relationships and indicates closeness and trust . Personal distance is still close but keeps another `` at arm 's length '' the most comfortable distance for most of our interpersonal contact , social distance is used for the kind of communication that occurs in business relationships and , sometimes , in the classroom . Public distance occurs in situations where two - way communication is not desirable or possible . Eye contact ( edit ) Main article : Eye contact Information about the relationship and affect of these two skaters is communicated by their body posture , eye gaze and physical contact . Eye contact is the instance when two people look at each other 's eyes at the same time ; it is the primary nonverbal way of indicating engagement , interest , attention and involvement . Some studies have demonstrated that people use their eyes to indicate interest . This includes frequently recognized actions of winking and movements of the eyebrows . Disinterest is highly noticeable when little or no eye contact is made in a social setting . When an individual is interested , however , the pupils will dilate . According to Eckman , `` Eye contact ( also called mutual gaze ) is another major channel of nonverbal communication . The duration of eye contact is its most meaningful aspect . '' Generally speaking , the longer there is established eye contact between two people , the greater the intimacy levels . Gaze comprises the actions of looking while talking and listening . The length of a gaze , the frequency of glances , patterns of fixation , pupil dilation , and blink rate are all important cues in nonverbal communication . `` Liking generally increases as mutual gazing increases . '' Along with the detection of disinterest , deceit can also be observed in a person . Hogan states `` when someone is being deceptive their eyes tend to blink a lot more . Eyes act as leading indicator of truth or deception , '' Both nonverbal and verbal cues are useful when detecting deception . It is typical for people who are detecting lies to rely consistently on verbal cues but this can hinder how well they detect deception . Those who are lying and those who are telling the truth possess different forms of nonverbal and verbal cues and this is important to keep in mind . In addition , it is important to note that understanding the cultural background of a person will influence how easily deception is detectable because nonverbal cues may differ depending on the culture . In addition to eye contact these nonverbal cues can consist of physiological aspects including pulse rate as well as levels of perspiration . In addition eye aversion can be predictive of deception . Eye aversion is the avoidance of eye contact . Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information . Overall , as Pease states , `` Give the amount of eye contact that makes everyone feel comfortable . Unless looking at others is a cultural no - no , lookers gain more credibility than non-lookers '' In concealing deception , nonverbal communication makes it easier to lie without being revealed . This is the conclusion of a study where people watched made - up interviews of persons accused of having stolen a wallet . The interviewees lied in about 50 % of the cases . People had access to either written transcript of the interviews , or audio tape recordings , or video recordings . The more clues that were available to those watching , the larger was the trend that interviewees who actually lied were judged to be truthful . That is , people that are clever at lying can use tone of voice and facial expressions to give the impression that they are truthful . Contrary to popular belief , a liar does not always avoid eye contact . In an attempt to be more convincing , liars deliberately made more eye contact with interviewers than those that were telling the truth . However , there are many cited examples of cues to deceit , delivered via nonverbal ( paraverbal and visual ) communication channels , through which deceivers supposedly unwittingly provide clues to their concealed knowledge or actual opinions . Most studies examining the nonverbal cues to deceit rely upon human coding of video footage ( c.f. Vrij , 2008 ) , although a recent study also demonstrated bodily movement differences between truth - tellers and liars using an automated body motion capture system . Across cultures ( edit ) While not traditionally thought of as `` talk , '' nonverbal communication has been found to contain highly precise and symbolic meanings , similar to verbal speech . However the meanings in nonverbal communication are conveyed through the use of gesture , posture changes , and timing . Nuances across different aspects of nonverbal communication can be found in cultures all around the world . These differences can often lead to miscommunication between people of different cultures , who usually do not mean to offend . Differences can be based in preferences for mode of communication , like the Chinese , who prefer silence over verbal communication . Differences can even be based on how cultures perceive the passage of time . Chronemics , how people handle time , can be categorized in two ways : polychronic which is when people do many activities at once and is common in Italy and Spain , or monochronic which is when people do one thing at a time which is common in America . Because nonverbal communication can vary across many axes -- gestures , gaze , clothing , posture , direction , or even environmental cues like lighting -- there is a lot of room for cultural differences . In Japan , a country which prides itself on the best customer service , workers tend to use wide arm gestures to give clear directions to strangers -- accompanied by the ever - present bow to indicate respect . Gestures ( edit ) Gestures vary widely across cultures in how they are used and what they mean . A common example is pointing . In the United States , pointing is the gesture of a finger or hand to indicate or `` come here please '' when beckoning a dog . But pointing with one finger is also considered to be rude by some cultures . Those from Asian cultures typically use their entire hand to point to something . Other examples include , sticking your tongue out . In Western countries , it can be seen as mockery , but in Polynesia it serves as a greeting and a sign of reverence . Clapping is a North American way of applauding , but in Spain is used to summon a waiter at a restaurant . Differences in nodding and shaking the head to indicate agreement and disagreement also exist . Northern Europeans nodding their heads up and down to say `` yes '' , and shaking their head from side to side to say `` no '' . But the Greeks have for at least three thousand years used the upward nod for disagreement and the downward nod for agreement . '' There are many ways of waving goodbye : Americans face the palm outward and move the hand side to side , Italians face the palm inward and move the fingers facing the other person , French and Germans face the hand horizontal and move the fingers toward the person leaving . Also , it is important to note that gestures are used in more informal settings and more often by children . Displays of emotion ( edit ) Emotions are a key factor in nonverbal communication . Just as gestures and other hand movements vary across cultures , so does the way people display their emotions . For example , `` In many cultures , such as the Arab and Iranian cultures , people express grief openly . They mourn out loud , while in Asian cultures , the general belief is that it is unacceptable to show emotion openly . '' For people in Westernized countries , laughter is a sign of amusement , but in some parts of Africa it is a sign of wonder or embarrassment . Emotional expression varies with culture . Native Americans tend to be more reserved and less expressive with emotions . Frequent touches are common for Chinese people ; however , such actions like touching , patting , hugging or kissing in America are less frequent and not often publicly displayed . Nonverbal actions ( edit ) According to Matsumoto and Juang , the nonverbal motions of different people indicate important channels of communication . Nonverbal actions should match and harmonize with the message being portrayed , otherwise confusion will occur . For instance , an individual would normally not be seen smiling and gesturing broadly when saying a sad message . The author states that nonverbal communication is very important to be aware of , especially if comparing gestures , gaze , and tone of voice amongst different cultures . As Latin American cultures embrace big speech gestures , Middle Eastern cultures are relatively more modest in public and are not expressive . Within cultures , different rules are made about staring or gazing . Women may especially avoid eye contact with men because it can be taken as a sign of sexual interest . In some cultures , gaze can be seen as a sign of respect . In Western culture , eye contact is interpreted as attentiveness and honesty . In Hispanic , Asian , Middle Eastern , and Native American cultures , eye contact is thought to be disrespectful or rude , and lack of eye contact does not mean that a person is not paying attention . Voice is a category that changes within cultures . Depending on whether or not the cultures is expressive or non-expressive , many variants of the voice can depict different reactions . The acceptable physical distance is another major difference in the nonverbal communication between cultures . In Latin America and the Middle East the acceptable distance is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel comfortable with . This is why an American or a European might wonder why the other person is invading his or her personal space by standing so close , while the other person might wonder why the American / European is standing so far from him or her . In addition , for Latin Americans , the French , Italians , and Arabs the distance between people is much closer than the distance for Americans ; in general for these close distance groups , 1 foot of distance is for lovers , 1.5 -- 4 feet of distance is for family and friends , and 4 -- 12 feet is for strangers . In the opposite way , most Native Americans value distance to protect themselves . Children 's learning in indigenous American communities ( edit ) Nonverbal communication is commonly used to facilitate learning in indigenous American communities . Nonverbal communication is pivotal for collaborative participation in shared activities , as children from indigenous American communities will learn how to interact using nonverbal communication by intently observing adults . Nonverbal communication allows for continuous keen observation and signals to the learner when participation is needed . In a study on Children from both US Mexican ( with presumed indigenous backgrounds ) and European American heritages who watched a video of children working together without speaking found that the Mexican - heritage children were far more likely to describe the children 's actions as collaborative , saying that the children in the video were `` talking with their hands and with their eyes . '' A key characteristic of this type of nonverbal learning is that children have the opportunity to observe and interact with all parts of an activity . Many Indigenous American children are in close contact with adults and other children who are performing the activities that they will eventually master . Objects and materials become familiar to the child as the activities are a normal part of everyday life . Learning is done in an extremely contextualized environment rather than one specifically tailored to be instructional . For example , the direct involvement that Mazahua children take in the marketplace is used as a type of interactional organization for learning without explicit verbal instruction . Children learn how to run a market stall , take part in caregiving , and also learn other basic responsibilities through non-structured activities , cooperating voluntarily within a motivational context to participate . Not explicitly instructing or guiding the children teaches them how to integrate into small coordinated groups to solve a problem through consensus and shared space . These Mazahua separate - but - together practices have shown that participation in everyday interaction and later learning activities establishes enculturation that is rooted in nonverbal social experience . As the children participate in everyday interactions , they are simultaneously learning the cultural meanings behind these interactions . Children 's experience with nonverbally organized social interaction helps constitute the process of enculturation . In Tzotzil , Zinacantec infants communicate with their caregivers through nonverbal means that incorporate them into the social fabric of the community , and give them the opportunity to be a social participant in the community . Young children are embedded within conversations between adults as they interpret to one another the child 's non-verbal language , and are side participants and an addressees in both two - person and multiparty communications . This engagement of infants into adult conversation and social interactions influences the development of the children in those communities , as they are able to take on an active role in learning from toddlerhood . In some Indigenous communities of the Americas , children reported one of their main reasons for working in their home was to build unity within the family , the same way they desire to build solidarity within their own communities . Most indigenous children learn the importance of putting in this work in the form of nonverbal communication . Evidence of this can be observed in a case study where children are guided through the task of folding a paper figure by observing the posture and gaze of those who guide them through it . This is projected onto homes and communities , as children wait for certain cues from others to initiative cooperate and collaborate . This collaboration is referred to in the learning style `` Learning by Observing and Pitching In '' . The prism highlights the features of collaboration as a flexible ensemble with fluid coordination , blending ideas , agendas and pace . Many Indigenous cultures have this manner of learning and work side by side with adults and children as peers . This involves a balance of articulate nonverbal conversation and parsimonious verbal means . Children become able to complete a wide range of responsibilities because parents freely allowed their participation in adults ' tasks when they were younger . For example , immigrant US children perform translation work for their families and express pride in their contributions and collaborative orientation to working with their parents . By giving children the chance to prove their work ethic , indigenous communities often see contribution and collaboration from children , especially since their initiative is a lesson taught at young age using facial and body language . One aspect of nonverbal communication that aids in conveying these precise and symbolic meanings is `` context - embeddedness . '' The idea that many children in Indigenous American Communities are closely involved in community endeavors , both spatially and relationally , which help to promote nonverbal communication , given that words are not always necessary . When children are closely related to the context of the endeavor as active participants , coordination is based on a shared reference , which helps to allow , maintain , and promote nonverbal communication . The idea of `` context - embeddedness '' allows nonverbal communication to be a means of learning within Native American Alaskan Athabaskans and Cherokee communities . By observing various family and community social interactions , social engagement is dominated through nonverbal communication . For example , when children elicit thoughts or words verbally to their elders , they are expected to structure their speech carefully . This demonstrates cultural humility and respect as excessive acts of speech when conversational genre shifts reveal weakness and disrespect . This careful self - censorship exemplifies traditional social interaction of Athapaskin and Cherokee Native Americans who are mostly dependent on nonverbal communication . Nonverbal cues are used by most children in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation community within the parameters of their academic learning environments . This includes referencing Native American religion through stylized hand gestures in colloquial communication , verbal and nonverbal emotional self - containment , and less movement of the lower face to structure attention on the eyes during face - to - face engagement . Therefore , children 's approach to social situations within a reservation classroom , for example , may act as a barrier to a predominantly verbal learning environment . Most Warm Springs children benefit from a learning model that suits a nonverbal communicative structure of collaboration , traditional gesture , observational learning and shared references . It is important to note that while nonverbal communication is more prevalent in Indigenous American Communities , verbal communication is also used . Preferably , verbal communication does not substitute one 's involvement in an activity , but instead acts as additional guidance or support towards the completion of an activity . Genetics ( edit ) `` In the study of nonverbal communications , the limbic brain is where the action is ... because it is the part of the brain that reacts to the world around us reflexively and instantaneously , in real time , and without thought . '' There is evidence that the nonverbal cues made from person - to - person do not entirely have something to do with environment . Along with gestures , phenotypic traits can also convey certain messages in nonverbal communication , for instance , eye color , hair color and height . Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive . Melamed and Bozionelos ( 1992 ) studied a sample of managers in the United Kingdom and found that height was a key factor in who was promoted . Height can have benefits and depressors too . `` While tall people often command more respect than short people , height can also be detrimental to some aspects of one - to - one communication , for instance , where you need to ' talk on the same level ' or have an ' eye - to - eye ' discussion with another person and do not want to be perceived as too big for your boots . '' Movement and body position ( edit ) Kinesics ( edit ) This article may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : extremely poor grammar , formatting , and incredibly dubious claims that all seem to come from just 1 or 2 sources Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The term `` kinesics '' was first used ( in 1952 ) by Ray Birdwhistell , an anthropologist who wished to study how people communicate through posture , gesture , stance , and movement . Part of Birdwhistell 's work involved making films of people in social situations and analyzing them to show different levels of communication not clearly seen otherwise . Several other anthropologists , including Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson , also studied kinesics . Kinesics is the study of body movements . The aspects of kinesics are face , eye contact , gesture , posture , body movements . Face : The face and eyes are the most expressive means of body communication.It can facilitate or hamper feedback . Eye contact : It is the most powerful form of non-verbal communication . It builds emotional relationship between listener and speaker . Gesture : It is the motion of the body to express the speech . Posture : The body position of an individual conveys a variety of messages . Body movement : Used to understand what people are communicating with their gestures and posture Kinesic messages are more subtle than gestures . Kinesic messages comprise the posture , gaze , and facial movements . American looks are short enough just to see if there is recognition of the other person , Arabs look at each other in the eye intensely , and many Africans avert the gaze as a sign of respect to superiors . There are also many postures for people in the Congo ; they stretch their hands and put them together in the direction of the other person . Haptics : touching in communication ( edit ) Main article : Haptic communication A high five is an example of communicative touch . Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication , and haptic communication refers to how people and other animals communicate via touching . Touches among humans that can be defined as communication include handshakes , holding hands , kissing ( cheek , lips , hand ) , back slapping , high fives , a pat on the shoulder , and brushing an arm . Touching of oneself may include licking , picking , holding , and scratching . These behaviors are referred to as `` adapters '' or `` tells '' and may send messages that reveal the intentions or feelings of a communicator and a listener . The meaning conveyed from touch is highly dependent upon the culture , the context of the situation , the relationship between communicators , and the manner of touch . Touch is an extremely important sense for humans ; as well as providing information about surfaces and textures it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships , and vital in conveying physical intimacy . It can be both sexual ( such as kissing ) and platonic ( such as hugging or tickling ) . Touch is the earliest sense to develop in the fetus . Human babies have been observed to have enormous difficulty surviving if they do not possess a sense of touch , even if they retain sight and hearing . Babies who can perceive through touch , even without sight and hearing , tend to fare much better . In chimpanzees , the sense of touch is highly developed . As newborns , they see and hear poorly but cling strongly to their mothers . Harry Harlow conducted a controversial study involving rhesus monkeys and observed that monkeys reared with a `` terry cloth mother , '' a wire feeding apparatus wrapped in soft terry cloth that provided a level of tactile stimulation and comfort , the monkey who had the real parent were considerably more emotionally stable as adults than those with a mere wire mother ( Harlow , 1958 ) . Touching is treated differently from one country to another and socially acceptable levels of touching vary from one culture to another ( Remland , 2009 ) . In Thai culture , for example , touching someone 's head may be thought rude . Remland and Jones ( 1995 ) studied groups of people communicating and found that touching was rare among the English ( 8 % ) , the French ( 5 % ) and the Dutch ( 4 % ) compared to Italians ( 14 % ) and Greeks ( 12.5 % ) . Striking , pushing , pulling , pinching , kicking , strangling and hand - to - hand fighting are forms of touch in the context of physical abuse . Proxemics ( edit ) Main article : Proxemics Proxemics is the study of the cultural , behavioral , and sociological aspects of spatial distances between individuals . Every person has a particular space that they keep to themselves when communicating , like a personal bubble . When used as a type of nonverbal signal in communication , proxemics helps to determine the space between individuals while they interact . There are four types of proxemics with different distances depending on the situation and people involved . Intimate distance is used for close encounters like embracing , touching , or whispering . Personal distance is for interactions with close friends and family members . Social distance is for interactions among acquaintances . It is mostly used in workplace or school settings where there is no physical contact . Public distance is for strangers or public speaking . Functions ( edit ) Argyle ( 1970 ) put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language is normally used for communicating information about events external to the speakers , non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships . It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally rather than verbally , for instance in order to avoid embarrassing situations . Argyle ( 1988 ) concluded there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication : Express emotions Express interpersonal attitudes To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners Self - presentation of one 's personality Rituals ( greetings ) In regards to expressing interpersonal attitudes , humans communicate interpersonal closeness through a series of nonverbal actions known as immediacy behaviors . Examples of immediacy behaviors are smiling , touching , open body positions , and eye contact . Cultures that display these immediacy behaviors are considered high - contact cultures . Versus verbal communication ( edit ) An interesting question is : When two people are communicating face - to - face , how much of the meaning is communicated verbally , and how much is communicated non-verbally ? This was investigated by Albert Mehrabian and reported in two papers . The latter paper concluded : `` It is suggested that the combined effect of simultaneous verbal , vocal , and facial attitude communications is a weighted sum of their independent effects -- with coefficients of . 07 , . 38 , and . 55 , respectively . '' Since then , other studies have analysed the relative contribution of verbal and nonverbal signals under more naturalistic situations . Argyle , using video tapes shown to the subjects , analysed the communication of submissive / dominant attitude and found that non-verbal cues had 4.3 times the effect of verbal cues . The most important effect was that body posture communicated superior status in a very efficient way . On the other hand , a study by Hsee et al. had subjects judge a person on the dimension happy / sad and found that words spoken with minimal variation in intonation had an impact about 4 times larger than face expressions seen in a film without sound . Thus , the relative importance of spoken words and facial expressions may be very different in studies using different set - ups . Interaction ( edit ) When communicating , nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways : repeating , conflicting , complementing , substituting , regulating and accenting / moderating . Conflicting ( edit ) Conflicting verbal and nonverbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages . A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction . Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty , ambivalence , or frustration . When mixed messages occur , nonverbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information to clarify the situation ; great attention is placed on bodily movements and positioning when people perceive mixed messages during interactions . Definitions of nonverbal communication creates a limited picture in our minds but there are ways to create a clearer one . There are different dimensions of verbal and nonverbal communication that have been discovered . They are ( 1 ) structure versus non-structure , ( 2 ) linguistic versus non-linguistic , ( 3 ) continuous versus discontinuous , ( 4 ) learned versus innate , and ( 5 ) left versus right hemispheric processing . Complementing ( edit ) Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complement each other . Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals ; messages have been shown to be remembered better when nonverbal signals affirm the verbal exchange . Substituting ( edit ) Nonverbal behavior is sometimes used as the sole channel for communication of a message . People learn to identify facial expressions , body movements , and body positioning as corresponding with specific feelings and intentions . Nonverbal signals can be used without verbal communication to convey messages ; when nonverbal behavior does not effectively communicate a message , verbal methods are used to enhance understanding . Structure versus non-structure ( edit ) Verbal communication is a highly structured form of communication with set rules of grammar . The rules of verbal communication help to understand and make sense of what other people are saying . For example , foreigners learning a new language can have a hard time making themselves understood . On the other hand , nonverbal communication has no formal structure when it comes to communicating . Nonverbal communication occurs without even thinking about it . The same behavior can mean different things , such as crying of sadness or of joy . Therefore , these cues need to be interpreted carefully to get their correct meaning . Linguistic versus non-linguistic ( edit ) There are only a few assigned symbols in the system of nonverbal communication . Nodding the head is one symbol that indicates agreement in some cultures , but in others , it means disagreement . On the other hand , verbal communication has a system of symbols that have specific meanings to them . Continuous and discontinuous ( edit ) Verbal communication is based on discontinuous units whereas nonverbal communication is continuous . Communicating nonverbally can not be stopped unless one would leave the room , but even then , the intrapersonal processes still take place ( individuals communicating with themselves ) . Without the presence of someone else , the body still manages to undergo nonverbal communication . For example , there are no other words being spoken after a heated debate , but there are still angry faces and cold stares being distributed . This is an example of how nonverbal communication is continuous . Learned versus innate ( edit ) Learned non-verbal cues require a community or culture for their reinforcement . For example , table manners are not innate capabilities upon birth . Dress code is a non-verbal cue that must be established by society . Hand symbols , whose interpretation can vary from culture to culture , are not innate nonverbal cues . Learned cues must be gradually reinforced by admonition or positive feedback . Innate non-verbal cues are `` built - in '' features of human behavior . Generally , these innate cues are universally prevalent and regardless of culture . For example , smiling , crying , and laughing do not require teaching . Similarly , some body positions , such as the fetal position , are universally associated with weakness . Due to their universality , the ability to comprehend these cues is not limited to individual cultures . Left versus right - hemispheric processing ( edit ) This type of processing involves the neurophysiological approach to nonverbal communication . It explains that the right hemisphere processes nonverbal stimuli such as those involving spatial , pictorial , and gestalt tasks while the left hemisphere involves the verbal stimuli involving analytical and reasoning tasks . It is important to know the implications in processing the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication messages . It is possible that individuals may not use the correct hemisphere at appropriate times when it comes to interpreting a message or meaning . Clinical studies ( edit ) From 1977 to 2004 , the influence of disease and drugs on receptivity of nonverbal communication was studied by teams at three separate medical schools using a similar paradigm . Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh , Yale University and Ohio State University had subjects observe gamblers at a slot machine awaiting payoffs . The amount of this payoff was read by nonverbal transmission prior to reinforcement . This technique was developed by and the studies directed by psychologist Robert E. Miller and psychiatrist A. James Giannini . These groups reported diminished receptive ability in heroin addicts and phencyclidine abusers , contrasted with increased receptivity in cocaine addicts . Men with major depression manifested significantly decreased ability to read nonverbal cues when compared with euthymic men . In some subjects tested for ability to read nonverbal cues , intuitive paradigms were apparently employed while in others a cause and effect approach was used . Subjects in the former group answered quickly and before reinforcement occurred . They could not give a rationale for their particular responses . Subjects in the latter category delayed their response and could offer reasons for their choice . The level of accuracy between the two groups did not vary nor did handedness . Freitas - Magalhaes studied the effect of smiling in the treatment of depression and concluded that depressive states decrease when people smile more often . Obese women and women with premenstrual syndrome were found to also possess diminished abilities to read these cues . In contradistinction , men with bipolar disorder possessed increased abilities . A woman with total paralysis of the nerves of facial expression was found unable to transmit or receive any nonverbal facial cues whatsoever . Because of the changes in levels of accuracy on the levels of nonverbal receptivity , the members of the research team hypothesized a biochemical site in the brain which was operative for reception of nonverbal cues . Because certain drugs enhanced ability while others diminished it , the neurotransmitters dopamine and endorphin were considered to be likely etiological candidate . Based on the available data , however , the primary cause and primary effect could not be sorted out on the basis of the paradigm employed . Child comprehension ( edit ) An increased emphasis on gestures exists when intonations or facial expression are used . `` Speakers often anticipate how recipients will interpret their utterances . If they wish some other , less obvious interpretation , they may `` mark '' their utterance ( e.g. with special intonations or facial expressions ) . '' This specific emphasis known as ' marking ' can be spotted as a learned form of non-verbal communication in toddlers . A groundbreaking study from the Journal of Child Language has concluded that the act of marking a gesture is recognized by three - year - olds , but not by two - year - olds . In the study , two and three - year - old toddlers were tested on their recognition of markedness within gestures . The experiment was conducted in a room with an examiner and the test subjects , which for the first study were three - year - olds . The examiner sat across from each child individually , and allowed them to play with various objects including a purse with a sponge in it and a box with a sponge in it . After allowing the child to play with the objects for three minutes , the examiner told the child it was time to clean up and motioned by pointing to the objects . They measured the responses of the children by first pointing and not marking the gesture , to see the child 's reaction to the request and if they reached for the objects to clean them up . After observing the child 's response , the examiner then asked and pointed again , marking the gesture with facial expression , as to lead the child to believe the objects were supposed to be cleaned up . The results showed that three - year - old children were able to recognize the markedness , by responding to the gesture and cleaning the objects up as opposed to when the gesture was presented without being marked . In the second study in which the same experiment was performed on two - year - olds , the results were different . For the most part , the children did not recognize the difference between the marked and unmarked gesture by not responding more prevalently to the marked gesture , unlike the results of the three - year - olds . This shows that this sort of nonverbal communication is learned at a young age , and is better recognized in three - year - old children than two - year - old children , making it easier for us to interpret that the ability to recognize markedness is learned in the early stages of development , somewhere between three and four years of age . Boone and Cunningham conducted a study to determine at which age children begin to recognize emotional meaning ( happiness , sadness , anger and fear ) in expressive body movements . The study included 29 adults and 79 children divided into age groups of four - , five - and eight - year - olds . The children were shown two clips simultaneously and were asked to point to the one that was expressing the target emotion . The results of the study revealed that of the four emotions being tested the 4 - year - olds were only able to correctly identify sadness at a rate that was better than chance . The 5 - year - olds performed better and were able to identify happiness , sadness and fear at better than chance levels . The 8 - year - olds and adults could correctly identify all four emotions and there was very little difference between the scores of the two groups . Between the ages of 4 and 8 , nonverbal communication and decoding skills improve dramatically . Comprehension of nonverbal facial cues ( edit ) A byproduct of the work of the Pittsburgh / Yale / Ohio State team was an investigation of the role of nonverbal facial cues in heterosexual nondate rape . Males who were serial rapists of adult women were studied for nonverbal receptive abilities . Their scores were the highest of any subgroup . Rape victims were next tested . It was reported that women who had been raped on at least two occasions by different perpetrators had a highly significant impairment in their abilities to read these cues in either male or female senders . These results were troubling , indicating a predator - prey model . The authors did note that whatever the nature of these preliminary findings the responsibility of the rapist was in no manner or level diminished . The final target of study for this group was the medical students they taught . Medical students at Ohio State University , Ohio University and Northeast Ohio Medical College were invited to serve as subjects . Students indicating a preference for the specialties of family practice , psychiatry , pediatrics and obstetrics - gynecology achieved significantly higher levels of accuracy than those students who planned to train as surgeons , radiologists , or pathologists . Internal medicine and plastic surgery candidates scored at levels near the mean . See also ( edit ) Asemic writing Augmentative and alternative communication Behavioral communication Chinese number gestures Desmond Morris Dyssemia Doctrine of mental reservation Forgetfulness Intercultural competence Albert Mehrabian Metacommunicative competence Microexpression Joe Navarro Neuro - linguistic programming Nunchi People skills Regulatory focus theory Semiotics Ishin - denshin Silent service code Twilight language Unconscious communication Unsaid Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nonverbal Communication Theories '' . Encyclopedia of Communication Theory . 2009 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412959384. n262 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nonverbal Communication '' . The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science . 2004 . Jump up ^ Paradise , Ruth ( 1994 ) . `` Interactional Style and Nonverbal Meaning : Mazahua Children Learning How to Be Separate - But - Together '' . 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Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Your Clothes Say About You '' . Forbes . 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Ottenheimer 2007 , p. 130 ) Jump up ^ Ekman , P. ( 2003 ) . Emotions revealed : Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0805072754 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , J. ( 2008 ) . What Every Body is Saying . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0061438295 . ^ Jump up to : Nageshwar Rao ; Rajendra P. Das . Communication skills . Himalaya Publishing House . ISBN 9789350516669 . Jump up ^ Weiten , W. ; Dunn , D. & Hammer , E. ( 2009 ) . Psychology Applied to Modern Life . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth . Jump up ^ ( Argyle 1988 , pp. 153 -- 155 ) Jump up ^ Burgoon , J.K. ; J.P. Blair & R.E. Strom ( 2008 ) . `` Cognitive biases and nonverbal cue availability in detecting deception . Human communication research '' . Human Communication Research . 34 ( 4 ) : 572 -- 599 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2958.2008. 00333. x . Jump up ^ Mann , Samantha ; Aldert Vrij ; Sharon Leal ; Par Granhag ; Lara Warmelink ; Dave Forester ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Windows to the Soul ? Deliberate Eye Contact as a Cue to Deceit '' . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior . 36 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 215 . doi : 10.1007 / s10919 - 012 - 0132 - y . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Drewnicky , Alex . `` Body Language -- Common Myths and How to use it Effectively '' . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ekman , P. & Friesen , W.V. ( 1969 ) . `` Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception '' ( PDF ) . Psychiatry . 32 ( 1 ) : 88 -- 106 . PMID 5779090 . Jump up ^ Vrij , A. ( 2008 ) . Detecting lies and deceit : Pitfalls and opportunities . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Eapen , N.M. ; Baron , S. ; Street , C.N.H. & Richardson , D.C. ( 2010 ) . S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone , eds . The bodily movements of liars . 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New York , NY : St. Martins Press . ISBN 9780312315054 . Simpson - Giles , C. ( 2001 ) . How to Be a Lady . Nashville , TN : Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 9781558539396 . Driver , J. ( 2010 ) . You Say More Than You Think . New York , NY : Crown Publishers . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Non-verbal communication . `` Credibility , Respect , and Power : Sending the Right Nonverbal Signals '' by Debra Stein Online Nonverbal Library with more than 500 free available articles on this topic . The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gestures , Signs & Body Language Cues by David B. 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-2490462434328042313	List of Washington Capitals seasons	List of Washington Capitals seasons - wikipedia List of Washington Capitals seasons Banners at the Capital One Arena showing the Capitals ' retired numbers The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Capitals played at the Capital Centre from their inaugural season in 1974 to 1997 , when they moved to the MCI Center , now known as the Capital One Arena . In 42 completed seasons , the Capitals have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs 27 times , making two Stanley Cup Finals appearances during the 1997 -- 98 and 2017 -- 18 seasons , winning the latter . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion team in the Prince of Wales Conference . The team had an 8 -- 67 -- 5 record and lost 37 straight road games in their inaugural season . The Capitals made their first playoffs in the 1982 -- 83 season and qualified for the playoffs for the following 13 seasons in a row . The Capitals won the Eastern Conference during their 1997 -- 98 season but were swept by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals . After reaching the Finals , the Capitals were assigned to the Southeast Division , in which they remained in for 15 years , until a NHL division realignment brought them into the newly formed Metropolitan Division in 2013 . Through these times , the Capitals won three Presidents ' Trophies in the 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 seasons , before finally winning their first ever Stanley Cup in the 2017 -- 18 season , after 42 seasons ( not counting the cancelled 2004 -- 05 season ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table key 2 Year by year 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Table key ( edit ) The interior of Capital One Arena , formerly the Verizon Center , the Capitals ' home arena since 1997 Key of colors and symbols Color / symbol Explanation Stanley Cup champions Conference champions Division champions Led league in points Key of terms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition Finish Final position in division standings GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Capitals ' opponents ) GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Capitals ) GP Number of games played Number of losses OT Number of losses in overtime ( since the 1999 -- 2000 season ) Pts Number of points Number of ties Number of wins -- Does not apply Year by year ( edit ) Year by year listing of all seasons played by the Washington Capitals NHL season Capitals season Conference Division Regular season Postseason Finish GP OT Pts GF GA GP GF GA Result 1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 Wales Norris 5th 80 8 67 5 -- 21 181 446 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1975 -- 76 1975 -- 76 Wales Norris 5th 80 11 59 10 -- 32 224 394 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1976 -- 77 1976 -- 77 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 42 14 -- 62 221 307 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1977 -- 78 1977 -- 78 Wales Norris 5th 80 17 49 14 -- 48 195 321 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1978 -- 79 1978 -- 79 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 41 15 -- 63 273 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1979 -- 80 1979 -- 80 Wales Patrick 5th 80 27 40 13 -- 67 261 293 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1980 -- 81 1980 -- 81 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 36 18 -- 70 286 317 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1981 -- 82 1981 -- 82 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 41 13 -- 65 319 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1982 -- 83 1982 -- 83 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 39 25 16 -- 94 306 283 11 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 3 1983 -- 84 1983 -- 84 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 48 27 5 -- 101 308 226 8 28 25 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 4 1984 -- 85 1984 -- 85 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 46 25 9 -- 101 322 240 5 12 14 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 3 1985 -- 86 1985 -- 86 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 50 23 7 -- 107 315 272 9 5 36 24 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Islanders , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Rangers , 2 -- 4 1986 -- 87 1986 -- 87 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 32 10 -- 86 285 278 7 19 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 3 -- 4 1987 -- 88 1987 -- 88 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 33 9 -- 85 281 249 14 7 7 54 50 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 3 Lost Division Finals to New Jersey Devils , 3 -- 4 1988 -- 89 1988 -- 89 Wales Patrick 1st 80 41 29 10 -- 92 305 259 6 18 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 2 -- 4 1989 -- 90 1989 -- 90 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 36 38 6 -- 78 284 275 15 8 7 49 48 Won Division Semifinals vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Boston Bruins , 0 -- 4 1990 -- 91 1990 -- 91 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 37 36 7 -- 81 258 258 11 5 6 29 35 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 2 Lost Division Finals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 1991 -- 92 1991 -- 92 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 45 27 8 -- 98 330 275 7 27 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 Wales Patrick 2nd 84 43 34 7 -- 93 325 286 6 15 23 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 4 1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 84 39 35 10 -- 88 277 263 11 5 6 32 32 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 1 -- 4 1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 48 22 18 8 -- 52 136 120 7 10 17 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 Eastern Atlantic 4th 82 39 32 11 -- 89 234 204 6 17 21 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 33 40 9 -- 75 214 231 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 40 30 12 -- 92 219 202 21 12 9 53 44 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Ottawa Senators , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 2 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings , 0 -- 4 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 31 45 6 -- 68 200 218 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 44 24 12 102 227 194 5 6 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 41 27 10 96 233 211 6 10 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 36 33 11 85 228 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 39 29 8 6 92 224 220 6 15 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 2 -- 4 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 23 46 10 59 186 253 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Eastern Southeast Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 29 41 -- 12 70 237 306 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 28 40 -- 14 70 235 286 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 43 31 -- 8 94 242 231 7 20 23 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 4 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 50 24 -- 8 108 272 245 14 7 7 41 38 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 54 15 -- 13 121 318 233 7 22 20 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Montreal Canadiens , 3 -- 4 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 48 23 -- 11 107 224 197 9 5 23 24 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 0 -- 4 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 42 32 -- 8 92 222 230 14 7 7 28 30 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 - 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 Eastern Southeast 1st 48 27 18 -- 57 149 130 7 13 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 Eastern Metropolitan 5th 82 38 30 -- 14 90 235 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 Eastern Metropolitan 2nd 82 45 26 -- 11 101 242 203 14 7 7 28 28 Won First Round vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 3 Lost Second Round to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 56 18 -- 8 120 252 193 12 6 6 29 22 Won First Round vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 55 19 -- 8 118 263 182 13 7 6 36 34 Won First Round vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 49 26 -- 7 105 259 239 24 16 8 86 61 Won First Round vs. Columbus Blue Jackets 4 -- 2 Won Second Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals vs. Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vegas Golden Knights 4 -- 1 Totals 3426 1575 1406 303 142 3595 10750 10861 275 132 143 793 776 Notes ( edit ) In 1992 , the NHL expanded the season to 84 games , and each team played two games at a neutral site . After the 1995 lockout , the neutral site games were eliminated , and the season was reduced to 82 games . The NHL realigned into Eastern and Western conferences prior to the 1993 -- 94 season . Washington was placed in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . Beginning with the 1999 -- 00 season , teams received one point for losing a regular season game in overtime . The season was canceled because of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Before the 2005 -- 06 season , the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five - minute overtime period , which prevented ties . The NHL added 4 expansion teams prior to the 1998 -- 99 season and split the Eastern Conference into three divisions : Northeast , Atlantic , and Southeast . Washington was moved into the new Southeast division . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout . The NHL realigned prior to the 2013 -- 14 season . Washington was placed in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Page 2 Staff . `` Worst Pro Teams of All - time '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( June 17 , 1998 ) . `` No Shame in Shutout , Fans Say '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals clinch NHL 's best record '' . ESPN . April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Statistics and History '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Franchise Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Total statistics of Washington Capitals in Regular season 1974 / 75 - 2017 / 18 NHL.com Jump up ^ Total statistics of Washington Capitals in Playoff 1974 / 75 - 2017 / 18 NHL.com Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` 84 game schedule a lock '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( April 1 , 1993 ) . `` Hockey ; N.H.L. Redraws Map In Realignment Plan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 15 , 1993 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Rangers Must Search For a ' Riley ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( January 23 , 1995 ) . `` Drop Those Pucks ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( September 30 , 1999 ) . `` Hockey : Preview ' 99 -- ' 00 ; Overtime Is Now Five Minutes in Hockey Heaven '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lockout over salary cap shuts down NHL '' . Associated Press . ESPN . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shootouts are fan - friendly '' . The Washington Times . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N.H.L. Names 4 Cities For Its New Franchises '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 1997 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Announces 2012 - 13 Season Schedule '' . Lightning.nhl.com . Tampa Bay Lightning . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHL slate , division names revealed '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Washington Capitals official website Washington Capitals Founded in 1974 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Monumental Sports & Entertainment ( Ted Leonsis , chairman ) General manager Brian MacLellan Head coach Vacant Team captain Alexander Ovechkin Current roster Arenas Capital Centre Capital One Arena Rivalries New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Affiliates AHL Hershey Bears ECHL South Carolina Stingrays Media TV NBCS Mid-Atlantic Radio WFED WJFK Caps Radio 24 / 7 ( Tunein app ) Culture and lore Easter Epic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series 2018 Stanley Cup Finals Kettler Capitals Iceplex Washington Capitals seasons 1970s 1970 -- 71 . 1971 -- 72 . 1972 -- 73 . 1973 -- 74 . 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship hide NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Relocated ( still active ) Atlanta Flames ( Calgary ) Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg ) Hartford Whalers ( Carolina ) Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey ) Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas ) Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado ) Winnipeg Jets ( Arizona ) Defunct teams California Golden Seals / Cleveland Barons Hamilton Tigers Montreal Maroons New York Americans Ottawa Senators / St. Louis Eagles Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers Ice hockey portal Sports portal Washington , D.C. portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Washington_Capitals_seasons&oldid=846571455 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Washington Capitals seasons Lists of National Hockey League seasons Washington Capitals lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when is the last time the capitals made it to the stanley cup	[ "\nYear by year listing of all seasons played by the Washington Capitals\n\nNHL season\nCapitals season\nConference\nDivision\nRegular season[4][5]\nPostseason\n\n\nFinish\nGP\nW\nL\nT\nOT\nPts\nGF\nGA\nGP\nW\nL\nGF\nGA\nResult\n\n\n1974–75\n1974–75\nWales\nNorris\n5th\n80\n8\n67\n5\n—\n21\n181\n446\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1975–76\n1975–76\nWales\nNorris\n5th\n80\n11\n59\n10\n—\n32\n224\n394\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1976–77\n1976–77\nWales\nNorris\n4th\n80\n24\n42\n14\n—\n62\n221\n307\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1977–78\n1977–78\nWales\nNorris\n5th\n80\n17\n49\n14\n—\n48\n195\n321\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1978–79\n1978–79\nWales\nNorris\n4th\n80\n24\n41\n15\n—\n63\n273\n338\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1979–80\n1979–80\nWales\nPatrick\n5th\n80\n27\n40\n13\n—\n67\n261\n293\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1980–81\n1980–81\nWales\nPatrick\n5th\n80\n26\n36\n18\n—\n70\n286\n317\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1981–82\n1981–82\nWales\nPatrick\n5th\n80\n26\n41\n13\n—\n65\n319\n338\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1982–83\n1982–83\nWales\nPatrick\n3rd\n80\n39\n25\n16\n—\n94\n306\n283\n4\n1\n3\n11\n19\nLost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders, 1–3[6]\n\n\n1983–84\n1983–84\nWales\nPatrick\n2nd\n80\n48\n27\n5\n—\n101\n308\n226\n8\n4\n4\n28\n25\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers, 3–0\nLost Division Finals to New York Islanders, 1–4[7]\n\n\n1984–85\n1984–85\nWales\nPatrick\n2nd\n80\n46\n25\n9\n—\n101\n322\n240\n5\n2\n3\n12\n14\nLost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders, 2–3[8]\n\n\n1985–86\n1985–86\nWales\nPatrick\n2nd\n80\n50\n23\n7\n—\n107\n315\n272\n9\n5\n4\n36\n24\nWon Division Semifinals vs. New York Islanders, 3–0\nLost Division Finals to New York Rangers, 2–4[9]\n\n\n1986–87\n1986–87\nWales\nPatrick\n2nd\n80\n38\n32\n10\n—\n86\n285\n278\n7\n3\n4\n19\n19\nLost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders, 3–4[10]\n\n\n1987–88\n1987–88\nWales\nPatrick\n2nd\n80\n38\n33\n9\n—\n85\n281\n249\n14\n7\n7\n54\n50\nWon Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers, 4–3\nLost Division Finals to New Jersey Devils, 3–4[11]\n\n\n1988–89\n1988–89\nWales\nPatrick\n1st\n80\n41\n29\n10\n—\n92\n305\n259\n6\n2\n4\n18\n25\nLost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia Flyers, 2–4[12]\n\n\n1989–90\n1989–90\nWales\nPatrick\n3rd\n80\n36\n38\n6\n—\n78\n284\n275\n15\n8\n7\n49\n48\nWon Division Semifinals vs. New Jersey Devils, 4–2\nWon Division Finals vs. New York Rangers, 4–1\nLost Conference Finals to Boston Bruins, 0–4[13]\n\n\n1990–91\n1990–91\nWales\nPatrick\n3rd\n80\n37\n36\n7\n—\n81\n258\n258\n11\n5\n6\n29\n35\nWon Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers, 4–2\nLost Division Finals to Pittsburgh Penguins, 1–4[14]\n\n\n1991–92\n1991–92\nWales\nPatrick\n2nd\n80\n45\n27\n8\n—\n98\n330\n275\n7\n3\n4\n27\n25\nLost Division Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins, 3–4[15]\n\n\n1992–93\n1992–93[a]\nWales\nPatrick\n2nd\n84\n43\n34\n7\n—\n93\n325\n286\n6\n4\n2\n15\n23\nLost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders, 2–4[16]\n\n\n1993–94\n1993–94\nEastern[b]\nAtlantic\n3rd\n84\n39\n35\n10\n—\n88\n277\n263\n11\n5\n6\n32\n32\nWon Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins, 4–2\nLost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers, 1–4[17]\n\n\n1994–95\n1994–95[c]\nEastern\nAtlantic\n2nd\n48\n22\n18\n8\n—\n52\n136\n120\n7\n3\n4\n10\n17\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins, 3–4[18]\n\n\n1995–96\n1995–96\nEastern\nAtlantic\n4th\n82\n39\n32\n11\n—\n89\n234\n204\n6\n2\n4\n17\n21\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins, 2–4[19]\n\n\n1996–97\n1996–97\nEastern\nAtlantic\n5th\n82\n33\n40\n9\n—\n75\n214\n231\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1997–98\n1997–98\nEastern\nAtlantic\n3rd\n82\n40\n30\n12\n—\n92\n219\n202\n21\n12\n9\n53\n44\nWon Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins, 4–2\nWon Conference Semifinals vs. Ottawa Senators, 4–1\nWon Conference Finals vs. Buffalo Sabres, 4–2\nLost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings, 0–4[20]\n\n\n1998–99\n1998–99\nEastern\nSoutheast[g]\n3rd\n82\n31\n45\n6\n—\n68\n200\n218\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n1999–2000\n1999–2000\nEastern\nSoutheast\n1st\n82\n44\n24\n12\n2[d]\n102\n227\n194\n5\n1\n4\n6\n15\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins, 1–4[21]\n\n\n2000–01\n2000–01\nEastern\nSoutheast\n1st\n82\n41\n27\n10\n4\n96\n233\n211\n6\n2\n4\n10\n14\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins, 2–4[22]\n\n\n2001–02\n2001–02\nEastern\nSoutheast\n2nd\n82\n36\n33\n11\n2\n85\n228\n240\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2002–03\n2002–03\nEastern\nSoutheast\n2nd\n82\n39\n29\n8\n6\n92\n224\n220\n6\n2\n4\n15\n14\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to Tampa Bay Lightning, 2–4[23]\n\n\n2003–04\n2003–04\nEastern\nSoutheast\n5th\n82\n23\n46\n10\n3\n59\n186\n253\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2004–05[e]\n2004–05\nEastern\nSoutheast\nSeason cancelled due to 2004–05 NHL lockout\n\n\n2005–06\n2005–06\nEastern\nSoutheast\n5th\n82\n29\n41\n—[f]\n12\n70\n237\n306\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2006–07\n2006–07\nEastern\nSoutheast\n5th\n82\n28\n40\n—\n14\n70\n235\n286\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2007–08\n2007–08\nEastern\nSoutheast\n1st\n82\n43\n31\n—\n8\n94\n242\n231\n7\n3\n4\n20\n23\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers, 3–4[24]\n\n\n2008–09\n2008–09\nEastern\nSoutheast\n1st\n82\n50\n24\n—\n8\n108\n272\n245\n14\n7\n7\n41\n38\nWon Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers, 4–3\nLost Conference Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins, 3–4[25]\n\n\n2009–10\n2009–10\nEastern\nSoutheast\n1st\n82\n54\n15\n—\n13\n121\n318\n233\n7\n3\n4\n22\n20\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to Montreal Canadiens, 3–4[26]\n\n\n2010–11\n2010–11\nEastern\nSoutheast\n1st\n82\n48\n23\n—\n11\n107\n224\n197\n9\n4\n5\n23\n24\nWon Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers, 4–1\nLost Conference Semifinals to Tampa Bay Lightning, 0–4[27]\n\n\n2011–12\n2011–12\nEastern\nSoutheast\n2nd\n82\n42\n32\n—\n8\n92\n222\n230\n14\n7\n7\n28\n30\nWon Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins, 4-3\nLost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers, 3–4[28]\n\n\n2012–13[h]\n2012–13\nEastern\nSoutheast\n1st\n48\n27\n18\n—\n3\n57\n149\n130\n7\n3\n4\n13\n15\nLost Conference Quarterfinals to New York Rangers, 3–4[29]\n\n\n2013–14\n2013–14\nEastern\nMetropolitan[i]\n5th\n82\n38\n30\n—\n14\n90\n235\n240\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nDid not qualify\n\n\n2014–15\n2014–15\nEastern\nMetropolitan\n2nd\n82\n45\n26\n—\n11\n101\n242\n203\n14\n7\n7\n28\n28\nWon First Round vs. New York Islanders, 4–3\nLost Second Round to New York Rangers, 3–4[30]\n\n\n2015–16\n2015–16\nEastern\nMetropolitan\n1st\n82\n56\n18\n—\n8\n120\n252\n193\n12\n6\n6\n29\n22\nWon First Round vs. Philadelphia Flyers, 4–2\nLost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins, 2–4[31]\n\n\n2016–17\n2016–17\nEastern\nMetropolitan\n1st\n82\n55\n19\n—\n8\n118\n263\n182\n13\n7\n6\n36\n34\nWon First Round vs. Toronto Maple Leafs, 4–2\nLost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins, 3–4\n\n\n2017–18\n2017–18\nEastern\nMetropolitan\n1st\n82\n49\n26\n—\n7\n105\n259\n239\n24\n16\n8\n86\n61\nWon First Round vs. Columbus Blue Jackets 4–2\nWon Second Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins 4–2\nWon Conference Finals vs. Tampa Bay Lightning 4–3\nWon Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vegas Golden Knights 4–1\n\n\nTotals[32][33]\n3426\n1575\n1406\n303\n142\n3595\n10750\n10861\n275\n132\n143\n793\n776\n\n\n" ]	[ "2017–18" ]
-8265940129552614868	River valley civilization	River valley civilization - wikipedia River valley civilization Jump to : navigation , search A river civilization or river culture is an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and drawing sustenance from a river . A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for drinking and agriculture . Additional benefits include fishing , fertile soil due to annual flooding , and ease of transportation . The first great civilizations all grew up in river valleys . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Causes 3 Early civilizations 3.1 Mesopotamia 3.2 Egypt 3.3 Indus valley 3.4 Yellow River 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Civilization first began in 3500 BCE , which along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East ; the name given to that civilization , Mesopotamia , means `` land between the rivers '' . The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BCE , but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BCE . A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BCE , in parts of what are now India and Pakistan . The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BCE along the Yellow River in China , also known as the Huang - He River Civilization . Causes ( edit ) Civilizations tended to grow up in river valleys for a number of reasons . The most obvious is access to a usually reliable source of water for agriculture and human needs . Plentiful water , and the enrichment of the soil due to annual floods , made it possible to grow excess crops beyond what was needed to sustain an agricultural village . This allowed for some members of the community to engage in non-agricultural activities such as construction of buildings and cities ( the root of the word `` civilization '' ) , metal working , trade , and social organization . Boats on the river provided an easy and efficient way to transport people and goods , allowing for the development of trade and facilitating central control of outlying areas . Early civilizations ( edit ) Mesopotamia ( edit ) Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization , starting to form around 3500 BCE . The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers . Mesopotamian cities became self - run civil governments . One of the cities within this civilization , Uruk , was the first literate society in history . Eventually , they all joined together to irrigate the two rivers in order to make their dry land fertile for agricultural growth . The increase in successful farming in this civilization allowed population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia . Egypt ( edit ) Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river , the Nile River , more intricate than previous systems . The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt buildup from the fresh water and enhance the fertility of their fields . The Nile River also allowed easier travel among the civilization , eventually resulting in the creation of two kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one society by 3000 BCE . Indus valley ( edit ) Much of the history of the Indus valley civilization , discovered in the 1920s , is unknown . Discovered in the 1920s , Harappan society remains a mystery because the Harappan system of writing has not yet been deciphered . It was larger than either Egypt or Mesopotamia . Historians have found no evidence of violence or a ruling class ; there are no distinctive burial sites and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal military . However , historians believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling class and the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan writing . Yellow River ( edit ) The Yellow River ( Huang He ) area became settled around 4000 BC . Many tribes settled along the river , sixth longest in the world , which was distinguished by its heavy load of yellow silt and its periodic devastating floods . Recorded Chinese history begins with the first great wall , the Xia Dynasty , which went through the Yellow River valley from 2100 to 1600 BC . A major impetus for the tribes to unite into a single kingdom was the desire to find a solution to the frequent deadly floods . The Xia dug canals to channel excess water away from the area , resulting in a strong civilization with bountiful harvests and powerful leaders . The Yellow River is often called `` The Cradle of Chinese Civilization '' . See also ( edit ) Hydraulic empire Irrigation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCannon , John ( 2008 ) . Barron 's AP World History . Barron 's Educational Series Inc . pp. 57 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 3822 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The River Valley Civilization Guide '' . rivervalleycivilizations.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivers and Civilization : What 's the Link ? . Mindsparks. 2007 . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57596 - 251 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mountjoy , Shane ( 2005 ) . Rivers in World History : The Indus River . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Indus River Valley Civilization '' . The River Valley Civilization Guide . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega , The Thinking Past ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2015 ) , 83 , 95 - 101 . Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega , The Thinking Past ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2015 ) , 83 , 95 - 101 . Jump up ^ Adrian Cole and Stephen Ortega , The Thinking Past ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2015 ) , 106 - 108 . Jump up ^ The Yellow River , Rivervalleycivilizations.com Jump up ^ Szczepanski , Kallie ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Yellow River and its role in Chinese history '' . Thoughtco . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Clayton , Peter A. & Dent , John ( 1973 ) . The Ancient River Civilizations : Western Man & the Modern World . Elsevier . ISBN 9780080172095 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_valley_civilization&oldid=804748512 '' Categories : Agriculture Civilizations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where were the first river valley civilizations located	[]	[]
7673482213054264960	Witchcraft: Its Power in the World Today	Witchcraft : Its power in the world Today - wikipedia Witchcraft : Its power in the world Today Jump to : navigation , search Witchcraft : Its Power in the World Today is a book by William Buehler Seabrook which was published in 1940 . It details the author 's views on psychology , parapsychology and the occult , and contains information about the author 's meetings with a number of famous people . Throughout his writing career , Seabrook had been fascinated with the strange , from Dervish mystics ( Adventures in Arabia ) to Haitian zombies ( Magic Island ) . Witchcraft contains Seabrook 's look back at his earlier first - hand experiences . He writes in the forward that the book will be `` a disappointment to all who believe in the supernatural . '' He concludes that although he had searched the world for the supernatural , on reflection he had to conclude that he had seen nothing inexplicable by science . Nevertheless , he remained fascinated by the possibilities of human psychology and parapsychology . The book is divided into four sections , including a long appendix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Part One : The Witch and the Doll 2 Part Two : The Vampire and the Werewolf 3 Part Three : White Magic , Professor Rhine , the Supernormal , and Justine 4 Part Four : Appendix 5 Critical reception 6 Bibliography 7 References Part one : the witch and the doll ( edit ) This section contains anecdotes concerning the use of voodoo dolls ( more properly , poppets ) to cause illness and death , with examples taken from the Ivory Coast , France , and the UK . The author is of the opinion that the dolls work through the power of suggestion , and that even in cases of conscious scepticism unconscious belief might have an effect . The author also wrote that he had trained as a witchdoctor in a Malinke town near Bassam . The section also includes the claim that Seabrook 's ancestor , Bishop Peter Boehler , had been a practitioner of black magic . Part two : the vampire and the werewolf ( edit ) Section two reviews the case of Countess Elizabeth Bathory , a noblewoman accused of murder and sadistic practices . It also recounts the case of a woman known to Seabrook who felt an urge to drink blood due to pernicious anaemia , and a couple of incidents from Africa that showed a belief in humans turning into animals . He also recounts an incident involving his friend , an occultist named John Bannister , who helped a young Russian woman remember having been a wolf . Part three : white magic , professor Rhine , the supernormal , and Justine ( edit ) In this section , the author puts forward his theory that sense deprivation may encourage psychic abilities , and he criticises the work of parapsychologist J.B. Rhine for failing to consider this . While Seabrook was generally sceptical of such abilities , he was perplexed by some incidents he recorded , and suggests that the theories about time and space of Albert Einstein might hold the answer to some of these mysteries . The anecdotes in this section include the author 's own experience of navigating a boat while in a kind of trance due to extreme tiredness , which he compares with the practices of Melewi Dervishes , whom he said that he studied under in Syria . Seabrook then goes on to recount a meeting with G.I. Gurdjieff , and to describe the dances performed by his followers . Seabrook claims that Gurdjieff asked him to invite some his friends to Gurdjieff 's apartment , where Gurdjieff gave a reading from his manuscript Beelezbub 's Tale . Apparently the listeners ( who included the behaviourist John Watson , Lincoln Steffens , and George Seldes ) were perplexed and unimpressed ; Seabrook notes that the book did not have a publisher ( although it was later published under as Beelzebub 's Tales to his Grandson ) . This is followed by a sympathetic account of Aleister Crowley and Seabrook 's encounters with him . The final chapters discuss Upton Sinclair and his book Mental Radio , and an incidence of biographer William Woodward debunking someone who claimed to have a supernatural power . This is followed by an account of Seabrook 's experiments in sense deprivation involving his lover Justine . The experiments include the use of a specially made mask , which Seabrook notes was considered to have `` psycho - erotic '' elements by Michel Leiris . Seabrook claims that the experiments led to results suggestive of precognition . Part four : appendix ( edit ) The Appendix contains extra anecdotes and references , often taken from newspaper reports . There are also long quotes taken from Elliott O'Donnell 's Strange Cults and Secret Societies of Modern London ( describing a `` panther - cult '' ) , John Mulholland 's Beware Familiar Spirits ( describing his investigation of chance by using a randomizing process developed by IBM , in order to criticise Rhine ) , and Peter Freuchen 's Arctic Adventure , which describes the mystical practices of Eskimos . The appendix also includes discussion of Jiddu Krishnamurti , Pierre Bernard , Nostradamus ( apparently before he was well known in the USA ) , Spiritualist Bishop Arthur Ford , and Ignatius Trebitsch . Critical reception ( edit ) The publication was widely reviewed . Time called it a `` mildly entertaining potful of scraps . '' Newsweek was more complimentary , saying that the book was `` ... no doubt a valuable contribution to the science of this peculiar subject . '' The New York Times Book Review wrote : `` These personal experiences of the author are especially interesting parts of an interesting book . '' The book was used as a source for the 1972 novel Daughter of Darkness , about a young woman who uses African sympathetic magic and poppets to control her family and environment . Bibliography ( edit ) Original Publication : Seabrook , William ( 1940 ) . Witchcraft . New York : Harcourt Brace & Company . , ISBN 4871872440 Most Recent Publication : Seabrook , William ( 2000 ) . Witchcraft . Scientist of New Atlantis . ISBN 1 - 57179 - 246 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57179 - 246 - 4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mumble - jumble , Time 9 September 1940 , pp. 82 - 83 . Jump up ^ Witchcraft abounding , Newsweek , 9 September 1940 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Louise Maunsell Field , Mr. Seabrook , deep in the realm of witchcraft , New York Times Book Review , 15 September 1940 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Lowell , J.R. , Daughter of Darkness . G.K. Hall , 1973 , subsequently reprinted by Corgi Children 's in 1975 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft:_Its_Power_in_the_World_Today&oldid=788989074 '' Categories : Wiccan books Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	witchcraft its power in the world today pdf	[]	[]
-1387021794159945343	All the Money in the World	All the Money in the World - wikipedia All the Money in the World Jump to : navigation , search All the Money in the World Theatrical release poster Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Dan Friedkin Bradley Thomas Quentin Curtis Chris Clark Ridley Scott Mark Huffam Kevin J. Walsh Written by David Scarpa Based on Painfully Rich : The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty by John Pearson Starring Michelle Williams Christopher Plummer Mark Wahlberg Romain Duris Music by Daniel Pemberton Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by Claire Simpson Production company Imperative Entertainment Scott Free Productions Distributed by TriStar Pictures ( United States , Canada and United Kingdom ) STXinternational ( International ) Release date December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) ( Samuel Goldwyn Theater ) December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Italian Budget $50 million Box office $53.9 million All the Money in the World is a 2017 crime thriller film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Scarpa , based on John Pearson 's 1995 book Painfully Rich : The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty . It stars Michelle Williams , Christopher Plummer , Mark Wahlberg , Romain Duris , Charlie Plummer , Andrew Buchan , and Timothy Hutton . The film depicts J. Paul Getty 's refusal to cooperate with the extortion demands of a group of kidnappers from the organized crime Mafia group ' Ndrangheta , who abducted his grandson John Paul Getty III in 1973 . Kevin Spacey originally portrayed J. Paul Getty , appearing in the film 's initial marketing campaign . However , after multiple sexual misconduct allegations were leveled against Spacey , the role was recast with Plummer . Scenes were reshot just a month prior to the film 's release . All the Money in the World premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills on December 18 , 2017 , followed by a United States theatrical release via TriStar Pictures on December 25 , 2017 ; it grossed $53 million against its $50 million budget . For his performance as Getty , Christopher Plummer received acclaim from critics and earned nominations from the Academy Awards , Golden Globes and BAFTAs , among others . The film itself received positive reviews with critics praising the performances , and received three nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , including Best Director and Best Actress -- Drama for Williams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Initial filming 3.4 Recasting of J. Paul Getty 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1973 , 16 - year - old John Paul Getty III ( Paul ) , grandson of oil tycoon J. Paul Getty who was at that time the world 's richest private citizen , is kidnapped in Rome by an organized crime ring . The kidnappers demand a ransom of $17 million . Flashbacks show that Paul 's parents , Gail Harris and John Paul Getty Jr. , were divorced in 1971 due to Getty Jr. 's drug addiction and that Gail rejected any alimony in exchange for full custody of her children in the divorce settlement ; therefore she does not have the means to pay the ransom . She travels to Getty 's estate to beseech him to pay the ransom but he refuses , stating that it would encourage further kidnappings on his family members . The media picks up on the story , with many believing Gail to be rich herself and blaming her for the refusal to pay the ransom . Meanwhile , Getty asks Fletcher Chace , a Getty Oil negotiator and former CIA operative , to investigate the case and secure Paul 's release . Paul is kept hostage in a remote location in Italy . Initially his captors , particularly Cinquanta , are tolerant with him because his quiet and submissive demeanor causes them few problems . However , things grow increasingly tense as weeks go by without the ransom being paid , far longer than the captors anticipated . Arguments arise over whether to move Paul to a new location as winter is approaching and their hideout is not suitable for cold conditions . Things get worse when one of the kidnappers accidentally shows his face to Paul , prompting one of the others to kill the man for his foolish mistake . His burned and disfigured body is recovered in the river ; investigators erroneously identify the body as Paul 's , but Gail examines the body and refutes this . Using the new lead of the body , Chace is able to pinpoint the hideout where Paul is being held . A raid is conducted with several kidnappers being killed , but Paul is no longer there ; he had been sold on to a new crime organization . The new captors are much less patient with Paul and negotiate more aggressively with the Getty family to receive their payment . After repeated negotiations with Gail and Chace , and frustration from the captors at how long the process was taking , they lower the asking price to $4 million . Getty finally decides to contribute to the ransom , but only $1 million -- this being the maximum amount that he can claim as tax deductible . Moreover , he also will only do so if Gail signs a legal document waiving her parental access rights to Paul and her other children , giving them to Getty 's son , her ex-husband . She reluctantly signs them . The kidnappers cut off one of Paul 's ears and mail it to a major newspaper , claiming that they will continue mutilating him until the ransom is paid . Berated by an exasperated Chace , Getty finally relents and agrees to pay the full ransom , also voiding the parental agreement with Gail . Gail and Chace take the money to Italy and follow specific instructions from the captors , leaving the money in a remote location and receiving orders to pick up Paul from a construction site . However , a frightened Paul runs away from the site towards the nearest town , miles away . Meanwhile the captors realize that Chace has broken his word and led the police to them ; angry , they decide to find and kill Paul . Chace , Gail , and the captors arrive at the town to look for Paul . One of the kidnappers finds Paul first , but Cinquanta attacks the man in order to allow Paul to escape . Chace and Gail find Paul and smuggle him out of the country to safety . Getty dies of unrelated causes , and Gail is tasked with managing her children 's inherited wealth until they are of age . The company was set up as a charitable trust , which meant that Getty 's income was tax - free but also not spendable . He had invested much of it in paintings , sculptures and other artifacts , most of them now reside in the Getty Museum in Los Angeles . Cast ( edit ) Michelle Williams as Gail Harris , Getty III 's mother . Christopher Plummer as J. Paul Getty , Getty III 's grandfather . Mark Wahlberg as Fletcher Chace , Gail and Getty 's adviser and former CIA operative . Charlie Plummer as John Paul Getty III , John Paul 's grandson . Charlie Shotwell as Young John Paul Getty III Romain Duris as Cinquanta , one of Getty lll 's abductors . Marco Leonardi as Mammoliti , one of Getty lll 's abductors and Cinquanta 's boss . Timothy Hutton as Oswald Hinge , Getty 's attorney . Ghassan Massoud as an Arab Sheikh . Andrew Buchan as John Paul Getty Jr. , Getty 's son . Stacy Martin as J. Paul Getty 's assistant . Giuseppe Bonifati as Giovanni Iacovoni , Gail 's attorney . Kit Cranston as Young Mark Getty Maya Kelly as Young Aileen Getty Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On March 13 , 2017 , it was reported that Ridley Scott was finalizing plans to direct the David Scarpa - scripted All the Money in the World , a film about the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III . Scott stated that he was attracted to the project because of Scarpa 's script , adding `` I just consumed it ( ... ) I knew about the kidnapping , but this story was very , very provocative ... Gail Getty was an exceptional character , and there are many facets of the man Getty that make him a really great study . There 's this great dynamic . It was like a play , and not a movie . '' Casting ( edit ) Natalie Portman was initially pursued for the role of Gail Harris . On March 31 , 2017 , it was reported that Michelle Williams and Kevin Spacey were circling the roles of Harris and J. Paul Getty , respectively , while Mark Wahlberg was in talks for an unspecified role . On casting Spacey , Scott stated , `` When I read the script , I started thinking , ' Who was Paul Getty ? ' In my mind , I saw Kevin Spacey . Kevin 's a brilliant actor , but I 've never worked with him , and I always knew I would have to have him portray Getty in this film ( ... ) He was so obsessed with what he was doing ( ... ) He was n't giving people a second thought . '' In regards to Williams , Scott stated that while she was not his first choice , `` Michelle is very special as an actress , and I 've never done anything with her before ( ... ) The family was very private and there was very little footage of ( Gail ) , but around the kidnapping , there was one particular interview she did that Michelle jumped at , and it shows Gail Getty being very assertive , very smart , '' both qualities Williams possessed . On May 2 , Charlie Plummer joined the cast as John Paul Getty III . Timothy Hutton was added to the cast on June 16 . Initial filming ( edit ) On May 31 , 2017 , it was reported that All the Money in the World had begun principal photography . Filming continued at Elveden Hall in west Suffolk for a week at the end of July . The aristocratic Grade II - listed stately home was used to represent a Moroccan palace in the filming of a series of flashback scenes . Kevin Spacey worked for just ten days on the film . The original production reportedly concluded in August . Recasting of J. Paul Getty ( edit ) Kevin Spacey ( top ) as J. Paul Getty in a screenshot released from the film , before his scenes in the role were re-shot with Christopher Plummer . Beginning in late October , numerous sexual harassment and sexual assault allegations were made against Spacey , who played J. Paul Getty in the film . The film 's premiere at the AFI Fest on November 16 was cancelled , and its Academy Awards campaign -- which focused on Spacey 's supporting role -- was reworked . On November 8 , it was announced that although the film was otherwise ready for release , reshoots had been commissioned to replace Spacey with Christopher Plummer in the role of Getty . Despite his earlier statements to the contrary , Scott claimed that Plummer had been his original choice for the role , and that studio executives had persuaded him to cast the `` bigger name '' Spacey . Spacey still appears in one wide shot that would have been too expensive or complex to reshoot within the release deadline ; the scene features Getty disembarking off a train in the desert and Spacey 's face is not visible . Reshoots with Plummer began on November 20 and ended on the 29th , with the first footage of him in the role released in a new trailer the same day . The decision cost millions of dollars in rush fees , among other costs , to meet the film 's late - December release . The reshoots ended up costing $10 million , making the final production cost of the film $50 million . While it was initially reported that the actors filmed the reshoots for free , it was later revealed that Wahlberg was paid $1.5 million while Williams only received $800 in per diems , as she was contractually obligated to appear in reshoots , while Wahlberg was not . Wahlberg 's fee for the original shooting is alleged by The Hollywood Reporter to have been $5 million , while Michelle Williams is reported to have been paid $625,000 . The New York Times has reported that Wahlberg was paid 80 % less than his usual fee . The $1.5 million Wahlberg received for reshoots was in addition to this . Wahlberg 's contract allowed him to approve co-stars , and he reportedly refused to approve Plummer as Spacey 's replacement unless he was paid extra . In response to the backlash brought on by the difference in the actors ' pay , Wahlberg announced he would donate the $1.5 million to the Time 's Up movement in Williams ' name . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills , California on December 18 , 2017 . In the United States , the film was originally slated for a release on December 22 , 2017 , but two weeks prior to its debut , it was pushed to December 25 , to avoid competition with Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Box Office ( edit ) All the Money in the World has grossed $25.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $28.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $53.9 million , against a production budget of $50 million . On Christmas Day , the film 's opening day , it grossed $2.6 million from 2,068 theaters . In its first full weekend the film made $5.4 million from 2,074 theaters , finishing 7th at the box office . In its second weekend the film made $3.6 million , dropping 36 % and finishing 10th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 78 % based on 206 reviews , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` All the Money in the World offers an absorbing portrayal of a true story , brought compellingly to life by a powerful performance from Christopher Plummer . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy said , `` ( Scott and Plummer ) show what they 're made of in All the Money in the World , a terrifically dexterous and detailed thriller about the Italian mob 's 1973 kidnapping for ransom of the grandson of the world 's richest man , John Paul Getty ( sic ) . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , commending it as a whole despite criticizing the middle section as repetitive , and the character of J. Paul Getty being `` repugnant '' without proper context . He stated that `` The film is also a testament to the awesome work ethic of its 80 - year old but still apparently tireless director , who fired Kevin Spacey ... they 're worth noting because the end product is much better than anyone could have expected , considering the challenges faced and met by all involved . '' Writing for New York , David Edelstein gave a strong review for the performance of Michelle Williams in the film , stating : `` My guess is that there was one overriding factor in Scott 's decision to rebuild sets and summon back his actors ( after the Spacey controversy ) : The fear that Spacey 's presence would distract the world ( which includes Oscar voters ) from the marvelous performance of Michelle Williams as Gail . It 's a real transformation . I 've never heard this diction from her before -- sharp , with a hint of North Shore ( i.e. , old money ) Long Island and perhaps a Kennedy or two . ( The real Gail grew up in San Francisco but was well acquainted with the cadences of the East Coast rich . ) Through the tension in her body and intensity of her voice , Williams conveys not just the terror of losing a son but the tragic absurdity of bearing the illustrious name Getty when family ties confer zero power . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Supporting Actor Christopher Plummer Nominated Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Supporting Actor Christopher Plummer Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christopher Plummer Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Michelle Williams Nominated Best Director -- Motion Picture Ridley Scott Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Christopher Plummer Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards April 7 , 2018 Outstanding Locations in Period Film Steve Mortimore , Enrico Latella Nominated See also ( edit ) Trust ( directed by Danny Boyle ) , an FX television series starring Donald Sutherland as J. Paul Getty . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ALL THE MONEY IN THE WORLD ( 15 ) '' . Columbia Pictures Corporation . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott Reveals How Kevin Spacey Was Erased From ' All the Money in the World ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie . `` First poster and trailer for Ridley Scott 's All the Money in the World '' . FlickeringMyth.com . Flickering Myth . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shocker : Kevin Spacey Dropped From ' All The Money In The World ; ' J Paul Getty Role Recast With Christopher Plummer '' . Deadline.com . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` See Christopher Plummer Replace Kevin Spacey in New ' All the Money in the World ' Spot '' . RollingStone.com . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's ' All The Money In The World ' Moves To Christmas Day '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE 90TH ACADEMY AWARDS - 2018 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2018 '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' All the Money in the World 's ' Stacy Martin Joins Natalie Portman in ' Vox Lux ' '' . Variety . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott talks casting Kevin Spacey , Michelle Williams in Getty kidnapping thriller '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott To Next Helm Getty Kidnap Drama ; Natalie Portman Courted '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Michelle Williams , Kevin Spacey , Mark Wahlberg Circling Ridley Scott 's Getty Kidnap Film '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's Getty Drama Casts Charlie Plummer as Kidnapped Grandson ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Timothy Hutton Joins Ridley Scott 's Getty Kidnap Thriller ' All The Money In The World ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Michelle Williams Joins Amy Schumer In ' I Feel Pretty ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jason ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott brings latest blockbuster All the Money in the World to film in Suffolk - What 's on and things to do in Suffolk '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` More Kevin Spacey Shrapnel : Ridley Scott 's ' All The Money In The World ' Exits AFI Fest Closing Slot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : Clint Eastwood , Steven Spielberg , Ridley Scott Race to the Finish '' . Variety . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's ' All The Money In The World ' To Premiere At AFI Fest In Closing - Night Slot '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Spacey 's ' All the Money in the World ' Oscar Push Axed ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey : Completed film to be reshot without accused actor '' . BBC . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Christopher Plummer on Replacing Kevin Spacey in ' All the Money in the World ' : ' It 's a Shame ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Plummer to Replace Kevin Spacey in ' All the Money in the World ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey edited out of Ridley Scott 's Getty film just weeks before release '' . The Telegraph . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Plummer replaced Kevin Spacey in ' All the Money in the World ' -- but there 's one shot where you can still see Spacey '' . Business Insider . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Ridley Scott Explains How He Pulled Off Those ' All the Money in the World ' Reshoots '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` New ' All the Money in the World ' TV Spot Features First Look at Christopher Plummer '' . Collider . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' All the Money in the World ' New Trailer Shows Christopher Plummer in Kevin Spacey 's Previous Role '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Kroll , Justin ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Replacing Kevin Spacey on ' All the Money in the World ' Will Cost Millions '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg Kilday ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' All The Money in The World ' Triggers Wage Gap Debate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Williams , Mark Wahlberg reshot Kevin Spacey 's ' All the Money ' scenes for free '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Paid Millions More Than Michelle Williams For ' All The Money In The World ' Reshoots '' . The Playlist . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sharing Salaries : How Actresses Are Fighting Hollywood 's Gender Pay Disparity With Transparency '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Exclusive : Mark Wahlberg refused to approve Christopher Plummer unless he was paid '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg and Agency Give $2 M to Time 's Up Fund After Pay Discrepancy Outcry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All the Money in the World Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' All the Money in the World ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` All the Money in the World review -- raucous crime thriller banishes ghost of Kevin Spacey '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 23 December 2017 ) . `` All the Money in the World Movie Review ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Plummer Is Getting Headlines for All the Money in the World , But It 's Michelle Williams Who Deserves Them '' , New York magazine , David Edelstein , Dec. 25 , 2017 , pp79 - 80 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France , . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) All the Money in the World on IMDb All the Money in the World at AllMovie All the Money in the World at Box Office Mojo All the Money in the World at Metacritic All the Money in the World at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Ridley Scott Feature films The Duellists ( 1977 ) Alien ( 1979 ) Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Legend ( 1985 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 1987 ) Black Rain ( 1989 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) White Squall ( 1996 ) G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) A Good Year ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Body of Lies ( 2008 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) The Counselor ( 2013 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) Other work Boy and Bicycle ( short film , 1965 ) 1984 ( advertisement , 1984 ) Unrealized projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_Money_in_the_World&oldid=835589828 '' Categories : 2017 films 2010s biographical films 2010s crime drama films American films American biographical films American crime drama films Crime drama films Crime films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events English - language films Films about abduction Films based on actual events Films directed by Ridley Scott Films set in 1948 Films set in 1958 Films set in 1964 Films set in 1971 Films set in 1973 Films set in England Films set in France Films set in Italy Films set in Rome Films set in Morocco Films set in San Francisco Films set in Saudi Arabia Films set in Surrey Films shot in Italy Films shot in Jordan Films shot in Suffolk Getty family Scott Free Productions films TriStar Pictures films STX Entertainment films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Кыргызча Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 16 : 26 . 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6682851960954746440	War of 1812	War of 1812 - Wikipedia War of 1812 This article is about the British - American War from 1812 to 1815 . For the Franco - Russian conflict , see French invasion of Russia . For other uses of this term , see War of 1812 ( disambiguation ) . War of 1812 Clockwise from top : damage to the U.S. Capitol after the Burning of Washington ; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights ; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere ; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans . Date June 18 , 1812 -- February 18 , 1815 ( 2 years and 8 months ) Location Eastern and Central North America , Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Result Treaty of Ghent Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks Seneca United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † Oliver Hazard Perry Isaac Chauncey George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 -- 15,000 Casualties and losses 2,200 -- 3,721 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 4,000 slaves freed 20,000 captured 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1,400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 -- 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured ( 373 recaptured ) 15,500 captured Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) Unknown captured * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . St. Lawrence / Lake Ontario frontier 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh Niagara Frontier Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane Conjocta Creek 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills Old Northwest Tippecanoe River Canard Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Tipton 's Island Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church Gulf Theater 1813 -- 1815 Prelude Tecumseh Creeks Alabama Fort Charlotte 1st Fort Bowyer 2nd Fort Bowyer Florida Pensacola Louisiana Lake Borgne Villeré Plantation Grand Reconnaissance Artillery Duel New Orleans Fort St. Philip Naval battles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaíso ( capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815 . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the US contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which 11 British sailors died . Britain supplied Indians who raided American settlers on the frontier , which hindered American expansion and provoked resentment . Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America ( Canada ) contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , US President James Madison , after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With most of its army in Europe fighting Napoleon , Britain adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , the Americans won the Battle of Lake Erie , gaining control of the lake , and at the Battle of the Thames defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . A final American attempt to invade Canada was fought to a draw at the Battle of Lundy 's Lane during the summer of 1814 . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans later repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . At home , British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and Britain ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the US government near to bankruptcy . Neither side wanted to continue fighting . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware of the treaty , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the US on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.1. 1 Administrative and economic problems 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 15 4.3 Atlantic theatre 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theatre 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 National bias of historians 7.4. 2 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence , held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since have often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British were also offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt affair . This gave the British a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President , which they succeeded in doing in 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had nearly doubled between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . US Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 US sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside US harbours in view of US shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within US territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the US for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the US was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The US Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S. Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American smugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Democratic - Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. Political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European war , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' . Its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior , to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates , and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , and the soldiers well - trained and brave . However , leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent ; some officers proved themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . Congress was hostile to a standing army and , during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed , and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 , in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented , `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . As such they played pivotal roles in various engagements , including at the Battle of the Chateauguay where Canadian and Indian forces alone stopped a much larger American force despite not having assistance from regular British units . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S. with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theatres : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Administrative and economic problems While the London government was well administered , in terms of its army , navy , and financial offices , the government in Washington was badly organized , with inexperience , incompetence and confusion the main hallmarks . The federal government 's management system was designed to minimize the federal role before 1812 . The Republicans in power deliberately wanted to downsize the power and roles of the federal government ; when the war began , the Federalist opposition worked hard to sabotage operations . Problems multiplied rapidly in 1812 , and all the weaknesses were magnified , especially regarding the Army and the Treasury . There were no serious reforms before the war ended . In financial matters , the decentralizing ideology of the Republicans meant they wanted the First Bank of the United States to expire in 1811 , when its 20 - year charter ran out . Its absence made it much more difficult to handle the financing of the war , and cause special problems in terms of moving money from state to state , since state banks were not allowed to operate across state lines . The bureaucracy was terrible , often missing deadlines . On the positive side , over 120 new state banks were created all over the country , and they issued notes that financed much of the war effort , along with loans raised by Washington . Some key Republicans , especially Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin realized the need for new taxes , but the Republican Congress was very reluctant and only raised small amounts . The whole time , the Federalists in Congress and especially the Federalist - controlled state governments in the Northeast , and the Federalist - aligned financial system in the Northeast , was strongly opposed to the war and refused to help in the financing . Indeed , they facilitated smuggling across the Canadian border , and sent large amounts of gold and silver to Canada , which created serious shortages in the US . Across the two and half years of the war , 1812 -- 1815 , the federal government took in more money than it spent . Cash out was $119.5 million , cash in was $154.0 million . Two - thirds of the income was borrowing that had to be paid back in later years ; the national debt went from $56.0 million in 1812 to $127.3 million in 1815 . Out of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) of about $925 million ( in 1815 ) , this was not a large burden for a national population of 8 million people . A new Second Bank of the United States was set up in 1816 , and after that the financial system performed very well , even though there was still a shortage of gold and silver . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theatre of the War of 1812 U.S. leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the American Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - in - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British launched a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he built a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather than trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada . The Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and they believed taking the rest of the province would force the British to cede it to them . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to secure Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . They planned to invade via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac ; the British were supplying the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans renewed their attack on the Niagara peninsula and quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 , with the garrison of 170 quickly surrendering to the 5,000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and , unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force , chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British , who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George and the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses , losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British were further weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually they raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms and weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the Americans advanced into Upper Canada and engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence -- armed with 104 guns and launched in Kingston that September -- was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor to gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and to defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season , he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks , so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . Upon reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 15 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Belle Fontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , the gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . After American forces were driven from the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . Some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theatre Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions Both American and British naval honour had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honour was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by duelling . Similarly , British honour was challenged in the Little Belt affair where the British sloop HMS Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate President after President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . Meanwhile , USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from the Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had , therefore , become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honour . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honour . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship ; Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship ; Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament . The American sloops Hornet , Wasp ( 1807 ) , Peacock , Wasp ( 1813 ) , and Frolic were all ship - rigged while the British Cruizer - class sloops they encountered were brig rigged , which gave the Americans a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer - class brig Pelican ( 1812 ) and the United States ' Argus where Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battles , superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ships being of greater force than the British ships of the same class , Britain constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of Guerriere intended to duel the American frigate to avenge the losses on Little Belt caused by USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honour by taking Constitution , which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon ( 1806 ) would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand , had spent years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! '' The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which led to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) , but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time , and her hull had begun to rot , further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single - ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close - range engagement , the boarding ( hand - to - hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed , and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and banned single - ship duels after this engagement . In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 in what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of HMS Endymion which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike Guerriere 's which bounced of Constitution 's hull or Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as they had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) , while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy , although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1,344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who were most vocal about annexing British North America , by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and USS Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington , D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War by victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the national capital . On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when British army and naval units were obviously on their way to Washington . The inexperienced state militia was easily routed in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from what is now the `` White House '' , senior officials fled to Virginia . Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered setting fire to the Washington Navy Yard to prevent the capture of supplies . The nation 's public buildings were destroyed by the British ( and by a furious thunderstorm that ruined a great deal of property , although it did quench the flames ) . American morale was challenged , and many Federalists swung around and rallied to a patriotic defense of their homeland . The British moved on to their major target , the heavily fortified major city of Baltimore . They delayed their movement allowing Baltimore an opportunity to strengthen the fortifications and bring in new federal troops and state militia units . The `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . The British Army commander Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by snipers . The British paused , then continued to march northwestward to face the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units at `` Godly Wood . '' The Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' -- now part of Patterson Park ) . The Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and overseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith . The Royal Navy was unable to reduce Fort McHenry at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor in support of an attack from the northeast by the British Army . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry . Francis Scott Key watched from a U.S. truce ship and was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' . The poem was later set to music and named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , which was adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . The British naval guns , mortars and new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore . The ships mostly stood out of range of the Americans , who returned very little fire . The fort was not heavily damaged except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces but with few casualties . The British eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . A last ditch night feint and barge attack during a heavy rain storm was led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west . Split and misdirected partly in the storm , it turned back after suffering heavy casualties from the alert gunners of Fort Covington and Battery Babcock . The British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army , which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was later set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theatre Because of the region 's polyglot population , both the British and the Americans perceived the war in the Gulf South as a fundamentally different conflict from the one occurring in the Lowcountry and Chesapeake . Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war stics , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States , actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn , between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops -- from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major General Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S. forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tukabatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River ( see Prospect Bluff Historic Sites ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , and further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo González Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S. force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily . The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although Article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 , where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . In the United States , the economy grew every year 1812 -- 1815 , despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests . Prices were 15 % higher -- inflated -- in 1815 compared to 1812 , an annual rate of 4.8 % . The national economy grew 1812 -- 1815 at the rate of 3.7 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Per capita GDP grew at 2.2 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Hundreds of new banks were opened ; they largely handled the loans that financed the war since tax revenues were down . Money that would have been spent on foreign trade was diverted to opening new factories , which were profitable since British factory - made products were not for sale . This gave a major boost to the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. , as typified by the Boston Associates . The Boston Manufacturing Company , built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , in 1813 . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America , was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 , announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists , saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup , who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' , is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public '' . The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war '' . A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , as the U.S. restored its independence and honour , and opened the way to westward expansion , while Britain defeated Napoleon and ruled the seas . American historian Norman K. Risjord argues that the main motivation was restoring the nation 's honour in the face of relentless British Aggression toward American neutral rights on the high seas , and in the Western lands . The results in terms of honour satisfied the War Hawks . American historian Donald Hickey asks , `` Did the cost in blood and treasure justify the U.S. decision to go to war ? Most Republicans thought it did . In the beginning they called the contest a `` second war of independence '' , and while Britain 's maritime practices never truly threatened the Republic 's independence , the war did in a broad sense vindicate U.S. sovereignty . But it ended in a draw on the battlefield . '' Historians argue that it was an American success to end the threat of Indian raids , kill the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary , and hereby to open an unimpeded path for westward expansion . Winston Churchill concluded : The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power . American naval historian George C. Daughan argues that the US achieved enough of its war goals to claim a victorious result of the conflict , and subsequent impact it had on the negotiations in Ghent . Daughan uses official correspondences from President Madison to the delegates at Ghent strictly prohibiting negotiations with regards to maritime law , stating : Madison 's latest dispatches ( arrived July 25 -- 27 , 1814 ) permitted them ( the delegates ) to simply ignore the entire question of maritime rights . Free trade with liberated Europe had already been restored , and the Admiralty no longer needed impressment to man its warships . The president felt that with Europe at peace the issues of neutral trading rights and impressment could safely be set aside in the interests of obtaining peace ... Thus , from the start of the negotiations , the disagreements that started the war and sustained it were acknowledged by both parties to be no longer important . The British permanently stopped impressing Americans , although they never publicly rescinding the possibility of resuming that practice . The US delegates at the meeting understood it to be a dead issue after the 1814 surrender of Napoleon . In addition , the successful defence of Baltimore , Plattsburgh , and Fort Erie ( a strategic fortress located in Upper Canada on the Niagara River , and occupied during the 3rd and most successful offensive into Canada ) had very favorable influence on the negotiations for the Americans and prompted several famous responses from both sides . Henry Clay wrote to the delegates in October 1814 , `` for in our own country , my dear sir , at last must we conquer the peace . '' With growing pressure in Britain , The Duke of Wellington when asked to command the forces in America wrote to Liverpool on November 9 , 1814 `` I confess that I think you have no right , from the state of the war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry ... ( the war ) into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack ( Fort Erie ) ... Why Stipulate for uti possidetis ? '' The argument that the US failed to capture any Canadian territory that influenced the negotiations is an outdated and highly criticized position , argues Daughan . He cites the Edinburgh Review , a British newspaper who had remained silent about the war with America for two years wrote `` the British government had embarked on a war of conquest , after the American government had dropped its maritime demands , and the British had lost . It was folly to attempt to invade and conquer the United States . To do so would result in the same tragedy as the first war against them , and with the same result . '' National bias of historians Historians have different views on who won the War of 1812 , and there is an element of national bias to this . British and Canadian historians follow the view that the war was a British victory , and some US historians also support this view . The opposing position , held by most US historians along with some Canadians and British , is that the result was a stalemate . Only US historians follow the minority view that the US was the victorious party in the war . Similarly , a survey of school textbooks found that historians from Canada , Britain , and the United States emphasize different aspects of the war according to their national narratives ; some British texts will scarcely mention the war . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . Americans believed British officers paid their Indian allies to scalp American soldiers , c. 1812 The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theatres , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon in spring 1814 ended the war . ( Napoleon unexpectedly returned in 1815 , after the final end of the war of 1812 . ) Except for occasional border disputes and some tensions during the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary . It remains in effect to this day . Although Britain had defeated the American invasions she was in no mood to have more conflicts with the United States since her attention was to her growing Indian possessions . Indicative of forbearance , or at least improved relations , Britain never seriously challenged the US over land claims after 1846 : she had hoped to keep Texas out of the US and had designs of taking California . From the 1880s , because of the burgeoning industrial power of the US , Britain had designs on getting the US on her side in a hypothetical European war . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The 1812 N Moore office tower , completed in 2013 near Washington , D.C. , was named after the war . The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams -- Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican Church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist Church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early U.S. naval history Bibliography of the War of 1812 Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Hickey 2006 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . Jump up ^ For details of the negotiations , see Samuel Flagg Bemis , John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy ( 1956 ) pp 196 -- 220 ; Remini 1991 , pp. 94 -- 122 ; Ward & Gooch 1922 , pp. 537 -- 542 and Mahan 1905 , pp. 73 - 78 Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History concludes , `` British plans for an American Indian buffer state were dropped , and American Indian nations within U.S. borders lost their last major remaining European diplomatic partner , clearing a path for American westward expansion . '' Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker et al. 2012 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 , A Short History . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09447 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Swanson ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Hickey 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. ( 2005 ) . Command of the Ocean . London : Penguin Books . pp. 565 -- 566 . ISBN 0 - 140 - 28896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , p. 17 . 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Jump up ^ John Roderick Heller ( 2010 ) . Democracy 's Lawyer : Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest . p. 98 . ISBN 9780807137420 . Jump up ^ Maass , R. W ( 2014 ) , `` '' Difficult to Relinquish Territory Which Had Been Conquered `` : Expansionism and the War of 1812 '' , Diplomatic History , 39 : 70 -- 97 , doi : 10.1093 / dh / dht132 ^ Jump up to : Horsman , R ... ( 1987 ) . On to Canada : Manifest Destiny and United States Strategy in the War of 1812 . Michigan Historical Review , 13 ( 2 ) , 1 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 137 -- 139 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2003 ) . Manifest Destiny . Greenwood Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ( 1978 ) . `` Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812 '' . Journal of American Studies . 12 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 39 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875800006162 . Jump up ^ Banner , James M. ( 1970 ) . To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 . New York : Knopf . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 & 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer 1812 : Congress stages fiery debates over whether to declare war on Britain '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( January 13 , 1991 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Congress acts to authorize war in Gulf ; Margins are 5 votes in Senate , 67 in House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation : Province of Upper Canada '' . Library and Archives Canada . December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner 2011 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Mackinac Island , 17 July 1812 '' . HistoryofWar.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hannay 1911 , p. 847 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 72 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Quimby 1997 , pp. 2 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ( November 2012 ) . `` Small War , Big Consequences : Why 1812 Still Matters '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 233 -- 34 , 349 -- 50 , 478 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Jeffersonians : A Study in Administrative History 1801 1829 ( 1951 ) pp 118 -- 19 , 146 , 216 -- 37 , 285 , 419 , 554 Jump up ^ Tucker et al. 2012 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tucker et al. 2012 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Paul Studenski and Herman Edward Krooss ( 1963 ) . Financial History of the United States . p. 77 tbl. 5 and p. 79 tbl. 6 . ISBN 9781587981753 . Jump up ^ For GDP and population by year see `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' Jump up ^ Jane Ellen Knodell ( 2016 ) . The Second Bank of the United States : `` Central '' Banker in an Era of Nation - building , 1816 -- 1836 . Taylor & Francis . p. 99 . ISBN 9781317662778 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2001 ) . The Invasion of Canada : Battles of the War of 1812 . James Lorimer & Company . p. 17 . ISBN 1550287389 . ^ Jump up to : Burroughs 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Benn & Marston 2006 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Auchinleck , Gilbert ( 1855 ) . A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America : During the Years 1812 , 1813 , and 1814 . Maclear & Company . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Peppiatt , Liam . `` Chapter 24 : Andrew Mercer 's Cottage '' . Robertson 's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Hannay 1911 , p. 848 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1985 . Jump up ^ Jones 1983 . Jump up ^ `` '' We Have Met The Enemy , and they are Ours `` . '' . Dictionary of American History . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . 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Battle for the Southern Frontier : The Creek War and the War of 1812 . Charleston : History Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Carron '' . Pbenyon.plus.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ `` The War Of 1812 - ( 7.1 ) Jackson on the Gulf Coast '' . Greg Goebel . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 409 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Tucker et al. 2012 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' . galafilm.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2000 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chartrand , René ( 2012 ) , Forts of the War of 1812 , Oxford , Oxfordshire : Osprey , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Owsley , Frank L. , Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands : The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans , 1812 -- 1815 , University of Alabama Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Reilly 1974 , pp. 303 , 306 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , p. 167 . 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Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Boswell 2009 . Jump up ^ Ipsos Reid . `` Americans ( 64 % ) less likely than Canadians ( 77 % ) to Believe War of 1812 had Significant Outcomes , Important to formation National Identity , but still more likely to Commemorate War '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos Reid . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 82 - 83 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner and the War of 1812 '' . Encyclopedia Smithsonian . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Edwin H. ( 2003 ) . The United States Marines : A History , Fourth Edition . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 790 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Trautsch , Jasper ( December 2014 ) . `` Review of Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' . Reviews in History . doi : 10.14296 / RiH / issn. 1749.8155 . 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War of 1812 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 142 -- . ISBN 9781438100166 . ; Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare . Infobase Publishing . p. 145 . ISBN 9780816033379 . ; Boyer , Paul S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Enduring Vision 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 244 . ISBN 9780495800941 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , pp. 301 -- 302 , mentions that ' Brock had urged the British government to protect his Indian allies in peace negotiations , and by the end of 1812 he had obtained from Earl Bathurst , colonial secretary , a promise to that effect . ' Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 435 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Ghent '' . PBS . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 ; Cogliano 2008 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield 1952 , pp. xi -- xiii , 95 . 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Updyke , Frank Arthur ( 1915 ) . The diplomacy of the war of 1812 . Johns Hopkins University Press . Upton , David ( November 22 , 2003 ) . `` Soldiers of the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Ward , A.W. ; Gooch , G.P. ( 1922 ) . The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , 1783 -- 1919 : 1783 -- 1815 . Macmillan Company . Watts , Steven ( 1987 ) . The Republic Reborn : War and the Making of Liberal America , 1790 -- 1820 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3420 - 1 . White , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge University Press . p. 416 . ISBN 9781107005624 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6925 - 9 . Williams , William Appleman ( 1961 ) . The Contours of American History . W.W. Norton . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30561 - 9 . Willig , Timothy D ( 2008 ) . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . Lincoln & London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1974 ) . Space , Time , and Freedom : The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict , 1815 -- 1861 . p. 4 . Woodsworth , Samuel ( July 4 , 1812 ) . `` By the President of the United States of America : A Proclamation '' . The War . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2007 ) . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97706 - 6 . Further reading Main article : Bibliography of the War of 1812 Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 -- 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 -- 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 -- 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Hickey , Donald R . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict ( 1989 ) ; abridged as The War of 1812 : A Short History ( 1995 ) Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up the Ship ! : Myths of the War of 1812 ( 2006 ) Hickey , Donald R ( Sep 2013 ) . `` 1812 : The Old History and the New '' . Reviews in American History . 41 ( 3 ) : 436 -- 444 . doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2013.0081 . Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 -- 556 Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Maryland : Scarecrow . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Randall , William Sterne ( 2017 ) . Unshackling America : How the War of 1812 Truly Ended the American Revolution . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2501 - 1184 - 5 . Rutland , Robert A. ed . James Madison and the American Nation 1751 -- 1836 : An Encyclopedia ( 1994 ) pp 144 -- 45 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . Trautsch , Jasper M. ( January 2013 ) . `` The Causes of the War of 1812 : 200 Years of Debate '' . Journal of Military History . 77 ( 1 ) : 273 -- 293 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of 1812 . Library resources about War of 1812 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` War of 1812 '' bibliographical guide by David Curtis Skaggs ( 2015 ) ; Oxford Bibliographies Online The War of 1812 , Government of Canada website The War of 1812 , Department of National Defence ( Canada ) website Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812 , Kenneth Drexler The War of 1812 in the South , The William C. Cook Collection , The Williams Research Center , The Historic New Orleans Collection American Military History , Chapter 6 -- The War of 1812 , Office of the Chief of Military History , United States Army , 1989 War of 1812 collection William L. Clements Library . The War of 1812 Website , MilitaryHeritage.com `` Treaty of Ghent '' . Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . 2010 . `` War of 1812 '' . Galafilm. 2008 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2000 . Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2001 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . The War of 1812 , January 31 , 2013 Indiana University Lilly Library Digital Collection of War of 1812 The War : A War of 1812 Newspaper Brock University Library Digital Repository War of 1812 Collection Brock University Library Digital Repository War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Category Portal Links to related articles Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. 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8859964141293031979	Bigg Boss Telugu 2	Bigg Boss Telugu 2 - wikipedia Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Bigg Boss Telugu ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) show Housemates Name Entered Exited Kaushal Day 0 Day 112 Geetha Day 0 Day 112 Tanish Day 0 Day 112 Deepti Day 0 Day 112 Samrat Day 0 Day 112 Roll Day 0 Day 105 Amit Day 0 Day 98 Syamala Day 0 Day 53 Day 28 Day 91 Nutan Day 0 Day 53 Day 75 Day 14 Day 68 Day 84 Ganesh Day 0 Day 83 Pooja Day 43 Day 77 Deepthi Day 0 Day 70 Babu Day 0 Day 63 Nandini Day 8 Day 56 Tejaswi Day 0 Day 42 Bhanu Day 0 Day 35 Kireeti Day 0 Day 21 Sanjana Day 0 Day 7 Winner Runner - up 2nd Runner - up Evicted Bigg Boss Telugu 2 is the second season of the Telugu - language version of the reality TV show Bigg Boss broadcast in India . The season premiered on June 10 , 2018 on Star Maa . Nani hosts the show and it is the second longest season for 112 days in Indian versions of Bigg Boss . Unlike the first season , this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates . For this season of Bigg Boss , a lavish house set has been constructed in Backlots of Annapurna Studios 7 Acres , Jubilee Hills , Hyderabad . The season was extended by one week ( 112 days ) instead of the actual 105 days format of the show . Among the five finalists , Kaushal Manda emerged as the winner with highest number of public votes , followed by Geetha Madhuri as runner - up , Tanish Alladi , Deepti Nallamothu and Samrat Reddy as third , fourth and fifth respectively . Contents 1 Housemates 1.1 Original entrants 1.1. 1 Celebrities 1.1. 2 Commoners 1.2 Wild - Card entrants 2 Controversies 3 Guests 4 Nominations table 4.1 Notes 5 Vote Count 6 Weekly summary 7 References 8 External links Housemates Left host Nani , Middle winner Kaushal Manda , right guest Venkatesh Original entrants The participants in the order they entered the house are : Celebrities Geetha Madhuri - Singer Amit Tiwari - Actor Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor Tanish Alladi - Actor Babu Gogineni - Indian humanist , rationalist and human rights activist Bhanu Sree - Actress Roll Rida - Rapper Syamala - Anchor and actress Kireeti Damaraju - Actor Deepthi Sunaina - Social media star and actress Kaushal Manda - Actor and model Tejaswi Madivada - Actress Samrat Reddy - Actor and cricketer Commoners Ganesh - Radio Jockey , Vijayawada . Sanjana Anne - Model , Miss Hyderabad , Miss India Participant , Vijayawada . Nutan Naidu - Social Activist , Visakhapatnam . Wild - Card entrants Nandini Rai - Model , Winner of Miss Andhrapradesh title of 2010 and Actress Pooja Ramachandran - Model and Actress Controversies Host Nani has been targeted for biased hosting . Later , host Nani responded to accusations of bias and replied that he is not biased and he treats every housemate equally . The audience expressed their annoyance with host Nani , Star Maa and producer Endemol Shine India about voting and evictions of the show . Guests Week ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes Week 2 Srinivas Reddy and Vennela Kishore To promote the film Jamba Lakidi Pamba . Week 4 Sai Dharam Tej and Anupama Parameswaran To promote the film Tej I Love You Week 6 Pradeep Machiraju To inform about his new show - Pradeep 's Pelli Choopulu Lakshmi Manchu To promote the film W / O Ram Week 8 Kamal Haasan , Pooja Kumar , Ghibran , and Shamdat Sainudeen To promote the film Vishwaroopam II Week 11 Anasuya Bharadwaj As a guest to Mehendi Task Taapsee Pannu , Aadhi Pinisetty and Ritika Singh To promote the film Neevevaro Host Nani On the occasion of Raksha Bandhan festival . Week 13 Goutham & Chandini To Promote the film Manu Sunil Varma & Allari Naresh To Promote the film Silly Fellows Week 14 All Housemates family members As a part of weeks luxury budget task One Joker and six unknown people To irritate housemates and stolen food from the house , While housemates are in freeze command by Bigg Boss Week 16 Sudheer Babu and Nabha Natesh To promote the film Nannu Dochukunduvate . Vangaveeti Santhosh ( Common Audience ) Winner of amazon wild card entry contest entered the house to meet and present some gifts to all housemates . All Evicted contestants except Nutan Naidu on day 110 As a guests to family party of Bigg Boss 2 . Beauticians on day 111 To give contestants a makeovers for the grand finale . Nominations table Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Final Day 22 Day 28 Day 78 Day 81 Day 99 Day 102 House Captain No Captain Samrat Amit Roll Kaushal Geetha Tanish Geetha Pooja Tanish Roll Deepti No Captain Captain 's Nomination Deepthi ( to evict ) Ganesh Geetha Ganesh Not eligible Refused to save Deepti Not eligible Kaushal Amit Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal ( to save ) Syamala ( to evict ) Kaushal Deepti Amit Samrat ( to evict ) Roll ( to save ) Not eligible Vote to : Evict Save Evict none Save Evict Evict Save Eternally Nominate Save Evict none Kaushal Kireeti Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Ganesh Nandini House Captain Samrat Babu Nandini Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal Tanish Samrat Ganesh Samrat Amit Not eligible Samrat Tanish Geetha Nominated Winner Geetha Tejaswi Ganesh Ganesh Ganesh Tanish Tejaswi Not eligible Babu House Captain Ganesh Babu House Captain Not eligible Geetha Kaushal Tanish Nutan Kaushal Amit Kaushal Deepti Amit Roll Nominated Runner - up Tanish Kaushal Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Geetha Geetha Not eligible Samrat Tanish House Captain Not eligible Not eligible House Captain Pooja Deepti Kaushal Nutan Roll Not eligible Samrat Deepti Amit Nominated Third Place ( Day 112 ) Deepti Deepthi Kaushal Babu Tejaswi Bhanu Babu Nominated Deepthi Deepti Babu Ganesh Not eligible Not eligible Deepti Amit Samrat House Captain Nominated Amit Roll Nominated Fourth Place ( Day 112 ) Samrat Deepthi Ganesh House Captain Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Tejaswi Samrat Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Pooja Kaushal Kaushal Nutan Syamala Not eligible Not eligible Amit Deepti Nominated Immune Fifth Place ( Day 112 ) Roll Sanjana Nutan Nutan Ganesh Kireeti House Captain Not eligible Amit Roll Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh House Captain Nutan Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible Amit Deepti Geetha Nominated Evicted ( Day 105 ) Amit Deepthi Ganesh Kaushal House Captain Kaushal Not eligible Refused to save Bhanu Not eligible Kaushal Babu Not eligible Immune Samrat Syamala Deepti Deepti Tanish Nutan Ganesh Kaushal Not eligible Nominated Deepti Geetha Evicted ( Day 98 ) Syamala Kireeti Tanish Tejaswi Kireeti Ganesh Tejaswi Nominated Evicted ( Day 28 ) Exempt Not Eligible Syamala Amit Pooja Ganesh Nutan Tanish Not eligible Nominated Evicted ( Day 91 ) Nutan Sanjana Kireeti Amit Evicted ( Day 14 ) Exempt Not Eligible Deepti Hospitalized ( Day 68 ) Amit Samrat Kaushal Not eligible Evicted ( Day 84 ) Ganesh Deepthi Kaushal Kaushal Tejaswi Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Roll Deepti Nandini Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh Kaushal Pooja Amit Kaushal Geetha Not eligible Evicted ( Day 83 ) Pooja Not in House Exempt Not eligible House Captain Pooja Ganesh Syamala Evicted ( Day 77 ) Deepthi Amit Geetha Kaushal Ganesh Kireeti Syamala Not eligible Tanish Tanish Amit Roll Not eligible Not eligible Deepthi Evicted ( Day 70 ) Babu Sanjana Nutan Ganesh Deepthi Ganesh Deepti Not eligible Ganesh Roll Amit Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Evicted ( Day 63 ) Nandini Not in House Exempt Kireeti Bhanu Tejaswi Nominated Tried to save Deepti Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible Evicted ( Day 56 ) Tejaswi Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Deepti Kaushal Deepti Geetha Tejaswi Evicted ( Day 42 ) Bhanu Kireeti Tanish Babu Kaushal Kireeti Nandini Not eligible Nandini Evicted ( Day 35 ) Kireeti Deepthi Nutan Geetha Ganesh Geetha Evicted ( Day 21 ) Sanjana Roll Tejaswi Evicted ( Day 7 ) Notes - 1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 7 , 8 , 9 10 , 11 12 13 , 14 15 , 16 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 - 20 , 21 , 22 22 , 23 22 24 25 - Nominated Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Nutan Sanjana Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Kaushal Babu Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Geetha Tejaswi Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Syamala Nandini Deepti Babu Geetha Syamala Nandini Deepti Deepti Ganesh Bhanu Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Kaushal Babu Ganesh Amit Deepthi Nandini Babu Ganesh Nandini Kaushal Deepti Babu Ganesh Geetha Syamala Deepti Tanish Pooja Geetha Roll Deepthi Nutan Syamala Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal Kaushal Nutan Ganesh Samrat Amit Kaushal Syamala Deepti Amit Kaushal Amit Deepti Roll Geetha All Housemates Deepti Geetha Roll Kaushal Tanish Samrat Kaushal Geetha Deepti Tanish Walked none Nutan none Evicted Sanjana Nutan Kireeti Syamala Bhanu Tejaswi No Eviction Nandini Babu Deepthi Pooja Ganesh Syamala Amit None Roll Kaushal Geetha Syamala & Nutan Nutan Tanish Deepti Samrat Notes indicates the House Captain . indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . indicates that the Nominated housemate was saved from eviction by housemates or tasks . indicates that the Evicted housemate re-entered the house by winning a special voting system . ^ Note 1 : Nominations were done in pairs . ^ Note 2 : Deepthi has been nominated directly for eviction prior to the regular nominations process by House Captain Samrat . ^ Note 3 : Nandini entered the house after nominations . Therefore , she was exempted from nominations . ^ Note 4 : Nandini granted immunity from nominations by Bigg Boss . ^ Note 5 : Face - to - face nominations . ^ Note 6 : The three housemates with the fewest votes were in the danger zone . As the winners of Luxury Budget Task of Week 3 , Kaushal & Tejaswi got the Voting Power to save one of the three nominated housemates . The housemate not saved was evicted . ^ Note 7 : All Housemates are nominated but to get saved from nominations housemates have to complete the task given by Bigg Boss . Housemates who succeeded in given tasks will be saved while those who fail will be directly nominated to face the public vote . ^ Note 8 : Bigg Boss gave a task to Deepti to get saved from nominations that she has to convince Nandini to try to convince Kaushal to nominate himself until the end of the season . Kaushal refused to do that to save Deepti . ^ Note 9 : As a part of the task , Ganesh had to nominate himself in order to save Roll . ^ Note 10 : Housemates were told to pair up , then the paired housemates had to mutually decide to save one of them from eviction and nominate the other . ^ Note 11 : Amit was chosen by the housemates as the least talked housemate . As a result , he was directly nominated . But later got a secret task to save himself from eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated there was no eviction . ^ Note 13 : Syamala & Nutan re-entered the house by gaining the most public votes among all evicted contestants . ^ Note 14 : Housemates had to rate themselves from number 1 being the best & number 12 being the worst . ^ Note 15 : The Guest Kamal Hassan gave Amit special immunity for 2 weeks . ^ Note 16 : Bigg Boss played a song , where housemates had to enter the tent house arranged in the garden area . The last person to enters the tent was nominated . ^ Note 17 : Housemates had to pair up and mutually decide whether to save or nominate themselves . If paired housemates were unable to decide , then Captain Tanish and Amit decide which contestant to save . ^ Note 18 : Bigg Boss gave special power to nominate one saved housemate . Captain Tanish nominated Syamala . ^ Note 19 : Bigg Boss informed Nutan Naidu about his exit due to his critical shoulder injury requiring immediate medical attention during Captaincy task . Nutan Naidu entered the house after the treatment on Day 75 . ^ Note 20 : Bigg Boss suspended Deepti from Captaincy for not following house rules on Day 75 . On the request of the host , Nani , Bigg Boss re-appointed Deepti as Captain on Day 77 . ^ Note 21 : Housemates had to nominate 2 housemates and save 1 housemate . ^ Note 22 : By completing all five tasks as a killer in Week 12 luxury budget task Geetha Madhuri won special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season ( Kaushal ) . ^ Note 23 : Bigg Boss asked Kaushal , Geetha , Tanish and Roll to quietly save one of the directly nominated housemates . The housemate who got most save votes was saved from Week 13 nominations . Samrat was saved from nominations with 2 votes . ^ Note 24 : All housemates are nominated by Bigg Boss for not understanding the values of the ticket to finale task and captaincy tasks . ^ Note 25 : Samrat won the Race to Finale task and won immunity from this week 's Eviction . Vote Count Housemates Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Nominations Received to Evict Nominations Received to Save Eviction Faced Kaushal - 0 7 - - 6 - - - Winner 29 10 Geetha Madhuri - 0 - - 0 - - Runner - up 10 7 Tanish 0 0 0 - - - - 0 - Third Place 9 5 Deepti Nallamothu 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - Fourth Place 11 5 11 Samrat 0 - 0 0 - - 0 - - Fifth Place 9 Roll Rida 0 0 - - - 0 - 0 - Evicted 6 Amit Tiwari - 0 0 - - - 5 Evicted 14 Syamala 0 0 0 Evicted - - - Evicted 5 Nutan Naidu Evicted - - 0 0 6 Evicted 12 0 Ganesh 5 10 0 - - Evicted 27 8 Pooja Ramachandran Not in House - - - Evicted Deepthi Sunaina 7 0 0 - - Evicted 9 Babu Gogineni 0 0 0 7 - - Evicted 10 Nandini Not in House - 0 0 - Evicted Tejaswi Madiwada Evicted 10 Bhanu Sree 0 0 0 - Evicted 0 Kireeti Damaraju 0 8 Evicted 12 0 Sanjana Ane Evicted 0 Weekly summary Week ( s ) Day ( s ) context Description Week Day 0 Entrances Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , Babu Gogineni , Bhanu Sree , Roll Rida , Syamala , Kireeti Damaraju , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Tejaswi Madivada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne and Nutan Naidu entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0 . Day 0 to Day 5 House Captain No Captain Day 2 , 3 , 4 Luxury Budget Task Cheppandi Prabhu All 16 contestants are divided into two groups . Sanjana was the head of the first team and members of the other team were given a task to play servants to her team . The ratings of the first team will play a pivotal role in the captaincy task . Housemates won 3200 points but housemates lost 600 points for not using whistle while in the task , - 200 points for sleeping daytime , and - 200 points due to Tejaswi failed her secret task given by Bigg Boss . After all deductions , housemates won 2200 points to buy luxury items . Day 5 Captaincy Task BIGG BOSS MELA → Contenders : - Samrat Reddy , Bhanu Sree , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne . In this task , contenders have used some items from the stall provided in the garden area and have to advertise in a creative manner by using items from the stall . 100 tokens are given to remaining housemates to elect their captain by their performance . → Total tokens won by contenders : Ganesh 175 , Sanjana Anne 130 , Bhanu Sree 380 , and Samrat Reddy won week 2 captaincy with 395 tokens . Day 0 In Jail Sanjana Anne ( For 2 Days ) Nutan Naidu ( For 15 Hours ) Day 1 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Kaushal Nutan Naidu Sanjana Anne Day 7 Exits Sanjana Anne . Week Day 8 Entrances Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . Day 5 to Day 12 House Captain Samrat Reddy , 1st captain of the House . Day 9 , 10 , 11 Luxury Budget Task Evadura Rajyani Gelichedhi In this luxury budget task Nutan became the king , Deepti Nallamothu became the queen and Nandini was announced as the princess . They were assisted by Geetha ( chancellor ) and they chose a team that would work for the princess . The other housemates became villagers and were asked to stay in huts set up in the garden area of the house . Round One Then two contestants entered the activity room to compete in a task to join the King 's Team . → Winners of Mud Pit tasks given by BIGG BOSS joined King 's Team and remaining housemates became villagers who work for the princess . → King 's Team members are Amit , Samrat , Babu Gogineni , Ganesh , Bhanu , and Kireeti . → Princess Team members are Deepthi Sunaina , Tejaswi , Roll Rida , Syamala , Tanish , and Kaushal . Round Two BIGG BOSS placed one diamond in the living area which gives housemates more points to win Round two . → The losing team 's leader will be locked in jail by the winning team 's leader . Raju Gari Malla is a task which hosted by Geetha . In this task , two teams have to get as many flowers from the pool in the garden area to make a garland . Princess Team won the task with 96 flowers . Raja Simhasanam is a task which hosted by Geetha . Nandhini ( Princess ) sits on a chair and two teams have to pull the chair to win . King 's Team won by pulling the chair to their side . BIGG BOSS announced Princess Team as the winner of round two and ordered Nandhini ( Princess ) to lock Nutan Naidu ( King ) , and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) in jail . Round Three Princess Team had to protect the jail key , which was placed in gym area , for eight hours to win the luxury budget task . King 's team had to steal the key and rescue Nutan Naidu ( King ) and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) to win the luxury budget task . Day 11 Result Won - Princess Team Day 12 Captaincy Task Oopiri Unnantha Varaku Contenders are Tanish , Kaushal , and Amit . The task is for the three contestants to hold on to a rope on a T stand arranged in the garden area . While the other housemates do everything and anything they can to get them to release their hold on the rope and get off the podium . From tickling , shaving beards , dumping toothpaste to using lemon -- housemates tried everything . None of them gave up . Housemates decided Amit as the right person and convinced Kaushal & Tanish to leave the rope . Amit Tiwari won week 3 Captaincy Day 11 In Jail Nutan Naidu for 20 hours Deepti Nallamothu for 20 hours Day 8 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nutan Naidu Kaushal Babu Gogineni Day 14 Exits Nutan Naidu Week Day 12 to Day 19 House Captain Amit Tiwari Day 16 , 17 , 18 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS Sugar Cane Factory Bigg Boss house became a sugar cane factory . In this task , there are two teams and one quality - check manager . Yellow team owner is Kaushal , Green team owner is Kireeti Damaraju and the quality - check manager and chancellor of the task is Bhanu Sree . Two teams have to complete the sugar cane juice bottles order given by Bigg Boss by using sugar cane juice machines placed in the garden area and save Bigg Boss money to win . The Quality - check manager should check the quality and accept or reject the bottles . Level One → Order One given by Bigg Boss 25 juice bottles for both teams . Green team won with 25 bottles . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 50 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Three given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Bigg Boss canceled the order because the green team cheated by mixing water with sugar cane juice in bottles . Level Two → Order One given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 75 bottles . Both teams completed . But the yellow team won with 77 bottles . Yellow team are with 73,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Tejaswi ) and 15,000 with owner after giving wages to workers while the green team lost with 53,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Ganesh ) and 0 money with owner after giving wages to workers . And 31,000 Bigg boss money with quality - check manager ( Bhanu Sree ) . Kaushal and Tejaswi awarded with special vote power by Bigg Boss for winning luxury budget task . Day 18 Result Won - Yellow Team Day 19 Captaincy Task BiryaniVindhu Contenders : - Ganesh , Kireeti Damaraju , Roll Rida . In this task , contenders had to eat as much biryani as they could before the buzzer sounded . Roll Rida won week 4 captaincy by eating 13 servings of biryani . Day 19 In Jail Tanish Alladi Babu Gogineni Day 15 Nominations Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Geetha Madhuri Bhanu Sree Tejaswi Madivada Day 21 Exits Kireeti Damaraju . Week Day 19 to Day 26 House Captain Roll Rida Day 23 , 24 Luxury Budget Task BIGGBOSS HOSTEL Bigg Boss house became a hostel . In this hostel , there are two teams . Lovers ' team and hostel - staff team . Wardens and security guards had to prevent lovers ' secret rendezvous , gift exchanges and entering the activity room . If boy met a girl and exchanged their gifts , the hostel staff lost points . Hostel wardens : : Babu Gogineni and Geetha Madhuri Security guards : : Shyamala and Ganesh . Love Pairs : : Samrat and Tejeswi , Amit and Bhanu Sree , Kaushal and Deepti Nallamothu , Roll Rida and Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish and Nandhini Rai . Lovers team won the task . They lost luxury budget points because of sleeping while task going on and taking breaks for lunch , rest . Day 26 Captaincy Task TBA Day 22 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Bigg Boss ordered Roll Rida to lock her in jail because she was talking about nominations with housemates and given punishment as she has to write Sorry Bigg Boss 100 times on the wall by wearing boxing gloves . Day 22 Nominations Babu Gogineni Tejaswi Madivada Geetha Madhuri Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Nandhini Rai Syamala Day 28 Exits Syamala Week 5 Day 26 to Day 33 House Captain Kaushal Day 30 , 31 , 32 Luxury Budget Task Manchi Chedu In this luxury budget task there are two teams Manchivallu Team and Cheddavallu Team . Manchi Team : : Babu Gogineni , Roll Rida , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Nandini Rai , Deepti Nallamothu and Tanish . Chedu Team : : Tejeswi Madiwada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Bhanu Sree , Amit Tiwari and Geetha Madhuri . Manchi team had to clean things in the house and they had to cook for all housemates . Chedu team tried to make the house dirty . Manchi team had to protect three lotus flowers and red apples to not lose points and chedu team had to destroy those flowers and protect black apples to gain points . The apple tree was in garden area it contains red and black apples . While chedu team won the task Bigg Boss gave 2600 amazon.in luxury budget points for good performances by both the teams and 200 points were deducted due to tejaswi destroyed the cleaning mop therefore housemates won 2400 amazon.in luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 32 Result Won - Chedu Team Day 33 Captaincy Task BIGGBOSS inti Samskarthallu Contenders are : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina Two contenders had to prepare their own campaigns on what reforms they are making and propagate to each housemate and they should clarify housemates ' doubts . After propagations , Bigg Boss conducted an election and all housemates had to drop their votes in ballot box arranged in the garden area . Geetha Madhuri won Week 6 captaincy with 11 votes . Day 32 In Jail Bhanu Sree Day 29 Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Bhanu Sree Day 35 Exits Bhanu Sree Week 6 Day 33 to Day 40 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Days 37 , 38 , 39 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS BLOCKBUSTER In this luxury budget task , housemates have to shoot a film . Amit as Director , Deepti nallamothu as Assistant director ( A.D ) , Roll Rida as Director of photography ( DOP ) , Tejaswi madivada as choreographer , makeup man and Stylist . Level one : - Director , Assistant Director and DOP have to prepare a story and its characters . The film should be in the order like Beginning , Romance , Action , and climax . Level Two : - Auditions has to be conducted by Amit ( Director ) , Deepti Nallamothu ( A.D ) , and Roll Rida ( DOP ) in the Activity Room . The remaining housemates had to audition to be selected to be a character for the film . Rejected housemates became helping crew in the film and were not eligible for the next captaincy task . Day 40 Captaincy Task Tomato Juice Contestants : : Amit , Babu Gogineni , Tanish In Jail None Day 36 Nominations Amit ( 11 ) Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Day 42 Exits Tejaswi Week 7 Day 43 Entrances Pooja Ramachandran entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . Day 40 to Day 46 House Captain Tanish Day 46 Captaincy Task Move the Statue Contenders : : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Nallamotu , Amit Tiwar , Samrat Geetha Madhuri won the Task and became House Captain for Week 8. This is second time for Geetha Madhuri to be as House Captain. , Day 47 Luxury Budget Task Nadusthundu Nadusthundu Nadusthuneundu In this luxury budget task , housemates had to divide into three teams . Each team had three members . One should swim to bring body spray bottle in the pool , one should walk from the pool to the standing person , and one should stand at the table . Swimming member have to bring only one fog body spray bottle at a time and had to give it to their walking team member and the walking member will give it to their standing member and he / she will place the bottle on the table . Geetha Madhuri was chancellor for this task . Team one : - Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu and Nandhini . Team Two : - Samrat Reddy , Tanish Alladi , Deepthi Sunaina . Team Three : - Pooja Ramachandran , Amit Tiwari , Roll Rida . Swimmers : - Kaushal , Samrat Reddy , and Pooja Ramachandran . Walkers : - Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , and Amit Tiwari . Team one won this task and they awarded with luxury items available under the cap of the body spray bottle collected by them . In Jail None Day 43 Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nandini Babu Gogineni Exits This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated , there is no eviction . Week 8 Day 53 Entrances Syamala and Nutan Naidu re-entered the Bigg Boss house . Day 46 to Day 54 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Day 51 , 52 Luxury Budget Task Pirates VS Survivors In this task , housemates are divided into two teams . Team One : - Deepthi Sunaina , Deepti Nallamothu , Geetha Madhuri , Pooja Ramachandran , Samrat Reddy and Roll Rida . Team Two : - Amit Tiwari , Ganesh , Babu Gogineni , Tanish , Nandini and Kaushal . Day 1 : Team One were survivors and Team Two were pirates . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Pirates have to attempt to drag survivors out off the plank while Survivors were supposed to hang on a plank and should n't touch the ground after stepping onto a plank . Team one won this luxury budget task by surviving three hours on planks as survivors . Day 54 Captaincy Task Dance with DJ Contenders : : Pooja Ramachandran , Roll Rida , Samrat In this Captaincy Task , housemates are asked to dance for the song , only one housemate to contend for each song , total of five songs . And the DJ with the most housemates dancing to their song is a New Captain . Pooja Ramachandran won the task and became House Captain of Week 9 . Day 52 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Ganesh ( Kaushal used his jail card and rescued Ganesh from jail ) Day 50 Nominations Kaushal Babu Nandini Ganesh Deepti Nallamothu Day 56 Exits Nandini Rai Week 9 Day 54 to Day 61 House Captain Pooja Ramachandran Day 58 , 59 Luxury Budget Task Purushulaki mahilalaki Madhya Anthima Yuddham In this task , housemates are divided into two teams : - Boys Team and Girls Team . Every team controls any 2 places in the house . Teammates have to spend gold coins to use the area of other team . The bedroom and kitchen were controlled by the girls team , while living room and bathroom were controlled by the boys team . To get more gold coins , team mates have to finish some tasks given by bigg boss . The team with the most coins wins the task . Some Intermediate tasks : - Sharira Drudatvamtho Kudukunnadi : In this task , four girls and four boys have to participate . There are two tires in the gym area . One should sit on the tire and the other pull them from the yellow mark ( Starting point ) to the red mark ( End point ) . Boys team won this task and was awarded with one gold coin packet . Samayaspurthitho Kudukunnadi : There are two lines and one center point in the garden area . Both teams have to decide there numbers from 1 to 4 chancellor will say one number they should try to get gold coin packet from the center point . Boys team won 3 gold coin packets . Kabaddi : Kabaddi sport between the boys and girls teams . There are five round the one with most points win the task . Boys team won this task with 4 points . Box opening : There are some locked boxes in the garden area and keys in the pool . Both the teams have to get the keys from the pool and open the boxes . All boxes contain one gold coin . Boys team won . Quiz to Girls : In this task the quiz master is Tanish and the score marker is Ganesh . Three girls from mahilalu team has to answer 20 out of 30 general knowledge ( GK ) questions to win gold coins . Girls lost this task by answering 16 out of 30 questions . Purushulu vantacheyaleru : In this task boys team have to cook some food ordered by bigg boss in 45 minutes to win gold coin packet . Purushulu team won this task . Mahilalu team has 325 coins . Purushulu team won this luxury budget task with 330 gold coins . Day 61 Captaincy Task Raangu Rabba Rabba Contenders : - Tanish and Deepti Nallamothu There are two paint buckets and one white board in garden area . Contenders have to select one color and start painting the white board . Whoever 's paint color is most visible on the board will become the next captain of the house . Tanish won the task and became the House Captain of Week 10 . In Jail None Day 57 Nominations Babu Gogineni Geetha Madhuri Syamala Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Ganesh Day 63 Exits Babu Gogineni Week 10 Day 61 to Day 68 House Captain Tanish Day 65 , 66 Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Call Center Housemates are divided into two teams - Call Center Executives and Customers Team Kaushal : Samrat , Syamala , Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu , Nuthan Naidu , Amit Tiwari Team Tanish : Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish , Pooja Ramachandran , Ganesh Call center executives have to patiently listen to their customers ' complaints and should respond politely and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Customers have to irritate the executives and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Team One members are call center executives and Team Two members are customers on Day 1 . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Kaushal team won the task with 10 points and they were awarded with 2400 Luxury Budget points to buy luxury items . Day 68 Captaincy Task Padagottu Nillabettu Contenders : Kaushal and Roll Rida . There are two types of blocks placed in the garden area . Contenders have to construct a pyramid using the blocks and have protect it until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to throw balls to destroy the pyramids . Roll Rida won this task and became Week 11 captain . In Jail None Day 64 Nominations Pooja Ramachandran Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Nutan Syamala Deepthi Sunaina Day 70 Exits Deepthi Sunaina Week 11 Day 68 to Day 75 House Captain Roll Rida Day 75 Captaincy Task Mee Captaincy Merey Konukondi Contenders : Deepti Nallamothu and Kaushal . Two weighing machines were placed for the contenders ( one each ) in the garden area . Every housemate had to weigh belongings and drop in the basket of the contender they support , giving their reasons for their support . The contender with the maximum weight emerges the winner . Syamala was the chancellor of the task . She had to announce the winner and put the winner 's weighed belongings in the storeroom . Deepti Nallamothu won the task and became a new captain of the house . Day Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Inti Pelli In Jail None Day 71 Nominations Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal Day 77 Exits Pooja Ramachandran Week 12 Day 76 House Captain No Captain Day 75 Day 77 to Day 81 Deepti Nallamothu Day 79 , 80 Luxury Budget Task Murder Mystery This is a luxury budget game . In this game , Bigg Boss asked to pick one box in the confession room by housemates secretly . Randomly it consists of a white pearl , a red pearl and a black pearl . The housemate who got a white pearl will become a public team people , the red pearl person becomes a killer , the black pearl persons become police and a detective man . Killer : Geetha Madhuri has to do some tasks given by Bigg Boss to kill a public member to win the task and to gain immunity for Week 13 . Public Team : Kaushal , Amit Tiwari , Nutan Naidu , Samrat , Syamala , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish . Public team have to protect their lives from the killer to win the task , If any housemate is murdered by the killer he / she should enter the graveyard arranged in the garden area . Police and Detective : Roll Rida is the police and Ganesh is the detective . Both have to find the killer to win the task . Housemates do n't know who is the killer and who are public members and everyone knows who is the police and the detective . Following tasks done by Geetha Madhuri to kill Public team members : - Geetha Madhuri should complete all five tasks to win immunity and a special power . Task 1 : She has to irritate one housemate and anger him . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Kaushal angry and killed him . Task 2 : She has to feed food to one housemate . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Samrat to eat bread by his hands and killed him . Task 3 : She has to write one housemate 's name on the mirror in the bathroom area . Geetha Madhuri successfully wrote Amit 's name and killed him . Task 4 : She has to dance with one housemate . Geetha Madhuri danced with Syamala and killed her . Task 5 : She has to spoil one housemate 's bed by using any food products . Geetha Madhuri successfully spoiled Deepti 's bed and killed her . As per Bigg Boss ' instructions , the police ( Roll Rida ) and Detective ( Ganesh ) had to name , investigate their 3 suspects in a witness box and then announce their final conclusion along with evidence . Roll Rida and Ganesh reported to Bigg Boss that Tanish is the killer and lost the task . All tasks were done secretly by Geetha Madhuri and she won immunity for Week 13 and special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season and they awarded with 2000 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 81 Captaincy Task Aalasipothe Anthame Contenders : Nutan Naidu , Tanish and Roll Rida . In this task there are three cycles placed in the garden area . Contenders have to cycle until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to support one and try to stop the remaining contenders cycling without touching the cycle. Tanish gave up after 8 hours of cycling . After the buzzer sounded , Bigg Boss announced that there are two contenders still cycling therefore there are no winner and no captain for Week 13 . In Jail None Day 78 Nominations Kaushal Samrat Nutan Naidu Amit Tiwari Ganesh Day 83 Exits Ganesh Day 84 Nutan Naidu Week 13 Day 81 to Day 89 House Captain No Captain Day 86 , 87 Luxury Budget Task Tollywood Marathon This is a 24 / 7 luxury budget task.In this task there are 8 solo songs and one boys group song and one girls group song and one house group song . Bigg Boss given some different solo song to each housemate . Bigg Boss plays a song any time , housemates have to remember their song whenever song plays housemate have to dance on the dance floor arranged in living area . If any housemate goes late on to the dance floor or if the housemate dances to the wrong song , they 'll lose luxury budget points . Continually Bigg Boss sends cakes on the occasion of Bigg Boss 's birthday . Housemates have to wish happy birthday to Bigg Boss and they have to eat cake every time he sends throughout the day 87 by continuing Tollywood Marathon task . Day 88 to Day 89 Special Task Ticket to Grand Finale This is a task which grants immunity for a housemate to become a finalist for the season . There is a car in the garden area and this task lasts for exactly 24 hours . Housemates have to enter the car when the start buzzer rings . The first 5 members who sit in the car will be contenders of this task . Housemates should not step out of the car until the buzzer sounds . There should be only 1 housemate in the car at the time of the end buzzer , if there more than 1 housemate in the car , will result in total lose of task no one will get immunity . Contenders : - Geetha Madhuri , Tanish , Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat and Syamala . At the end of the day there were 3 housemates in the car , therefore no one was eligible to get immunity and become a finalist . Bigg Boss announced that there will be no captaincy task and no captain for Week 14 for losing the Ticket to Finale task In Jail None Day 81 Nominations Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Amit Tiwari Samrat Syamala Day 91 Exits Syamala Week 14 Day 89 to Day 95 House Captain No Captain Day 92 Tasks Oppo F9 Pro Fully Charged In this task housemates are divided into two teams . Twilight Blue : Kaushal , Tanish , Roll Rida , and Samrat . Sun Rise Red : Geetha , Deepti , and Amit . There are two mobile phones on stands and two sets of boxes ( Each set consist of 100 boxes ) in the garden area . Both the teams have to find the charger from the boxes in the garden area after the buzzer sounded , and they can stop other teams effort in searching , and they have to charge only for 5 minutes in the gym area . Bigg Boss sounds a start buzzer to take selfies with using the features in the mobile phone , while others can spoil their selfies . Twilight Blue Team won the task with clear selfies and got a phone call from the public . Day 93 , 94 Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Remote Control This is an individual luxury budget task . All housemates have follow the orders passed by BIGG BOSS . List of orders given by Bigg Boss : Freeze - Housemate ( s ) have to freeze immediately . Rewind - Housemate ( s ) have to rewind immediately . Fast Forward - Housemate ( s ) have to do their work in fast motion . Release - Housemate ( s ) are released from all orders temporary . Housemate ( s ) have to dance to the Bigg Boss Telugu 2 theme music in the garden area . Housemates won 800 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 95 Captaincy Task Thudhivaraku Contender : Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat , Amit , Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Tanish . Kaushal was a chancellor for this task . There were 6 glasses placed in the garden area with coloured water in each of it . Each housemate had to pick the glass and must not put the glass down until 5 buzzers . Upon each buzzer , one glass should be emptied . The housemates can either negotiate or use any other method to convince other housemate put the glass down . The housemates can hide any where in the house except washrooms . Bigg Boss announced that no one followed the given rules and making their own rules to play the task . There were no housemate with full or more than half the glass with coloured water , therefore there is no captain for week 15 . Day 95 In Jail Deepti Nallamothu ( Bigg Boss sent Deepti to jail for breaking house property ) Day 92 Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Deepti Nallamothu Day 98 Exits Amit Tiwari Week 15 Day 95 to Day 103 House Captain No Captain Day 100,101 , 102 Tasks Race To Finale This is the task which gives another opportunity to get immunity from eviction and to become a first finalist for the housemates . In this task there are two levels . The winners of level one will be qualified for level two . Level 1 : - Mee Esuka Jaagratha There are three sand containers in the garden area . Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Kaushal have to protect their respective sand container , while Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish , and Samrat have to empty or destroy their sand containers after start buzzer sounded . At the end buzzer the contestant with more amount of sand becomes eligible for the level two . The roles get reversed subsequently to decide the second qualifier for the level two . Roll Rida and Samrat qualified for level two . Level 2 : - Kodi Gudllu Jaagratha There are two egg bowls for one each . Samrat and Roll Rida have to protect their respective egg bowls to win the task . Remaining housemates can try to brake their eggs . Contenders can hide anywhere in house except washrooms . Samrat won the task and gained immunity from week 's eviction and became a first finalist of the season . Day 103 Luxury Budget Task Baanthi Jaagratha There were two tables in the garden area . one table consists of a tray of smiley ball on which luxury items names were written and on the other table had an empty tray . The housemates had to stand in a line adjacent to each other between the tables , pick the smiley balls with their mouth , pass on the ball mouth - to - mouth and drop them into the empty tray . Housemates collected 10 balls and they awarded with 10 luxury items . In Jail None Day 99 Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Kaushal Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Samrat Day 105 Exits Roll Rida Week 16 Day 103 to Day 112 House Captain No Captain Day 107 Tasks Characters Swap Housemates got letters from the post box , which it contains one of the finalist name and they should behave like that housemate until . Bigg Boss will give some situations which occurred in past in the house for respective housemate to act like them . Day 106 Finalists During the final week the public vote for who they wanted to win Bigg Boss 2 . The finalists for the title were as following : Samrat Reddy Kaushal Manda Geetha Madhuri Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Alladi Finale Day 112 Winner Kaushal Manda Runner - Up Geetha Madhuri Third Place Tanish Alladi Fourth Place Deepti Nallamothu Fifth Place Samrat Reddy References Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ' marks TV debut of Nani as host , show goes on air from June 10 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out ; Auditions open for commoners '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Nani targeted for biased hosting '' . IB Times . 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Nani breaks silence on ' biased ' hosting comments '' . IB Times . 4 September 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eviction : Kaushal Army upset with Nani , Star Maa for eliminating Nuthan Naidu '' . IB Times3 September . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 12th week eviction : Is this reason for Nuthan Naidu 's elimination ? '' . IB Times . 3 September 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Sai Dharam Tej , Anupama to appear as celebrity guests to promote Tej I Love You '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 19 , 2018 : Pradeep reveals his reasons to enter the house '' . Times Of India . 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 next special guest : Lakshmi Manchu promotes Wife of Ram on Nani 's show '' . IB Times . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani 's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Anasuya Bharadwaj makes surprise entry in Nani hosted show '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhi Pinisetty , Taapsee Pannu , Ritika Singh promote Neevevaro on Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , actors Sunil and Allari Naresh graced the show to promote their film silly fellows '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 12 , 2018 : Housemates share emotional moments with families '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 13 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 24 , 2018 : Sudheer Babu , and his co-star Nabha Natesh entered into the house '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 25 , 2018 : Tanish flawlessly imitates Geetha '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Day 110 Highlights : Finalists set for a reunion '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale live updates : Finalists Geetha , Kaushal , Deepthi , Tanish , Samrat treated with beauty regimes '' . IB Times . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 30 , 2018 : Deepthi drags Kaushal into the elimination race '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 3 , 2018 : Kamal Haasan gifts Amit a two - week extension card '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 updates : Nutan Naidu sudden exit from the show due to a shoulder dislocation '' . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 contestants upset over Nutan Naidu 's comeback after shoulder injury '' . IB Times . 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 30 , 2018 : Geetha slaps Kaushal with a nomination for the rest of the season '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 launch highlights : Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari and Tejaswi Madivada among others enter Bigg Boss house '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu season 2 written update , June 15 , 2018 : Samrat becomes the first captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 7 : Sanjana Anne Evicted from Bigg Boss house , and Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a Wild Card Contestant '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 22 , 2018 : House witnesses some ugly fights , Amit emerges as the new captain '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 14 : Nutan Naidu Evicted from Nani'sBigg Boss '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 27 , 2018 : Kaushal and Tejaswi win a special voting power '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Roll Rida is the new captain , Babu and Tanish jailed '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Episode 22 : Kireeti Damaraju Evicted from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , 4th elimination live updates : Nandini , Deepti saved , Syamala evicted '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Geetha Madhuri wins a majority in captaincy race '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Bhanu Sree evicted , Nani asks her to pack bag '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 week 6 elimination : Tejaswi Madivada shown doors , Samrat Reddy is safe from eviction '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Wildcard entry of Pooja Ramachandran old fixture in house '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 2 Telugu , episode 47 : Geetha Madhuri Became captain for the second time '' . Hindustan Times . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ex-contestant's wildcard entry : Who should be brought back ? ( Poll ) '' . IB Times . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : No elimination from Nani 's show Nuthan Naidu , Syamala re-enter the house '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 2 , 2018 : Pooja is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 3 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eliminations Live updates : Nandini Rai is evicted , she drops Bigg bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 10 , 2018 : Tanish is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Babu Gogineni evicted ; Tanish , Ganesh , Deepthi are safe '' . IB Times . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Deepthi Sunaina drops the Bigg Bomb on Tanish '' . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Pooja Ramachandran drops bigg bomb on Geetha Madhuri '' . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Geetha Madhuri wins ' murder ' task , gains immunity from elimination , but nominates Kaushal again '' . IB Times . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 31 , 2018 : Nutan Naidu misses the opportunity to be a captain '' . Times Of India . 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Ganesh eliminated from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , Kaushal gets saved '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Nani asks Nuthan Naidu to pack his bags , drops bomb on deepthi '' . IB Times . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 7 , 2018 : None wins the ' Ticket to finale ' ; Kaushal irks every housemate '' . Times Of India . 8 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live update : Shyamala evicted from Nani 's show , drops big bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 13 , 2018 : Bigg Boss punishes Deepti '' . Times Of India . 14 September 2018 . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Amit Tiwari drops big bomb on Deepthi after eviction '' . IB Times . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 18 , 2018 : Roll Rida advances into level 2 of ' Race to Finale ' '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Next task in ' Race to Finale ' level 2 announced '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 20 , 2018 : Samrat Reddy becomes the first finalist of the season '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Roll Rida gets eliminated from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 23 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale LIVE UPDATES : Kaushal Manda wins the show '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . External links Official Website at Hotstar Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Digital Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Marathi Malayalam Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Celebrity Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Loft Story Secret Story Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life Bigg Boss Telugu Seasons Winners Siva Balaji Kaushal Manda Runner - up Aadarsh Geetha Madhuri Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Telugu_2&oldid=866133563 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television seasons Bigg Boss seasons Bigg Boss Telugu Big Brother ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 13 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who got eliminated in telugu big boss 2 today	[]	[]
4895826570231523456	John Carroll Lynch	John Carroll Lynch - wikipedia John Carroll Lynch John Carroll Lynch Lynch in 2017 ( 1963 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1963 ( age 55 ) Boulder , Colorado , US Alma mater The Catholic University of America Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brenda Wehle ( m . 1997 ) John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American character actor and film director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lynch was born in Boulder , Colorado . He attended Regis Jesuit High School in Denver . He studied theater at The Catholic University of America , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Lynch was a member of the Guthrie Theater company . He starred in several productions , toured with the company and worked there for over eight seasons . Lynch made his feature film debut in Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) . He gained notice starring as Norm Gunderson in the Coen brothers ' film Fargo ( 1996 ) . His other notable films are Face / Off ( 1997 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Gothika ( 2003 ) , Things We Lost in the Fire ( 2007 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love . ( 2011 ) . He portrayed Arthur Leigh Allen in Zodiac ( 2007 ) and the first establisher of McDonald 's , Mac McDonald , in The Founder ( 2016 ) . Lynch has also had an extensive career in television . He appeared in ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey . He has also been a regular cast member on series such as Close to Home , Carnivàle , Body of Proof and seasons 4 , 5 , and 7 of American Horror Story . Personal life ( edit ) Lynch has been married to actress Brenda Wehle since 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grumpy Old Men Moving Man 1995 The Cure Skipper # 1 Credited as John Lynch Beautiful Girls Frank Womack Fargo Norm Gunderson Feeling Minnesota Cop 1997 Volcano Stan Olber Face / Off Prison Guard Walton 1998 Mercury Rising Martin Lynch The Naked Man Sticks ' Driver Restaurant John English 1999 Anywhere but Here Jack Irwin Pushing Tin Doctor Freeze Freak Weather Ed 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Impound Manager Uncredited Cameo 2001 Bubble Boy Mr. Livingston 2002 The Good Girl Jack Field Bug Wallace Gregory Three Days of Rain Dinner Guest 2003 Gothika Sheriff Ryan Confidence Leon Ashby Catch That Kid Mr. Hartmunn 2005 Mozart and the Whale Gregory Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Stewart 2007 Full of It Mr. Leonard Zodiac Arthur Leigh Allen Things We Lost in the Fire Howard Glassman 2008 Gran Torino Barber Martin 2009 Love Happens Walter Sympathy for Delicious Evangelist Carroll Shutter Island Deputy Warden McPherson Hesher Larry 2011 Paul Moses Buggs Crazy , Stupid , Love . Bernie Riley 2012 Lay the Favorite Dave Greenberg 2013 The Pretty One Frank 2014 Camp X-Ray Col. James Drummond 2015 Hot Pursuit Captain Emmett Ted 2 Tom Jessup The Invitation Pruitt 2016 Miracles from Heaven Pastor Scott Jackie Lyndon B. Johnson The Founder Mac McDonald 2017 Lucky N / A Directorial debut Anything Early Landry 2018 Private Life Charlie White Orchid Sheriff Mann Post-production 2019 The Highwaymen Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Frasier Actor playing Franklin Episode : `` The Show Where Diane Comes Back '' Murder One Officer Carl Bickley Episode : `` Chapter Thirteen '' The Client Frank Episode : `` Damn Yankees '' Voice from the Grave Prosecutor O'Gane Television film A Friend 's Betrayal Mr. Franks Television film 1996 , 1997 Life 's Work District Attorney Agee / Crazy Larry 2 episodes 1997 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Steve Carey 72 episodes 1997 The Practice Dr. Robert Larson Episode : `` Search and Seizure '' The Visitor Joe York Episode : `` Going Home '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Robert R. Gilruth 2 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Gerald Moss Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' Late Last Night Sgt. Van Wyck Television film Tuesdays with Morrie Walter Moran Television film 2000 The Fugitive Raynor Episode : `` Pilot '' The West Wing Jack Episode : `` Galileo '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Sonny Green Episode : `` The Race '' 2002 Live from Baghdad John Holliman Television film 2003 The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire Mayor Garrett Shaw 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Close to Home Steve Sharpe 21 episodes 2005 Carnivàle Varlyn Stroud 12 episodes American Dad ! Mr. Simms ( voice ) Episode : `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' 2007 -- 2008 K - Ville Captain James Embry 11 episodes 2007 Big Love Officer Chuck Tuttle 2 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Mr. Reed Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' Monk Kurt Pressman Episode : `` Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Arnold Episode : `` Bloodsport '' 2010 -- 2012 The Glades Mike Ogletree 2 episodes How to Make It in America Larry Episode : `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Bud Morris 26 episodes 2013 Do No Harm Will Hayes 10 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Ned Dooley 2 episodes 2014 House of Lies Gil Selby 2 episodes The Americans Fred 6 episodes Manhattan Daniel Ellis 2 episodes Us & Them Ed Episode : `` Coeds & Carburetors '' 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Twisty the Clown 5 episodes 2015 -- 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel John Wayne Gacy 2 episodes 2015 The Walking Dead Eastman Episode : `` Here 's Not Here '' 2016 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies James Rivington 6 episodes 2016 Billions Mr. Gilbert Episode : `` The Punch '' 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Twisty the Clown 2 episodes Channel Zero : The No - End House John Sleator 6 episodes 2018 The Handmaid 's Tale Dan Episode : `` Unwomen '' Crawford Owen Upcoming series One Dollar Bud Carl Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television The Walking Dead Nominated 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actor The Invitation Nominated Camerimage Directors ' Debuts Competition Lucky Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Haifa International Film Festival Carmel Award for Best Film Nominated Fedeora Award - Directors of Tomorrow Won Locarno Festival Golden Leopard Nominated Price of the Ecumenical Jury Won 22nd Satellite Awards Special Achievement Award for Best First Feature Won Los Angeles Film Festival Special Mention for Acting Anything Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Rovi via The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( S ) ome sources cite May 11 , 1961 '' , per `` John Carroll Lynch Biography ( 1963 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Relations : Arts & Entertainment '' . The Catholic University of America . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch lands juicy role in ' Freak Show ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Guthrie Theater . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Wehle Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS ' DEBUTS COMPETITION '' . Camerimage.pl . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carmel Competition - International Film Competition 2017 '' . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Best Israeli Feature Film Award -- `` The Testament '' `` . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Festival on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Film Festival Unveils Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) John Carroll Lynch on IMDb WorldCat Identities BNE : XX5644705 GND : 1140027840 ISNI : 0000 0000 4437 4419 LCCN : no2005039010 VIAF : 58811189 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carroll_Lynch&oldid=855982633 '' Categories : 1963 births American male film actors American male television actors Catholic University of America alumni Living people Male actors from Boulder , Colorado Male actors from Denver 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 04 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the clown on american horror story	[ "John Carroll Lynch (born August 1, 1963)[1][2] is an American character actor and film director. He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo. He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character's cross-dressing brother, Steve Carey, as well as on American Horror Story: Freak Show and American Horror Story: Cult as Twisty the Clown. \n" ]	[ "John Carroll Lynch" ]
5063428093928318505	Inca Trail to Machu Picchu	Inca trail to Machu Picchu - wikipedia Inca trail to Machu Picchu Jump to : navigation , search `` Inca Trail '' redirects here . For the Inca roads in general , see Inca road system . Much of the trail is of original Incan construction The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu ( also known as Camino Inca or Camino Inka ) is a hiking trail in Peru that terminates at Machu Picchu . It consists of three overlapping trails : Mollepata , Classic , and One Day . Mollepata is the longest of the three routes with the highest mountain pass and intersects with the Classic route before crossing Warmiwañusqa ( `` dead woman '' ) . Located in the Andes mountain range , the trail passes through several types of Andean environments including cloud forest and alpine tundra . Settlements , tunnels , and many Incan ruins are located along the trail before ending the terminus at the Sun Gate on Machu Picchu mountain . The two longer routes require an ascent to beyond 4,200 metres ( 13,800 ft ) above sea level , which can result in altitude sickness . Concern about overuse leading to erosion has led the Peruvian government to place a limit on the number of people who may hike this trail per season , and to sharply limit the companies that can provide guides . As a result , advance booking is mandatory . A maximum of 500 people are allowed on the trail each day , of which only 200 are trekkers , the rest being guides and porters . As a result , the high season books out very quickly . The trail is closed every February for cleaning . This was originally done informally by organizations such as South American Explorers but is now managed officially . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classic trail 2 Inca Trail Permits 3 Inca Trail Elevation 4 Citations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Classic trail ( edit ) Patallacta viewed from above Trekkers normally take four or five days to complete the `` Classic Inca Trail '' but a two - day trek from Km 104 is also possible . It starts from one of two points : 88 km ( 55 miles ) or 82 km ( 51 miles ) from Cusco on the Urubamba River at approximately 2,800 metres ( 9,200 ft ) or 2,600 metres ( 8,500 ft ) altitude , respectively . Both of these trail segments meet above the Inca ruins of Patallaqta ( sometimes called Llaqtapata ) , a site used for religious and ceremonial functions , crop production , and housing for soldiers from the nearby hilltop site of Willkaraqay , an ancient pre-Inca site first inhabited around 500 BC . The trail undulates , but overall ascends along the Kusichaka River . At the small village Wayllapampa ( `` grassy plain '' , Wayllabamba ) the trail intersects with the `` Mollepata Trail '' at 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) . Small , permanent settlements are located adjacent to the trail , and Wayllapampa has approximately 400 inhabitants ( 130 families ) spread along this portion of the trail . Pack animals -- horses , mules , donkeys , and llamas -- are allowed . At Wayllapampa the trail to Machu Picchu turns west and begins ascending along a tributary of the Kusichaka . Because of previous damage caused by hooves , pack animals are not allowed on the remainder of the trail . For the same reason , metal - tipped trekking poles are not allowed on the trail . Inca Trail cloud forest As the trail ascends toward Warmi Wañusqa , or `` Dead Woman 's Pass '' , which resembles a supine woman , it passes through differing habitats , one of which is a cloud forest containing Polylepis trees . The campsite at Llulluch'apampa ( Llulluchapampa ) is located on this stretch of trail at 3,800 metres ( 12,500 ft ) . The pass itself is located at 4,215 m ( 13,829 ft ) above sea level , and is the highest point on this , the `` Classic '' trail . After crossing the pass the trail drops steeply into the Pakaymayu drainage . At a distance of 2.1 km and 600 m below the pass is the campground Pakaymayu . The tambo Runkuraqay After passing Pakaymayu the trail begins steeply ascending the other side of the valley . One kilometre along the trail , at an altitude of 3,750 metres ( 12,300 ft ) is the Incan tampu Runkuraqay , ruins which overlook the valley . The site was heavily restored in the late 1990s . The trail continues to ascend , passing a small lake named Quchapata ( Cochapata ) in an area that is recognized as deer habitat . This site had been used as a camp site . As with other sites that were being degraded due to overuse , camping is no longer allowed . The trail reaches the pass at an altitude of 3950 m . The trail continues through high cloud forest , undulating , sometimes steeply while affording increasingly dramatic viewpoints of mountains and dropoffs . Next , the Sayaqmarka ( `` steep - place town '' ) is reached followed by the tampu Qunchamarka . A long Inca tunnel and a viewpoint overlooking two valleys : the Urubamba and Aobamba ( a broken word ) , are passed . Phuyupatamarka ruins Another high point at altitude of 3650 m is crossed , followed by a campground , and then after a short descent , a site with extensive ruins . The name Phuyupatamarka ( `` cloud - level town '' ) ( phoo - yoo - patta - marka ) is applied to both the campground , and the ruins . Hiram Bingham III discovered the site , but left most of it covered with vegetation . The Fejos team named the site , and uncovered the remainder . Design of the site closely follows the natural contours , and includes five fountains and an altar , which was probably used for llama sacrifice . The trail then descends approximately 1000 metres including an irregular staircase of approximately 1500 steps , some of which were carved into solid granite . Vegetation becomes more dense , lush , and `` jungle '' like with an accompanying increase in butterflies and birds . A second Incan tunnel is along this section of trail . Intipata Even before passing through the tunnel there are views down to the Willkanuta River , the first since leaving the river at Patallaqta . The number of these views increases . After the tunnel the town of Machupicchu ( Aguas Calientes ) can be seen , and trains running along the river can be heard . As the trail nears Intipata , it affords views of the `` Two Day '' Inca Trail ( aka `` Camino Real de los Inkas '' or `` One Day Inca Trail '' ) . A small spur of the trail leads directly to Wiñay Wayna , while the main route continues to Intipata . Intipata ( aka Yunkapata ) is a recently uncovered extensive set of agricultural terraces which follow the convex shape of the terrain . Potatoes , maize , fruit , and sweet potato were grown here . Wiñaywayna , showing upper and lower structures The name Wiñay Wayna ( forever young ) ( win - yay - way - na ) is used to refer to both a hostel -- restaurant -- camp site and a set of Inca ruins . Two groups of major architectural structures , a lower and upper , are set among multiple agricultural terraces at this concave mountainside site . A long flight of fountains or ritual baths utilizing as many as 19 springs runs between the two groups of buildings . From Wiñay Wayna the trail undulates along below the crest of the east slope of the mountain named Machu Picchu . The steep stairs leading to Inti Punku ( `` sun gate '' ) are reached after approximately 3 km . Reaching the crest of this ridge reveals the grandeur of the ruins of Machu Picchu , which lie below . A short downhill walk is the final section of the trail . Inca trail permits ( edit ) Because of its popularity , the Peruvian Government instituted several controls to reduce human impact upon the trail and within the ancient city . The most notable is a quota system , introduced in 2001 , whereby only a set number of people ( including hikers , porters , and guides ) would be allowed to hike along the Inca Trail each day . This system is still in effect ; any person wishing to hike the Inca Trail must obtain a permit beforehand . As of 2016 , 500 permits are issued for each day . All of the year 's permits are released in January , and are sold on a first - come , first - served basis . Permits sell out quickly , particularly those for the high season . Most operators advise hikers to purchase permits at least 6 months in advance . The government also mandated that every trekker on the trail must be accompanied by a guide . Because of this rule , permits can only be obtained through a government registered tour operator . All permits are paired with an individual passport , and are not transferable . The government monitors the trail closely ; there are several control points along the trail . Inca trail elevation ( edit ) The Inca Trail elevation varies quite significantly and people often struggle with altitude sickness , especially if they have not spent much time in Cusco prior to trekking the trail . Cusco stands at 3,200 metres and is already significantly higher than Machu Picchu itself , however , many sections of the Inca Trail are much higher . Starting at 2,600 metres , the trail ascends to 3,300 metres on the first day . The second day ascends over Dead Woman 's pass - the highest point on the Inca Trail at 4,200 metres . This is the most dangerous point in terms of altiude sickness , however , you do not spend long at this elevation and by the afternoon you 'll be back at 3,600 metres . The trail only descends from this point until you reach Machu Picchu at 2,430 metres ... Inca Trail Elevation Graph Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Operation Overbite '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . South American Explorer , No. 7 , December 1980 ^ Jump up to : Explore the Inca Trail , p. 50 Jump up ^ Elorrieta Salazar , Fernando E. & Elorrieta Salazar , Edgar ( 2005 ) Cusco and the Sacred Valley of the Incas , page 123 ISBN 978 - 603 - 45 - 0911 - 5 Jump up ^ Adams , Mark . ( 2001 ) Turn Right at Macho Picchu . New York , NY : Dutton . pp. 233,268 -- 271,300 . ^ Jump up to : Cuzco Region Machu Picchu -- Peru . ITMB Publishing International Travel Maps Jump up ^ Explore the Inca Trail , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Camino Inka . Instituto Nactional de Cultura . Direccion Regional de Cultura Cuzco . Parque Arqueologic National de Machu Picchu . Ley No 28296 Jump up ^ Explore the Inca Trail , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Explore the Inca Trail , p. 53 . Jump up ^ The Rough Guide to Peru . Dilwyn Jenkins . Contributor Dilwyn Jenkins . Rough Guides. 2003 . page 169 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 074 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 074 - 9 See also ( edit ) Lares trek , one of the alternative routes to Machu Picchu Salcantay trek Tourism in Peru The Chilean Inca Trail Inca road system Capaq Ñan trail References ( edit ) Box , Ben ; Frankham , Steve ( 2008 ) . Cuzco & the Inca heartland ( 4 ed . ) . Footprint Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906098 - 20 - 9 . Jenkins , Dilwyn ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Peru . Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 074 - 9 . Megarry , Jacquetta ; Davies , Roy ( 2006 ) . Explore the Inca Trail . Rucksack Readers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898481 - 25 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Moseley , Michael 1992 . The Incas and their Ancestors : The archaeology of Peru . Thames and Hudson , New York . Hyslop , John , 1984 . Inka Road System . Academic Press , New York . Inca : Lords of Gold and Glory . Virginia : Time - Life Books , 1992 . Andean World : Indigenous History : Culture and Consciousness by Kenneth Adrien . Footprints Cusco and The Inca Trail Handbook by Peter Frost and Ben Box Jenkins , David `` A Network Analysis of Inka Roads , Administrative Centers and Storage Facilities . '' Ethnohistory , 48 : 655 -- 685 ( Fall , H 2001 ) . External links ( edit ) Coordinates : 13 ° 15 ′ 29 '' S 72 ° 15 ′ 48 '' W / 13.25806 ° S 72.26333 ° W / - 13.25806 ; - 72.26333 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camino Inca . Inca Trail travel guide from Wikivoyage Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu , SERNANP ( in Spanish ) Archaeological sites in Peru Acaray Amaru Marka Wasi Arhuaturo Asana Asiru Phat'jata Aspero Awila Qhincha Mach'ay Awkin Punta Awkillu Waqra Awkimarka ( Apurímac ) Awkimarka ( Huánuco ) Awqa Punta Aya Muqu Ayamachay Ayawayq'u Azángaro Baths of Boza Bandurria Buena Vista Cahuachi Cajamarquilla Cao Viejo Carajía Caral Caves of Sumbay Cerro Baúl Cerro Pátapo Cerro Trinidad Chacamarca Chan Chan Chanquillo Chauchilla Cemetery Chavín de Huantar Chawaytiri Chichakuri Chipaw Marka Choquepuquio Choquequirao Chuqik'iraw Pukyu Churajón Chuya Ch'iqullu Cochabamba Colcampata Cota Coca Coricancha Cumbe Mayo El Brujo El Cañoncillo El Ingenio El Paraíso Garagay Gran Pajatén Gran Vilaya Guitarrero Cave Hatun Mach'ay Hatun Misapata Hatun Rumiyoc Hatun Uchku Hatun Usnu Hatunmarka Honcopampa Huaca de la Luna Huaca del Dragón Huaca del Sol Huaca Huallamarca Huaca Prieta Huaca Pucllana Huaca San Marcos Huaca Santa Ana Huacramarca Huamboy Huánuco Pampa Huari Huayna Picchu Huayrapongo Huiñao Incahuasi , Lima Inka Mach'ay Inka Raqay , Apurímac Inka Raqay , Ayacucho Inka Tampu , Cajamarca Inka Tampu , Huayopata Inka Tampu , Vilcabamba Inka Tunuwiri Inka Uyu Inka Wasi , Ayacucho Inka Wasi , Huancavelica Inkapintay Inkill Tampu Inti Punku Inti Watana , Ayacucho Inti Watana , Calca Inti Watana , Urubamba Intikancha Intini Uyu Pata Intipa Ñawin Intiyuq K'uchu Iskuqucha Isog Jinkiori Jisk'a Iru Muqu Kanamarka Kanichi Kenko Killa Mach'ay Killa Rumi Killarumiyuq Kiswar Kotosh Kuelap Kukuli Kuntur Wasi Kunturmarka , Ayacucho Kunturmarka , Pasco Kuntur Qaqa Kuntuyuq Kusichaka valley Kutimpu Khichuqaqa Khuchi Mach'ay K'allapayuq Urqu K'ipakhara Laguna de las Momias Lauricocha Caves Layzón Llamachayuq Llamachayuq Qaqa Llamayuq Llamuqa Llaqta Qulluy , Acoria Llaqta Qulluy , Conayca Llaqta Qulluy , Tayacaja Llaqta Qulluy , Vilca Llaqtan Llaqtapata Machu Picchu Machu Pirqa Machu Pitumarka Machu Q'inti Machu Qullqa Mameria Maray Qalla Marayniyuq Marcahuamachuco Markahirka Markansaya Markapukyu Marpa Mawk'allaqta , Castilla Mawk'allaqta , Espinar Mawk'allaqta , La Unión Mawk'allaqta , Melgar Mawk'allaqta , Paruro Mawk'allaqta , Sandia Mawk'ataray Mayqu Amaya Mazur Miculla Millka Miraflores Mirq'imarka Miyu Pampa Moray Mulinuyuq Mullu Q'awa Mulluq'u Muyu Muyu Muyu Urqu Muyuq Marka Nazca Lines Nina Kiru Ninamarca Ñawpallaqta , Huanca Sancos Ñawpallaqta , Fajardo Ñawpallaqta , Lucanas Ñusta Hispana Ollantaytambo Pacatnamu Pachacamac Pachatusan Paiján Pañamarca Paracas Candelabra Paraccra Patallaqta Phiruru Pikillaqta Pikimach'ay Pilluchu Pinkuylluna Pirca Pirca , La Libertad Pirca Pirca , Lima Pirhuaylla Pirwayuq Písac Puka Pukara Puka Tampu Puka Urqu Pukara , Coporaque Pukara , Fajardo Pukara , Puno Pukara , Vilcas Huamán Pukarani Pumamarka , San Sebastián Pumamarka , Urubamba Pumaq Hirka Pumawasi Punkuri Puqin Kancha Puruchuco Purunllacta , Cheto Purunllacta , Soloco Pusharo Pusuquy Pata Phuyupatamarka Qaqapatan Qenko Qillqatani Quchapata Qillqa Qillqay Mach'ay Quiaca Qullqapampa Qulu Qulu Qunchamarka Qunchupata Quri Winchus Qurimarka , Apurímac Qurimarka , Cusco Quriwayrachina , Anta Quriwayrachina , Ayacucho Quriwayrachina , La Convención Quyllur Q'arachupa Qasa Pata Qhapaq Kancha Q'illaywasin Raqch'i Revash Rumicolca Rumiwasi Runayuq Runkuraqay Saksaywaman Sara Sara Sayacmarca Sayhuite Sechín Sillustani Sipán Sóndor Susupillu Tambo Totem Tambomachay Tampu Mach'ay , Huancavelica Tampukancha Tanqa Tanqa Tantarica Taqrachullu Tarahuasi Tarmatambo Templo del Zorro The Toads of Wiraqucha Tikra Tinyaq Tipón Titiqaqa Toquepala Caves Toro Muerto Trinchera Túcume Tunanmarca Tunay Q'asa Tupu Inka T'akaq T'uqu T'uquyuq Uchkus Inkañan Urpish Uskallaqta Usnu , Ayacucho Usnu , Huánuco Usnu Muqu Usqunta Uyu Uyu Venado cautivo Ventanillas de Otuzco Ventarron Vilcabamba Vilcashuamán Viracochapampa Vitcos Wallpayunka Waman Pirqa Wamanilla Wamanmarka , Chumbivilcas Wamanmarka , La Convención Wamanmarka , Lima Wanakawri , Cusco Wanakawri , Huánuco Wanqaran Waqlamarka Waqra Pukara Waqutu Warahirka Waraqayuq Waraqu Urqu Warawtampu Wari Willka Waruq Wat'a , Cusco Wat'a , Huánuco Wayna Q'inti Wayna Tawqaray Wichama Wichqana Wich'un Wila Wilani Wilca Willkaraqay Willkawayin Wiñay Wayna Wiraqucha Pirqa Yanaca Yanaqi - Qillqamarka Yaynu Yuraq Mach'ay Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures Americas Paleo - Indians Genetic history Archaeology of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas North America North American pre-Columbian cultures Caddoan Mississippian Chichimeca Hopewell tradition Coles Creek Fremont Marksville Mississippian Mogollon Plaquemine Plum Bayou Poverty Point Troyville Weeden Island Mesoamerica Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology Capacha Chalcatzingo Cholula Coclé Epi - Olmec Huastec Izapa Mezcala Mixtec Olmec Pipil Quelepa Shaft tomb tradition Teuchitlan Purépecha Teotihuacan Tlatilco Tlaxcaltec Toltec Totonac Veracruz Xochipala Zapotec South America Andean civilizations South American Indigenous people El Abra Cañaris Chachapoya Chancay Chavín Chimú Chinchorro Cultural periods of Peru Hydraulic culture of mounds ( Bolivia ) Las Vegas Lima La Tolita ( Tumaco ) Manteño - Guancavilca Mapuche Moche Mollo Nariño Nazca Norte Chico Quimbaya San Agustín Shuar Sican Taíno Tairona Tiwanaku Tierradentro Valdivia Wankarani Wari Zenú Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Language Nahuatl Mayan languages Muysccubun Quechua Writing Script Script Numerals Quipu Religion Religion Religion Religion Religion Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Society Society Society Economy ( Women ) Society Infrastructure Chinampas Architecture Architecture Agriculture Architecture ( road system ) Agriculture History History History History Inca history Neo-Inca State People Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Cuauhtémoc K'inich Janaab ' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Nemequene Quemuenchatocha Tisquesusa Tundama Zoratama Manco Cápac Pachacuti Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru II Conquest Spanish conquest ( Hernán Cortés ) Spanish conquest Spanish conquest of Yucatán ( Francisco de Montejo ) Spanish conquest of Guatemala ( Pedro de Alvarado ) Spanish conquest ( Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ) ( Hernán Pérez de Quesada ) ( List of conquistadors ) Spanish conquest ( Francisco Pizarro ) See also Portal : Indigenous peoples of North America Portal : Mesoamerica Columbian Exchange Mesoamerican writing systems Native American cuisine Native American pottery Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre ‐ Columbian art Painting in the Americas before European colonization Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inca_Trail_to_Machu_Picchu&oldid=813772713 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Peru Archaeological sites in Cusco Region Medieval roads and tracks Former trade routes Hiking trails in Peru History of road transport Inca Transport in South America Tourist attractions in Cusco Region Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Deutsch Español Français Magyar Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 04 : 46 . 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-1822039509904393845	Microsoft Redmond campus	Microsoft Redmond campus - wikipedia Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft campus A sign at the campus entrance Built 1986 Location Redmond , Washington Coordinates 47 ° 38 ′ 31 '' N 122 ° 07 ′ 38 '' W / 47.64194 ° N 122.12722 ° W / 47.64194 ; - 122.12722 Coordinates : 47 ° 38 ′ 31 '' N 122 ° 07 ′ 38 '' W / 47.64194 ° N 122.12722 ° W / 47.64194 ; - 122.12722 Industry Technology Employees 30,000 -- 40,000 Buildings 80 Area 500 acres ( 200 ha ) Address One Microsoft Way , Redmond , Washington Owner ( s ) Microsoft The Microsoft campus is the informal name of Microsoft 's corporate headquarters , located at One Microsoft Way in Redmond , Washington . Microsoft initially moved onto the grounds of the campus on February 26 , 1986 , weeks before the company went public on March 13 . The headquarters has experienced multiple expansions since its establishment . It is estimated to encompass over 8 million square feet ( 740,000 m ) of office space and 30,000 -- 40,000 employees . Additional offices on the Eastside area of the Seattle metropolitan area are located in Bellevue and Issaquah . Building 92 on the campus contains a visitor center ( with interactive exhibits ) and store that are open to the public . Contents 1 History 1.1 Future expansion 2 Transportation 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The Commons shopping mall at the Microsoft headquarters Building 92 , home of the Microsoft Visitor Center Microsoft chose to move its headquarters from Bellevue to nearby Redmond in January 1985 , selecting a 29 - acre ( 12 ha ) plot of land that would be developed by Wright Runstad & Company . Construction began on August 9 , and Microsoft moved into the $25 million facility on February 26 , 1986 , several weeks before the company 's initial public offering . The move generated some concerns about increased traffic congestion on the unfinished State Route 520 freeway between Bellevue and Redmond ; a new freeway interchange at Northeast 40th Street would later be built in 2000 to service the campus , after lobbying and partial funding from Microsoft . The initial campus was on a 30 - acre ( 12 ha ) lot with six buildings , and was able to accommodate 800 employees but eventually grew to 1,400 by 1988 . The campus was originally leased to Microsoft from the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association , a pension fund manager , until it was bought back in 1992 . The first major expansion of the campus came in 1992 , bringing the total amount of office space to 1.7 million square feet ( 160,000 m ) on 260 acres ( 110 ha ) of land . Microsoft also announced its intention to contain most of its future growth within Redmond , while retaining some offices in Downtown Bellevue and Factoria . In January 2006 , Microsoft announced the purchase of Safeco 's Redmond campus after the company had begun consolidating its offices at the Safeco Tower in Seattle 's University District a year earlier . In February 2006 , Microsoft announced that it intended to expand its Redmond campus by 1,100,000 square feet ( 100,000 m ) at a cost of $1 billion and said that this would create space for between 7,000 and 15,000 new employees over the following three years . In 2009 , a shopping mall called `` The Commons '' was completed on the campus , bringing 1.4 million square feet ( 130,000 m ) of retail space , as well as restaurants , a soccer field and pub to the West Campus . Future expansion ( edit ) The Seattle Times reported in early September 2015 that Microsoft had hired architecture firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill to begin a multibillion - dollar redesign of the Redmond campus , using an additional 1.4 million square feet ( 130,000 m ) allowed by an agreement with the City of Redmond . The city of Redmond had also approved a rezone in February 2015 to raise the height limit for buildings on the campus from 6 stories to 10 . In November 2017 , Microsoft announced plans to demolish 12 buildings on the older East Campus and replace them with 18 new buildings , adding 2.5 million square feet ( 230 × 10 ^ m ) to house 8,000 additional employees . The newer buildings would be arranged like an urban neighborhood , centered around a 2 - acre ( 0.81 ha ) open space with sports fields , retail space , and hiking trails . The program , scheduled to be completed by 2023 , will raise the total number of buildings on the campus to 131 . Transportation ( edit ) The campus is located on both sides of the State Route 520 freeway , which connects it to the cities of Bellevue and Seattle as well as the Redmond city center . Microsoft paid part of the cost for an overpass over the freeway at NE 36th Street to relieve congestion on other cross-streets in the area . The campus is served by buses to Seattle and some Eastside cities at the Overlake Transit Center , operated by Sound Transit and King County Metro . The RapidRide B Line also runs through the campus , connecting to downtown Bellevue and Redmond . The transit center opened in 2002 and will be the eastern terminus of the East Link light rail extension , scheduled to open in 2023 . Microsoft partnered with Sound Transit and the City of Redmond to fund a pedestrian bridge connecting the light rail station to both sides of its campus to open in 2020 , providing $33.3 million of the cost . For employees , Microsoft also operates a commuter bus service called `` The Connector '' that provides non-stop service to neighborhoods in Seattle , the Eastside , and Snohomish County from the Redmond campus . The shuttles , which began operating in 2007 , were targeted in early 2014 as a symbol of gentrification in similar fashion to the San Francisco tech bus protests that same year . The company also runs a shuttle bus service , named the `` Shuttle Connect '' , between buildings on the campus . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Yu , Hui - yong ; Bass , Dina ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft considers multibillion - dollar overhaul to Redmond campus '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Microsoft '' . Microsoft . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/visitorcenter Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Corp. to move its headquarters to Redmond '' . The Seattle Times . January 15 , 1985 . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Buck , Richard ( March 9 , 1986 ) . `` Computer Memory Explored Conference reveals just how many are interested in the technology '' . The Seattle Times . p . D6 . Jump up ^ Summerford , Tina ( April 16 , 2009 ) . `` The History of Microsoft - 1985 '' . Channel 9 . Microsoft . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casey , Carolyn ( November 28 , 1984 ) . `` Firm appears headed for site in Redmond '' . The Seattle Times . p . F1 . Jump up ^ Whitely , Peyton ( October 5 , 2000 ) . `` Hwy. 520 ramps expected to ease Redmond commute '' . The Seattle Times . p . B1 . Jump up ^ Ervin , Keith ( March 7 , 1996 ) . `` And now ... the Microsoft Inerchange : Company uses clout to determine 520 exit '' . The Seattle Times . p . B1 . Jump up ^ Lalonde , James E. ( January 28 , 1988 ) . `` Microsoft deals with pressure : Heavy demand , not enough room '' . The Seattle Times . p . E2 . Jump up ^ Williams , Scott ( January 8 , 1992 ) . `` 4 original headquarters buildings and land repurchased by Microsoft '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft will not expand beyond Redmond campus '' . The Seattle Times . December 2 , 1992 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( January 19 , 2006 ) . `` Microsoft makes a deal for Safeco 's Redmond campus '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dudley , Brier ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Microsoft speeding up plans for huge campus redevelopment '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sharon Pian ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Microsoft workers get their very own mall , The Commons , on corporate campus '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Matt ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft 's next Redmond expansion expected to go vertical '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Aric ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft Will Demolish Its Campus to Build a Mini-City '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wingfield , Nick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft to Expand Campus , as Amazon Looks Elsewhere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bass , Dina ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft Plans Multibillion - Dollar Campus Overhaul , Adding Open Spaces '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stimulus money goes for a bridge to Microsoft '' . The Seattle Times . March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overlake Transit Center Boarding Locations '' . King County Metro . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindblom , Mike ; Brooks , Diane ( February 2 , 2002 ) . `` Modern transit centers for riders in Everett , Redmond to debut Monday '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sound Transit kicks off East Link light rail construction '' ( Press release ) . Sound Transit . April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ervin , Keith ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Microsoft pitches in on bridge over Overlake Transit Center '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City of Redmond , Sound Transit team up for new pedestrian - bicycle bridge '' ( Press release ) . Sound Transit . August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Connector Fact Sheet '' . Microsoft . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Activists block Microsoft shuttles in Seattle , in anti-gentrification protest '' . GeekWire . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grande , Alison ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Microsoft Connector shuttles targeted by protestors '' . KIRO - TV . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wingfield , Nick ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Gets Its Own Tech Bus Protest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fostering Alternative Ways to Commute at Microsoft '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Redmond campus . Images of the campus Campus map Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson ( Chairman ) Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Bill Gates Charles Noski Helmut Panke John W. Stanton Reid Hoffman Sandi Peterson Penny Pritzker Charles Scharf Arne Sorenson Padmasree Warrior Senior leadership team Satya Nadella ( CEO ) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood ( CFO ) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul ( VP ) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid ( SVP ) S. Somasegar ( SVP ) Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . NET Foundation Outercurve Foundation Estates Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft Talo Microsoft Algeria Microsoft Egypt Microsoft India Microsoft Japan Product families Operating systems Windows Software Office Servers Visual Studio Hardware HoloLens Surface Xbox Web properties Azure Bing Channel 9 CodePlex Developer Network MSN Mixer Office.com OneDrive Outlook.com Store TechNet Conferences Build Inspire MIX PDC TechEd WinHEC Campaigns Where do you want to go today ? ( 1994 ) Champagne ( 2002 ) Mojave Experiment ( 2006 ) I 'm a PC ( 2008 ) Scroogled ( 2012 ) Criticism Bundling of Microsoft Windows Clippy iLoo Internet Explorer Microsoft Bob _NSAKEY Windows XP Vista 10 Litigation Alcatel - Lucent v. Microsoft Apple v. Microsoft European Union Microsoft competition case Microsoft v. Lindows Microsoft vs. MikeRoweSoft Microsoft v. Shah United States v. Microsoft ( 2001 antitrust case ) Microsoft Ireland case Acquisitions 6Wunderkinder Altamira Software AltspaceVR aQuantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software GreenButton Groove Networks High Heat Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com LinkedIn LinkExchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel PlaceWare Powerset ProClarity Rare Revolution Analytics ScreenTonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier SwiftKey Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty VoloMetrix VXtreme WebTV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Redmond_campus&oldid=846967877 '' Categories : Microsoft Information technology company headquarters in the United States Redmond , Washington Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 00 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	microsoft headquarters is in which of the following cities	[]	[]
-4691281522201094775	Steward (office)	Steward ( office ) - wikipedia Steward ( office ) Jump to : navigation , search A steward is an official who is appointed by the legal ruling monarch to represent them in a country , and may have a mandate to govern it in their name ; in the latter case , synonymous with the position of regent , vicegerent , viceroy ( for Romance languages ) , governor , or deputy ( the Roman rector , praefectus or vicarius ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 British Isles 3 Low Countries 4 Northern Europe 4.1 Danish Statholder 4.2 Norwegian Statholder 5 Southern Europe 5.1 Ban of Croatia 5.2 Ban of Bosnia 6 Eastern Europe 7 Freemasonry 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) From Old English stíweard , stiȝweard , from stiȝ `` hall , household '' + weard `` warden , keeper '' ; corresponding to Dutch : stadhouder , German Statthalter `` place holder '' , a Germanic parallel to French lieutenant . The Old English term stíweard is attested from the 11th century . Its first element is most probably stiȝ - `` house , hall '' ( attested only in composition ; its cognate stiȝu is the ancestor of Modern English sty ) . Old French estuard and Old Norse stívarðr are adopted from the Old English . The German and Dutch term ( Middle High German stat - halter ) is a parallel but independent formation ( a calque of lieutenant ) corresponding to obsolete English stead holder ( stede haldare 1456 ; also stedys beryng ( 1460 ) , sted - haldande ( 1375 ) steadward , steadsman ) . In medieval times , the steward was initially a servant who supervised both the lord 's estate and his household . However over the course of the next century , other household posts arose and involved more responsibilities . This meant that in the 13th century , there were commonly two stewards in each house -- one who managed the gang estate and the other , the majordomo , to manage domestic routine . Stewards commonly earned up to 3 to 4 pounds per year . Stewards took care of their lord 's castles when they were away . Also , stewards checked on the taxes of the serfs on his lord 's manor . British isles ( edit ) Main article : Lord Steward The Lord High Steward of England held a position of power in the 12th to 14th centuries , and the Lord Steward is the first dignitary of the court . The Stewart family traces its appellation to the office of the High Steward of Scotland . Lord High Steward of Ireland is a hereditary office held since the 15th century . Low Countries ( edit ) Main article : Stadtholder In the Netherlands , it developed into a rare type of de facto hereditary head of state of the thus crowned Dutch Republic . Stadtholders were appointed by feudal lords to govern parts of their territory . Stadtholders could be appointed for the whole or parts of their territory by the local rulers of the independent provinces in the Low Countries , e.g. the Duke of Gelre appointed a stadtholder to represent him in Groningen . In the Low Countries ( which included present - day Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg ) from the Middle Ages to the 18th century , this was originally an essentially honorary title awarded by the Spanish Habsburg kings to major noblemen in each province . But its nature changed drastically . Northern europe ( edit ) Main article : Drots Danish Statholder ( edit ) In Denmark , a ministerial high office of royal governor in the capital , at Copenhagen Castle Norwegian Statholder ( edit ) In Norway the office of Statholder existed both during the Dano - Norwegian personal union from 1536 to 1814 and during the Swedish - Norwegian personal union from 1814 until it was abolished in 1905 . During the latter , the office was also known as Rigsstatholder , i.e. Lieutenant of the Realm . The Statholder governed Norway on behalf of the King . As Norway was a separate kingdom with its own laws and institutions , it was arguably the most influential office in both Denmark - Norway and in the Swedish - Norwegian realm second to that of the king . The office was sometimes held by the Crown Prince , who was styled as Viceroy . The term Statholder ( from German Statthalter ) means `` place holder '' , i.e. the one governing on behalf of the king . The modern Norwegian spelling is stattholder . Southern europe ( edit ) Ban of Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Ban of Croatia The Croatian office of the Ban was equivalent of a viceroy . Ban was appointed by the monarch ( King of Croats until 1102 , King of Hungary 1102 -- 1526 , Austrian ruler 1527 -- 1918 ) with a mandate to govern a part of country , or whole country , in the name of the King of Dalmatia , Croatia and Slavonia . Ban of Bosnia ( edit ) Main article : List of rulers of Bosnia Bosnia was a banate of the Kingdom of Hungary 1136 -- 1377 . During that period Bosnia was governed by an autonomous hereditary viceroy , called ban . The last of them , Tvrtko , became the first king of the Kingdom of Bosnia . Eastern europe ( edit ) Main article : Posadnik The Russian equivalent of `` stadtholder '' is posadnik ; the term sometimes occurs as `` stadtholder '' in English - language literature . Although there were such legendary posadniks as Gostomysl ( 9th century ) , the term first appeared in the Primary Chronicle under the year of 997 to denote the most senior official of an Eastern Slavic town . The earliest posadniks of the city of Novgorod ( Holmgard ) include a dynasty composed of Dobrynya , his son Konstantin Dobrynich and Ostromir . Freemasonry ( edit ) Freemasonry Stewards Jewel Masonic regalia : the Grand Stewards apron The office of Steward or Grand Steward is an elected office of merit in Freemasonry . The main duty of the Steward is to attend on visitors and to assist other Officers in their duties . The Grand Stewards may provide special assistance at Lodge Installations . The Stewards Jewel consists of a cornucopia with compasses above . See also ( edit ) Bailli Ban of Croatia Butler Castellan Chamberlain ( office ) Mayor of the Palace Seneschal Viceroy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.masons.org.au/index.php Jump up ^ http://www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com/lodge-officer-duties.html External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steward_(office)&oldid=803407843 '' Categories : Gubernatorial titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 10 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who managed the estate when the lord was away	[ "In medieval times, the steward was initially a servant who supervised both the lord's estate and his household. However over the course of the next century, other household posts arose and involved more responsibilities. This meant that in the 13th century, there were commonly two stewards in each house—one who managed the gang estate and the other, the majordomo, to manage domestic routine. Stewards commonly earned up to 3 to 4 pounds per year. Stewards took care of their lord's castles when they were away. Also, stewards checked on the taxes of the serfs on his lord's manor." ]	[ "the steward" ]
-4400336055693900925	Terminology of the British Isles	Terminology of the British Isles - wikipedia Terminology of the British Isles Jump to : navigation , search The British Isles An Euler diagram with an overview of the terminology Geographical feature Legal distinction The terminology of the British Isles refers to the various words and phrases that are used to describe the different ( and sometimes overlapping ) geographical and political areas of the islands of Great Britain , Ireland , and the smaller islands which surround them . The terminology is often a source of confusion , partly owing to the similarity between some of the actual words used , but also because they are often used loosely . In addition , many of the words carry both geographical and political connotations which are affected by the history of the islands . The purpose of this article is to explain the meanings of and relationships among the terms in use ; however many of these classifications are contentious and are the subject of disagreement ( See the British Isles naming dispute ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Visual guide 2 Terminology in detail 3 Geographical distinctions 3.1 The British Isles 3.1. 1 Great Britain 3.1. 2 Ireland 3.1. 3 Isle of Man 3.1. 4 Channel Islands 4 Political terms in more detail 4.1 The United Kingdom 4.2 Ireland 4.3 British Islands 5 Historical aspects 5.1 Romans 5.2 Mediaeval period 5.3 Renaissance mapmakers 5.4 18th and 19th centuries 5.5 Evolution of kingdoms and states 6 Adjectives 7 Problems with use of terms 7.1 British Isles 7.2 England 7.3 Europe 7.4 Great Britain 7.5 Ireland 7.6 Ulster 8 Further information 8.1 Isle of Man and Channel Islands 8.2 Celtic names 8.3 Terms for the British Isles in the Irish language 9 Slang 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Summary ( edit ) The use of terminology depends on context ; words and phrases can generally be grouped into four main areas : geographical , political , linguistic and sporting terms . In brief , the main terms and their simple explanations are as follows : Geographical terms : The British Isles is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Continental Europe . It includes Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , Shetland , Orkney , and thousands of smaller islands . Traditionally the Channel Islands are included , though these specific islands are geographically closer to mainland continental Europe , being positioned off the French coast of Normandy . This , in part , has resulted in the term being disputed . Great Britain is the largest island of the archipelago . Ireland is the second largest island of the archipelago and lies directly to the west of Great Britain . The island of Ireland itself has its own list of Irish Isles . The full list of islands of the British Isles includes over 6,000 islands , of which 51 have an area larger than 20 km ( 7.7 sq mi ) . Political terms : The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the constitutional monarchy occupying the island of Great Britain , the small nearby islands ( but not the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands ) , and the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland . Usually , it is shortened to United Kingdom or the UK , though Britain is also an officially recognised short form . `` Great Britain '' is sometimes used as a short form , and is the name used by the UK in some international organisations . The abbreviation GB is frequently used for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in international agreements , e.g. Universal Postal Union and Road Traffic Convention , as well as in the ISO 3166 country codes ( GB and GBR ) . `` England '' was also formerly used synecdochically to refer to the whole United Kingdom , but this usage became rare early in the 20th century . Ireland is the sovereign republic occupying the larger portion of the island of Ireland . However , to distinguish the state from the island , or to distinguish either of these from Northern Ireland , it is also called `` the Republic of Ireland '' or simply `` the Republic '' . Occasionally , its Irish - language name , Éire ( or Eire without the diacritic ) , will be used in an English - language context to distinguish it from `` Northern Ireland '' , even though the word Éire directly translates as `` Ireland '' . England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are the four countries of the United Kingdom , though they are also referred to , especially in sporting contexts , as the home nations of the United Kingdom . England and Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland are legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom . Great Britain means the countries of England , Wales and Scotland considered as a unit . British Islands consists of the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . These are the polities within the British Isles that have the British monarch as head of state . Linguistic terms : The two sovereign states in the region , the United Kingdom and Ireland , are frequently referred to as countries . So too are England , Wales , Scotland and , to a lesser extent , Northern Ireland ( as is the whole island of Ireland ) . British is an adjective pertaining to the United Kingdom ; for example , a citizen of the UK is called a British citizen -- but for citizenship purposes `` British '' includes the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . Anglo - is often used as an adjectival prefix referring to the United Kingdom ( notwithstanding that its original meaning is `` English '' ) particularly in the field of diplomatic relations . It can also refer to the English language , to anglophone peoples and can have a variety of other shades of meaning . Wales is sometimes called the Principality of Wales , although this has no modern constitutional basis . Northern Ireland is often referred to as a province or called Ulster , after the traditional Irish province of Ulster within which it is located . Sport Forms of national representation vary from sport to sport . England , Scotland and Wales often compete separately as nations . In some sports -- such as rugby and cricket -- the island of Ireland competes as a nation ; in others , most notably association football , Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland field separate teams . In these contexts England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland / Northern Ireland are sometimes described as the home nations . Rugby union players from both Ireland and Great Britain play for British and Irish Lions representing the four `` Home Unions '' of England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Great Britain is sometimes used to mean United Kingdom . For example , at the Olympic Games , the team called `` Great Britain '' represents Great Britain and Northern Ireland . However , athletes from Northern Ireland have , by virtue of their entitlement to dual nationality , the choice of participating in either the Great Britain team or the Republic of Ireland team . In the majority of individual sports ( e.g. tennis and athletics ) , at international level competitors are identified as GB if they are from Great Britain or Northern Ireland . A small number of sports ( e.g. golf , darts , snooker ) identify participants as representing their constituent country . In the Commonwealth Games , England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales each compete as separate nations , as do each of the three Crown Dependencies ( Ireland is not part of the Commonwealth and is not eligible to participate ) . Visual Guide ( edit ) Below is a visual reference guide to some of the main concepts and territories described in this article : The British Isles The British Islands The United Kingdom Great Britain ( island ) Ireland ( island ) England Scotland Wales Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland The Isle of Man The Channel Islands ( Jersey , Guernsey ) Terminology in detail ( edit ) Britain is a political and geographic term which can refer to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , or the island of Great Britain . Great Britain is the largest island in Europe and the political union of three nations , these being : England and Wales is a political and administrative term referring to the two home countries of England and Wales , which share the same legal system . Between 1746 and 1967 the term `` England '' did legally include Wales . England ( see also the historical Kingdom of England ) . Wales ( see also the historical Principality of Wales ) . Scotland ( see also the historical Kingdom of Scotland ) The historical Kingdom of Great Britain is Britain for the period 1707 -- 1801 . Britannia is the Roman province of Britain , or a poetic reference to later Britain , or a personification of Britain . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , usually shortened to the United Kingdom ( abbreviation UK ) , is the sovereign state comprising Great Britain plus Northern Ireland since 1927 . ( The Partition of Ireland took place in 1922 , but the consequent change in the official title of the UK was only made by Act of Parliament five years later . ) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is often shortened to Britain , even on official websites . A proposal to rename the political entity as the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ulster '' was formally recommended by civil servants to the Cabinet in 1949 but ultimately rejected . The historical United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was Great Britain plus Ireland , for the period 1801 to 1922 , although the name change after the secession of the Irish Free State only took place in 1927 . N.B. : While `` United Kingdom '' is normally abbreviated UK , the official ISO 3166 two - letter country code is GB and the three letter code is GBR ( Ukraine has the two letter code UA and the three letter code UKR ) . Due to a pre-existing convention originating in the UK 's JANET academic computer network , the UK 's Internet top - level domain is . uk , a break from the TCP / IP practice of following ISO 3166 ( a . gb domain has also been used to a limited extent in the past but is now defunct ) . GB is also used on car number plates to indicate the United Kingdom . Ireland ( in Irish , Éire ) refers , geographically , to the island of Ireland , or to any of the following : Historically : The Kingdom of Ireland was Ireland for the period 1541 -- 1801 . ( The King of Ireland remained Head of State in the Irish Free State and Ireland / Éire until the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 abolished that status ) . The Irish Republic , established by the Irish Declaration of Independence , was a 32 - county republic encompassing the entire island , during the period 1919 -- 22 -- though its de facto rule did not encompass all of the island . During this period , according to British law , Ireland remained part of the UK though its independence was recognised by Russia . Southern Ireland was a proposed Home Rule 26 - county state under the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . It never came into practical existence , being superseded by : The Irish Free State is Ireland excepting Northern Ireland during the period 1922 -- 37 . Present : Ireland ( in Irish , Éire ) is the political entity consisting of the island of Ireland excepting Northern Ireland , 1937 -- present . This is the name of the state according to the Irish Constitution and the United Nations . The Republic of Ireland is a commonly used description of Ireland excepting Northern Ireland , 1949 -- present . It is also the name used by the international Association Football team . The terms Irish Republic , Southern Ireland , the Irish Free State , the Free State , the 26 Counties and Éire ( in English - language texts ) have been used synonymously with the Republic of Ireland . Of these , Southern Ireland and Irish Free State , in particular , are seen as outdated . `` Eire '' ( spelt without the Irish fada ) was the British legal spelling from the Eire ( Confirmation of Agreements ) Act 1938 until the Ireland Act 1949 , and informally for some years after . Northern Ireland 1922 -- present . That part of the island of Ireland northeast of the line of partition of 1922 , and which is still part of the United Kingdom . Various alternative names have been used or proposed for Northern Ireland . It is sometimes referred to as `` the North of Ireland '' , `` the Six Counties '' or ( in extremist usage ) the `` occupied six counties '' , especially by Irish Nationalists . Ulster . The name of one of Ireland 's four traditional provinces . The area contains nine northern counties , six of which make up Northern Ireland , and three of which are part of the Republic of Ireland . It is also often used by Unionists to refer to the smaller Northern Ireland . Though Ulster has not been a political entity since the ancient Gaelic provincial kingdoms , it remains associated with a geographical area and is used in sporting and cultural contexts . See Ulster ( disambiguation ) . In sport In Gaelic games , no distinction is recognised between the GAA counties of the Republic and those of Northern Ireland . County teams play in their provincial championships ( where the six counties of Ulster within Northern Ireland and three within the Republic all play in the Ulster championship ) and the winners of these play in the All - Ireland championship . Even within Northern Ireland , a tricolour , the flag of the Republic of Ireland , is flown at all games . At bigger games , where an anthem is played , it is always the national anthem of the Republic . In the case of the International Rules series against Australia , an Irish national team is chosen from all 32 counties . In Association Football , the teams correspond to political entities : Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . In accordance with UEFA and FIFA 's rules , each of these countries has its own football league : the Irish League and the League of Ireland respectively . In rugby union , rugby league , field hockey , cricket , boxing , golf , athletics and others the Ireland team is drawn from the whole island ( i.e. both the Republic and Northern Ireland ) . Many sports organisations are subdivided along provincial lines e.g. Gaelic Athletic Association , golf . The British Isles is a term used to mean the island of Great Britain plus the island of Ireland and many smaller surrounding islands , including the Isle of Man and , in some contexts , the Channel Islands ( Guernsey and Jersey ) . See British Isles naming dispute for details of the conflict over use of this term . Great Britain and Ireland , or variants like `` Britain and Ireland '' or `` The UK and Ireland '' are sometimes used as alternatives to the term British Isles . Anglo - Celtic Isles is an alternative term ( in limited use ) for the geographic region comprising Britain & Ireland , more commonly referred to as the ' British Isles ' . ' Anglo - Celtic Islands ' is a derivative of this . It is intended as a geographic term free of any political implication and uses the macro-cultural grouping term Anglo - Celtic , referring to the peoples from which the majority of the island group 's population are descended -- the Anglo - Saxons and the Celts ( it can also be inclusive of the Anglo - Normans ) . Islands of the North Atlantic is another suggested replacement term for ' British Isles ' , without the same political connotations . However , its convolution and impracticality due to implying inclusion of fellow North Atlantic islands such as Iceland have made it unworkable and it has not come into common use . The term was used as part of the Strand 3 level of negotiations for the Belfast agreement . ( Its acronym , IONA , is also the name of the small but historically important island of Iona off the coast of Scotland . ) British Islands ( a legal term not in common usage ) is the UK , the Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands . Brittany , itself a corruption of ' Britain ' , and sometimes formerly known as ' Little Britain ' is a historical Duchy in the West of France , now a French region ; for this modern administrative sense , see Brittany ( administrative region ) . Geographical distinctions ( edit ) The British Isles ( edit ) The British Isles is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Continental Europe . It includes Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , Shetland , Orkney , and thousands of smaller islands . Traditionally the Channel Islands , are included , however these specific islands are geographically part of mainland continental Europe , as they are positioned off the French coast of Normandy . The term is disputed ( see British Isles naming dispute ) . Great Britain ( edit ) Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles . On Great Britain are located three constituent countries of the United Kingdom : Scotland in the north , England in the south and east and Wales in the west . There are also numerous smaller islands off its coast ( not coloured red on the attached map ) that are administered as part of England , Scotland and Wales . The inclusion of these smaller islands means political ' Great Britain ' covers a slightly larger area than the island of Great Britain . Ireland ( edit ) The second largest island in the group is Ireland . Most of the island is in the Republic of Ireland . The north east of the island ( Northern Ireland ) is part of the United Kingdom . There are also numerous smaller islands off the coast of Ireland . Isle of Man ( edit ) The Isle of Man lies between Great Britain and Ireland . It is governed as a British Crown dependency , having its own parliament , but with the United Kingdom responsible for its defence and external relations . Channel islands ( edit ) Although the Channel Islands are associated with the United Kingdom politically as Crown dependencies , they are geographically an outcrop of the nearby French mainland ( specifically , the Armorican massif ) , and historically they are the last remaining parts of the Duchy of Normandy , the Duke of Normandy being a title belonging to the British monarch . Political terms in more detail ( edit ) The United Kingdom ( edit ) A UK passport The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official full title of the state . This name appears on official documentation such as British passports . For convenience , the name is usually shortened to United Kingdom , UK or Britain . The United Kingdom is a sovereign state . Its four constituent countries are sometimes considered to be of different status . This view may be supported by the existence of devolved governments with different levels of power in Scotland , Northern Ireland and Wales ( see Asymmetrical federalism ) . Wales is also often erroneously described as a principality of the United Kingdom . The title of Prince of Wales is usually given to the heir apparent to the British throne but it has no political or other role in respect of Wales . The International Organization for Standardisation ( ISO ) has defined Wales as a `` country '' rather than a `` principality '' since 2011 , following a recommendation by the British Standards Institute and the Welsh Government . Northern Ireland is sometimes described by United Kingdom citizens as a province of the United Kingdom , which derives from the Irish province of Ulster , of which Northern Ireland is a part . Northern Ireland also had , until 1972 , a far greater degree of self - government than the other constituent parts of the UK . Great Britain is both a geographical and a political entity . Geographically , it is one island , but as a political entity it also includes the smaller offshore islands that are administered as part of its constituent nations -- England , Wales and Scotland -- such as England 's Isle of Wight , Wales ' Anglesey and Scotland 's Inner Hebrides , Outer Hebrides , Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands . The abbreviation GB is sometimes officially used for the United Kingdom , for example in the Olympics , or as the vehicle registration plate country identification code for UK - registered cars ( see also British car number plates ) . SCO in Scotland , CYM for Wales ( Cymru ) , NI for Northern Ireland , or ENG for England can also be used . The internet code . gb , although allocated to the UK , is virtually unused and UK web domains use . uk . The four constituent parts of the UK are also known , particularly in sporting contexts , as Home Nations or the `` Four Nations '' . The BBC refers to its UK - wide broadcasting operation as Nations and Regions ( `` regions '' referring to geographic regions of England . Thus the UK naming conventions tend towards describing distinct regions or nations which exist within a single sovereign state . In sport , the UK Nations mostly have their own separate national teams -- England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland , for example in football . Sporting contests between the Four Nations are known as `` Home internationals '' ( an example is the British Home Championship in football ) . The governing body for football in Northern Ireland is called the Irish Football Association ( the IFA ) , having been in existence since some forty years before Partition . Its counterpart in the Republic ( plus Derry City FC ) is the Football Association of Ireland ( the FAI ) . The Northern Ireland national team retained the name `` Ireland '' for some fifty years after partition . Since around 1970 the two teams have been consistently referred to as `` Northern Ireland '' and `` Republic of Ireland '' respectively . The UK competes as Great Britain at the Olympic Games . According to the Olympic Charter the Olympic Council of Ireland represents the entire island of Ireland . Olympic athletes from Northern Ireland may choose whether to represent the UK or the Republic of Ireland . Since the Good Friday Agreement and the subsequent implementation legislation , sporting organisation ( and several other organisations , e.g. tourism , Irish Gaelic and Ulster Scots language boards ) on the island of Ireland has increasingly been cross-border . Citizens of the UK are called British , Brits , Britons or Britisher ( archaic ) . The term Unionists may also be used , sometimes pejoratively , for example by supporters of Scottish independence when referring to supporters of the Union . Some older slang names for Britons are Tommy ( for British soldiers ) and Anglo . Anglo properly refers only to England , but it is sometimes used as a broader reference as an element in compound adjectives : for example , `` Anglo - French relations '' may be used in newspaper articles when referring to relations between the political entities France and the United Kingdom . Anglo - Saxon may be used ( particularly in Continental European languages ) when referring to the whole English - speaking world . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Names of the Irish state An Irish passport Since the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937 , Ireland has been the English name of the state which covers approximately five - sixths of the island of Ireland . The name Éire is used when writing in Irish . Since the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 , the term `` Republic of Ireland '' is the term used as the additional description of the state . This term is useful in avoiding ambiguity between the name of the island and the name of the state . However , the term `` Ireland '' is always used in formal diplomatic contexts such as the European Union or the United Nations . The passport of the Republic of Ireland bears the name Éire -- Ireland . Before the introduction of the 1937 constitution and the new name , the Irish Free State occupied the same territory as the modern state of Ireland . The Irish Free State became an autonomous dominion of the British Empire in 1922 when it seceded from the United Kingdom through the Anglo - Irish Treaty . The King ceased to be its Head of State in 1936 and the state ceased to be a Dominion and left the Commonwealth in 1948 . Traditionally , the island of Ireland is divided into four provinces -- Leinster , Connacht , Munster and Ulster , with each of the provinces further divided into counties . The Republic of Ireland takes up 83 % of the island , twenty - six of the thirty - two traditional counties of Ireland . Northern Ireland takes up the remaining area , six of the traditional nine counties of Ulster . On the island of Ireland the naming of places often raises political issues . The usage of `` Ireland '' as the official name of the state causes offence to some Unionists in Northern Ireland , who believe it implies that the state still has a territorial claim to the whole island -- the terminology of `` Republic of Ireland '' or `` Éire '' is much preferred by Northern Irish unionists when referring to that political state . Similarly , some Nationalists in Northern Ireland also prefer to reserve the usage of `` Ireland '' to refer to the whole island . In Northern Ireland , Irishness is a highly contested identity , with fundamentally different perceptions of national identity between unionists ( who generally perceive themselves as being British ) and nationalists ( who generally consider both communities to be part of the Irish nation ) . The Republic of Ireland is often referred to by the Nationalist and Republican communities by the term `` the Twenty - six Counties '' , with the connotation that the state constituted as such forms only a portion of the ideal political unit of the Irish Republic , which would consist of all of the thirty - two counties into which the island is divided . The term `` the Six Counties '' ( of Northern Ireland ) is also used . Other Nationalist terms in use include `` the North of Ireland '' and `` the North '' . These latter are terms also used by the Irish national broadcaster RTÉ . More extreme terms for Northern Ireland include `` the occupied six counties '' or `` occupied Ireland '' , which are often used by people who reject the idea of Northern Ireland as a separate entity from the Republic of Ireland . The Irish passport is available to Irish citizens and can also be applied for abroad through Irish Consular services and the local Irish Embassy . As per the Irish nationality law , any person born on the island of Ireland before 2005 , or otherwise a first generation descendant of such a person , is allowed to apply for an Irish passport . As such , people born in Northern Ireland and their children may be Irish citizens and hold an Irish passport if they choose . British islands ( edit ) A Jersey passport Under the Interpretation Act 1978 of the United Kingdom , the legal term British Islands ( as opposed to the geographical term British Isles ) refers to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , together with the Crown dependencies : the Bailiwicks of Jersey and of Guernsey ( which in turn includes the smaller islands of Alderney , Herm and Sark ) in the Channel Islands ; and the Isle of Man . Special British passports are issued to citizens of the Crown dependencies . On the front of passports issued to residents of the Crown dependencies , the words `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' are replaced with `` British Islands '' followed by the name of the issuing state or island . This design applies to Jersey passport , Guernsey passport and Isle of Man passport . Like UK passports , Crown dependency also bear the title `` European Union '' for customs purposes . However , Crown dependency citizens who have no family ties to the United Kingdom are granted a special limited `` Islander Status '' under EU law ( article 6 of Protocol 3 in the Treaty of Accession of the UK to the European Community ) . Historical aspects ( edit ) Further information : Britain ( name ) Some suggest an early known for the term might be from ancient Greek writings . Though some of the original texts have been lost , excerpts were quoted or paraphrased by later authors . Parts of the Massaliote Periplus , a merchants ' handbook describing searoutes of the sixth century BC , were used in translation in the writings of Avienus around AD 400 . Ireland was referred to as Ierne ( Insula sacra , the sacred island , as the Greeks interpreted it ) `` inhabited by the race of Hiberni '' ( gens hiernorum ) , and Britain as insula Albionum , `` island of the Albions '' . Several sources from around 150 BC to AD 70 include fragments of the travel writings of the ancient Greek Pytheas around 320 BC , use the terms Albion and Ierne and have been described as referring to the British Isles , including Ireland , as the Prettanic or Brettanic Islands ( Βρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι ) or as αἱ Βρεττανιαι , literally `` the Britains '' . Greek writers called the peoples of these islands the Πρεττανοί , later Bρεττανοί ( alternative spellings of this and of all relative words have a single tau or a double nu ) , a name that possibly corresponds to the Priteni . These names may have derived from a `` Celtic language '' term which may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls who may have used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands . The Romans called the inhabitants of Gaul ( modern France ) Galli or Celtae , the latter term deriving from the Greek name Κελτοί for a central European people . Antiquarians of the seventeenth century who found language connections developed the idea of a race of Celts inhabiting the islands , but this term was not used by the Greeks or Romans for the inhabitants of Britain or Ireland , nor is there any record of the inhabitants of the British Isles referring to themselves as such . Nevertheless , Roman administration later incorporated the province of Britannia into the praetorian prefecture of Gaul , in common with Hispania , which had Celtiberians . Armorica , where the Bretons would settle , was part of Gallia Celtica , so there were tertiary relations between the Britons and Gallic Celts at least . In addition , the Parisii of Gallia Celtica are thought to have founded Aldborough in Britain . Belgae and Silures also came from Gallic areas , although not strictly `` Celtic '' , but from Gallia Belgica and Aquitainia . Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain , Britain , and has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne . The latter referred to the early Brythonic speaking inhabitants of the Scottish highlands and the north of Scotland , who are known as the Cruithne in Scottish Gaelic , and who the Romans called Picts or Caledonians . Romans ( edit ) Roman Britain in 410 Caesar 's invasions of Britain brought descriptions of the peoples of what he called Britannia pars interior , `` inland Britain '' , in 55 BC . Throughout Book 4 of his Geography , Strabo is consistent in spelling the island Britain ( transliterated ) as Prettanikē ; he uses the terms Prettans or Brettans loosely to refer to the islands as a group -- a common generalisation used by classical geographers . For example , in Geography 2.1. 18 , ... οι νοτιώτατοι των Βρεττανών βορειότεροι τούτων εισίν ( `` ... the most southern of the Brettans are further north than this '' ) . He was writing around AD 10 , although the earliest surviving copy of his work dates from the 6th century . Pliny the Elder writing around AD 70 uses a Latin version of the same terminology in section 4.102 of his Naturalis Historia . He writes of Great Britain : Albion ipsi nomen fuit , cum Britanniae vocarentur omnes de quibus mox paulo dicemus . ( `` Albion was its own name , when all ( the islands ) were called the Britannias ; I will speak of them in a moment '' ) . In the following section , 4.103 , Pliny enumerates the islands he considers to make up the Britannias , listing Great Britain , Ireland , and many smaller islands . In his Geography written in the mid 2nd century and probably describing the position around AD 100 , Ptolemy includes both Great Britain ( Albion ) and Ireland ( Iwernia ) in the so called Bretanic island group . He entitles Book II , Chapter 1 of as Iwernia , Bretanic Island , and Chapter 2 as Alwion ( sic ) , Bretanic Island . The name Albion for Great Britain fell from favour , and the island was described in Greek as Πρεττανία or Βρεττανία , in Latin Britannia , an inhabitant as Βρεττανός , Britannus , with the adjective Βρεττανικός , Britannicus , equating to `` British '' . With the Roman conquest of Britain the name Britannia was used for the province of Roman Britain . The Emperor Claudius was honoured with the agnomen Britannicus as if he were the conqueror , and coins were struck from AD 46 inscribed DE BRITAN , DE BRITANN , DE BRITANNI , or DE BRITANNIS . With the visit of Hadrian in AD 121 coins introduced a female figure with the label BRITANNIA as a personification or goddess of the place . These and later Roman coins introduced the seated figure of Britannia which would be reintroduced in the 17th century . In the later years of Roman rule Britons who left Latin inscriptions , both at home and elsewhere in the Empire , often described themselves as Brittanus or Britto , and where describing their citizenship gave it as cives of a British tribe or of a patria ( homeland ) of Britannia , not Roma . From the 4th century , many Britons migrated from Roman Britain across the English Channel and founded Brittany . Mediaeval period ( edit ) Map of Britain with part of Ireland in 802 Hereford Mappa Mundi with the isles in the lower left hand corner . While Latin remained the language of learning , from the early mediaeval period records begin to appear in native languages . The earliest indigenous source to use a collective term for the archipelago is the Life of Saint Columba , a hagiography recording the missionary activities of the sixth century Irish monk Saint Columba among the peoples of what is now Scotland . It was written in the late seventh century by Adomnán of Iona , an Irish monk living on the Inner Hebridean island . The collective term for the archipelago used within this work is Oceani Insulae meaning `` Islands of the Ocean '' ( Book 2 , 46 in the Sharpe edition = Book 2 , 47 in Reeves edition ) , it is used sparingly and no Priteni - derived collective reference is made . Another early native source to use a collective term is the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum of Bede written in the early eighth century . The collective term for the archipelago used within this work is insularum meaning `` islands '' ( Book 1 , 8 ) and it too is used sparingly . He stated that Britain `` studies and confesses one and the same knowledge of the highest truth in the tongues of five nations , namely the Angles , the Britons , the Scots , the Picts , and the Latins '' , distinguishing between the Brythonic languages of the `` ancient Britons '' or Old Welsh speakers and other language groups . Brythonic , Saxon and Viking kingdoms such as Strathclyde , Wessex , and Jórvík amalgamated , leading to the formation of Scotland , and England . Wales was sometimes united under princes or kings such as Gruffydd ap Llywelyn . Between 854 and 1171 , a kingship of Ireland was established by kings of the regional kingdoms such as Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid , Toirdelbach Ua Briain , Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn , and Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , something not achieved in Britain until 1707 . In subsequent Norman Ireland , local lords gained considerable autonomy from the Lordship of Ireland until it became the Kingdom of Ireland under direct English rule . Renaissance mapmakers ( edit ) The 1654 Blaeu Atlas of Scotland , Insulae Albion Et Hibernia Abraham Ortelius makes clear his understanding that England , Scotland and Ireland were politically separate in 1570 by the full title of his map : Angliae , Scotiae et Hiberniae , sive Britannicar . insularum descriptio ( ' A representation of England , Scotland and Ireland , or the Britannic islands ' ) . George Lily 's 1546 map divides Britain into the two kingdoms of England and Scotland , with Ireland alongside . Some maps from this period also appear to mark Wales , and sometimes Cornwall , as separate areas within Britain , while the history of England created by Polydore Vergil for Henry VIII states , `` The whole country of Britain is divided into four parts , whereof the one is inhabited by Englishmen , the other of Scots , the third Welshmen and the fourth of Cornish people . '' Maps of the Mediaeval , Renaissance and later periods often referred to Albion . This archaic term was originally used by Ptolemy and Pliny to mean the island of Great Britain . In later centuries its meaning changed to refer only to the area we now call Scotland ( Albany , or Alba in Gaelic ) . Albion has survived as a poetic name for Britain but it is not in everyday use . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) A 1726 map showing `` The north part of Great Britain called Scotland '' Following the Acts of Union 1707 , a fashion arose , particularly in Scotland , for referring to Scotland and England as North Britain and South Britain respectively . These terms gained in popularity during the 19th century . The most lasting example of this usage was in the name of the North British Railway , which became part of the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 , and in the name of the North British Hotel , built by the railway in Edinburgh in 1902 , which retained the name until it reopened in 1991 as the Balmoral Hotel . Evolution of kingdoms and states ( edit ) A timeline of states in the British Isles . ( Ireland continues to exist , but the description `` Republic of Ireland '' is used as a disambiguator in this case ) . The diagram on the right gives an indication of the further evolution of kingdoms and states . In 1603 the Scottish King James VI inherited the English throne as `` James I of England '' . He styled himself as James I of Great Britain , although both states retained their sovereignty and independent parliaments , the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . ( The term `` Great Britain '' itself reportedly dates from as early as 1474 , and was in common usage from the mid-16th century onwards . ) The 1707 Act of Union united England and Scotland in the Kingdom of Great Britain under the Parliament of Great Britain , then in 1800 Ireland was brought under British government control by the Act of Union creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Irish unrest culminated in the Irish War of Independence and the 1922 separation of the Irish Free State , which later became a republic with the name Ireland . The majority Protestant northeast continued to be part of what became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . British overseas territories such as Bermuda , Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands have various relationships with the UK . The Commonwealth of Nations , initially formalised in 1931 ( the British Commonwealth until 1949 ) , is an association of independent states roughly corresponding to the former British Empire . ( This has no connection with the Commonwealth of England , a short - lived republic replacing the previous kingdoms during the English Interregnum ( 1649 -- 1660 ) . ) Adjectives ( edit ) The adjectives used to describe the contents and attributes of the various constituent parts of the British Isles also cause confusion . In the absence of a single adjective to refer to the United Kingdom , British is generally used to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole . However , in a specifically physical geographical sense , British is used to refer to the island of Great Britain . The adjectival phrase Great British is very rarely used to refer to Great Britain , other than to contrive a pun on the word great , as in `` Great British Food '' . Irish , refers to people or a characteristic `` of Ireland '' . As such , its meaning is contextual on the meaning of `` Ireland '' being used : it can relate both to the Irish state , and to the island of Ireland . Northern Ireland , as a constituent part of the United Kingdom , can thus be both British or Irish , reflected in the ability for residents of Northern Ireland to take either British or Irish citizenship . In order to be more specific , Northern Irish is therefore in common usage . Members of the Nationalist communities would not describe themselves as British and would only use the terms Irish , or specifically Northern Irish where needed . The term Ulster can also be used as an adjective ( e.g. `` Royal Ulster Constabulary '' ) , but this is more likely to be used by Unionists and has political connotations in the same fashion as its use as a proper noun ( because only six of the traditional nine counties of Ulster , namely Antrim , Armagh , Down , Fermanagh , Londonderry and Tyrone , are included in Northern Ireland with the remaining three counties Cavan , Donegal and Monaghan forming part of the Republic ) . The term Ulsterman ( or Ulsterwoman ) is common and holds no such political connotation . Likewise , Nationalists might describe , say , a lake in Northern Ireland as Irish . Note that the geographical term Irish Sea thus far appears to have escaped political connotations , even though territorial control of the waters of the Irish Sea is divided between both the Republic of Ireland and the UK , and also includes a British Crown dependency , the Isle of Man -- as yet there appears to be no controversy with the term 's usage to mirror that of `` British Isles '' . The `` Northern '' in `` Northern Ireland '' is not completely accurate . The most northerly point on the island , Malin Head , is in the Republic of Ireland -- in County Donegal 's Inishowen Peninsula . Problems with use of terms ( edit ) British Isles ( edit ) Main article : British Isles naming dispute The dictionary definition of British Isles is that it is a geographical term that refers to the whole of Ireland and Great Britain as well as the surrounding islands . It is sometimes incorrectly used as if identical to the UK ; or to refer to Great Britain and the surrounding islands , excluding the island of Ireland entirely . The BBC and The Times have style guides that mandate the dictionary definition but occasional misuse can be found on their web sites . The term British Isles can also be considered irritating or offensive by some on the grounds that the modern association of the term British with the United Kingdom makes its application to Ireland inappropriate . The term British Isles can also be considered to imply a proprietary title on the entire archipelago . The policy of the government of Ireland is that no branch of government should use the term , and although it is on occasion used in a geographical sense in Irish parliamentary debates , this is often done in a way that excludes the Republic of Ireland . In October 2006 , The Times quoted a spokesman for the Irish Embassy in London as saying that they would discourage its use . During a stop - over visit to the Republic of Ireland in 1989 , the leader of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev , indicated that he assumed Ireland 's head of state was Queen Elizabeth II , given that she was the British Queen and his officials said that Ireland was a part of the British Isles . In Northern Ireland , some nationalists reject the term and instead use these islands , these isles or `` Britain and Ireland '' as an alternative . There have been several suggestions for replacements for the term British Isles . Although there is no single accepted replacement , the terms Great Britain and Ireland , The British Isles and Ireland and Britain and Ireland are all used . England ( edit ) A still from the 1943 US propaganda film series Why We Fight , which suggests that the name `` England '' applies to the whole of Great Britain The word `` England '' is often used synecdochically to refer to Great Britain -- or the United Kingdom as a whole -- which often causes offence , particularly to those from the non-English parts of Britain . In a similar way , references to England as an island , to an `` English passport '' , or to Scottish or Welsh places as being in England are examples of this usage of the term `` England '' . Because of the offence likely to be taken by Scots , Welsh and Irish at this usage , most politicians and official figures have avoided this usage since the early 20th century . However , there are frequent examples of this usage from earlier times . For a long time it was common for fans of the England football team to wave the British Union Flag -- with the use of the specifically English St George 's Cross flag only gaining popularity at the Euro 96 tournament . The colloquial usage of `` England '' as a synonym for `` Britain '' is still widespread outside the UK . In Germany , the term `` England '' is often used to mean Great Britain or even the entire United Kingdom . In many other languages , such as Chinese , Japanese or Korean , the word for `` English '' is synonymous with `` British '' -- see the article on Alternative words for British for more detail . Europe ( edit ) The term `` Europe '' may be used in one of several different contexts by British and Irish people : either to refer to the whole of the European continent , to refer to only to Mainland Europe , sometimes called `` continental Europe '' or simply `` the Continent '' by some people in the archipelago . Europe may also be used in reference to the European Union ( or , historically , to the European Economic Community ) . A comedic treatment of the different uses of this word appears in an episode of the BBC sitcom To the Manor Born . When tradesmen are taking measurements in metric , and Audrey fforbes - Hamilton objects on the grounds that the house was built `` in feet and inches '' , a tradesman says `` We 're in Europe now '' , referring to the European Economic Community . Audrey fforbes - Hamilton retorts `` Well you may be , but I 'm staying here ! '' - implying that to her , the word `` Europe '' referred only to mainland Europe , excluding Britain and Ireland . Great Britain ( edit ) The word `` Great '' means `` larger '' , in comparison with Brittany in modern - day France . One historical term for the peninsula in France that largely corresponds to the modern French province is Lesser or Little Britain . That region was settled by many British immigrants during the period of Anglo - Saxon migration into Britain , and named `` Little Britain '' by them . The French term `` Bretagne '' now refers to the French `` Little Britain '' , not to the British `` Great Britain '' , which in French is called Grande - Bretagne . In classical times , the Graeco - Roman geographer Ptolemy in his Almagest also called the larger island megale Brettania ( great Britain ) . At that time , it was in contrast to the smaller island of Ireland , which he called mikra Brettania ( little Britain ) . In his later work Geography , Ptolemy refers to Great Britain as Albion and to Ireland as Iwernia . These `` new '' names were likely to have been the native names for the islands at the time . The earlier names , in contrast , were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made . Ireland ( edit ) The word Ireland has two meanings . It is the official name of the state that occupies five sixths of the island , formally named the Republic of Ireland . It is a geographical term for the whole island , which may be referred to as `` the island of Ireland '' to avoid ambiguity . Ulster ( edit ) The traditional province of Ulster on the island of Ireland , showing the modern - day border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland The terminology and usage of the name Ulster in Irish and British culture varies . Many within the unionist community and much of the UK press refer to Northern Ireland as Ulster -- whereas the nationalist community refer to the traditional Irish province of Ulster , which is a nine - county entity that incorporates the three counties of Donegal , Cavan and Monaghan ( which are in the Republic ) along with the counties of Armagh , Antrim , Down , Fermanagh , Londonderry and Tyrone in Northern Ireland . Thus , the word Ulster has two usages : It is the name of one of the four Provinces of Ireland , consisting of the nine northern counties of the island , that was partitioned between the United Kingdom ( six counties ) and the Republic of Ireland ( three counties ) . It is an alternative name for Northern Ireland , used by many in the Unionist community . It consists of the six north - eastern counties of the island that remain part of the United Kingdom . Further information ( edit ) Isle of Man and Channel islands ( edit ) The Isle of Man and the two bailiwicks of the Channel Islands are Crown dependencies ; that is , non-sovereign nations , self - governing but whose sovereignty is held by the British Crown . They control their own internal affairs , but not their defence or foreign relations . They are not part of the United Kingdom or part of the European Union . The Isle of Man is part of the British Isles , situated in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland . The Channel Islands consist politically of two self - governing bailiwicks : the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey . They are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy , which was once in personal union with the Kingdom of England . They are sometimes , despite their location next to mainland France , considered part of the British Isles . This usage is political rather than geographic . The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are British Islands in United Kingdom law . Celtic names ( edit ) There are five living Celtic languages in the region . Each has names for the islands and countries of the British Isles . They are divided into two branches : Brythonic -- which includes Welsh and Cornish Goidelic -- which includes Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Manx Some of the above are : English Cornwall Wales Ireland Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Mann England Cornish ( Kernewek ) Kernow Kembra Iwerdhon Iwerdhon Gledh Repoblek Iwerdhon Alban Manow Pow an Sawson Welsh ( Cymraeg ) Cernyw Cymru Iwerddon Gogledd Iwerddon Gweriniaeth Iwerddon Yr Alban Manaw Lloegr Irish ( Gaeilge ) an Chorn an Bhreatain Bheag Éire Tuaisceart Éireann Poblacht na hÉireann Albain Manainn Sasana Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig ) a ' Chòrn a ' Chuimrigh Èirinn Èirinn a Tuath Poblachd na h - Èireann Alba Manainn Sasann Manx ( Gaelg ) y Chorn Bretyn Nerin Nerin Hwoaie Pobblaght Nerin Nalbin Mannin Sostyn The English word Welsh is from a common Germanic root meaning `` Romanised foreigner '' ( cognate with Wallonia and Wallachia , and also cognate with the word used in Mediaeval German to refer to the French and Italians ) . The English names Albion and Albany are related to Alba and used poetically for either England or Scotland , or the whole island of Great Britain . English Erin is a poetic name for Ireland derived from Éire ( or rather , from its dative form Éirinn ) . Terms for the British Isles in the Irish language ( edit ) In Irish , the term Oileáin Bhriotanacha is a translation of the English term British Isles . Another translation is Oileáin Bhreataineacha , which was used in the 1937 translation from English to Irish of a 1931 geography book . Earlier dictionaries give Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa as the translation , literally meaning West European Isles . Today the most common term Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór is used , meaning literally as Ireland and Great Britain , as provided by terminological dictionaries . Slang ( edit ) Blighty is a slang word for Britain derived from the Hindustani word bilāyatī ( `` foreign '' ) . Depending on the user , it is meant either affectionately or archly . It was often used by British soldiers abroad in the First World War to refer to home . See also ( edit ) Administrative geography of the United Kingdom British -- Irish Council British and Irish Lions British Overseas Territories Glossary of names for the British References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan , Lew ; Colin , Hall ; Dallen , Timothy ( 2008 ) . World Geography of Travel and Tourism : A Regional Approach . Oxford : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 7978 - 7 . The British Isles comprise more than 6,000 islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe , including the countries of the United Kingdom of Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) and Northern Ireland , and the Republic of Ireland . The group also includes the United Kingdom crown dependencies of the Isle of Man , and by tradition , the Channel Islands ( the Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey ) , even though these islands are strictly speaking an archipelago immediately off the coast of Normandy ( France ) rather than part of the British Isles . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers -- Official Terms '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Dáil Éireann , Volume 606 , 28 September 2005 . In his response , the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs stated that `` The British Isles is not an officially recognised term in any legal or inter-governmental sense . It is without any official status . The Government , including the Department of Foreign Affairs , does not use this term . Our officials in the Embassy of Ireland , London , continue to monitor the media in Britain for any abuse of the official terms as set out in the Constitution of Ireland and in legislation . These include the name of the State , the President , Taoiseach and others . '' Jump up ^ `` Britain '' , Oxford English Dictionary : `` More fully Great Britain . The term Great Britain includes England , Scotland and Wales ; it does not include Northern Ireland . As a geographical and political term : ( the main island and smaller offshore islands making up ) England , Scotland , and Wales , sometimes with the Isle of Man '' Jump up ^ New Oxford American Dictionary : `` Britain : an island that consists of England , Wales , and Scotland . The name is broadly synonymous with Great Britain , but the longer form is more usual for the political unit . '' Jump up ^ `` Britain '' , Oxford English Dictionary ( Online Edition ) : `` Britain : 1a -- The proper name of the whole island containing England , Wales , and Scotland , with their dependencies ; more fully called Great Britain ; now also used for the British state or empire as a whole . '' Jump up ^ There are no official definitions , but Scotland has over 790 offshore islands -- see Haswell - Smith , Hamish ( 2004 ) . The Scottish Islands . Edinburgh : Canongate . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 454 - 3 . plus numerous freshwater islands so a complete list of the British Isles would probably have between 1,000 and 2,000 entries . Jump up ^ `` About BOA '' . British Olympic Authority . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Though the statute law applicable in Wales has diverged further from that applicable in England since devolution from the UK government to the National Assembly for Wales , `` England and Wales '' remains a single jurisdiction . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Britain '' , New Oxford American Dictionary : `` Great Britain : England , Wales , and Scotland considered as a unit . The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . '' Jump up ^ `` Countries within a country '' . Number-10.gov.uk. 2003 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ World and Its Peoples , Terrytown ( NY ) : Marshall Cavendish Corporation , 2010 , p. 111 , In most sports , except soccer , Northern Ireland participates with the Republic of Ireland in a combined All - Ireland team . Jump up ^ British Olympic Association , Team GB retrieved 2 Jan. 2011 ^ Jump up to : ' Irish and GB in Olympic row ' BBC Sport 27 January , 2004 retrieved 1 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` the term ' Britain ' is used informally to mean the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- quote from British Government website Jump up ^ `` UK Government 's `` Guide to Government '' `` . Direct.gov.uk . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Office for National Statistics '' . Statistics.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ British Archives , Catalogue Reference : CAB / 129 / 32 ( Memorandum by PM Attlee to Cabinet appending Working Party Report ) ; Quoted at length on the Alternative names for Northern Ireland page . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Mail address changes '' On the transition form big - endian to little - endian notation ( Dept of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Leeds Jump up ^ `` Wales FAQ Page '' . Wales.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` International body grants Wales country status after principality error '' , WalesOnline , 1 August 2011 , retrieved 4 May 2016 Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Flag day for patriotic drivers '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ BBC Press Office . `` BBC Nations & Regions '' . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2004 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Irish and GB in Olympic Row '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ CAIN : Democratic Dialogue : With all due respect -- pluralism and parity of esteem ( Report No. 7 ) by Tom Hennessey and Robin Wilson , Democratic Dialogue ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` What is Islander status ? '' . States of Guernsey. 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jersey , States of . `` Islander status and your right to live and work in Europe '' . www.gov.je . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) . The Britons . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22260 - X . Jump up ^ `` Entry for Albion a 1911 Encyclopedia '' . Historymedren.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Greek `` ... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο , Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι , Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη , ... '' , transliteration `` ... en toutoi ge men nesoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo , Brettanikai legomenai , Albion kai Ierne , ... '' , Aristotle or Pseudo-Aristotle . `` On the Cosmos , 393b12 '' . On Sophistical Refutations . On Coming - to - be and Passing Away . On the Cosmos . E.S. Forster ( translator ) , D.J. Furley ( translator ) . William Heinemann , Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Donnchadh O Corrain ( 2001 ) . Chapter 1 : Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland . The Oxford History of Ireland . RF Foster ( editor ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280202 - X . Jump up ^ `` The earliest Celts in Europe '' . WalesPast . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Translation by Roseman , op. cit . Jump up ^ Greek text Ptolemy 's Geography , Books I - IV , pg 59 Jump up ^ `` Britannia on British Coins '' . 24carat.co.uk . Jump up ^ General survey of Lothian Archived 2006 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Map Collectors ' Series , Issue 9 , Map Collectors ' Circle , 1972 . Jump up ^ Thomas Kingston Derry , Michael G. Blakeway , J. Murray , The making of pre-industrial Britain : life and work between the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution , 1969 . Jump up ^ Philip Payton , The Making of Modern Cornwall : Historical Experience and the Persistence of `` Difference '' , Dyllansow Truran , 1992 . Jump up ^ Royal Styles and Titles in England and Great Britain , heraldica.org Jump up ^ `` British '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Irish '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British - Irish Agreement '' . British - Irish . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) Website on Megalithic Monuments in the British Isles and Ireland . Ireland in this site includes Fermanagh , which is politically in Northern Ireland . '' Jump up ^ `` The website uses the term `` British Isles '' in various ways , including ways that use Ireland as all of Ireland , while simultaneously using the term `` The British Isles and Ireland '' , e.g. `` Anyone using GENUKI should remember that its name is somewhat misleading -- the website actually covers the British Isles and Ireland , rather than just the United Kingdom , and therefore includes information about the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man , as well as England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland . '' Jump up ^ `` ( 2 ) Guide to Narrow Gauge rail in the British Isles and Ireland which includes Belfast lines under the section on Ireland . '' Jump up ^ British Weather ( Part One ) This BBC article referred to `` a small country such as the British Isles '' between at least April 2004 and January 2007 ( checked using the Wayback Machine at https://web.archive.org . Last accessed and checked 01 / 01 / 07 . It was changed in February 2007 and now reads ' a small area such as the British Isles ' Jump up ^ For example , see Google searches of the BBC website . Jump up ^ Marsh , David ( 2010 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Snooker and the geography of the British Isles '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Trevor Montague ( 2009 ) . A to Z of Britain and Ireland ( A to Z series ) . Little , Brown Book Group . p. introduction . ISBN 1 - 84744 - 087 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers -- Official Terms '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Dáil Éireann -- Volume 606 -- 28 September 2005 . In his response , the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs added that `` Our officials in the Embassy of Ireland , London , continue to monitor the media in Britain for any abuse of the official terms as set out in the Constitution of Ireland and in legislation . These include the name of the State , the President , Taoiseach and others . '' Jump up ^ `` New atlas lets Ireland slip shackles of Britain '' A spokesman for the Irish Embassy in London said : `` The British Isles has a dated ring to it , as if we are still part of the Empire . We are independent , we are not part of Britain , not even in geographical terms . We would discourage its useage . ( sic ) '' Jump up ^ Eamon Delaney , 2001 , An Accidental Diplomat : My Years in the Irish Foreign Service , New Island Books , Dublin , ISBN 1 - 902602 - 39 - 0 Jump up ^ Guelke , Adrian ( 2001 ) . `` Northern Ireland and Island Status '' . In John McGarry ed . Northern Ireland and the Divided World : The Northern Ireland Conflict and the Good Friday Agreement in Comparative Perspective . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 231 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` When people say England , they sometimes mean Great Britain , sometimes the United Kingdom , sometimes the British Isles -- but never England . '' -- George Mikes ( 1946 ) , How To Be An Alien , Penguin ISBN 0 - 582 - 41686 - 8 Jump up ^ `` In practice , many people outside of Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland incorrectly use ' England ' to mean Britain ... '' p. 208 -- Jean Rose Freedman ( 1998 ) , Whistling in the Dark : Memory and Culture in Wartime London , University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2076 - 4 Jump up ^ Charlotte Augusta Sneyd ( 1500 ) . A Relation or rather a True Account of the Island of England . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News ( 1999 - 01 - 14 ) . `` The English : Europe 's lost tribe '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Learn English in Edinburgh , England '' . ESL Language Studies . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ England expects that every man will do his duty -- Horatio Nelson , message to the British Fleet 1805 Jump up ^ `` The English Prime Minister . Mr. Disraeli 's Elevation To The Peerage '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1876 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The more formal use of ' Great - Britain and Ireland ' and colloquial use of ' Old England ' and ' old English spirit ' in this description is evidence of the process of forging a national identity ... '' page 99 -- Margarette Lincoln ( 1946 ) , Representing the Royal Navy : British Sea Power , 1750 -- 1815 , Ashgate Publishing ISBN 0 - 7546 - 0830 - 1 Jump up ^ Claudius Ptolemy ( 1898 ) . `` Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων : κβ ' , κε ' '' . In Heiberg , J.L. Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia ( PDF ) . vol. 1 Syntaxis Mathematica . Leipzig : in aedibus B.G. Teubneri . pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Philip Freeman , Ireland and the Classical World , University of Texas Press , 2001 Jump up ^ `` A Glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict '' . CAIN Web service . Ulster University . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Davies , John ( 1994 ) . A History of Wales . London : Penguin . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 014581 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tír - Eóluíocht na h - Éireann ( translation by Toirdhealbhach Ó Raithbheartaigh of Macmillan 's General and Regional Geography of Ireland by T.J. Dunne ) , Government Publications Office , Dublin Tá Éire ar cheann de na h - oileáin a dtugar na h - Oileáin Bhreataineacha ortha agus atá ar an taobh Thiar - Thuaidh de'n Eóraip . Tá siad tuairim a 's ar chúig mhíle oileán ar fad ann . ( Oileánradh an t - ainm a bheirtear ar áit ar bith i n-a bhfuil a lán oileán agus iad i n - aice a chéile mar seo . ) Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór ( Sasain , an Bhreatain Bheag , agus Alba ) an dá oileán is mó de na h - Oileáin Bhreataineacha . Ireland is one of the islands which are called the British Isles and which are on the North - Western side of Europe . It is thought that there are five thousand islands in total there . ( Archipelago is the name which is borne by a place in which there are many islands next to each other like these . ) Ireland and Great Britain ( England , Wales , and Scotland ) are the two largest islands of the British Isles . Jump up ^ Patrick S. Dinneen , Foclóir Gaeilge Béarla , Irish - English Dictionary , Dublin , 1927 Jump up ^ `` the British Isles '' . téarma.ie -- Dictionary of Irish Terms . Foras na Gaeilge and Dublin City University . Retrieved 18 Nov 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Difference between the United Kingdom , Great Britain and England Explained on YouTube United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do you say great britain in french	[ "The word \"Great\" means \"larger\", in comparison with Brittany in modern-day France. One historical term for the peninsula in France that largely corresponds to the modern French province is Lesser or Little Britain. That region was settled by many British immigrants during the period of Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain, and named \"Little Britain\" by them. The French term \"Bretagne\" now refers to the French \"Little Britain\", not to the British \"Great Britain\", which in French is called Grande-Bretagne. In classical times, the Graeco-Roman geographer Ptolemy in his Almagest also called the larger island megale Brettania (great Britain). At that time, it was in contrast to the smaller island of Ireland, which he called mikra Brettania (little Britain).[62] In his later work Geography, Ptolemy refers to Great Britain as Albion and to Ireland as Iwernia. These \"new\" names were likely to have been the native names for the islands at the time. The earlier names, in contrast, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made.[63]" ]	[ "Grande-Bretagne" ]
4101308445261248431	The Partridge Family	The Partridge Family - wikipedia The Partridge Family Jump to : navigation , search The Partridge Family Genre Musical sitcom Created by Bernard Slade Starring Shirley Jones David Cassidy Danny Bonaduce Susan Dey Suzanne Crough Jeremy Gelbwaks Dave Madden Brian Forster Theme music composer Diane Hilderbrand Danny Janssen Wes Farrell Opening theme `` When We 're Singin ' '' ( 1970 -- 71 ) `` C'mon , Get Happy '' ( 1971 -- 74 ) Composer ( s ) George Duning Benny Golson Warren Barker Hugo Montenegro Shorty Rogers Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 96 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Claver Producer ( s ) William Bickley Paul Junger Witt Dale McRaven Larry Rosen Mel Swope Cinematography Fred Jackman , Jr . Irving Lippman Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Screen Gems Television ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Distributor Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 84 ; 1989 -- 96 ) DFS Program Exchange ( 1984 -- 87 ) The Program Exchange ( 1987 -- 89 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release September 25 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 25 ) -- March 23 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 23 ) Chronology Related shows Getting Together Goober and the Ghost Chasers Partridge Family 2200 A.D. The Partridge Family is an American musical - sitcom starring Shirley Jones and featuring David Cassidy . Jones played a widowed mother , and Cassidy played the oldest of her five children who embarked on a music career . It ran from September 25 , 1970 , until March 23 , 1974 , on the ABC network as part of a Friday - night lineup , and had subsequent runs in syndication . The family was loosely based on the real - life musical family The Cowsills , a popular band in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Notable guest stars 4 Episodes 5 Production 5.1 Music 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Syndication 7 Reception 7.1 Awards and nominations 8 Media 8.1 Discography 8.2 Danny Bonaduce album 8.3 Animated spin - off 8.4 Board game 8.5 Comic books 8.6 Reunion special 8.7 Reunion on Danny ! 8.8 The New Partridge Family 8.9 DVD releases 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Premise ( edit ) The Partridge Family , season 1 . L-R : Shirley Jones , Jeremy Gelbwaks , Suzanne Crough , Susan Dey , Danny Bonaduce and David Cassidy In the pilot episode , a group of musical siblings in the fictitious city of San Pueblo , California ( said to be `` 40 miles from Napa County '' in episode 24 , A Partridge By Any Other Name ) convinces their widowed mother , bank teller Shirley Partridge , to help them out by singing as they record a pop song in their garage . Through the efforts of precocious 10 - year - old Danny they find a manager , Reuben Kincaid , who helps make the song a Top 40 hit . After more persuading , Shirley agrees that the family can go on tour . They acquire an old school bus , a 1957 Chevrolet Series 6800 Superior , for touring , paint it with Mondrian - inspired patterns , and head to Las Vegas , Nevada for their first live gig at Caesars Palace . Subsequent episodes usually feature the band performing in various venues or in their garage . The shows often contrast suburban life with the adventures of a show - business family on the road . After the first season , more of the show 's action takes place in their hometown than on tour . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Created for television by Bernard Slade , the series ' executive producer was Bob Claver . The show was inspired by and loosely based on The Cowsills , a family pop music group that was famous in the late 1960s . In the show 's early development , the Cowsill children were considered by the producers , but because the Cowsills were not trained actors and were too old for the roles as scripted , Slade and Claver abandoned that idea . Shirley Jones had already been signed as mother Shirley Partridge and star of the show . The pilot was filmed in December 1969 . This unaired pilot differs from the pilot broadcast in 1970 . In the unaired pilot , Shirley 's name is `` Connie '' and she has a boyfriend played by Jones ' real - life husband at the time , Jack Cassidy , father of David Cassidy . Laurie mentions her late father once getting drunk at a Christmas party , and the family has a different address and live in Ohio . The unaired pilot is unavailable on home video . The show proved popular , but the fame took its toll on several , if not most , of the starring cast , particularly David Cassidy . In the midst of his rise to fame , Cassidy soon felt stifled by the show and trapped by the mass hysteria surrounding his every move . In May 1972 , he appeared nude on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in a cropped Annie Leibovitz photo . He used the article to get away from his squeaky clean image . Among other things , the article mentions Cassidy was riding around New York in the back of a car `` stoned and drunk . '' Shortly after the series ended , scriptwriter Roberta Tatum launched a lawsuit against Screen Gems concerning the creation of the show . Tatum claimed that she had submitted a similar premise to Screen Gems prior to 1970 called Baker 's Half - Dozen . The matter was resolved out of court , with Tatum receiving a reported $150,000 from Screen Gems . The Partridge Family , season 1 Cast and characters ( edit ) Shirley Jones as Shirley Partridge : vocals , keyboard , tambourine , percussion David Cassidy as Keith Partridge : lead vocals , rhythm guitar , electric lead guitar , banjo Susan Dey as Laurie Partridge : vocals , harmony , piano , Hammond organ , percussion Danny Bonaduce as Danny Partridge : vocals , bass guitar Jeremy Gelbwaks as Chris Partridge ( season 1 ) : vocals , drums Brian Forster as Chris Partridge ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) : vocals , drums Suzanne Crough as Tracy Partridge : tambourine , percussion Dave Madden as Reuben Kincaid : band manager Ricky Segall as Ricky Stevens ( season 4 ) : singer Simone , the family 's pet dog ( season 1 only ) On the show 's soundtrack and records , none of the actors actually played the indicated instruments , and only Jones and primarily Cassidy sang . The actors pretended while listening to recordings by session musicians who provided the real vocal and instrumental music attributed to The Partridge Family . Notable guest stars ( edit ) During its four - season run , many actors made guest appearances on the show . Some of them were well known at the time , such as Morey Amsterdam , John Astin , Carl Ballantine , John Banner , Edgar Buchanan , George Chakiris , Dick Clark ( who later hosted The Other Half from 2001 to 2003 with Danny Bonaduce ) , Jackie Coogan , Howard Cosell , Jodie Foster , Bernard Fox , Ned Glass , James Gregory , Margaret Hamilton , Pat Harrington Jr. , Arte Johnson , Harvey Lembeck , Art Metrano , Mary Ann Mobley , Harry Morgan , Slim Pickens , Richard Pryor , Barbara Rhoades , William Schallert , Nita Talbot , Larry Wilcox , Dick Wilson , and William Windom . Others would later become famous in other roles , such as Meredith Baxter , Richard Bull , Bert Convy , Farrah Fawcett , Norman Fell , Anthony Geary , Louis Gossett Jr. , Harold Gould , Jackie Earle Haley , Mark Hamill , Season Hubley , Ann Jillian , Gordon Jump , Cheryl Ladd , Michael Lembeck , William Lucking , Stuart Margolin , Richard Mulligan , Michael Ontkean , Noam Pitlik , Annette O'Toole , Charlotte Rae , Rob Reiner , Jack Riley , Jaclyn Smith , Vic Tayback , Nancy Walker , and Frank Welker . The Partridge Family , season 3 Country singer Johnny Cash made an uncredited cameo appearance in the pilot episode . Ray Bolger played Shirley 's father in three episodes , and Rosemary DeCamp played Shirley 's mother in four episodes . Then - Governor Ronald Reagan 's daughter , Maureen Reagan , was also featured in one episode . Future Charlie 's Angels stars Jaclyn Smith , Farrah Fawcett and Cheryl Ladd all made guest appearances on separate episodes . Bobby Sherman appeared in the last episode of the first season ( Episode 25 ) as struggling songwriter Bobby Conway . This episode led into a short - lived spinoff series on ABC , Getting Together , starring Sherman and Wes Stern as Bobby Conway 's business partner Lionel Poindexter . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Partridge Family episodes Shirley Jones and Ricky Segall , season 4 Production ( edit ) At the end of the first season , Jeremy Gelbwaks ' family moved out of the Los Angeles area , and the part of Chris was recast with actor Brian Forster . According to David Cassidy , Gelbwaks `` had a personality conflict with every person in the cast and the producers '' and especially did not get along with Cassidy or Bonaduce . A dog named Simone was featured in the first season , but it was phased out during the second season . At the beginning of the fourth season , a four - year - old neighbor , Ricky Stevens ( Ricky Segall ) , was featured and would sing a children 's song during each episode , but the character was dropped mid-season . Music ( edit ) Music recorded for the pilot episode was produced by Monkees ' producer Shorty Rogers . Songs for the ongoing series were recorded by music producer Wes Farrell . The Partridge Family songs heard in the show , and on the several Partridge Family singles and albums , were not performed as seen on - screen . Actor David Cassidy sang lead on most of the records , and actor Shirley Jones can be heard on a few . But the other voices and all the instruments were recorded by session musicians . The Partridge Family 's instrumental sound was provided by musicians informally known as The Wrecking Crew , who did many of the pop hits of the day attributed to other performers . The actors pretended to play their instruments . None of the actors sang background ; they lip - synched to recorded singing by The Love Generation , AKA The Ron Hicklin Singers , composed of brothers John and Tom Bahler , Jackie Ward ( who as Robin Ward had a # 14 hit `` Wonderful Summer '' on Dot Records in 1963 ) , and Ron Hicklin . Actor David Cassidy was originally to lip sync with the rest of the cast , but convinced Farrell that he could sing and was allowed to join the studio ensemble as the lead singer . He and his step - mother , Shirley , are the only two show actors allowed to sing for recording . The Partridge Family theme song , produced by Rogers , was shown over opening credits . More than one song was used as the theme song . Season 1 episodes feature the song `` When We 're Singin ' '' , which was replaced in subsequent seasons with `` C'mon Get Happy '' . `` Five of us , and Mom working all day , we knew we could help her if our music would pay , Danny got Reuben to sell our song , and it really came together when Mom sang along ... '' ( from `` When We 're Singin ' '' ) Later , under Farrell 's direction , the new version had new lyrics sung to the `` When We 're Singin ' '' tune . With the new chorus finalized , `` C'mon Get Happy '' showcased the new verse : `` We had a dream , we 'd go travelin ' together , We 'd spread a little lovin ' then we 'd keep movin ' on . Somethin ' always happens whenever we 're together We get a happy feelin ' when we 're singing a song ... '' ( from `` C'Mon Get Happy '' ) Broadcast History ( edit ) For its final season , ABC moved the show from its 8 : 30 pm Friday night slot ( where it rated first in its timeslot ) to Saturday at 8 : 00 pm ( opposite CBS ' top - rated All in the Family , with which it could not compete successfully ) . After the show 's popularity began to decline in the US , it began to increase in the UK . This new popularity in the UK gave them five UK Top 20 Hits , some of which were less popular in the States . After 96 episodes and eight Partridge Family albums , ABC canceled the show . Ratings ( edit ) ( Households with TV : 62,100,000 ) 1970 -- 1971 : No. 26 The Partridge Family ABC Estimated Audience 11,899,800 1971 -- 1972 : No. 16 The Partridge Family ABC Estimated Audience 14,034,600 1972 -- 1973 : No. 19 The Partridge Family ABC Estimated Audience 13,348,800 1973 -- 1974 : No. 78 Syndication ( edit ) Nickelodeon featured a run of The Partridge Family from 1993 to 1994 as part of its Nick at Nite lineup . The network used interviews and commercials featuring cast members , and created a new version of the bus for promotion . The show also aired at various times on Fox Family , Ion Television , and Hallmark Channel . As of January 2011 , it airs on Antenna TV . FeTV also started airing The Partridge Family in December 2017 . The cast was reunited in 1977 on the special Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family and My Three Sons . Reunited again in the 1990s on The Arsenio Hall Show and The Danny Bonaduce Show and were featured on E ! True Hollywood Story , Biography and VH1 's Behind the Music . When the digital subchannel Antenna TV premiered in January 2011 , The Partridge Family became one of its offerings through the network 's distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Television ( parent company and successor of series producer Screen Gems ) . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result 1971 Grammy Awards Best New Artist Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best TV Show -- Musical / Comedy Nominated 1972 Best TV Show -- Musical / Comedy Nominated 2003 TV Land Awards Quintessential Non-Traditional Family Nominated Hippest Fashion Plate -- Male to David Cassidy Won Favorite Teen Dream -- Female to Susan Dey Won Irreplaceable Replacement for Brian Forster replacing Jeremy Gelbwaks Nominated 2006 Favorite Singing Siblings Nominated The Most Irreplaceable Replacement for Brian Forster replacing Jeremy Gelbwaks Nominated 2007 Most Beautiful Braces -- Susan Dey Nominated Media ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Partridge Family discography The Partridge Family was produced for ABC by Screen Gems . The company promoted the show by releasing a series of albums featuring the family band , though David Cassidy and Shirley Jones , who sang background , were the only cast members who were actually featured on the recordings . As the show and other associated merchandising soared , David Cassidy became a teen idol . The producers signed Cassidy as a solo act as well . Cassidy began touring with his own group of musicians , performing Partridge songs as well as hits from his own albums , to thousands of screaming teenagers in major stadiums across the USA , UK , Europe , Japan and Australia . The Partridge Family 's biggest hit came in 1970 with the song `` I Think I Love You '' , written by Tony Romeo ( who had previously written several of the Cowsills ' hits ) , peaked at Number 1 on the Billboard charts in December of that year . It sold over five million copies , outselling the Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' , was awarded a gold disc , and made the group the third fictional artist to have a No. 1 hit ( after The Chipmunks and The Archies ) . The song 's companion LP , The Partridge Family Album , reached Number 4 in the Billboard 200 . It was also awarded a gold disc by the RIAA in December 1970 , having sold over 500,000 copies . A string of hit Partridge singles followed : `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' , `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' , `` I Woke Up In Love This Morning '' , `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' , `` Am I Losing You '' , `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' , `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' , and `` A Friend and a Lover '' . These singles were showcased on million - selling albums including Up To Date , Sound Magazine , Shopping Bag , Notebook , Crossword Puzzle , and Bulletin Board . Their holiday album A Partridge Family Christmas Card was the No. 1 selling Christmas record of 1971 . Record sales success was replicated internationally , with both The Partridge Family ( group ) and David Cassidy ( solo ) achieving huge hits in Canada , Great Britain , Europe , Japan , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . In all , The Partridge Family released 89 songs on 9 albums between 1970 and 1973 . Danny Bonaduce album ( edit ) Though Danny Bonaduce was not part of the session band , he also got a recording contract , and released a self - titled album in 1972 , Danny Bonaduce . Though Bonaduce was credited as lead singer on all songs , he insists that he had a weak voice and that Bruce Roberts provided most of the vocals on the album . The first track , `` I 'll Be Your Magician '' , in which the 13 - year - old Bonaduce seduces a woman into having sexual intercourse with him , has developed a cult following for its campy entertainment value . The original , watered - down , version was recorded with Cassidy for the Sound Magazine album , but was discarded and never released . In fall 2010 , Cassidy dared Bonaduce to learn how to play the bass guitar lines on the songs the Partridge Family performed . Bonaduce learned the bass guitar line for `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' , stating that although he had no ability to read music , the song was relatively easy to learn ; Cassidy and Bonaduce subsequently performed together on rare occasions . Animated spin - off ( edit ) The Partridges had a brief resurgence in animated form which saw the family propelled into the future . The animated Partridges first appeared when the kids did a series of guest spots on Goober and the Ghost Chasers . That idea evolved into a CBS Saturday morning Hanna - Barbera - produced cartoon in 1974 , Partridge Family 2200 A.D. ( also called The Partridge Family in Outer Space when rerun later as part of Fred Flintstone and Friends ) . Shirley Jones and David Cassidy did not voice their animated and Susan Dey and Dave Madden had very limited involvement with this cartoon . Board game ( edit ) Released in 1971 by Milton Bradley , The Partridge Family Game offers a glimpse of what life on the road was like for one of TV 's favorite fictional pop bands . The back of the box explains , `` As on TV , many happenings occur to the Partridge family , this game describes one of them . They have finished playing at a local arena and must hurry to their BUS to get traveling again . On the way , they may have some delays . '' The object of the game is to be the first player to get back to the tour bus . Comic books ( edit ) Charlton Comics produced a comic book featuring The Partridge Family between March 1971 and December 1973 . It features stories about the characters , song lyrics and features about David Cassidy . The drawings were provided by Don Sherwood . Reunion special ( edit ) Three years after the show 's cancellation , Shirley Jones and other cast members gathered with cast members of My Three Sons for the ABC special Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family and My Three Sons , that aired on November 25 , 1977 . The show featured the casts discussing the histories of their shows , although other than Jones and Fred MacMurray both portraying single parents of large families , the two series had no narrative link . Reunion on Danny ! ( edit ) In 1995 , a majority of the cast appeared on Bonaduce 's talk show Danny ! , including Shirley Jones , Dave Madden , Jeremy Gelbwaks , Brian Forster , Suzanne Crough , Ricky Segall and the show 's executive producer Bob Claver . Susan Dey was working on a movie at the time but called into the show to briefly reminisce with Bonaduce . David Cassidy was also unable to appear as he was working on a new album at that time . The new Partridge Family ( edit ) In 2004 , VH1 produced a pilot for a syndicated The New Partridge Family , starring Suzanne Sole as Shirley , Leland Grant as Keith , Emma Stone as Laurie and Spencer Tuskowski as Danny . The pilot was the only episode produced . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all 4 Seasons of The Partridge Family in DVD Region 1 . Seasons 1 and 2 have been released in Regions 2 and 4 . On October 15 , 2013 , Sony released The Partridge Family -- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . The 12 - disc set features all 96 episodes of the series as well as bonus features . The Screen Gems closing logo was removed from episodes for the first three seasons on DVD . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including The Partridge Family . They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on June 24 , 2014 . On September 22 , 2015 , Mill Creek re-released Partridge Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 with the original Screen Gems logo reinstated at the end of the credits . No U.S. DVD releases contain the epilogue to episode # 25 ( which does appear on Region 2 & 4 releases ) , nor the unaired 1969 pilot , nor any episodes of the spin - off series Getting Together . DVD name Ep . # Release date The Complete 1st Season 25 May 3 , 2005 June 24 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete 2nd Season 24 November 8 , 2005 June 24 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete 3rd Season 25 October 14 , 2008 The Complete 4th Season 22 February 3 , 2009 The Complete Series 96 October 15 , 2013 September 22 , 2015 ( re-release ) See also ( edit ) United States portal Television portal 1970s portal Come On Get Happy : The Partridge Family Story Ron Hicklin Singers The Cowsills The Love Generation The Brady Bunch Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . CmonGetHappy.com . ^ Jump up to : Cassidy , David ; Deffaa , Chip ( 1994 ) . C'mon , Get Happy : Fear and Loathing on the Partridge Family Bus . DBC Enterprises , Warner Books Inc . ISBN 9780446395311 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Bob Claver , part 2 '' . CmonGetHappy.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family -- The Pilot '' . David Cassidy : Official Website . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Robin ( May 11 , 1972 ) . `` Naked Lunch Box '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Appelton , Jerry ( April 21 , 1978 ) . `` TVQ '' . The Toronto Star . p . D3 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Ward '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Partridge Family Antenna TV -- Antenna TV '' . AntennaTV.tv . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Antenna TV 's Fall Schedule '' . Dtvusaforum.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pavan ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Antenna TV Fall 2011 Schedule ; OWN and TLC Acquires Undercover Boss Repeats for Fall 2012 '' . sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Antenna TV : Classic Television and Movies on KTLA 's Antenna TV 5.2 '' . KTLA.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elite of the Record Industry Await the Grammy Awards '' . The Palm Beach Post-Times . March 14 , 1971 . p . B16 . ^ Jump up to : Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` TSORT Song Artist 592 -- The Partridge Family '' . TSORT.info . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TSORT Album Artist 994 -- The Partridge Family '' . TSORT.info . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 179 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Parry , Wayne ( April 10 , 2011 ) . David Cassidy , Danny Bonaduce play Partridge song . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` The Partridge Family Game '' . ToyTales.ca . Jump up ^ Shirley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Can Rock & Roll Save the World ? : An Illustrated History of Music and Comics . SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 88 - 89 . ISBN 0946719802 . Jump up ^ `` Partridge Family ( 1971 ) comic books '' . MyComicShop.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Don Sherwood : ( 2 September 1930 -- 6 March 2010 , USA ) '' . Lambiek Encyclopedia . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family DVD news : Announcement for The Partridge Family -- The Complete Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2013 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Site News DVD news : Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low - Cost DVD Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family DVD news : Release Date for The Partridge Family -- Seasons 1 & 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2014 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Partridge Family DVD news : Announcement for The Partridge Family -- The Complete Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2015 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . References ( edit ) `` The Partridge Family Album '' by Joey Green , 1994 HarperCollins Publisher Sonypictures.com Vhi.com External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Partridge Family Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Partridge Family . The Partridge Family on IMDb The Partridge Family at TV.com Unofficial fan site Whatever happened to the Partridge Family ? ( hide ) The Partridge Family David Cassidy Shirley Jones Danny Bonaduce Susan Dey Jeremy Gelbwaks Brian Forster Suzanne Crough Dave Madden Studio albums The Partridge Family Album Up to Date Sound Magazine A Partridge Family Christmas Card Shopping Bag The Partridge Family Notebook Crossword Puzzle Bulletin Board Other albums At Home with Their Greatest Hits The World of the Partridge Family Greatest Hits The Definitive Collection Come On Get Happy ! : The Very Best of The Partridge Family Singles `` I Think I Love You '' `` Does n't Somebody Want to Be Wanted '' `` I 'll Meet You Halfway '' `` I Woke Up in Love This Morning '' `` It 's One of Those Nights ( Yes Love ) '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` Looking Through the Eyes of Love '' Related articles List of The Partridge Family episodes The Partridge Family discography David Cassidy discography Wes Farrell Goober and the Ghost Chasers Partridge Family 2200 A.D. MusicBrainz : 3376b487 - 95b4 - 42e6 - b7f4 - 71cffffcad97 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Partridge_Family&oldid=821613653 '' Categories : The Partridge Family 1970 American television series debuts 1974 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1970s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Bell Records artists English - language television programs Fictional families Fictional musical groups Musical television series Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in California Television series about families Television programs adapted into comics Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 15 : 38 . 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-3302956139314172080	Manchester United F.C. in European football	Manchester United F.C. in European Football - wikipedia Manchester United F.C. in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Manchester United in European football Club Manchester United First entry 1956 -- 57 European Cup Latest entry 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League Titles Champions League 3 ( show ) 1968 1999 2008 Europa League 1 ( show ) 2017 Cup Winners ' Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Super Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Intercontinental Cup 1 ( show ) 1999 FIFA Club World Cup 1 ( show ) 2008 Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester . They were the first English club to enter European competition , entering the European Cup in 1956 . Since then , the club has competed in every UEFA - organised competition , with the exception of the now - defunct Intertoto Cup . The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup ( now known as the UEFA Champions League ) ; they have won three European Cups , the first of which came in 1968 ; this win made them the first English club to win the European Cup . The other two victories came in 1999 and 2008 . The club has also won the Cup Winners ' Cup , which they won in 1991 ; the Super Cup , also won in 1991 ; the Intercontinental Cup , which they won in 1999 ; and the Europa League , which they won in 2017 . After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008 , Manchester United also competed as UEFA 's representatives at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup . They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage , but went on to win the 2008 competition , becoming the first English side to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Munich 1.3 Return to Europe 1.4 Back in the European Cup 1.5 First European title 1.6 European comeback 1.7 Since 1990 2 Matches 3 Overall record 3.1 By competition 3.2 By country 3.3 By club 4 Honours 4.1 European 4.2 Worldwide 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Following their league title win the previous season , Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956 -- 57 . 1954 -- 55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League 's chairman Alan Hardaker , who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game . However , Matt Busby , the manager of Manchester United , was a forward - thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage . With the backing of The Football Association 's chairman , Stanley Rous ( who would later go on to become the president of FIFA ) , Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956 -- 57 European Cup . The club 's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels ; Manchester United won the match 2 -- 0 in front of 35,000 spectators . The return leg was played at Maine Road , the home of Manchester United 's local rivals Manchester City , as United 's stadium , Old Trafford , had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games . The match finished as a 10 -- 0 win for Manchester United , a result that still stands as the club 's record win in all competitions . A long run in the European Cup followed , including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid . The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , where they were defeated 3 -- 1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators . However , they were only able to draw 2 -- 2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford , and the club 's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles . Munich ( edit ) Main article : Munich air disaster United won the league title again that season , and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year . After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9 -- 2 on aggregate in the preliminary round , United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round . After the second leg in Prague , the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day , but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester . This long - winded journey took its toll on the players , who were only able to manage a 1 -- 1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later . Eager to avoid such a scenario again , the club 's management chartered a plane for the quarter - final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade . Following a 2 -- 1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford , a 3 -- 3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals . On the return flight to Manchester , British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow - covered Munich for refuelling . Once the refuelling was complete , the pilot was given clearance to take off , only to be halted by a fault with the plane 's engine . A second attempt was made a few seconds later , but the same fault kept the plane grounded . Half an hour later , after inspection by the airport 's engineers , the plane was given clearance for another take - off attempt . The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly , but this meant that the take - off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway . Once the plane reached 117 knots -- the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take - off -- the pilot would have expected the plane 's velocity to continue to increase ; however , there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway . It skidded off the end of the runway , through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house . The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly , and another two died in hospital a few days later . Eight of those who died were Manchester United players , among them Duncan Edwards , Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor , while club secretary Walter Crickmer , trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed . Matt Busby was also severely injured , but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital . With eight of the club 's first team having been killed in the accident , and several more still recuperating , a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan . A 2 -- 1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final , but a 4 -- 0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams . In honour of those who died , UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup , drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round , but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster . Return to Europe ( edit ) Victory in the 1962 -- 63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five - year absence for the 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup . After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions , England 's Tottenham Hotspur , United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter - finals . A 4 -- 1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals ; however , the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date , losing 5 -- 0 on the night and 6 -- 4 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the league in 1963 -- 64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964 -- 65 . They reached the semi-finals , knocking out Djurgården , Borussia Dortmund , Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2 -- 1 to Ferencváros in a play - off after a 3 -- 3 aggregate draw over two legs . Back in the European Cup ( edit ) The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average . After seeing off Finland 's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds , Manchester United were drawn against four - time finalists , two - time winners and the previous season 's runners - up , Benfica . Benfica 's most famous player , the Portuguese international Eusébio , had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites . Despite this tag , United ran out 3 -- 2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford , before beating the Lisbon side 5 -- 1 back at the Estádio da Luz , in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best 's career . The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan , a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich . Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before , and although he played in the first leg against Partizan , he was not fully fit and United struggled , losing 2 -- 0 at the JNA Stadium . A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford , but it was not enough and Matt Busby , believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over , considered retirement ; however , he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe 's biggest prize . First European title ( edit ) Manchester United won the 1966 -- 67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare ; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967 -- 68 . After overcoming the Maltese champions , Hibernians , in the first round , United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia , this time to take on FK Sarajevo . The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg , and they were held to a 0 -- 0 draw in a very physical match . The second leg was equally robust , but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best . Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter - finals , where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze . United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2 -- 0 ; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1 -- 0 up after an hour , and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute . The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight , and they were able to come away with a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg , but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid . United 's 1 -- 0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3 -- 3 draw at the Bernabéu , setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium . Best was again on the scoresheet , along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday , as United beat the Portuguese champions 4 -- 1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy . United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968 -- 69 season , but lost to Milan . They would not compete in Europe for another seven years . European comeback ( edit ) Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968 -- 69 season , United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974 . Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty , who had taken over in December 1972 , and in that first season back in the top flight , United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup . Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top - five finishes , they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983 -- 84 season , when they qualified for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson . The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era , containing star players including Ray Wilkins , Bryan Robson , Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside . United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter - finals of the 1983 -- 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , winning the second leg 3 -- 0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2 -- 0 in Spain in the first leg , made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona 's team contained Diego Maradona , rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time . United reached the quarter - finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984 -- 85 , but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade ; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final , in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990 . This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1985 , and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988 . During this exile from Europe , United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager , and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later . Since 1990 ( edit ) Manchester United won a treble in 1999 : the Premier League , Champions League and FA Cup ( left to right ) ; the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup . When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990 -- 91 season , United were England 's representatives in the European Cup Winners ' Cup , as FA Cup winners , and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition , with a 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona ( by now without Maradona ) in the final , in which Mark Hughes scored twice . Their defence of the trophy in the 1991 -- 92 season was short - lived , ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round , and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup . League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup ( now branded the Champions League ) for the first time in 25 years , but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era , they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996 -- 97 season , when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund . This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition , 40 years after first competing on the continent , losing 1 -- 0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage . They finally ended a 31 - year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage - time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2 -- 1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona . In 2003 -- 04 , United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League , ending a seven - year run of quarter - final appearances in the competitions , which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals . After three short - lived Champions League campaigns , United made an impact on the competition in the 2006 -- 07 season . After going down 2 -- 1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter - final first leg , they triumphed 7 -- 1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years . They took a 3 -- 2 lead against Milan in the first leg , only for their hopes of an all - English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3 -- 0 second leg defeat . A year later , however , they won the trophy for the third time , beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1 -- 1 draw in the first all - English European Cup final . Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years , but lost to Barcelona on both occasions ; first in the 2009 final in Rome , and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London . After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013 -- 14 under David Moyes , United missed out on European football in 2014 -- 15 for the first time in 25 years , but returned to European action the following season after Moyes ' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play - off round . It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005 -- 06 competition . Matches ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1956 -- 57 European Cup Preliminary round Anderlecht 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 10 -- 0 ( H ) First round Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 5 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1957 -- 58 European Cup Preliminary round Shamrock Rovers 6 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) First round Dukla Prague 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Red Star Belgrade 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1958 -- 59 European Cup Preliminary round Young Boys Withdrew 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup Preliminary round Willem II 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Sporting CP 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 5 ( A ) 1964 -- 65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Djurgården 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Borussia Dortmund 6 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Everton 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Strasbourg 5 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Ferencváros 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1965 -- 66 European Cup Preliminary round HJK Helsinki 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Vorwärts Berlin 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Benfica 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Partizan Belgrade 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1967 -- 68 European Cup First round Hibernians 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round FK Sarajevo 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Górnik Zabrze 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Final Benfica 4 -- 1 ( N ) 1968 Intercontinental Cup Final Estudiantes 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1968 -- 69 European Cup First round Waterford 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Anderlecht 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Quarter - final Rapid Vienna 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1976 -- 77 UEFA Cup First round Ajax 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 1977 -- 78 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Saint - Étienne 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Porto 0 -- 4 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup First round Widzew Łódź 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup First round Valencia 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1983 -- 84 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Dukla Prague 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round Spartak Varna 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1984 -- 85 UEFA Cup First round Rába ETO Győr 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Dundee United 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Videoton 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 1985 -- 86 Cup Winners ' Cup Banned 1986 -- 87 UEFA Cup 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup 1990 -- 91 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Pécsi Munkás 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Wrexham 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Montpellier 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Legia Warsaw 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1991 Super Cup Final Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1991 -- 92 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Athinaikos 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup First round Torpedo Moscow 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1993 -- 94 Champions League First round Kispest Honvéd 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Galatasaray 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1994 -- 95 Champions League Group A IFK Göteborg 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Galatasaray 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup First round Rotor Volgograd 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1996 -- 97 Champions League Group C Juventus 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Rapid Vienna 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Fenerbahçe 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Borussia Dortmund 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1997 -- 98 Champions League Group B Košice 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Feyenoord 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final AS Monaco 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1998 -- 99 Champions League Second qualifying round ŁKS Łódź 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Barcelona 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Brøndby 6 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Final Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Super Cup Final Lazio 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Intercontinental Cup Final Palmeiras 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2000 Club World Championship Group B Necaxa 1 -- 1 ( N ) Vasco da Gama 1 -- 3 ( N ) South Melbourne 2 -- 0 ( N ) 1999 -- 2000 Champions League First group round Group D Croatia Zagreb 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Marseille 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second group round Group B Fiorentina 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Valencia 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Bordeaux 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) 2000 -- 01 Champions League First group round Group G Anderlecht 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Second group round Group A Panathinaikos 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Valencia 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2001 -- 02 Champions League First group round Group G Lille 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Deportivo 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) Olympiacos 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Second group round Group A Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Boavista 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Nantes 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2002 -- 03 Champions League Third qualifying round Zalaegerszeg 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) First group round Group F Maccabi Haifa 5 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Olympiacos 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Second group round Group D Basel 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Juventus 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 4 -- 3 ( H ) 2003 -- 04 Champions League Group E Panathinaikos 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Stuttgart 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Rangers 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Porto 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2004 -- 05 Champions League Third qualifying round Dinamo București 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Group D Lyon 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Fenerbahçe 6 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Sparta Prague 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Milan 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2005 -- 06 Champions League Third qualifying round Debrecen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Benfica 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Lille 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2006 -- 07 Champions League Group F Celtic 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Benfica 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Copenhagen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Lille 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Milan 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 2007 -- 08 Champions League Group F Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Roma 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 4 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Lyon 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( N ) 2008 Super Cup Final Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2008 Club World Cup Semi-final Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 ( N ) Final LDU Quito 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2008 -- 09 Champions League Group E Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Aalborg 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Celtic 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Internazionale 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Arsenal 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( N ) 2009 -- 10 Champions League Group B Beşiktaş 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 3 ( H ) Round of 16 Milan 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) 2010 -- 11 Champions League Group C Rangers 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Valencia 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Bursaspor 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Marseille 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Chelsea 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Schalke 04 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 1 -- 3 ( N ) 2011 -- 12 Champions League Group C Benfica 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Basel 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Oțelul Galați 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) 2011 -- 12 Europa League Round of 32 Ajax 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) Round of 16 Athletic Bilbao 2 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2012 -- 13 Champions League Group H Galatasaray 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) CFR Cluj 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Braga 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2013 -- 14 Champions League Group A Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 0 ( A ) Shakhtar Donetsk 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Real Sociedad 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Olympiacos 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) 2015 -- 16 Champions League Play - off round Club Brugge 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Group B PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2015 -- 16 Europa League Round of 32 Midtjylland 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Liverpool 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2016 -- 17 Europa League Group A Fenerbahçe 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Feyenoord 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Zorya Luhansk 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 32 Saint - Étienne 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Rostov 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Anderlecht 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Celta Vigo 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Ajax 2 -- 0 ( N ) 2017 Super Cup Final Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2017 -- 18 Champions League Group A Basel 3 -- 0 ( H ) CSKA Moscow 4 -- 1 ( A ) Benfica 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Overall record ( edit ) By competition ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Competition Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Champions League / European Cup 7002265000000000000 ♠ 265 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7002493000000000000 ♠ 493 7002249000000000000 ♠ 249 + 244 07001562300000099999 ♠ 56.23 Cup Winners ' Cup 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 + 20 07001516100000000000 ♠ 51.61 Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 + 39 07001444400000000000 ♠ 44.44 Super Cup 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 − 2 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 Intertoto Cup 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 0 ! -- Intercontinental Cup 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 0 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Club World Cup 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 3 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Total 7002362000000000000 ♠ 362 7002194000000000000 ♠ 194 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7002649000000000000 ♠ 649 7002345000000000000 ♠ 345 + 304 07001535900000000000 ♠ 53.59 By country ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Argentina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Australia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Austria 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 16 07001875000000000000 ♠ 87.50 Belgium 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 23 07001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Brazil 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 − 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Bulgaria 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Croatia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 5 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Denmark 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 17 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 East Germany 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ecuador 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 1 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 England 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 5 07001545500000000000 ♠ 54.55 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 France 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 25 07001535700000000000 ♠ 53.57 Germany / West Germany 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 + 24 07001483900000000000 ♠ 48.39 Greece 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 21 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Hungary 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 17 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Ireland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 15 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 + 9 07001485700000000000 ♠ 48.57 Japan 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Malta 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Mexico 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 0 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Netherlands 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 15 07001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 Poland 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 5 07001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 Portugal 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 + 26 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Romania 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 8 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Russia 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 5 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Scotland 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 9 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Serbia 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 1 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Slovakia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Spain 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 − 8 07001260000000000000 ♠ 26.00 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Switzerland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 4 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Turkey 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 12 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 11 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Wales 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 5 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 By club ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Opponent Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference Aalborg 0 5 + 3 Ajax 5 0 7 + 4 Anderlecht 8 5 25 8 + 17 Arsenal 0 0 + 3 Athinaikos 0 0 + 2 Athletic Bilbao 0 9 10 − 1 Atlético Madrid 0 − 3 Barcelona 11 15 20 − 5 Basel 5 11 7 + 4 Bayer Leverkusen 6 0 16 6 + 10 Bayern Munich 11 5 13 16 − 3 Benfica 11 8 25 11 + 14 Beşiktaş 0 0 Boavista 0 0 6 0 + 6 Bordeaux 0 0 0 + 3 Borussia Dortmund 6 13 5 + 8 Braga 0 0 6 + 3 Brøndby 0 0 11 + 9 Budapest Honvéd 0 0 5 + 2 Bursaspor 0 0 0 + 4 Celta Vigo 0 + 1 Celtic 7 + 3 CFR Cluj 0 0 Chelsea 0 + 2 Club Brugge 0 0 7 + 6 Copenhagen 0 + 2 CSKA Moscow 5 0 10 5 + 5 Debrecen 0 0 6 0 + 6 Deportivo La Coruña 6 0 10 9 + 1 Dinamo București 0 0 5 + 4 Dinamo Zagreb 0 + 1 Djurgården 0 7 + 6 Dukla Prague 6 + 2 Dundee United 0 5 + 1 Dynamo Kyiv 0 9 + 7 Estudiantes 0 − 1 Everton 0 7 + 6 Fenerbahçe 6 0 13 9 + 4 Ferencváros 0 5 − 1 Feyenoord 0 9 + 6 Fiorentina 0 0 Galatasaray 6 8 + 4 Gamba Osaka 0 0 5 + 2 Górnik Zabrze 0 + 1 Göteborg 0 5 5 0 Győri ETO 0 5 + 3 HJK Helsinki 0 0 9 + 7 Hibernians 0 0 + 4 Internazionale 0 5 + 4 Juventus 12 5 5 15 15 0 Košice 0 0 6 0 + 6 Lazio 0 0 0 − 1 L.D.U. Quito 0 0 0 + 1 Legia Warsaw 0 + 2 Lille 6 + 2 Liverpool 0 − 2 ŁKS Łódź 0 0 + 2 Lyon 0 6 + 2 Maccabi Haifa 0 5 5 0 Marseille + 1 Midtjylland 0 6 + 3 Milan 10 5 0 5 13 16 − 3 AS Monaco 0 0 0 Montpellier 0 + 2 Nantes 0 6 + 4 Necaxa 0 0 0 Olympiacos 6 5 0 15 + 11 Oțelul Galați 0 0 0 + 4 Palmeiras 0 0 0 + 1 Panathinaikos 0 10 + 8 Partizan 0 − 1 Pécsi MFC 0 0 0 + 3 Porto 8 14 11 + 3 PSV Eindhoven 6 6 6 0 Rangers 0 5 0 + 5 Rapid Wien 0 7 0 + 7 Real Madrid 11 5 17 22 − 5 Real Sociedad 0 0 + 1 Red Star Belgrade 0 6 + 2 Roma 6 13 + 9 Rostov 0 + 1 Rotor Volgograd 0 0 0 Saint - Étienne 0 7 + 6 FK Sarajevo 0 + 1 Schalke 04 0 0 6 + 5 Shakhtar Donetsk 0 + 1 Shamrock Rovers 0 0 9 + 7 South Melbourne 0 0 0 + 2 Sparta Prague 0 + 3 Spartak Varna 0 0 + 3 Sporting CP 0 7 7 0 Strasbourg 0 5 0 + 5 Sturm Graz 0 0 10 + 9 Stuttgart 0 + 1 Torpedo Moscow 0 0 0 0 0 Tottenham Hotspur 0 + 1 Valencia 8 5 7 + 3 Vasco da Gama 0 0 − 2 Videoton 0 0 Villarreal 0 0 0 0 0 Vorwärts Berlin 0 0 5 + 4 Waterford 0 0 10 + 8 Widzew Łódź 0 0 0 Willem II 0 7 + 6 Wolfsburg 0 9 6 + 3 Wrexham 0 0 5 0 + 5 Zalaegerszeg 0 5 + 4 Zenit Saint Petersburg 0 0 − 1 Zorya Luhansk 0 0 0 + 3 Honours ( edit ) European ( edit ) European Cup / UEFA Champions League : 3 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 1 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup : 1 1991 Worldwide ( edit ) Intercontinental Cup : 1 1999 FIFA Club World Cup : 1 2008 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manchester United score comes first Jump up ^ Home game played at Home Park , Plymouth ^ Jump up to : Lost on away goals Jump up ^ Won on away goals Jump up ^ Lost 5 -- 4 on penalties Jump up ^ Lost 4 -- 3 on penalties Jump up ^ Won 6 -- 5 on penalties ^ Jump up to : Win % is rounded to two decimal places References ( edit ) Jump up ^ May , John ( 25 November 2005 ) . `` The best of Best '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Best : The Times obituary '' . Times Online . Times Newspapers. 25 November 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Bostock , A. ; Shaw , M. ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` George Best 's finest hour '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` European triumphs : 1991 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 31 October 1996 ) . `` United 's record ended by Bolic '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United crowned kings of Europe '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 - 1 Porto '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 9 March 2004 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 April 2007 ) . `` Roma 2 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 10 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 7 - 1 Roma ( agg 8 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 - 2 AC Milan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` AC Milan 3 - 0 Man Utd ( Agg : 5 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona 2 - 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 May 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 3 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United manager sacked by club '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United could face Monaco in Champions League '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Rob ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` Manchester United to face Champions League play - off '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup / Champions League '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Fairs Cup / Europa League / UEFA Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Super Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Inter-Continental Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Club World Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Won , Drawn , Lost '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Argentina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Australia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Austria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Belgium '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Brazil '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bulgaria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Croatia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Czech Republic '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Denmark '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ecuador '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from England '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Finland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from France '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Monaco '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Germany '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Greece '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Hungary '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ireland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Israel '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Italy '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Japan '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Malta '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Mexico '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from the Netherlands '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Poland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Portugal '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Romania '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Russia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Scotland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Serbia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Slovakia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Spain '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Sweden '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Switzerland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Turkey '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ukraine '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Wales '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) StretfordEnd.co.uk Manchester United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News United We Stand Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station The Class of ' 92 Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC English football clubs in international competitions Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool London XI Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_United_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=808147767 '' Categories : Manchester United F.C. English football clubs in European football Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی Nederlands Polski Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 04 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time man u was in the champions league	[ "\n\nSeason\nCompetition\nRound\nOpposition\nScore[nb 1]\n\n\n1956–57\nEuropean Cup\nPreliminary round\n Anderlecht\n2–0 (A), 10–0 (H)\n\n\nFirst round\n Borussia Dortmund\n3–2 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Athletic Bilbao\n3–5 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Real Madrid\n1–3 (A), 2–2 (H)\n\n\n1957–58\nEuropean Cup\nPreliminary round\n Shamrock Rovers\n6–0 (A), 3–2 (H)\n\n\nFirst round\n Dukla Prague\n3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Red Star Belgrade\n2–1 (H), 3–3 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Milan\n2–1 (H), 0–4 (A)\n\n\n1958–59\nEuropean Cup\nPreliminary round\n Young Boys\nWithdrew\n\n\n1963–64\nCup Winners' Cup\nPreliminary round\n Willem II\n1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)\n\n\nFirst round\n Tottenham Hotspur\n0–2 (A), 4–1 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Sporting CP\n4–1 (H), 0–5 (A)\n\n\n1964–65\nInter-Cities Fairs Cup\nFirst round\n Djurgården\n1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)\n\n\nSecond round\n Borussia Dortmund\n6–1 (A), 4–0 (H)\n\n\nThird round\n Everton\n1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Strasbourg\n5–0 (A), 0–0 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Ferencváros\n3–2 (H), 0–1 (A), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n1965–66\nEuropean Cup\nPreliminary round\n HJK Helsinki\n3–2 (A), 6–0 (H)\n\n\nFirst round\n Vorwärts Berlin\n2–0 (A), 3–1 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Benfica\n3–2 (H), 5–1 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Partizan Belgrade\n0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\n1967–68\nEuropean Cup\nFirst round\n Hibernians\n4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\nSecond round\n FK Sarajevo\n0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Górnik Zabrze\n2–0 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Real Madrid\n1–0 (H), 3–3 (A)\n\n\nFinal\n Benfica\n4–1 (N)\n\n\n1968\nIntercontinental Cup\nFinal\n Estudiantes\n0–1 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\n1968–69\nEuropean Cup\nFirst round\n Waterford\n3–1 (A), 7–1 (H)\n\n\nSecond round\n Anderlecht\n3–0 (H), 1–3 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Rapid Vienna\n3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Milan\n0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\n1976–77\nUEFA Cup\nFirst round\n Ajax\n0–1 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n\nSecond round\n Juventus\n1–0 (H), 0–3 (A)\n\n\n1977–78\nCup Winners' Cup\nFirst round\n Saint-Étienne\n1–1 (A), 2–0 (H)[nb 2]\n\n\nSecond round\n Porto\n0–4 (A), 5–2 (H)\n\n\n1980–81\nUEFA Cup\nFirst round\n Widzew Łódź\n1–1 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]\n\n\n1982–83\nUEFA Cup\nFirst round\n Valencia\n0–0 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n1983–84\nCup Winners' Cup\nFirst round\n Dukla Prague\n1–1 (H), 2–2 (A)[nb 4]\n\n\nSecond round\n Spartak Varna\n2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Barcelona\n0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Juventus\n1–1 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n1984–85\nUEFA Cup\nFirst round\n Rába ETO Győr\n3–0 (H), 2–2 (A)\n\n\nSecond round\n PSV Eindhoven\n0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)\n\n\nThird round\n Dundee United\n2–2 (H), 3–2 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Videoton\n1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)[nb 5]\n\n\n1985–86\nCup Winners' Cup\nBanned\n\n\n1986–87\nUEFA Cup\n\n\n1988–89\nUEFA Cup\n\n\n1990–91\nCup Winners' Cup\nFirst round\n Pécsi Munkás\n2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)\n\n\nSecond round\n Wrexham\n3–0 (H), 2–0 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Montpellier\n1–1 (H), 2–0 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Legia Warsaw\n3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\nFinal\n Barcelona\n2–1 (N)\n\n\n1991\nSuper Cup\nFinal\n Red Star Belgrade\n1–0 (H)\n\n\n1991–92\nCup Winners' Cup\nFirst round\n Athinaikos\n0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n\nSecond round\n Atlético Madrid\n0–3 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\n1992–93\nUEFA Cup\nFirst round\n Torpedo Moscow\n0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 6]\n\n\n1993–94\nChampions League\nFirst round\n Kispest Honvéd\n3–2 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\nSecond round\n Galatasaray\n3–3 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]\n\n\n1994–95\nChampions League\nGroup A\n IFK Göteborg\n4–2 (H), 1–3 (A)\n\n\n Galatasaray\n0–0 (A), 4–0 (H)\n\n\n Barcelona\n2–2 (H), 0–4 (A)\n\n\n1995–96\nUEFA Cup\nFirst round\n Rotor Volgograd\n0–0 (A), 2–2 (H)[nb 3]\n\n\n1996–97\nChampions League\nGroup C\n Juventus\n0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)\n\n\n Rapid Vienna\n2–0 (H), 2–0 (A)\n\n\n Fenerbahçe\n2–0 (A), 0–1 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Porto\n4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Borussia Dortmund\n0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)\n\n\n1997–98\nChampions League\nGroup B\n Košice\n3–0 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\n Juventus\n3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\n Feyenoord\n2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n AS Monaco\n0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)[nb 3]\n\n\n1998–99\nChampions League\nSecond qualifying round\n ŁKS Łódź\n2–0 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\nGroup D\n Barcelona\n3–3 (H), 3–3 (A)\n\n\n Bayern Munich\n2–2 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\n Brøndby\n6–2 (A), 5–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Internazionale\n2–0 (H), 1–1 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Juventus\n1–1 (H), 3–2 (A)\n\n\nFinal\n Bayern Munich\n2–1 (N)\n\n\n1999\nSuper Cup\nFinal\n Lazio\n0–1 (N)\n\n\n1999\nIntercontinental Cup\nFinal\n Palmeiras\n1–0 (N)\n\n\n2000\nClub World Championship\nGroup B\n Necaxa\n1–1 (N)\n\n\n Vasco da Gama\n1–3 (N)\n\n\n South Melbourne\n2–0 (N)\n\n\n1999–2000\nChampions League\nFirst group round\nGroup D\n Croatia Zagreb\n0–0 (H), 2–1 (A)\n\n\n Sturm Graz\n3–0 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\n Marseille\n2–1 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\nSecond group round\nGroup B\n Fiorentina\n0–2 (A), 3–1 (H)\n\n\n Valencia\n3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\n Bordeaux\n2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Real Madrid\n0–0 (A), 2–3 (H)\n\n\n2000–01\nChampions League\nFirst group round\nGroup G\n Anderlecht\n5–1 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n Dynamo Kyiv\n0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\n PSV Eindhoven\n1–3 (A), 3–1 (H)\n\n\nSecond group round\nGroup A\n Panathinaikos\n3–1 (H), 1–1 (A)\n\n\n Sturm Graz\n2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\n Valencia\n0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Bayern Munich\n0–1 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n2001–02\nChampions League\nFirst group round\nGroup G\n Lille\n1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)\n\n\n Deportivo\n1–2 (A), 2–3 (H)\n\n\n Olympiacos\n2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\nSecond group round\nGroup A\n Bayern Munich\n1–1 (A), 0–0 (H)\n\n\n Boavista\n3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)\n\n\n Nantes\n1–1 (A), 5–1 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Deportivo\n2–0 (A), 3–2 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Bayer Leverkusen\n2–2 (H), 1–1 (A)[nb 3]\n\n\n2002–03\nChampions League\nThird qualifying round\n Zalaegerszeg\n0–1 (A), 5–0 (H)\n\n\nFirst group round\nGroup F\n Maccabi Haifa\n5–2 (H), 0–3 (A)\n\n\n Bayer Leverkusen\n2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n\n Olympiacos\n4–0 (H), 3–2 (A)\n\n\nSecond group round\nGroup D\n Basel\n3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\n Deportivo\n2–0 (H), 0–2 (A)\n\n\n Juventus\n2–1 (H), 3–0 (A)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Real Madrid\n1–3 (A), 4–3 (H)\n\n\n2003–04\nChampions League\nGroup E\n Panathinaikos\n5–0 (H), 1–0 (A)\n\n\n Stuttgart\n1–2 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n\n Rangers\n1–0 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\nFirst knockout round\n Porto\n1–2 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\n2004–05\nChampions League\nThird qualifying round\n Dinamo București\n2–1 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\nGroup D\n Lyon\n2–2 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\n Fenerbahçe\n6–2 (H), 0–3 (A)\n\n\n Sparta Prague\n0–0 (H), 4–1 (A)\n\n\nFirst knockout round\n Milan\n0–1 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\n2005–06\nChampions League\nThird qualifying round\n Debrecen\n3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)\n\n\nGroup D\n Villarreal\n0–0 (A), 0–0 (H)\n\n\n Benfica\n2–1 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n Lille\n0–0 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\n2006–07\nChampions League\nGroup F\n Celtic\n3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\n Benfica\n1–0 (A), 3–1 (H)\n\n\n Copenhagen\n3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\nFirst knockout round\n Lille\n1–0 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Roma\n1–2 (A), 7–1 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Milan\n3–2 (H), 0–3 (A)\n\n\n2007–08\nChampions League\nGroup F\n Sporting CP\n1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\n Roma\n1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)\n\n\n Dynamo Kyiv\n4–2 (A), 4–0 (H)\n\n\nFirst knockout round\n Lyon\n1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Roma\n2–0 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Barcelona\n0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\nFinal\n Chelsea\n1–1 (N)[nb 7]\n\n\n2008\nSuper Cup\nFinal\n Zenit Saint Petersburg\n1–2 (N)\n\n\n2008\nClub World Cup\nSemi-final\n Gamba Osaka\n5–3 (N)\n\n\nFinal\n LDU Quito\n1–0 (N)\n\n\n2008–09\nChampions League\nGroup E\n Villarreal\n0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\n Aalborg\n3–0 (A), 2–2 (H)\n\n\n Celtic\n3–0 (H), 1–1 (A)\n\n\nFirst knockout round\n Internazionale\n0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Porto\n2–2 (H), 1–0 (A)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Arsenal\n1–0 (H), 3–1 (A)\n\n\nFinal\n Barcelona\n0–2 (N)\n\n\n2009–10\nChampions League\nGroup B\n Beşiktaş\n1–0 (A), 0–1 (H)\n\n\n Wolfsburg\n2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)\n\n\n CSKA Moscow\n1–0 (A), 3–3 (H)\n\n\nRound of 16\n Milan\n3–2 (A), 4–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Bayern Munich\n1–2 (A), 3–2 (H)[nb 3]\n\n\n2010–11\nChampions League\nGroup C\n Rangers\n0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)\n\n\n Valencia\n1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\n Bursaspor\n1–0 (H), 3–0 (A)\n\n\nRound of 16\n Marseille\n0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Chelsea\n1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Schalke 04\n2–0 (A), 4–1 (H)\n\n\nFinal\n Barcelona\n1–3 (N)\n\n\n2011–12\nChampions League\nGroup C\n Benfica\n1–1 (A), 2–2 (H)\n\n\n Basel\n3–3 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n Oțelul Galați\n2–0 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n\n2011–12\nEuropa League\nRound of 32\n Ajax\n2–0 (A), 1–2 (H)\n\n\nRound of 16\n Athletic Bilbao\n2–3 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n2012–13\nChampions League\nGroup H\n Galatasaray\n1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)\n\n\n CFR Cluj\n2–1 (A), 0–1 (H)\n\n\n Braga\n3–2 (H), 3–1 (A)\n\n\nRound of 16\n Real Madrid\n1–1 (A), 1–2 (H)\n\n\n2013–14\nChampions League\nGroup A\n Bayer Leverkusen\n4–2 (H), 5–0 (A)\n\n\n Shakhtar Donetsk\n1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\n Real Sociedad\n1–0 (H), 0–0 (A)\n\n\nRound of 16\n Olympiacos\n0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Bayern Munich\n1–1 (H), 1–3 (A)\n\n\n2015–16\nChampions League\nPlay-off round\n Club Brugge\n3–1 (H), 4–0 (A)\n\n\nGroup B\n PSV Eindhoven\n1–2 (A), 0–0 (H)\n\n\n Wolfsburg\n2–1 (H), 2–3 (A)\n\n\n CSKA Moscow\n1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\n2015–16\nEuropa League\nRound of 32\n Midtjylland\n1–2 (A), 5–1 (H)\n\n\nRound of 16\n Liverpool\n0–2 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\n2016–17\nEuropa League\nGroup A\n Fenerbahçe\n4–1 (H), 1–2 (A)\n\n\n Feyenoord\n0–1 (A), 4–0 (H)\n\n\n Zorya Luhansk\n1–0 (H), 2–0 (A)\n\n\nRound of 32\n Saint-Étienne\n3–0 (H), 1–0 (A)\n\n\nRound of 16\n Rostov\n1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)\n\n\nQuarter-final\n Anderlecht\n1–1 (A), 2–1 (H)\n\n\nSemi-final\n Celta Vigo\n1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)\n\n\nFinal\n Ajax\n2–0 (N)\n\n\n2017\nSuper Cup\nFinal\n Real Madrid\n1–2 (N)\n\n\n2017–18\nChampions League\nGroup A\n Basel\n3–0 (H)\n\n\n CSKA Moscow\n4–1 (A)\n\n\n Benfica\n1–0 (A), 2–0 (H)\n\n" ]	[ "2017–18" ]
201748359357596413	List of Institutes of National Importance	List of institutes of National Importance - Wikipedia List of institutes of National Importance Jump to : navigation , search Institute of National Importance ( INI ) is a status that may be conferred to a premier public higher education institution in India by an act of parliament , an institution which `` serves as a pivotal player in developing highly skilled personnel within the specified region of the country / state '' . INIs receive special recognition and funding . As of 29 December 2017 the Ministry of Human Resource Development has listed 91 institutions under this category . Madras Delhi Guwahati Kanpur Kharagpur Bombay Roorkee Varanasi Bhubaneswar Gandhinagar Hyderabad Indore Jodhpur Mandi Patna Ropar Dhanbad Palakkad Panjim Raipur Tirupati Jammu Dharwad Location of IITs. 23 functioning IITs ( green ) Patna Raipur Warangal Bhopal Durgapur Jamshedpur Nagpur Srinagar ( JK ) Surathkal Allahabad Calicut Rourkela Surat Jaipur Kurukshetra Trichy Agartala Silchar Hamirpur Jalandhar Goa Karaikal New Delhi Srinagar ( UK ) Ravangla Aizawl Shillong Imphal Dimapur Tadepalligudem Yupia Location of the 31 NITs . New Delhi Bhubaneswar Jodhpur Patna Bhopal Raipur Rishikesh Location of the 7 AIIMSs Berhampur Mohali Kolkata Pune Bhopal Thiruvananthapuram Tirupati Location of the 7 functioning IISERs New Delhi Bhopal Vijayawada Location of the SPAs Mohali Ahmedabad Hajipur Hyderabad Kolkata Raebareli Guwahati Location of the seven functioning NIPERs Ahmedabad Bangalore Indore Calcutta Kozhikode Lucknow Shillong Ranchi Rohtak Raipur Tiruchirappalli Kashipur Udaipur Nagpur Sirmaur Amritsar Gaya Sambalpur Visakhapatnam Jammu Location of the 20 functioning IIMs Gwalior Allahabad Jabalpur Kanchipuram Sricity Guwahati Vadodara Kota Tiruchirappalli Una Sonipat Kalyani Lucknow Dharwad Kurnool Kottayam Manipur Nagpur Pune Ranchi Surat Bhopal Bhagalpur Location of the 5 MHRD Funded IIITs ( Green ) and 18 PPP IIITs ( Red ) . Institutes of National Importance No . Institute City State Founded Type Specialization Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Chennai Tamil Nadu NA Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhopal Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2012 AIIMS Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Odisha 2012 AIIMS Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Jodhpur Jodhpur Rajasthan 2012 AIIMS Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Delhi Delhi Delhi 1956 AIIMS Medicine 6 All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna Patna Bihar 2012 AIIMS Medicine 7 All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Raipur Raipur Chhattisgarh 2012 AIIMS Medicine 8 All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Rishikesh Rishikesh Uttarakhand 2012 AIIMS Medicine 9 Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Chennai Tamil Nadu 1918 NA Language Studies 10 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar Jalandhar Punjab NIT Engineering 11 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management , Gwalior Gwalior Madhya Pradesh IIIT Information Technology 12 Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , Shibpur Howrah West Bengal 1856 IIEST Engineering 13 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Allahabad Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 1999 IIIT Information Technology 14 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Design and Manufacturing , Kancheepuram Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu 2007 IIIT Information Technology 15 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Design and Manufacturing , Jabalpur Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 2005 IIIT Information Technology 16 Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 2016 NA Petroleum Engineering 17 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Bhopal Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2008 IISER Sciences 18 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata Kolkata West Bengal 2006 IISER Sciences 19 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali Mohali Punjab 2007 IISER Sciences 20 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune Pune Maharashtra 2006 IISER Sciences 21 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 2008 IISER Sciences 22 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur Berhampur Odisha 2016 IISER Sciences 23 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Tirupati Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 2015 IISER Sciences 24 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Odisha 2008 IIT Engineering 25 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai Maharashtra 1958 IIT Engineering 26 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi Delhi 1963 IIT Engineering 27 Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad Dharwad Karnataka 2016 IIT Engineering 28 Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Gujarat 2008 IIT Engineering 29 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam IIT Engineering 30 Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Hyderabad Telangana 2008 IIT Engineering 31 Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore Madhya Pradesh 2009 IIT Engineering 32 Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Jodhpur Rajasthan 2008 IIT Engineering 33 Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal 1951 IIT Engineering 34 Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 1959 IIT Engineering 35 Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 1959 IIT Engineering 36 Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi Himachal Pradesh 2009 IIT Engineering 37 Indian Institute of Technology Patna Patna Bihar 2008 IIT Engineering 38 Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 2015 IIT Engineering 39 Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 1847 IIT Engineering 40 Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Ropar Punjab 2008 IIT Engineering 41 Indian Institute of Technology ( BHU ) Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 1919 IIT Engineering 42 Indian Institute of Technology ( Indian School of Mines ) , Dhanbad Dhanbad Jharkhand 1926 IIT Engineering 43 Indian Institute of Technology Goa Farmagudi Goa 2016 IIT Engineering 44 Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 2015 IIT Engineering 45 Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata West Bengal 1931 NA Statistics 46 Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Pondicherry Puducherry 1823 NA Medicine 47 Kalakshetra Foundation Chennai Tamil Nadu 1936 NA Music and Dance 48 Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur Jaipur Rajasthan 1963 NIT Engineering 49 Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1960 NIT Engineering 50 Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 1961 NIT Engineering 51 National Institute of Technology , Andhra Pradesh Tadepalligudem Andhra Pradesh 2015 NIT Engineering 52 National Institute of Technology Agartala Agartala Tripura 1965 NIT Engineering 53 National Institute of Technology , Arunachal Pradesh Yupia Arunachal Pradesh NIT Engineering 54 National Institute of Technology Calicut Kozhikode Kerala 1961 NIT Engineering 55 National Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi Delhi NIT Engineering 56 National Institute of Technology , Durgapur Durgapur West Bengal 1960 NIT Engineering 57 National Institute of Technology Goa Farmagudi Goa NIT Engineering 58 National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 1986 NIT Engineering 59 National Institute of Technology , Jamshedpur Jamshedpur Jharkhand 1960 NIT Engineering 60 National Institute of Technology , Karnataka Mangalore Karnataka 1960 NIT Engineering 61 National Institute of Technology , Kurukshetra Kurukshetra Haryana 1963 NIT Engineering 62 National Institute of Technology , Manipur Imphal Manipur NIT Engineering 63 National Institute of Technology , Meghalaya Shillong Meghalaya NIT Engineering 64 National Institute of Technology Mizoram Aizawl Mizoram NIT Engineering 65 National Institute of Technology Nagaland Dimapur Nagaland NIT Engineering 66 National Institute of Technology , Patna Patna Bihar 1886 NIT Engineering 67 National Institute of Technology , Puducherry Karaikal Puducherry NIT Engineering 68 National Institute of Technology , Raipur Raipur Chhattisgarh 1956 NIT Engineering 69 National Institute of Technology , Rourkela Rourkela Odisha 1961 NIT Engineering 70 National Institute of Technology Sikkim Ravangla Sikkim NIT Engineering 71 National Institute of Technology , Silchar Silchar Assam 1967 NIT Engineering 72 National Institute of Technology , Srinagar Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 1960 NIT Engineering 73 National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 1964 NIT Engineering 74 National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Srinagar Uttarakhand NIT Engineering 75 National Institute of Technology , Warangal Warangal Telangana 1959 NIT Engineering 76 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Bangalore Karnataka 1925 NA Medicine 77 National Institute of Design Ahmedabad Gujarat 1960 NID Design 78 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Mohali Punjab 1998 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 79 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gujarat 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 80 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur Bihar 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 81 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad Telangana 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 82 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata West Bengal 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 83 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli Uttar Pradesh 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 84 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati Assam 2008 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 85 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh Chandigarh 1962 NA Medicine 86 Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Amethi Uttar Pradesh 2007 NA Petroleum Engineering 87 Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Sriperumbudur Tamil Nadu NA Youth Affairs 88 Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 1973 NA Medicine 89 Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology , Surat Surat Gujarat 1961 NIT Engineering 90 School of Planning and Architecture , Bhopal Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2008 SPA Architecture 91 School of Planning and Architecture , Delhi New Delhi Delhi 1941 SPA Architecture 92 School of Planning and Architecture , Vijayawada Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 2008 SPA Architecture 93 Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur Maharashtra 1960 NIT Engineering 94 Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 2014 NA Agricultural Sciences 95 Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing , Kurnool Kurnool Andhra Pradesh 2015 IIIT Information Technology 96 Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai Bhilai Chhattisgarh 2016 IIT Engineering 97 Indian Institute of Technology Jammu Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 2016 IIT Engineering 98 Footwear Design and Development Institute Gautam Budh Nagar Uttar Pradesh 1986 NA Footwear Design and Management 99 Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad Haryana 2009 NA Bio-Technology 100 Nalanda University Rajgir Bihar NA General 101 University of Allahabad Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 1887 NA General 102 Visva - Bharati University Santiniketan West Bengal 1921 NA General 103 Rajendra Central Agricultural University Samastipur Bihar 1905 NA Agricultural Sciences 104 Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal 1961 IIM Management 105 Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Gujarat 1961 IIM Management 106 Indian Institute of Management Bangalore Bangalore Karnataka 1973 IIM Management 107 Indian Institute of Management Lucknow Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 1984 IIM Management 108 Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode Kozhikode Kerala IIM Management 109 Indian Institute of Management Indore Indore Madhya Pradesh IIM Management 110 Indian Institute of Management Shillong Shillong Meghalaya 2007 IIM Management 111 Indian Institute of Management Rohtak Rohtak Haryana IIM Management 112 Indian Institute of Management Ranchi Ranchi Jharkhand IIM Management 113 Indian Institute of Management Raipur Raipur Chhattisgarh IIM Management 114 Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 2011 IIM Management 115 Indian Institute of Management Kashipur Kashipur Uttarakhand 2011 IIM Management 116 Indian Institute of Management Udaipur Udaipur Rajasthan 2011 IIM Management 117 Indian Institute of Management Nagpur Nagpur Maharashtra 2015 IIM Management 118 Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 2015 IIM Management 119 Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya Bodh Gaya Bihar 2015 IIM Management 120 Indian Institute of Management Amritsar Amritsar Punjab 2015 IIM Management 121 Indian Institute of Management , Sambalpur Sambalpur Odisha 2015 IIM Management 122 Indian Institute of Management , Sirmaur Sirmaur district Himachal Pradesh 2015 IIM Management 123 Indian Institute of Management , Jammu Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 2016 IIM Management 124 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Sri City Chittoor Andhra Pradesh 2013 IIIT Information Technology 125 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Guwahati Guwahati Assam 2013 IIIT Information Technology 126 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Vadodara Vadodara Gujarat 2013 IIIT Information Technology 127 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Sonepat Sonepat Haryana 2014 IIIT Information Technology 128 Indian Institute of Information Technology Una Una Himachal Pradesh 2014 IIIT Information Technology 129 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Kota Kota Rajasthan 2013 IIIT Information Technology 130 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 2013 IIIT Information Technology 131 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Kalyani Kalyani West Bengal 2014 IIIT Information Technology 132 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Lucknow Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2015 IIIT Information Technology 133 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Dharwad Dharwad Karnataka 2015 IIIT Information Technology 134 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Kottayam Kottayam Kerala 2015 IIIT Information Technology 135 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Manipur Manipur Manipur 2015 IIIT Information Technology 136 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Nagpur Nagpur Maharashtra 2016 IIIT Information Technology 137 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Pune Pune Maharashtra 2016 IIIT Information Technology 138 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Ranchi Ranchi Jharkhand 2016 IIIT Information Technology Proposed Institutes of National Importance ( INIs ) ( edit ) National Council of Educational Research and Training ( NCERT ) Indian National Defence University ( INDU ) Homi Bhabha National Institute ( HBNI ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IIT Roorkee was included in the IIT system in 2001 ; IIT BHU was included in the IIT system in 2012 ; ISM Dhanbad was included in the IIT system in 2016 Jump up ^ Ecole de Médicine de Pondichéry was re-established as JIPMER in 1964 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Institutions of National Importance '' . Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India . 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160972 Jump up ^ http://www.kalakshetra.in/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Kalakshetra-ACT.1-16.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-institute-of-mental-health-and-neuro-sciences-bangalore-bill-2010-1401/ Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/NID-Becomes-41st-Institute-of-National-Importance/2014/07/14/article2330125.ece Jump up ^ http://www.rlbcau.ac.in/pdf/rlbcau_caugazette.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-footwear-design-and-development-institute-bill-2017-4670/ Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-regional-centre-for-biotechnology-bill-2016-4227/ Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-nalanda-university-bill-2010-1237/ Jump up ^ http://lawmin.nic.in/Allahabad_Univ.pdf Jump up ^ http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-29.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-rajendra-central-agricultural-university-bill-2015-4101/ Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/draft/NCERT-Bill-2017.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media//draft/Indian%20National%20Defence%20University%20Bill,%202015.pdf Jump up ^ http://dae.nic.in/writereaddata/hbni_bill.pdf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Institutes_of_National_Importance&oldid=834238966 '' Categories : Lists of universities and colleges in India Government universities and colleges in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk About Wikipedia தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 17 : 17 . About Wikipedia	general information about any two scientific institutes of national importance	[]	[]
1524891369284932212	The Lady's Dressing Room	The Lady 's Dressing Room - wikipedia The Lady 's Dressing Room Jump to : navigation , search `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' is a poem written by Jonathan Swift first published in 1732 . In the poem , Strephon sneaks into his lover Celia 's dressing room while she is away only to become disillusioned at how filthy and smelly it is . Swift uses this poem to satirize both women 's vain attempts to match an ideal image and men 's expectation that the illusion be real . For the poem 's grotesque treatment of bodily functions , Swift was slandered by literary critics and psychoanalyzed as suffering from `` the excremental vision . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Analysis 3 Poem in culture 4 Notes 4.1 References 5 External links Summary ( edit ) The poem was written by Jonathan Swift , who was most famous for his book Gulliver 's Travels . This author was a satirist to the core . He mocked , vexed , and made comical political commentary . Thomas Sheridan called him `` a man whose original genius and uncommon talents have raised him , in the general estimation , above all other writers of the age . '' This poem chronicles the misadventure of Strephon as he explores his mistress 's vacant dressing room . Beginning with an ideal image of his lover he looks through the contents of her room , but encounters only objects that repulse him . He finds sweaty smocks , dirt - filled combs , oily cloths , grimy towels , snot encrusted handkerchiefs , jars of spit , cosmetics derived from dog intestines , and a mucky , rancid clothes chest . Beholding this filth , culminating in the discovery of her chamber pot , he is slapped with the reality that Celia ( the name `` Celia '' means `` heavenly '' ) is not a `` goddess , '' but as disgustingly human as he is , as shown in line 118 : `` Oh ! Celia , Celia , Celia shits ! '' Ever after his discovery of Celia 's nauseating dressing room he can never look at women the same way again . In every woman he sees through the powdered wigs and painted faces to the grime beneath . Swift ends the poem by suggesting that if young men only ignore the stench and accept the painted illusion , they can enjoy the `` charms of womanhood . '' He could n't handle the realization that women are n't perfect and angelic as they appear to be . He realized that women do indeed defecate , they smell , they get sick , and they are human beings . Another interpretation of the poem is that he was perhaps on the side of women , and men for that matter , in calling everyone to be more merciful and accept people the way they are . Both Strephon and Celia are metaphors for men and women , representing everything good and bad . He comments on the `` game '' that courting , mating , and existing together has become . Analysis ( edit ) This poem is full of satire , starting in the first line : `` Five hours ( and who can do it less in ? ) / By haughty Celia spent in dressing ; '' He starts out from the beginning commenting on the length of time it takes women to prepare themselves . He goes on into greater detail about the repulsive things he sees and finds : `` As from within Pandora 's box , / When Epimethus oped the locks , / A sudden universal crew / Of human evils upward flew , / He still was comforted to find / That hope at last remained behind . / / So Strephon , lifting up the lid / To view what in the chest was hid , / The vapours flew from out the vent . / But Strephon cautious never meant / The bottom of the pan to grope , / And foul his hands in search of hope . '' / / This is a satirical comment on the women 's box of belongings and beauty tools . It symbolized evil and human flaws . We picture Strephon going through the box , as we watch laughing at him for not being able to find anything good inside . This poem is sometimes seen as an attack on women . In response to this poem , Lady Mary Wortley Montagu wrote `` The Reasons that Induced Dr. S. to Write a Poem call 'd the Lady 's Dressing Room . '' She argues that Swift wrote `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' after experiencing sexual disappointment with a prostitute . This poem has also been seen as a critique of the lengths to which women go in order to meet the ideal image of the female body and men 's expectation that the illusion be real . In addition , Swift bitterly satirizes and derides in disgusting detail the human body and its functions , which he viewed as repulsive . Swift employs Juvenalian satire in this poem . Swift 's time was a period in which pretense and superficiality were the norm . He was often referred to as misanthropic , and this work , `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' , led him to be `` accused of misogyny '' . Swift 's offensive , and improper content , as well as the harsh manner in which he presented it , led him to have a less than favorable reputation amongst his compatriots , especially women . Poem in culture ( edit ) The poem was received like any satire : some loved it and some hated it . For example , the poem provoked a negative response from Lady Mary Wortley Montagu , featured in her poem `` The Reasons that Induced Dr. S. to Write a Poem called The Lady 's Dressing Room . '' In this poem , she voices what many thought was the reason for him writing the poem : sexual frustration . Her poem is about him searching out a prostitute and not being able to perform sexually . He blames it on her , she on him , and she refuses to give the money he requests back . In Montagu 's opinion , and subsequently her poetic response , Swift decides to get back at the prostitute by writing the poem . Another reference to the poem can be found in George Elliot 's Middlemarch , where the character Celia Brooke is believed to be an allusion to The Lady 's Dressing Room 's Celia . Elliot 's Celia is the sister of Swift 's main character , and she is a somewhat superficial person who likes to talk about physical things . She aspires to be a wife and mother and has no interest in thinking about the deeper aspects of life . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark ( 1991 ) p. 117 Jump up ^ Sheridan , Thomas ( 1787 ) . The Life of the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Swift , Dean of St. Patrick 's , Dublin . London . p. xi . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Joseph Black et al. , general editors ( 2006 ) . The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century ( Repr . with corrections ed . ) . Peterborough , Ontario ( u.a. ) : Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 611 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Katherine ( Autumn 1959 ) . `` ' My Female Friends ' : The Misogyny of Jonathan Swift '' . Texas Studies in Literature and Language . 1 ( 3 ) : 366 . JSTOR 40753638 . References ( edit ) Clark , John R. ( 1991 ) The modern satiric grotesque and its traditions External links ( edit ) Text of `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' Text of `` The Reasons that Induced Dr. S. to Write a Poem call 'd the Lady 's Dressing Room '' ( hide ) Works by Jonathan Swift Sermons Sermons of Jonathan Swift Satires Meditation Upon a Broomstick ( 1701 ) A Tale of a Tub ( 1704 ) The Battle of the Books ( 1704 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) Essays Thoughts on Various Subjects , Moral and Diverting ( 1706 ) An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity ( 1708 ) The Conduct of the Allies ( 1711 ) Drapier 's Letters ( 1724 / 25 ) A Modest Proposal ( 1729 ) Directions to Servants ( published 1745 ) Miscellany The Examiner newspaper ( 1710 - 1714 ) `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' poem ( 1732 ) A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation ( 1738 ) A Journal to Stella ( published posthumously -- 1766 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady%27s_Dressing_Room&oldid=783822656 '' Categories : 1732 poems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 June 2017 , at 21 : 50 . 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-731530069538236515	Statistical power	Statistical power - wikipedia Statistical power Jump to : navigation , search The power of a binary hypothesis test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis ( H ) when a specific alternative hypothesis ( H ) is true . It can be equivalently thought of as the probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis ( H ) when it is true -- that is , the ability of a test to detect a specific effect , if that specific effect actually exists . That is , power = Pr ( reject H 0 ∣ H 1 is true ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( power ) ) = \ Pr ( \ big ( ) ( \ text ( reject ) ) H_ ( 0 ) \ mid H_ ( 1 ) ( \ text ( is true ) ) ( \ big ) ) . ) If H 1 ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 1 ) ) is not an equality but rather simply the negation of H 0 ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 0 ) ) ( so for example with H 0 : μ = 0 ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 0 ) : \ mu = 0 ) for some unobserved population parameter μ , ( \ displaystyle \ mu , ) we have simply H 1 : μ ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 1 ) : \ mu \ neq 0 ) ) then power can not be calculated unless probabilities are known for all possible values of the parameter that violate the null hypothesis . Thus one generally refers to a test 's power against a specific alternative hypothesis . As the power increases , there is a decreasing probability of a Type II error ( false negative ) , also referred to as the false negative rate ( β ) since the power is equal to 1 − β . A similar concept is the Type I error probability , also referred to as the `` false positive rate '' or the level of a test under the null hypothesis . Power analysis can be used to calculate the minimum sample size required so that one can be reasonably likely to detect an effect of a given size . For example : `` how many times do I need to toss a coin to conclude it is rigged by a certain amount ? '' Power analysis can also be used to calculate the minimum effect size that is likely to be detected in a study using a given sample size . In addition , the concept of power is used to make comparisons between different statistical testing procedures : for example , between a parametric test and a nonparametric test of the same hypothesis . A similar but somewhat different concept is statistical sensitivity , which measures how likely it is that a given test gives the correct result ( e.g. the likelihood that a test to determine if a patient has a particular disease correctly recognizes the disease ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Factors influencing power 3 Interpretation 4 A priori vs. post hoc analysis 5 Application 6 Example 7 Extension 7.1 Bayesian power 7.2 Predictive probability of success 8 Software for power and sample size calculations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Statistical tests use data from samples to assess , or make inferences about , a statistical population . In the concrete setting of a two - sample comparison , the goal is to assess whether the mean values of some attribute obtained for individuals in two sub-populations differ . For example , to test the null hypothesis that the mean scores of men and women on a test do not differ , samples of men and women are drawn , the test is administered to them , and the mean score of one group is compared to that of the other group using a statistical test such as the two - sample z - test . The power of the test is the probability that the test will find a statistically significant difference between men and women , as a function of the size of the true difference between those two populations . Factors influencing power ( edit ) Statistical power may depend on a number of factors . Some factors may be particular to a specific testing situation , but at a minimum , power nearly always depends on the following three factors : the statistical significance criterion used in the test the magnitude of the effect of interest in the population the sample size used to detect the effect A significance criterion is a statement of how unlikely a positive result must be , if the null hypothesis of no effect is true , for the null hypothesis to be rejected . The most commonly used criteria are probabilities of 0.05 ( 5 % , 1 in 20 ) , 0.01 ( 1 % , 1 in 100 ) , and 0.001 ( 0.1 % , 1 in 1000 ) . If the criterion is 0.05 , the probability of the data implying an effect at least as large as the observed effect when the null hypothesis is true must be less than 0.05 , for the null hypothesis of no effect to be rejected . One easy way to increase the power of a test is to carry out a less conservative test by using a larger significance criterion , for example 0.10 instead of 0.05 . This increases the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis ( i.e. obtaining a statistically significant result ) when the null hypothesis is false , that is , reduces the risk of a Type II error ( false negative regarding whether an effect exists ) . But it also increases the risk of obtaining a statistically significant result ( i.e. rejecting the null hypothesis ) when the null hypothesis is not false ; that is , it increases the risk of a Type I error ( false positive ) . The magnitude of the effect of interest in the population can be quantified in terms of an effect size , where there is greater power to detect larger effects . An effect size can be a direct value of the quantity of interest , or it can be a standardized measure that also accounts for the variability in the population . For example , in an analysis comparing outcomes in a treated and control population , the difference of outcome means Y − X would be a direct estimate of the effect size , whereas ( Y − X ) / σ where σ is the common standard deviation of the outcomes in the treated and control groups , would be an estimated standardized effect size . If constructed appropriately , a standardized effect size , along with the sample size , will completely determine the power . An unstandardized ( direct ) effect size will rarely be sufficient to determine the power , as it does not contain information about the variability in the measurements . The sample size determines the amount of sampling error inherent in a test result . Other things being equal , effects are harder to detect in smaller samples . Increasing sample size is often the easiest way to boost the statistical power of a test . How increased sample size translates to higher power is a measure of the efficiency of the test -- for example , the sample size required for a given power . The precision with which the data are measured also influences statistical power . Consequently , power can often be improved by reducing the measurement error in the data . A related concept is to improve the `` reliability '' of the measure being assessed ( as in psychometric reliability ) . The design of an experiment or observational study often influences the power . For example , in a two - sample testing situation with a given total sample size n , it is optimal to have equal numbers of observations from the two populations being compared ( as long as the variances in the two populations are the same ) . In regression analysis and analysis of variance , there are extensive theories and practical strategies for improving the power based on optimally setting the values of the independent variables in the model . Interpretation ( edit ) Although there are no formal standards for power ( sometimes referred to as π ) , most researchers assess the power of their tests using π = 0.80 as a standard for adequacy . This convention implies a four - to - one trade off between β - risk and α - risk . ( β is the probability of a Type II error , and α is the probability of a Type I error ; 0.2 and 0.05 are conventional values for β and α ) . However , there will be times when this 4 - to - 1 weighting is inappropriate . In medicine , for example , tests are often designed in such a way that no false negatives ( Type II errors ) will be produced . But this inevitably raises the risk of obtaining a false positive ( a Type I error ) . The rationale is that it is better to tell a healthy patient `` we may have found something -- let 's test further , '' than to tell a diseased patient `` all is well . '' Power analysis is appropriate when the concern is with the correct rejection of a false null hypothesis . In many contexts , the issue is less about determining if there is or is not a difference but rather with getting a more refined estimate of the population effect size . For example , if we were expecting a population correlation between intelligence and job performance of around 0.50 , a sample size of 20 will give us approximately 80 % power ( alpha = 0.05 , two - tail ) to reject the null hypothesis of zero correlation . However , in doing this study we are probably more interested in knowing whether the correlation is 0.30 or 0.60 or 0.50 . In this context we would need a much larger sample size in order to reduce the confidence interval of our estimate to a range that is acceptable for our purposes . Techniques similar to those employed in a traditional power analysis can be used to determine the sample size required for the width of a confidence interval to be less than a given value . Many statistical analyses involve the estimation of several unknown quantities . In simple cases , all but one of these quantities are nuisance parameters . In this setting , the only relevant power pertains to the single quantity that will undergo formal statistical inference . In some settings , particularly if the goals are more `` exploratory '' , there may be a number of quantities of interest in the analysis . For example , in a multiple regression analysis we may include several covariates of potential interest . In situations such as this where several hypotheses are under consideration , it is common that the powers associated with the different hypotheses differ . For instance , in multiple regression analysis , the power for detecting an effect of a given size is related to the variance of the covariate . Since different covariates will have different variances , their powers will differ as well . Any statistical analysis involving multiple hypotheses is subject to inflation of the type I error rate if appropriate measures are not taken . Such measures typically involve applying a higher threshold of stringency to reject a hypothesis in order to compensate for the multiple comparisons being made ( e.g. as in the Bonferroni method ) . In this situation , the power analysis should reflect the multiple testing approach to be used . Thus , for example , a given study may be well powered to detect a certain effect size when only one test is to be made , but the same effect size may have much lower power if several tests are to be performed . It is also important to consider the statistical power of a hypothesis test when interpreting its results . A test 's power is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false ; a test 's power is influenced by the choice of significance level for the test , the size of the effect being measured , and the amount of data available . A hypothesis test may fail to reject the null , for example , if a true difference exists between two populations being compared by a t - test but the effect is small and the sample size is too small to distinguish the effect from random chance . Many clinical trials , for instance , have low statistical power to detect differences in adverse effects of treatments , since such effects may be rare and the number of affected patients small . A priori vs. post hoc analysis ( edit ) Further information : Post hoc analysis Power analysis can either be done before ( a priori or prospective power analysis ) or after ( post hoc or retrospective power analysis ) data are collected . A priori power analysis is conducted prior to the research study , and is typically used in estimating sufficient sample sizes to achieve adequate power . Post-hoc analysis of `` observed power '' is conducted after a study has been completed , and uses the obtained sample size and effect size to determine what the power was in the study , assuming the effect size in the sample is equal to the effect size in the population . Whereas the utility of prospective power analysis in experimental design is universally accepted , post hoc power analysis is fundamentally flawed . Falling for the temptation to use the statistical analysis of the collected data to estimate the power will result in uninformative and misleading values . In particular , it has been shown that post-hoc `` observed power '' is a one - to - one function of the p - value attained . This has been extended to show that all post-hoc power analyses suffer from what is called the `` power approach paradox '' ( PAP ) , in which a study with a null result is thought to show more evidence that the null hypothesis is actually true when the p - value is smaller , since the apparent power to detect an actual effect would be higher . In fact , a smaller p - value is properly understood to make the null hypothesis relatively less likely to be true . Application ( edit ) Funding agencies , ethics boards and research review panels frequently request that a researcher perform a power analysis , for example to determine the minimum number of animal test subjects needed for an experiment to be informative . In frequentist statistics , an underpowered study is unlikely to allow one to choose between hypotheses at the desired significance level . In Bayesian statistics , hypothesis testing of the type used in classical power analysis is not done . In the Bayesian framework , one updates his or her prior beliefs using the data obtained in a given study . In principle , a study that would be deemed underpowered from the perspective of hypothesis testing could still be used in such an updating process . However , power remains a useful measure of how much a given experiment size can be expected to refine one 's beliefs . A study with low power is unlikely to lead to a large change in beliefs . Example ( edit ) The following is an example that shows how to compute power for a randomized experiment : Suppose the goal of an experiment is to study the effect of a treatment on some quantity , and compare research subjects by measuring the quantity before and after the treatment , analyzing the data using a paired t - test . Let A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) and B i ( \ displaystyle B_ ( i ) ) denote the pre-treatment and post-treatment measures on subject i respectively . The possible effect of the treatment should be visible in the differences D i = B i − A i , ( \ displaystyle D_ ( i ) = B_ ( i ) - A_ ( i ) , ) which are assumed to be independently distributed , all with the same expected value and variance . The effect of the treatment can be analyzed using a one - sided t - test . The null hypothesis of no effect will be that the mean difference will be zero , i.e. H 0 : μ D = 0 . ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 0 ) : \ mu _ ( D ) = 0 . ) In this case , the alternative hypothesis states a positive effect , corresponding to H 1 : μ D > 0 . ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 1 ) : \ mu _ ( D ) > 0 . ) The test statistic is : T n = D _̄ n − 0 σ ^ D / n , ( \ displaystyle T_ ( n ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ bar ( D ) ) _ ( n ) - 0 ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) , ) where D _̄ n = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n D i , ( \ displaystyle ( \ bar ( D ) ) _ ( n ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) D_ ( i ) , ) n is the sample size and σ ^ D / n ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) is the standard error . The test statistic under the null hypothesis follows a Student t - distribution . Furthermore , assume that the null hypothesis will be rejected at the significance level of α = 0.05. ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = 0.05 . ) Since n is large , one can approximate the t - distribution by a normal distribution and calculate the critical value using the quantile function Φ − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Phi ^ ( - 1 ) ) , the inverse of the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution . It turns out that the null hypothesis will be rejected if T n > 1.64 . ( \ displaystyle T_ ( n ) > 1.64 . ) Now suppose that the alternative hypothesis is true and μ D = θ ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( D ) = \ theta ) . Then , the power is B ( θ ) = Pr ( T n > 1.64 ∣ μ D = θ ) = Pr ( D _̄ n − 0 σ ^ D / n > 1.64 ∣ μ D = θ ) = Pr ( D _̄ n − θ + θ σ ^ D / n > 1.64 ∣ μ D = θ ) = Pr ( D _̄ n − θ σ ^ D / n > 1.64 − θ σ ^ D / n ∣ μ D = θ ) = 1 − Pr ( D _̄ n − θ σ ^ D / n < 1.64 − θ σ ^ D / n ∣ μ D = θ ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) B ( \ theta ) & = \ Pr \ left ( T_ ( n ) > 1.64 \ mid \ mu _ ( D ) = \ theta \ right ) \ \ & = \ Pr \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ bar ( D ) ) _ ( n ) - 0 ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) > 1.64 \ mid \ mu _ ( D ) = \ theta \ right ) \ \ & = \ Pr \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ bar ( D ) ) _ ( n ) - \ theta + \ theta ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) > 1.64 \ mid \ mu _ ( D ) = \ theta \ right ) \ \ & = \ Pr \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ bar ( D ) ) _ ( n ) - \ theta ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) > 1.64 - ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) \ mid \ mu _ ( D ) = \ theta \ right ) \ \ & = 1 - \ Pr \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ bar ( D ) ) _ ( n ) - \ theta ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) < 1.64 - ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) \ mid \ mu _ ( D ) = \ theta \ right ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For large n , T n ( \ displaystyle T_ ( n ) ) approximately follows a standard normal distribution when the alternative hypothesis is true , the approximate power can be calculated as B ( θ ) ≈ 1 − Φ ( 1.64 − θ σ ^ D / n ) . ( \ displaystyle B ( \ theta ) \ approx 1 - \ Phi \ left ( 1.64 - ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) / ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) \ right ) . ) According to this formula , the power increases with the values of the parameter θ . ( \ displaystyle \ theta . ) For a specific value of θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) a higher power may be obtained by increasing the sample size n . It is not possible to guarantee a sufficient large power for all values of θ , ( \ displaystyle \ theta , ) as θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) may be very close to 0 . The minimum ( infimum ) value of the power is equal to the size of the test , α , ( \ displaystyle \ alpha , ) in this example 0.05 . However , it is of no importance to distinguish between θ = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ theta = 0 ) and small positive values . If it is desirable to have enough power , say at least 0.90 , to detect values of θ > 1 , ( \ displaystyle \ theta > 1 , ) the required sample size can be calculated approximately : B ( 1 ) ≈ 1 − Φ ( 1.64 − n σ ^ D ) > 0.90 , ( \ displaystyle B ( 1 ) \ approx 1 - \ Phi \ left ( 1.64 - ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) ) ) \ right ) > 0.90 , ) from which it follows that Φ ( 1.64 − n σ ^ D ) < 0.10 . ( \ displaystyle \ Phi \ left ( 1.64 - ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) ) ) \ right ) < 0.10 . ) Hence , using the quantile function , n σ ^ D > 1.64 − z 0.10 = 1.64 + 1.28 ≈ 2.92 or n > 8.56 σ ^ D 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ( ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) ) ) > 1.64 - z_ ( 0.10 ) = 1.64 + 1.28 \ approx 2.92 \ qquad ( \ text ( or ) ) \ qquad n > 8.56 ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) _ ( D ) ^ ( 2 ) , ) where z 0.10 ( \ displaystyle z_ ( 0.10 ) ) is a standard normal quantile ; see Probit for an explanation of the relationship between Φ ( \ displaystyle \ Phi ) and z - values . Extension ( edit ) Bayesian power ( edit ) In the frequentist setting , parameters are assumed to have a specific value which is unlikely to be true . This issue can be addressed by assuming the parameter has a distribution . The resulting power is sometimes referred to as Bayesian power which is commonly used in clinical trial design . Predictive probability of success ( edit ) Both frequentist power and Bayesian power use statistical significance as the success criterion . However , statistical significance is often not enough to define success . To address this issue , the power concept can be extended to the concept of predictive probability of success ( PPOS ) . The success criterion for PPOS is not restricted to statistical significance and is commonly used in clinical trial designs . Software for power and sample size calculations ( edit ) Numerous free and / or open source programs are available for performing power and sample size calculations . These include G * Power ( http://www.gpower.hhu.de/ ) powerandsamplesize.com Free and open source online calculators PS PowerUp ! provides convenient excel - based functions to determine minimum detectable effect size and minimum required sample size for various experimental and quasi-experimental designs . PowerUpR is R package version of PowerUp ! and additionally includes functions to determine sample size for various multilevel randomized experiments with or without budgetary constraints . R package pwr Russ Lenth 's power and sample - size page WebPower Free online statistical power analysis ( http://webpower.psychstat.org ) SampSize app for Android and iOS iPhone and iPad ( https://www.epigenesys.org.uk/portfolio/sampsize/ ) See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Wikiversity has learning resources about Statistical power Effect size Efficiency Cohen 's h Sample size Neyman -- Pearson lemma Uniformly most powerful test This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/power.html Jump up ^ Everitt 2002 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Paul D. ( 2010 ) . The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes : An Introduction to Statistical Power , Meta - Analysis and the Interpretation of Research Results . United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Ellis , Paul ( 2010 ) . The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes : Statistical Power , Meta - Analysis , and the Interpretation of Research Results . Cambridge University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0521142465 . Jump up ^ Tsang , R. ; Colley , L. ; Lynd , L.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Inadequate statistical power to detect clinically significant differences in adverse event rates in randomized controlled trials '' . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 62 ( 6 ) : 609 -- 616 . PMID 19013761 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jclinepi. 2008.08. 005 . ^ Jump up to : Hoenig and Heisey ( 2001 ) The Abuse of Power The American Statistician 55 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 24 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , L. ( 1997 ) Retrospective power analysis . Conservation Biology 11 ( 1 ) : 276 -- 280 References ( edit ) Everitt , Brian S. ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81099 - X . Cohen , J. ( 1988 ) . Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences ( 2nd ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 0283 - 5 . Aberson , C.L. ( 2010 ) . Applied Power Analysis for the Behavioral Science . ISBN 1 - 84872 - 835 - 2 . ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart ( hide ) Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - 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moment Partial correlation Confounding variable Coefficient of determination Regression analysis Errors and residuals Regression model validation Mixed effects models Simultaneous equations models Multivariate adaptive regression splines ( MARS ) Linear regression Simple linear regression Ordinary least squares General linear model Bayesian regression Non-standard predictors Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Isotonic Robust Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Generalized linear model Exponential families Logistic ( Bernoulli ) / Binomial / Poisson regressions Partition of variance Analysis of variance ( ANOVA , anova ) Analysis of covariance Multivariate ANOVA Degrees of freedom Categorical / Multivariate / Time - series / Survival analysis Categorical Cohen 's kappa Contingency table Graphical model Log - linear model McNemar 's test Multivariate Regression Manova Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time - 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7087184321808203532	Bubble and squeak	Bubble and squeak - wikipedia Bubble and squeak Jump to : navigation , search For the video game , see Bubble and Squeak ( video game ) . For the album , see Bubble and Squeak ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bubble and squeak A small portion of bubble and squeak ( left ) , as part of an English breakfast Place of origin United Kingdom Main ingredients Potatoes , Cabbage , Brussels sprouts , vegetables Cookbook : Bubble and Squeak Media : Bubble and squeak Bubble and squeak topped with poached egg Bubble and squeak is a traditional English dish made with the shallow - fried leftover vegetables from a roast dinner . The main ingredients are potato and cabbage , but carrots , peas , Brussels sprouts , or any other leftover vegetables can be added . The chopped vegetables ( and cold chopped meat if used ) are fried in a pan together with mashed potatoes or crushed roast potatoes until the mixture is well - cooked and brown on the sides . The dish is so named because the cabbage makes bubbling and squeaking sounds during the cooking process . It is often served with cold meat from the Sunday roast , and pickles or brown sauce , or as an accompaniment to a full English breakfast . The meat was traditionally added to the bubble and squeak itself , although nowadays it is more commonly made without meat . The earliest known recipe was in Mrs Rundell 's A New System of Domestic Cookery in 1806 . The name bubble and squeak is used primarily in England ( for Scotland and Ireland see ' Similar dishes ' ) , and it may also be understood in parts of some other Commonwealth countries and the United States . Bubble and squeak was a popular dish during the Second World War , as it was an easy way of using leftovers during a period when most foods were subject to rationing . In more recent times , prepared frozen and tinned versions have become available . Similar dishes ( edit ) Panackelty , from North East England Rumbledethumps , stovies and clapshot from Scotland Colcannon , from Ireland Stoemp from Belgium Calentao , from Colombia Biksemad , from Denmark Stemmelkort , from Germany Stamppot , from the Netherlands Trinxat , from the La Cerdanya region of Catalonia , northeast Spain and Andorra . Tortilla de verduras , from Chile Pyttipanna , Pyttipanne & Pyttipannu ( from the Swedish `` pytt i panna '' = `` small pieces in pan '' ) from Sweden , Norway and Finland Hash , from the United States Pav bhaji , from West India References ( edit ) Food portal Jump up ^ Pickett , Joseph P. ; et al. ( 2000 ) , American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Houghton Mifflin Jump up ^ Rundell , Maria Eliza Ketelby ( 1808 ) . Bubble and Squeak . In A new system of domestic cookery : Third edition . p. 42 . Google Book Search . Retrieved on January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scottish Recipes : Rumbledethumps Recipe Jump up ^ Hearty Luncheon and Supper Dishes Reading Eagle , Jul 17 , 1913 Jump up ^ Forbes Lifestyle , Wine and Food Forbes , Nov 17 , 2004 External links ( edit ) Media related to Bubble and squeak at Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Bubble and Squeak Potato dishes Ajiaco Aligot Aloo chaat Aloo gobi Aloo gosht Aloo pie Aloo tikki Baeckeoffe Baked potato Bangers and mash Batata harra Batata vada Bengal potatoes Bonda Boxty Bryndzové halušky Brændende kærlighed Bubble and squeak Canarian wrinkly potatoes Carapulcra Carne asada fries Cepelinai Champ Chip butty Chorrillana Chuño Clapshot Coddle Colcannon Cottage pie Crisp sandwich Croquette Curly fries Duchess potatoes Fondant potatoes French fries ( Freedom fries ) Fritter roll Funeral potatoes Gamja - jeon Gamja - ongsimi Gamja - tang German fries Gnocchi Gratin Gratin dauphinois Hachis Parmentier Halal snack pack Hash browns Hasselback potatoes Himmel und Erde Home fries Homity pie Hutspot Janssons frestelse Kapsalon Kartoffelkäse Knish Kouign patatez Kroppkaka Kugel Kugelis Lancashire hotpot Lefse Llapingacho Lyonnaise potatoes Mashed potato Munini - imo Nikujaga Ocopa Olivier salad Panackelty Papa a la Huancaína Papa rellena Papas chorreadas Patatas bravas Patatnik Péla Pickert Pitepalt Pommes Anna Pommes dauphine Pommes soufflées Potato chip Potato babka Potato bread Potato cake Potato doughnut Potato pancake Potato salad Potato scone Potato skins Potato waffle Potato wedges Potatoes O'Brien Potatonik Poutine Poutine râpée Pâté aux pommes de terre Ragda pattice Rappie pie Raspeball Reibekuchen Rewena bread Rösti Rumbledethumps Salchipapas Salt potatoes Skomakarlåda Spanish omelette Spice bag Stamppot Stoemp Stovies Szałot Szilvásgombóc Tartiflette Tater tots Trinxat Truffade Tombet Tornado potato Vada Vada pav Waffle fries Wrap roti English cuisine Periods Roman times Dishes Sausages Middle Ages Exemplars The Forme of Cury ( c. 1390 ) Dishes Apple pie Bacon Banbury cake Cheesecake Custard Game pie Gingerbread Kippers Mince pie Mortis Pasty Pease pudding Pie Pottage 16th century Exemplars Thomas Dawson ( The Good Huswifes Jewell , 1585 ) Dishes Black pudding Fruit fool Pancake Scones Syllabub Trifle ( without jelly ) 17th century Exemplars Elinor Fettiplace ( Receipt Book , 1604 ) Gervase Markham ( The English Huswife , 1615 ) Robert May ( The Accomplisht Cook , 1660 ) Hannah Woolley ( The Queen - like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670 ) John Evelyn ( Acetaria a Discourse of Sallets 1699 ) Kenelm Digby ( The Closet Opened 1699 ) Dishes Battalia pie Currant bun Queen of Puddings Sponge cake Sussex pond pudding Sweet and sour Tea 18th century Exemplars Mary Kettilby ( A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714 ) John Nott ( The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary , 1723 ) Eliza Smith ( The Compleat Housewife 1727 ) Hannah Glasse ( The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747 ) Elizabeth Raffald ( The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769 ) Richard Briggs ( The English Art of Cookery 1788 ) William Augustus Henderson ( The Housekeeper 's Instructor 1791 ) Dishes Bread and butter pudding Christmas pudding Chutney Cottage or Shepherd 's pie Eccles cake Jellied eels Jugged hare Ketchup Marmalade Parkin Piccalilli Pork pie Roast beef Sandwich Scouse Suet pudding Toad in the hole Trifle ( with jelly ) Welsh rabbit Yorkshire pudding 19th century Exemplars Mrs Rundell ( A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806 ) Eliza Acton ( Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845 ) Charles Elmé Francatelli ( The Modern Cook 1846 ) Isabella Beeton ( Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management 1861 ) Dishes Bubble and squeak Cauliflower cheese Cobbler Devilled kidneys Faggots Fish and chips Full English breakfast HP Sauce Ice cream cone Lancashire hotpot Potted shrimps Sausage roll Steak and kidney pudding Battenberg cake Eton mess Eve 's pudding Jam roly - poly Lardy cake Madeira cake Summer pudding Worcestershire sauce 20th century Exemplars Elizabeth David ( A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950 ) Dorothy Hartley ( Food in England 1954 ) Constance Spry & Rosemary Hume ( The Constance Spry Cookery Book 1956 ) Marguerite Patten ( Everyday Cook Book in Colour 1968 ) Jane Grigson ( Vegetable Book 1978 ) Delia Smith ( How to Cheat at Cooking 1971 ) Rick Stein ( English Seafood Cookery 1988 ) Nigel Slater ( Real Fast Food 1992 , Kitchen Diaries 2005 ) Keith Floyd ( Floyd on Britain and Ireland 1988 ) Marco Pierre White ( White Heat 1990 ) Nigella Lawson ( How to Eat 1998 ) Jamie Oliver ( The Naked Chef 1999 ) Fergus Henderson ( Nose to Tail Eating , 1999 ) Gordon Ramsay Gary Rhodes ( New British Classics 1999 ) Dishes Bakewell tart Beef Wellington Carrot cake Chicken tikka masala Crumble Knickerbocker glory Ploughman 's lunch Salad cream 21st century Exemplars Michel Roux Jr . ( Le Gavroche ) Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall ( River Cottage ) Antony Worrall Thompson ( GI Diet 2005 ) Heston Blumenthal ( The Fat Duck ) Mary Berry ( Baking Bible 2009 ) Clarissa Dickson Wright ( A History of English Food 2011 ) Nadiya Hussain ( Nadiya 's British Food Adventure 2017 ) Related List of English dishes List of English cheeses List of puddings Rationing in the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubble_and_squeak&oldid=803295426 '' Categories : English cuisine Potato dishes Cabbage dishes Brassica oleracea dishes Food combinations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bubble and squeak why is it called that	[]	[]
2367115457933358146	History of Mithila Region	History of Mithila region - wikipedia History of Mithila region Jump to : navigation , search Mithila ( IAST : mithilā , also known as Mithilanchal , Tirhut and Tirabhukti ) is a geographical and cultural region located in the northern part of South Asia . The native language is known as Maithili and its speakers are referred to as Maithils . The majority of the Mithila region falls within modern - day India , more specifically in the state of Bihar . Mithila is bounded in the north by the Himalayas , and in the south , west and east by the Ganges , Gandaki and Mahananda respectively . It extends into the southeastern Terai of Nepal . This region was also called Tirabhukti , the ancient name of Tirhut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient history and myths 2 Vedic period , Videha Kingdom 2.1 Lineage of Janaks 2.2 Janaks after Ramayana 3 c. 600 BCE -- c. 300 BCE , Vajji Mahajanapada 4 6th century to 11th century : Pala and Sena rule 5 11th century to 14th century : Simroon / Karnata Dynasty 6 14th to 16th century : Oinwar dynasty 7 1526 to 1577 : Period of Anarchy 8 16th century to 20th century : Raj Darbhanga 9 References Ancient History and myths ( edit ) See also : Mithila ( region ) The name Mithila is believed to be derived from the mythical King Mithila . He established the capital of his kingdom at Mithilapuri . Since he was born out of body of his father , he was called Janak . After this , the Kings of Mithila were called Janak . The most famous Janak was Seeradhwaja Janaka , father of Sita . There were 52 kings in the dynasty of Videh Janak . However , archaeological evidence is lacking to realistically assess the period of their migration . The region was also known as Videha . The kingdom of Videha is mentioned for the first time in Yajurveda Samhita . Mithila , the capital of Videha is mentioned in Buddhist Jatakas , the Brahamanas the Puranas ( described in detail in Brhadvisnu Purana and various epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata . A list of Kings is mentioned in Mahabharata and Jatakas . All the kings we known as Videha or Janak . There were total of 52 kings in this dynasty . Vedic period , Videha kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Videha During the Vedic period , Mithila was the centre of the Videha kingdom . The rulers of the Videha kingdom were called Janakas . Lineage of Janaks ( edit ) Nimi - Nimi was son of King Ikshvaku and grandson of Manu . Mithi - Founder of Mithila . Janaka ( 1 ) was the founder of Janaka dynasty . Udavasu Nandivardhana Suketu Devarata Brihadratha Mahavira Sudhriti Dristaketu Haryasva Maru Pratindhaka Kirtiratha Devamidha Vibudha Mahidhrika Kirtirata Maharoma Swarnaroma Hrasvaroma Seeradhwaja or Janaka ( 2 ) - Father of Sita . The list of Janaks has been compiled from Valmiki Ramayana . Janaks after Ramayana ( edit ) Bhaanumaan Shatadyumn Shuchi Oorjnaamaa Kriti Anjan Kurujit Arishtnemi Shrutaayu Supaarshwa Srinjaya Kshemaavee Anenaa Bhaumarath Satyarath Upagu Upagupt Swaagat Swaanand Suvarchaa Supaarshwa Subhaash Sushrut Jaya Vijaya Rit Sunaya Veetahavya Dhriti Bahulaashwa Kriti Source : c. 600 BCE -- c. 300 BCE , Vajji Mahajanapada ( edit ) Main article : Vajji Following the fall of the Videhas , Mithila came under the control of the Vajji mahajanapada which was a confederacy of clans the most famous of which was the Licchavi . The capital was in the city of Vaishali in modern - day Bihar . Mithila under the Vajji 's was eventually conquered by the king of Magadha , Ajatashatru . 6th century to 11th century : Pala and Sena rule ( edit ) Mithila was a tributary of the Pala Dynasty for almost three centuries . The Pala Dynasty were followers of Buddhism and according to some texts they were Kayasthas . Their capital is believed to be located at present town of Balirajgarh ( Babubarhi - Madhubani district ) . The last king of Pal Dynasty was Madanpal . Madanpal was a weak king , as he was defeated by Adishur Samant Sen 's army . The founder of the Pala Empire was Gopala . He was the first independent Buddhist king of Bengal and came to power in 750 in Gaur by democratic election , which was unique at the time . He reigned from 750 to 770 and consolidated his position by extending his control over all of Bengal . His successors Dharmapala ( r . 770 - 810 ) and Devapala ( r . 810 - 850 ) expanded the empire across the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent . The Pala Empire eventually disintegrated in the 12th century under the attack of the Sena dynasty . Sena Dynasty were followers of Hinduism ( Gaud Kayasthas ) and hence people of Mithila , being followers of Hinduism , helped Samant Sen in defeating Madanpal . Eminent scholar Vachaspati Mishra ( from Village Thardhi in Madhubani district ) was from this period , 11th century to 14th century : Simroon / Karnata Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Karnatas of Mithila The Karnata or Simroon dynasty was founded by Nanyadeva with the capital being in Simraon in Mithila . Some theorise that this dynasty was of Parmar Rajput origin . In the court of Hari Singh Deva the Royal Priest was Jyotirishwar , the author of Varna Ratnakar . Upon Ghiyasuddin Tughlak 's invasion of Mithila ( Tirhut ) , King Harisimhadeva , along with many Maithil Brahmins , fled to Nepal and founded a new dynasty in Nepal . The dynasty had five kings of note : Nanya Singh Deva - Nanya Singh Deva apart from being a great warrior , also had a keen interest in music . He classified and analyzed the Ragas and opines Madhya Laya is chosen for Hasya ( humorous ) and Sringar ( libido ) rasa , Bilambit is chosen for Karun ( compassion ) rasa and Drut is chosen for Veer ( brave ) , Rodra ( anger ) , Adbhut ( marvellous ) and Bhayanak ( fearful ) rasas . He wrote a treaty on music ' Saraswati Hridayalankar ' which is preserved in the Bhandarkar Research Institute of Pune . Nanya Dev is also considered to be the `` forgotten King of Mithila '' . Gang Singh Deva Narsingh Deva Shakti Singh Deva Hari Singh Deva - King Hari Singh Dev is the most famous . He was instrumental in initiating and implementing Panji Vyavastha or Panji Prabandha in Maithil Brahmins and Maithil Kayasthas ( Karn Kayasthas ) . He was also great patron of art and literature . 14th to 16th century : Oinwar dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Oinwar dynasty In 1326 , Ghyasuddin Tughlak attacked and conquered Mithila region . The last king of Karnata Dynasty Harisingh Dev fled to Nepal . In 1353 Firoz Shah Tughlak appointed Pt . Kameshwar Thakur as Karad Raja ( Tax Paying King - they were appointed as Kings by Emperors and had to collect and pay taxes , and to maintain army for the Emperor . Kameshwar Thakur , being of scholarly nature , was unable to collect and pay tax to Firoz Shah Tughlak . Thus , Kameshwar Thakkur was dethroned and his son , Bhogishwar Thakur was made next King of Mithila region . This dynasty was ruled by natives of Mithila who where Maithil Brahmins and belonged to the Kashyap gotra . The list kings of Oinwar Dynasty is as under : Jayapati Thakur Hingu Thakur - a great scholar and ascetic . Once served karnata kings and he was granted the village Oini in Muzaffarpur district . Oini Nath Thakur Atirupa Thakur Vishwarup Thakur Govinda Thakur Lakshmana Thakur Kameshwar Thakur - In 1353 , Pt . Kameshwar Thakur was appointed by Firoz Shah Tughlak himself as KARAD RAJA ( Tax Paying King ) . Bhogishwar Thakur - Kameshwar Thakur did not prove to be able ruler and was unable to collect and pay tax to Firoz Shah Tughlak . Thus , Firoz Shah Tughlak dethroned him and made Bhogishwar Thakur the King in place of Kameshwar Thakur . Ganeshwar Singh - Ganeshwar Singh became king after death of his father Bhogishwar Thakur . He was mortally stabbed by a person named Aslan in 1361 AD in a conspiracy to usurp the throne . Aslan wanted to kill his two sons , Vir Singh and Kirti Singh as well , but did not succeed since they had been safely hidden . Kirti Singh - Kirti Singh enlisted help of Tughlaks , who send his army to recapture Mithila . In the battle that ensued , Aslan and Vir Singh were killed . Kirti Singh became King but died after shortly thereafter . Bhavesh Thakur -- He was younger son of Kameshwar Thakur . Since Kirti Singh died issueless , the kingdom passed over to Bhavesh Thakur . Dev Singh Shiva Singh -- He declared himself to be independent King and stopped paying taxes to Tughlak empire . Due to his decision to challenge authority of Tughlaks empire , Ibrahim Shah Tughlak attacked Mithila . In the battle , Shiv Singh was killed . Padma Singh -- He was younger brother of Shiv Singh . Queen Bishwas Devi -- Padma Singh died issueless at an early age . After his death , his wife Queen Bishwas Devi ruled Mithila region , but she too died soon after taking over reign of Mithila . Hari Singh -- He was cousin of Padma Singh . Since Padma Singh died issueless , the throne passed to Hari Singh . Nar Singh Dhir Singh ( ruled 1459 to 1480 ) Bhairav Singh ( ruled 1480 to 1515 ) _ He was a very popular king and initiated several development works like digging of ponds construction of roads , wells , temples , etc . He was a great patron of art and culture as well . Rambhadra Singh Dev Laxminath Singh Dev -- He was the last King of the dynasty . Sikandar Lodhi attacked Mithila region in 1526 and Maharaja Laxminath Singh Dev was killed in the ensuing battle . 1526 to 1577 : period of anarchy ( edit ) Sikandar Lodhi made his son - in - law , Alauddin , the ruler of this area . During this period , Mughal Empire was beginning to take its root in Delhi . Alauddin was not a successful ruler and for next 50 years , anarchy prevailed in Mithila region . During this period the Gandhawaria Rajputs acquired power ruling various estates in the area particularly in Saharsa . When Akbar became emperor , he tried to bring normalcy to Mithila region . He came to the conclusion that only after a Maithil Brahmin was made King , peace can prevail and rent can be collected in Mithila . In 1577 , Emperor Akbar declared Pt . Mahesh Thakkur as the ruler of Mithila . Pt . Mahesh Thakkur was of the mool , Kharaure Bhaur and hence that dynasty was called ' Khandwala Kul ' and the capital was made at Rajgram in Madhubani District . 16th century to 20th century : raj Darbhanga ( edit ) Main article : Raj Darbhanga Maharajah Sir Lakhmishwar Singh , G.C.I.E. , of Darbhanga , who was only in his forty - third year at the time of his death in 1898 , was in every sense the best type of the Indian nobleman and landlord . He was the leading zemindar in Behar , where he owned no less than 2,152 square miles ( 5,570 km ) with a net yearly rental of 30 lakhs , and was the recognized head of the orthodox Hindu community . His philanthropy and his munificent contributions to all public movement won him the esteem of all classes and creeds . He took an active part in public life and enjoyed a high reputation as a progressive and liberal minded statesman . With but slight interruptions he was a member of the Supreme Legislative Council from the year 1883 until his death , and latterly he sat in that body as the elected representative of the non-official members of the Bengal Council . Few Asiatics have combined more successfully in themselves the apparently incompatible characteristics of East and West . Cotton , H.E.A. Raja Mahesh Thakur ( expired 1558 ) . Raja Gopal Thakur He was eldest Son of Raja Mahesh Thakur . He died suddenly and was king for a very small period only . Raja Parmanand Thakur He was second son of Raja Mahesh Thakur . He too ruled for a brief period before his death . Raja Subhankar Thakur ( expired 1607 ) - He was fifth son of Raja Mahesh Thakur . He was a great patron of music and art . He wrote a treatise on music Sri Hastamuktavali that deals with a companion art of dance . Raja Purushottam Thakur ( ruled - 1607 to 1623 ) Raja Narayan Thakur ( ruled 1623 to 1642 ) Raja Sundar Thakur ( ruled - 1642 to 1662 ) Raja Mahinath Thakur ( ruled - 1662 to 1684 ) Raja Nirpat Thakur ( ruled - 1684 to 1700 ) - He shifted his capital to Darbhanga from Rajgram . Darbhanga remained their seat of power till independence of India . Raja Raghu Singh ( ruled - 1700 to 1736 ) Raja Bishnu Singh ( ruled - 1736 to 1740 ) Raja Narendra Singh ( Ruled 1740 -- 1760 AD ) : - Notable for taking part in the Battle of Battle of Kandarpi - Ghat . Raja Pratap Singh ( ruled - 1760 to 1776 ) Raja Madho Singh ( ruled - 1776 to 1808 ) Maharaja Chhatra Singh Bahadur ( ruled - 1808 to 1839 ) Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur ( ruled 1839 to 1850 ) Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur ( ruled - 1850 to 1860 ) Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh Bahadur ( ruled 1860 to 1898 ) Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur ( ruled 1898 to 1929 ) Maharaja Kameshwar Singh Bahadur ( ruled 1929 to 1947 , i.e. , till independence of India on 15 August 1947 when all the kingdoms merged with Union of India ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms : A Study in Civilizational Perspective '' . p. 27 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mishra , V. ( 1979 ) . Cultural Heritage of Mithila . Mithila Prakasana . p. 13 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jha , M. ( 1997 ) . `` Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level '' . Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms : A Study in Civilizational Perspective . New Delhi : M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 27 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Mishra , V. ( 1979 ) . Cultural Heritage of Mithila . Allahabad : Mithila Prakasana . p. 13 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ishii , H. ( 1993 ) . `` Seasons , Rituals and Society : the culture and society of Mithila , the Parbate Hindus and the Newars as seen through a comparison of their annual rites '' . Senri Ethnological Studies 36 : 35 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Kumar , D. ( 2000 ) . `` Mithila after the Janakas '' . The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 60 : 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Radhakrishna Choudhary . `` A Survey of Maithili Literature '' . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Yadav , Yogendra P. date missing . Reading Asia : New Research in Asian Studies ; Frans Hüsken , Dick van der Meij ; Chapter 12 -- The Maithili Language at page 240 Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Hinduism : Author - Nagendra Kumar Singh at page 3239 Jump up ^ http://www.bihar.ws/info/Cultural-regions-of-Bihar/A-Brief-History-of-Mithila-State.html accessed on 10 January 2008 Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Hinduism ; Author - Nagendra Kumar Singh Jump up ^ Michael Witzel ( 1989 ) , Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo - Aryennes ed . Caillat , Paris , pages 13 , 17 116 - 124 , 141 - 143 Jump up ^ `` The Valmiki Ramayana '' . acharya.iitm.ac.in . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/hindupuraan/3vishnu/4chaturth/5nimi.htm&date=2009-10-26+00:01:03 accessed on Jan 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri , Hemchandra ( 1972 ) , Political History of Ancient India , University of Calcutta , Calcutta , pp. 106 -- 113 , 186 -- 90 Jump up ^ `` Milestones Social Science -- 6 ( History , Geography , Social and Political Life ) '' . p. 80 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Complex Societies and Other Anthropological Essays '' . p. 14 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Journal of the Bihar Purävid Parishad , Volumes 4 - 5 '' . p. 414 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mithila Under the Karnatas , C. 1097 - 1325 A.D '' . p. 55 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of Muslim rule in Tirhut , 1206 - 1765 , A.D. '' . p. 28 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Journal of the Bihar Research Society , Volume 46 '' . pp. 22 -- 25 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Publications , Volume 33 '' . p. 193 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mithila , Maithili and Maithil : the Field in Historical Context '' ( PDF ) . ShodhGanga . Inflibnet . pp. 88 -- 89 , 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Jha , M. ( 1997 ) . Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms : A Study in Civilizational Perspective . M.D. Publications . p. 153 . ISBN 9788175330344 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.mithilaonline.com/music.html accessed on January 25th , 2008 Jump up ^ Jha , M. ( 1997 ) . Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms : A Study in Civilizational Prespective . M.D. Publications . p. 56 . ISBN 9788175330344 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Makhan Jha . Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms : A Study in Civilizational Perspective . p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Saharsa ( 1966 ) '' . p. 18 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cotton , H.E.A. , ( 1909 / 19800 Calcutta Old and New , pp 335 - 336 , General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd . Jump up ^ `` MITHILA ONLINE ... Gateway to Mithila '' . mithilaonline.com . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mithila . The Maithil Brahmans - an online ethnography Historical regions of North India Ajmer Awadh Bagelkhand Bhojpur Braj Bundelkhand Delhi Doab Doaba Dhundhar Garhwal Gird Godwar Hadoti Jaisalmer Jangladesh Kumaun Magadha Mahakoshal Majha Malwa Malwa ( Punjab ) Marwar Mewar Mewat Mithila Nimar Purvanchal Rohilkhand Shekhawati Vagad Nepal articles History Kiratas Shakya Siddhartha Gautama Maithali Sita Janaka Licchavi Arimalla Baise Rajya Chaubisi rajya Gorkha Kingdom Prithvi Narayan Shah Unification Kingdom of Nepal Shah dynasty Sino - Nepalese War Anglo - Nepalese War Treaty of Sugauli Rana dynasty Kot massacre Nepalese -- Tibetan War Tribhuvan Nepal -- Britain Treaty of 1923 Nepali Congress Democracy movement in 2006 Birendra Royal massacre Jana Andolan Ganesh Man Singh Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Baburam Bhattarai Pushpa Kamal Dahal Civil War Ram Baran Yadav Geography Mountains Dhaulagiri massif Himalayas Annapurna Mount Everest Kangchenjunga Makalu Manaslu Areas Kathmandu Valley Siliguri Corridor ( Chicken 's Neck ) Madhesh Inner Madhesh Tibetan Plateau Rivers Arun Karnali ( Ghaghara ) Koshi ( Kosi ) Narayani ( Gandaki ) West Rapti Subdivisions Districts Regions Zones Cities Biratnagar Birgunj Bharatpur Hetauda Itahari Damak Janakpur Kathmandu ( capital ) Nepalgunj Patan Pokhara Politics Constituent Assembly Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT LGBT history Military Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Supreme Court Village Development Committees Gaupalika - Rural Municipality Economy South Asian Free Trade Area Rupee ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Cuisine Demographics Education schools universities and colleges Gorkhas ( Gurkhas ) International rankings Madhesi people Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya ( library ) Nepal Academy Newar people Sherpas Sport football national cricket team Nepal at the Olympics Newar traditional clothing Religion Hinduism Buddhism Pashupatinath Temple Ceremonies and festivals Bratabandha ( Upanayana ) Dashain Nwaran Pasni Tihar Chhath Dipankha Yatra Holi Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mithila_Region&oldid=803003093 '' Categories : Mithila Culture of Mithila History of Bihar History of Nepal Populated places in Mithila , India Populated places in Mithila , Nepal Regions of Bihar Regions of Nepal Province No. 2 Lists of Indian monarchs Kingdoms in the Ramayana Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 21 : 17 . 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-7771087487277998243	I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)	I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' Single by MercyMe from the album The Worship Project and Almost There A-side `` Word of God Speak '' Released 2001 Format CD digital download Recorded 1999 and 2001 in the United States Ivy Park The Indigo Room Paradise Sound IBC Studios Genre Christian alternative rock pop rock contemporary Christian Length 4 : 08 Label INO Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bart Millard Producer ( s ) Pete Kipley MercyMe singles chronology `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A-side physical single ( combined with `` Word of God Speak '' ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . With 2.5 million copies sold , it is the best - selling Christian single of all time , having been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA . As of 2018 , it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Impact 5 Music video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Awards and accolades 7 Other versions 8 Track listing 9 Release history 10 Charts and certifications 11 Film adaptation 12 References Background ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , lost his father , Arthur Wesley Millard Jr. , in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words `` I can only imagine '' on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that `` ( ' I Can Only Imagine ' ) is one of the only songs I have ever written where there was n't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that '' , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics . In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There . Composition ( edit ) I Can Only Imagine A sample of `` I Can Only Imagine '' . MercyMe 's debut single , `` I Can Only Imagine '' is `` a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Can Only Imagine '' is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B -- G ♯ . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster . The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that `` I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 - year - old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) MercyMe 's lead singer - songwriter , Bart Millard ( left ) and drummer , Robby Shaffer , performing in February 2008 . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was re-recorded for their major - label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number - one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100.3 Wild - FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called - in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live . As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single , `` I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak '' . The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Impact ( edit ) MercyMe did not expect `` I Can Only Imagine '' to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about `` the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included `` I Can Only Imagine '' on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that `` We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off '' . Music video ( edit ) Millard holding his father 's photograph in the music video . A music video was released for `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : `` I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames ( at MercyMe concerts ) that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that '' . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph . The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception for `` I Can Only Imagine '' was positive . Steve Losey of AllMusic commented that `` ( the song ) is a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt `` The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you have n't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . '' Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that `` The definite highlight on ( Almost There ) is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that ca n't be listened to with eyes open '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , `` I Can Only Imagine '' spent 30 weeks on the chart . On the Adult Top 40 chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , `` I Can Only Imagine '' also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart . In April 2010 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 . It was certified 3x platinum in 2018 . As of June 2018 , it has sold 3 million copies , making it the best - selling Christian single of all time . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake - up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS - 129 . Other versions ( edit ) The original version of `` I Can Only Imagine '' was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version . `` I Can Only Imagine '' has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled `` Imagine '' and paired with `` Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus '' ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann . The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary `` Suffer the Children . '' There is also a German version `` Ich kann nur davon träumen '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` I Can Only Imagine '' -- 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard ) `` Word of God Speak '' -- 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Release history ( edit ) Date Territory Label Format 2001 United States INO Airplay 23 September 2003 INO Curb CD 4 January 2005 INO Epic Digital Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak Position Radio and Records Christian AC Radio and Records Christian CHR 15 Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position France ( SNEP ) 65 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak Position US Christian Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak Position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 2003 ) Position Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 24 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 7 Certifications Country Certifications ( sales thresholds ) United States 3x Platinum Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Can Only Imagine ( film ) The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt , `` MercyMe 's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him '' , Tennessean , February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Ramsay ( 6 July 2003 ) . `` Christian Rock Crosses Over '' . Fox News ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David . `` A Severe Mercy '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Correa , Karen ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Quality of MercyMe '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bart Millard , Jim Bryson ( interviewees ) ( 2007 ) . Faith & Fame -- MercyMe . NME . UK : IPC Media ( Time Inc . ) . Event occurs at a-d. 12 : 13 -- 13 : 07 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . Supplied by INO Records / Columbia Records . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worship Project -- MercyMe '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There ( Platinum Edition ) by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steve . `` '' Almost There '' -- MercyMe ( Review ) `` . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe -- `` I Can Only Imagine '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Note : To access archive , user must click ' bypass ' and then , on the next screen , click ' please click here ' . ^ Jump up to : McNeese , Kevin ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Almost There by MercyMe ( Review ) '' . NewReleaseTuesday.com ( NRT Media ( Kevin McNeese ) ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Almost There ( CD liner ) . MercyMe . INO Records . 2001 . 39972 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Kipley ( Credits ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak `` , MercyMe , Music CD Single -- Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Billboard Charted Singles '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Number One Records '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Christa ( September 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Is Still The Little Song That Could '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . 26 ( 3 ) : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Natalie Nichols ( 2 June 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Impacts Mainstream Radio `` . Crosswalk.com . Salem Web Network ( Salem Communications ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ MercyMe ( interviewees ) ( 2004 ) . The Story Behind `` I Can Only Imagine '' . INO Records . Event occurs at 5 : 55 -- 6 : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . `` Curb , Mike '' . In Cusic , Don . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deborah Evans ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` A Yearning for More Meaning '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media : 3 , 76 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` Word of God Speak '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John J. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Well Mercy Me , Children ! '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' -- MercyMe ( VEVO ) `` . Vevo ( Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment , Abu Dhabi Media Company , E1 Entertainment ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . ^ Jump up to : Nentwig , Wendy Lee ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Song Story : `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . Crosswalk.com ( Salem Web Communications ( Salem Communications ) ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Kevin ( 9 September 2002 ) . `` MercyMe , Almost There review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA. 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Note : Requires user to input artist , e.g. MercyMe . Jump up ^ `` Mercyme makes history as `` I Can Only Imagine '' surpasses 1 million downloads `` . Christian Today . Andrew Clark . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dove Awards History Year ( searchable database ) '' . GMA Dove Award . Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Note : Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steven Douglas ( 26 December 2002 ) . `` Real People , Real Worship '' . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 129 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Curator : Kim Dismukes ; responsible official : Amiko Kauderer . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` MercyMe , iTunes Originals Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Originals by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` MercyMe , `` 10 '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kim . `` Who Sings `` I Can Only Imagine '' ? `` . About.com . About.com ( The New York Times Company ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ . `` Satisfy , Christian Music Reviews '' . The Fish . Christianity Today International ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song . 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carson Album & Song History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson Drive '' . Emerson Drive . 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Charisma . `` ' Hairpiece Revival ' Spreads Worship Awakening Across the Country -- Charisma Magazine '' . www.charismamag.com . Jump up ^ Spiritwatch Ministries On YouTube ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Suffer The Children - a film by Trevor Glass '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com `` I Can Only Imagine '' / `` Word of God Speak '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Spoken For by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Word of God Speak '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MercyMe -- I Can Only Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Digital Songs : Top Worship Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 80 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart Archives ( AC ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives ( Singles sales ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 34 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2010 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2011 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . MercyMe singles Discography Almost There `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Spoken For `` Spoken For '' `` Word of God Speak '' `` The Change Inside Of Me '' Undone `` Here with Me '' `` Homesick '' `` In the Blink of an Eye '' Coming Up to Breathe `` So Long Self '' `` Hold Fast '' `` Bring the Rain '' All That Is Within Me `` God with Us '' `` You Reign '' `` Finally Home '' The Generous Mr. Lovewell `` All of Creation '' `` Beautiful '' `` Move '' The Hurt & The Healer `` The Hurt & The Healer '' Welcome to the New `` Shake '' Lifer `` Even If '' Other charted songs `` O Holy Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' `` Go Tell it on the Mountain '' `` Sleigh Ride '' Jeff Carson Studio albums Jeff Carson Butterfly Kisses Real Life Singles `` Not on Your Love '' `` The Car '' `` Holdin ' Onto Somethin ' '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Real Life ( I Never Was the Same Again ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)&oldid=853813419 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 songs 2001 singles MercyMe songs Pop ballads Songs written by Bart Millard Curb Records singles Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did i can only imagine get released	[ "\"I Can Only Imagine\" was released in 2001 as the album's lead single. It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004; to aid in promotion to these markets, a double A-side physical single (combined with \"Word of God Speak\") was released in 2003. It charted on several formats, including the Billboard Adult Contemporary (where it peaked at No. 5) and the Hot 100 (where it peaked at No. 71). In 2002, \"I Can Only Imagine\" earned the Dove Awards for 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'; Millard earned the Dove Award 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony. With 2.5 million copies sold, it is the best-selling Christian single of all time, having been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA. As of 2018, it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone.\n" ]	[ "2001" ]
3748138218800323212	List of Saturday Night Live episodes	List of Saturday Night Live episodes - wikipedia List of Saturday Night Live episodes Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) is a late - night sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels . It premiered on NBC , a terrestrial television network , on October 11 , 1975 under the title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show often satirizes contemporary American popular culture and politics . Saturday Night Live features a two - tiered cast : the repertory members , also known as the `` Not Ready for Prime - Time Players , '' and newer cast members , known as `` Featured Players . '' Each week , the show features a host , often a well - known celebrity , who delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast . A musical guest is also invited to perform several sets ( usually two , and occasionally more ) . Every so often a host or musical guest will fill both roles , such as was the case with Britney Spears in 2000 and 2002 , Jennifer Lopez in 2001 and 2010 , Justin Timberlake in 2003 , 2006 and 2013 , Taylor Swift in 2009 , Bruno Mars in 2012 , Lady Gaga in 2013 , Justin Bieber in 2013 , Miley Cyrus in 2013 and 2015 , Drake in 2014 and 2016 , Blake Shelton in 2015 , Ariana Grande in 2016 and Donald Glover in 2018 . With the exception of Season 7 and several other rare cases , the show has begun with a cold open that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' Saturday Night Live is one of the longest running network programs in American television history , with over 800 episodes broadcast over the span of 42 seasons . A number of the show 's sketches have been developed into feature films , including The Blues Brothers , Wayne 's World , A Night at the Roxbury , Superstar , Coneheads , and MacGruber . Seasons 1 through 5 are available on DVD in Region 1 . Various Saturday Night Live sketches are available in several new media formats , including streaming on Hulu and Netflix . Selected sketches and segments are also available for purchase at the iTunes Store to download and playback on home computers and certain iPod and iPhone models . Seasons : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Specials References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 October 11 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 11 ) July 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 31 ) 22 September 18 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 18 ) May 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 21 ) 20 September 24 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 20 ) 20 October 7 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 07 ) May 26 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 26 ) 5 20 October 13 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 13 ) May 24 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 24 ) 6 13 November 15 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 15 ) April 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 11 ) 7 20 October 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 22 ) 8 20 September 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 14 ) 9 19 October 8 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 08 ) May 12 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 12 ) 10 17 October 6 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 06 ) April 13 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 13 ) 11 18 November 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 09 ) May 24 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 24 ) 12 20 October 11 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 11 ) May 23 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 23 ) 13 13 October 17 , 1987 ( 1987 - 10 - 17 ) February 27 , 1988 ( 1988 - 02 - 27 ) 14 20 October 8 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 20 ) 15 20 September 30 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 30 ) May 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 19 ) 16 20 September 29 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 29 ) May 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 18 ) 17 20 September 28 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 28 ) May 16 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 16 ) 18 20 September 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 15 ) 19 20 September 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 14 ) 20 20 September 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 13 ) 21 20 September 30 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 30 ) May 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 18 ) 22 20 September 28 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 17 ) 23 20 September 27 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 27 ) May 9 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 09 ) 24 19 September 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 15 ) 25 20 October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) May 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 20 ) 26 20 October 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 19 ) 27 20 September 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 29 ) May 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 18 ) 28 20 October 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 05 ) May 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 17 ) 29 20 October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) May 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 15 ) 30 20 October 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) May 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) 31 19 October 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 01 ) May 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 20 ) 32 20 September 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 30 ) May 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 19 ) 33 12 September 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 29 ) May 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 17 ) 34 22 September 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 13 ) May 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 16 ) 35 22 September 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 15 ) 36 22 September 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 21 ) 37 22 September 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 19 ) 38 21 September 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 15 ) May 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 18 ) 39 21 September 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 17 ) 40 21 September 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 41 21 October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) May 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 21 ) 42 21 October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) 43 21 September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) May 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 19 ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : Saturday Night Live hosts and List of Saturday Night Live cast members who have hosted Seasons 1 -- 15 this list has been split , for improved performance Seasons 16 -- 30 this list has been split , for improved performance Season 31 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 31 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest Original air date 586 Steve Carell Kanye West October 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 01 ) 587 Jon Heder Ashlee Simpson October 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 08 ) 588 Catherine Zeta - Jones Franz Ferdinand October 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 22 ) 589 Lance Armstrong Sheryl Crow October 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 29 ) 590 5 Jason Lee Foo Fighters November 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 12 ) 591 6 Eva Longoria Korn November 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 19 ) 592 7 Dane Cook James Blunt December 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 03 ) 593 8 Alec Baldwin Shakira December 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 10 ) 594 9 Jack Black Neil Young December 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 17 ) 595 10 Scarlett Johansson Death Cab for Cutie January 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 14 ) 596 11 Peter Sarsgaard The Strokes January 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 21 ) 597 12 Steve Martin Prince February 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 04 ) 598 13 Natalie Portman Fall Out Boy March 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 04 ) 599 14 Matt Dillon Arctic Monkeys March 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 11 ) 600 15 Antonio Banderas Mary J. Blige April 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 08 ) 601 16 Lindsay Lohan Pearl Jam April 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 15 ) 602 17 Tom Hanks Red Hot Chili Peppers May 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 06 ) 603 18 Julia Louis - Dreyfus Paul Simon May 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 13 ) 604 19 Kevin Spacey Nelly Furtado May 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 20 ) Season 32 ( 2006 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 32 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date 605 Dane Cook The Killers September 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 30 ) 606 Jaime Pressly Corinne Bailey Rae October 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 07 ) 607 John C. Reilly My Chemical Romance October 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 21 ) 608 Hugh Laurie Beck October 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 28 ) 609 5 Alec Baldwin Christina Aguilera November 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 11 ) 610 6 Ludacris Ludacris November 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 18 ) 611 7 Matthew Fox Tenacious D December 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 02 ) 612 8 Annette Bening Gwen Stefani and Akon December 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 09 ) 613 9 Justin Timberlake Justin Timberlake December 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 16 ) 614 10 Jake Gyllenhaal The Shins January 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 13 ) 615 11 Jeremy Piven AFI January 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 20 ) 616 12 Drew Barrymore Lily Allen February 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 03 ) 617 13 Forest Whitaker Keith Urban February 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) 618 14 Rainn Wilson Arcade Fire February 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 24 ) 619 15 Julia Louis - Dreyfus Snow Patrol March 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 17 ) 620 16 Peyton Manning Carrie Underwood March 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 24 ) 621 17 Shia LaBeouf Avril Lavigne April 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 14 ) 622 18 Scarlett Johansson Björk April 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 21 ) 623 19 Molly Shannon Linkin Park May 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 12 ) 624 20 Zach Braff Maroon 5 May 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 19 ) Season 33 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 33 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest Original air date 625 LeBron James Kanye West September 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 29 ) 626 Seth Rogen Spoon October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) 627 Jon Bon Jovi Foo Fighters October 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 13 ) 628 Brian Williams Feist November 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 03 ) 629 5 Tina Fey Carrie Underwood February 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 23 ) 630 6 Ellen Page Wilco March 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 01 ) 631 7 Amy Adams Vampire Weekend March 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 08 ) 632 8 Jonah Hill Mariah Carey March 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 15 ) 633 9 Christopher Walken Panic ! at the Disco April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) 634 10 Ashton Kutcher Gnarls Barkley April 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 12 ) 635 11 Shia LaBeouf My Morning Jacket May 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 10 ) 636 12 Steve Carell Usher May 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 17 ) Season 34 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 34 ) No . overall No. in season Host ( s ) Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 637 Michael Phelps Lil Wayne September 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 13 ) 7.4 / 18 638 James Franco Kings of Leon September 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 20 ) N / A 639 Anna Faris Duffy September 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 27 ) 6.0 / 15 640 Anne Hathaway The Killers October 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) 7.4 / 18 641 5 Josh Brolin Adele October 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 18 ) 10.7 / 24 642 6 Jon Hamm Coldplay October 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 25 ) 7.1 / 18 643 7 Ben Affleck David Cook November 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) 9.0 / 20 644 8 Paul Rudd Beyoncé November 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 15 ) N / A 645 9 Tim McGraw Ludacris & T - Pain November 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) N / A 646 10 John Malkovich T.I. December 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 06 ) N / A 647 11 Hugh Laurie Kanye West December 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 13 ) N / A 648 12 Neil Patrick Harris Taylor Swift January 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 10 ) N / A 649 13 Rosario Dawson Fleet Foxes January 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 17 ) N / A 650 14 Steve Martin Jason Mraz January 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 31 ) N / A 651 15 Bradley Cooper TV on the Radio February 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 07 ) N / A 652 16 Alec Baldwin Jonas Brothers February 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 14 ) N / A 653 17 Dwayne Johnson Ray LaMontagne March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) N / A 654 18 Tracy Morgan Kelly Clarkson March 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 14 ) N / A 655 19 Seth Rogen Phoenix April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) N / A 656 20 Zac Efron Yeah Yeah Yeahs April 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) 5.1 657 21 Justin Timberlake Ciara May 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 09 ) N / A 658 22 Will Ferrell Green Day May 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 16 ) N / A Season 35 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 35 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest Original air date Ratings / Share 659 Megan Fox U2 September 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 26 ) 4.6 / 11 660 Ryan Reynolds Lady Gaga October 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) 4.7 / 12 661 Drew Barrymore Regina Spektor October 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 10 ) 4.6 / 11 662 Gerard Butler Shakira October 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) 4.8 / 11 663 5 Taylor Swift Taylor Swift November 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 07 ) 5.0 / 12 664 6 January Jones The Black Eyed Peas November 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 14 ) 4.7 / 12 665 7 Joseph Gordon - Levitt Dave Matthews Band November 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 21 ) 4.3 / 11 666 8 Blake Lively Rihanna December 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 05 ) 4.4 / 12 667 9 Taylor Lautner Bon Jovi December 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) 5.1 / 12 668 10 James Franco Muse December 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 19 ) 4.4 / 11 669 11 Charles Barkley Alicia Keys January 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) 4.4 / 19 670 12 Sigourney Weaver The Ting Tings January 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 16 ) 5.4 / 14 671 13 Jon Hamm Michael Bublé January 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 30 ) 5.0 / 12 672 14 Ashton Kutcher Them Crooked Vultures February 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) 5.3 / 13 673 15 Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lopez February 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) 6.3 / 15 674 16 Zach Galifianakis Vampire Weekend March 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 06 ) 5.0 / 12 675 17 Jude Law Pearl Jam March 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 13 ) 4.5 / 11 676 18 Tina Fey Justin Bieber April 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 10 ) 5.7 / 14 677 19 Ryan Phillippe Ke $ ha April 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 17 ) 5.2 / 13 678 20 Gabourey Sidibe MGMT April 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 24 ) 4.7 / 12 679 21 Betty White Jay - Z May 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 08 ) 8.8 / 21 680 22 Alec Baldwin Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers May 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 15 ) 5.8 / 14 Season 36 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 36 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 681 Amy Poehler Katy Perry September 25 , 2010 5.3 / 13 682 Bryan Cranston Kanye West October 2 , 2010 4.8 / 12 683 Jane Lynch Bruno Mars October 9 , 2010 4.8 / 12 684 Emma Stone Kings of Leon October 23 , 2010 4.5 / 11 685 5 Jon Hamm Rihanna October 30 , 2010 4.6 / 11 686 6 Scarlett Johansson Arcade Fire November 13 , 2010 4.7 / 12 687 7 Anne Hathaway Florence + the Machine November 20 , 2010 4.7 / 12 688 8 Robert De Niro Diddy - Dirty Money December 4 , 2010 5.0 / 12 689 9 Paul Rudd Paul McCartney December 11 , 2010 5.3 / 13 690 10 Jeff Bridges Eminem and Lil Wayne December 18 , 2010 4.9 / 12 691 11 Jim Carrey The Black Keys January 8 , 2011 7.8 / 18 692 12 Gwyneth Paltrow Cee Lo Green January 15 , 2011 5.1 / 12 693 13 Jesse Eisenberg Nicki Minaj January 29 , 2011 5.1 / 12 694 14 Dana Carvey Linkin Park February 5 , 2011 5.6 / 13 695 15 Russell Brand Chris Brown February 12 , 2011 5.0 / 12 696 16 Miley Cyrus The Strokes March 5 , 2011 5.4 / 13 697 17 Zach Galifianakis Jessie J March 12 , 2011 4.8 / 12 698 18 Elton John Elton John April 2 , 2011 5.0 / 12 699 19 Helen Mirren Foo Fighters April 9 , 2011 4.7 / 12 700 20 Tina Fey Ellie Goulding May 7 , 2011 5.3 / 15 701 21 Ed Helms Paul Simon May 14 , 2011 4.9 / 12 702 22 Justin Timberlake Lady Gaga May 21 , 2011 7.0 / 17 Season 37 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 37 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 703 Alec Baldwin Radiohead September 24 , 2011 5.0 / 13 704 Melissa McCarthy Lady Antebellum October 1 , 2011 5.2 / 13 705 Ben Stiller Foster the People October 8 , 2011 4.8 / 12 706 Anna Faris Drake October 15 , 2011 4.8 / 12 707 5 Charlie Day Maroon 5 November 5 , 2011 4.9 / 11 708 6 Emma Stone Coldplay November 12 , 2011 4.5 / 11 709 7 Jason Segel Florence + The Machine November 19 , 2011 4.6 / 11 710 8 Steve Buscemi The Black Keys December 3 , 2011 4.8 / 11 711 9 Katy Perry Robyn December 10 , 2011 4.8 / 11 712 10 Jimmy Fallon Michael Bublé December 17 , 2011 5.3 / 13 713 11 Charles Barkley Kelly Clarkson January 7 , 2012 7.4 / 18 714 12 Daniel Radcliffe Lana Del Rey January 14 , 2012 5.2 / 12 715 13 Channing Tatum Bon Iver February 4 , 2012 4.7 / 11 716 14 Zooey Deschanel Karmin February 11 , 2012 5.0 / 12 717 15 Maya Rudolph Sleigh Bells February 18 , 2012 4.9 / 12 718 16 Lindsay Lohan Jack White March 3 , 2012 5.5 / 14 719 17 Jonah Hill The Shins March 10 , 2012 4.3 / 11 720 18 Sofía Vergara One Direction April 7 , 2012 5.0 / 16 721 19 Josh Brolin Gotye April 14 , 2012 4.6 / 11 722 20 Eli Manning Rihanna May 5 , 2012 5.2 / 13 723 21 Will Ferrell Usher May 12 , 2012 5.1 / 13 724 22 Mick Jagger Mick Jagger ( with Arcade Fire , Foo Fighters , Jeff Beck ) May 19 , 2012 5.2 / 13 Season 38 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 38 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 725 Seth MacFarlane Frank Ocean September 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 15 ) 4.8 / 12 726 Joseph Gordon - Levitt Mumford & Sons September 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 22 ) 5.0 / 12 727 Daniel Craig Muse October 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 06 ) 4.5 / 11 728 Christina Applegate Passion Pit October 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) 4.6 / 11 729 5 Bruno Mars Bruno Mars October 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 20 ) 5.4 / 14 730 6 Louis C.K. fun . November 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) 5.0 / 12 731 7 Anne Hathaway Rihanna November 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) 5.0 / 12 732 8 Jeremy Renner Maroon 5 November 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 17 ) 5.1 / 12 733 9 Jamie Foxx Ne - Yo December 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 4.6 / 11 734 10 Martin Short Paul McCartney December 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) 5.1 / 12 735 11 Jennifer Lawrence The Lumineers January 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 19 ) 4.9 / 12 736 12 Adam Levine Kendrick Lamar January 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 26 ) 5.0 / 12 737 13 Justin Bieber Justin Bieber February 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 09 ) 4.9 / 12 738 14 Christoph Waltz Alabama Shakes February 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 16 ) 4.6 / 12 739 15 Kevin Hart Macklemore and Ryan Lewis March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 4.8 / 12 740 16 Justin Timberlake Justin Timberlake March 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 09 ) 5.9 / 15 741 17 Melissa McCarthy Phoenix April 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 06 ) 4.8 / 12 742 18 Vince Vaughn Miguel April 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 13 ) 4.6 / 12 743 19 Zach Galifianakis Of Monsters and Men May 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 04 ) 4.4 / 11 744 20 Kristen Wiig Vampire Weekend May 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 11 ) 4.6 / 12 745 21 Ben Affleck Kanye West May 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 18 ) 4.7 / 12 Season 39 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 39 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest Original air date Ratings / Share 746 Tina Fey Arcade Fire September 28 , 2013 ( September 28 , 2013 ) 4.7 / 12 747 Miley Cyrus Miley Cyrus October 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 05 ) 4.5 / 13 748 Bruce Willis Katy Perry October 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 12 ) 4.3 / 11 749 Edward Norton Janelle Monáe October 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 26 ) 3.9 / 10 750 5 Kerry Washington Eminem November 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 02 ) 4.9 / 12 751 6 Lady Gaga Lady Gaga November 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 16 ) 4.9 / 12 752 7 Josh Hutcherson HAIM November 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 23 ) 4.1 / 10 753 8 Paul Rudd One Direction December 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 07 ) 4.9 / 12 754 9 John Goodman Kings of Leon December 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 14 ) 4.5 / 11 755 10 Jimmy Fallon Justin Timberlake December 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 21 ) 6.3 / 16 756 11 Drake Drake January 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 18 ) 4.7 / 12 757 12 Jonah Hill Bastille January 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 25 ) 4.8 / 12 758 13 Melissa McCarthy Imagine Dragons February 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) 5.4 / 13 759 14 Jim Parsons Beck March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 4.6 / 12 760 15 Lena Dunham The National March 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 08 ) 4.1 / 11 761 16 Louis C.K. Sam Smith March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 4.0 / 10 762 17 Anna Kendrick Pharrell Williams April 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) 4.0 / 10 763 18 Seth Rogen Ed Sheeran April 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 12 ) 3.9 / 10 764 19 Andrew Garfield Coldplay May 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 03 ) 3.9 / 10 765 20 Charlize Theron The Black Keys May 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 10 ) 3.8 / 10 766 21 Andy Samberg St. Vincent May 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 17 ) 4.0 / 10 Season 40 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 40 ) No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 767 Chris Pratt Ariana Grande September 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 27 ) 4.0 / 10 768 Sarah Silverman Maroon 5 October 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) 3.9 / 10 769 Bill Hader Hozier October 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 11 ) 3.8 / 10 770 Jim Carrey Iggy Azalea October 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 25 ) 4.1 / 10 771 5 Chris Rock Prince November 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) 4.9 / 10 772 6 Woody Harrelson Kendrick Lamar November 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 15 ) 4.1 / 10 773 7 Cameron Diaz Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 4.1 / 10 774 8 James Franco Nicki Minaj December 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 06 ) 4.4 / 10 775 9 Martin Freeman Charli XCX December 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 13 ) 3.9 / 10 776 10 Amy Adams One Direction December 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 20 ) 4.0 / 10 777 11 Kevin Hart Sia January 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 17 ) 4.1 / 10 778 12 Blake Shelton Blake Shelton January 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 24 ) 4.7 / 10 779 13 J.K. Simmons D'Angelo January 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) 4.3 / 10 780 14 Dakota Johnson Alabama Shakes February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) 3.8 / 9 781 15 Chris Hemsworth Zac Brown Band March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) 4.0 / 10 782 16 Dwayne Johnson George Ezra March 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 28 ) 3.7 / 9 783 17 Michael Keaton Carly Rae Jepsen April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 3.7 / 9 784 18 Taraji P. Henson Mumford & Sons April 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) 3.8 / 10 785 19 Scarlett Johansson Wiz Khalifa May 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 02 ) 3.4 / 9 786 20 Reese Witherspoon Florence + the Machine May 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 09 ) 3.7 / 10 787 21 Louis C.K. Rihanna May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 3.8 / 10 Season 41 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 41 ) No . overall No. in season Host ( s ) Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 788 Miley Cyrus Miley Cyrus October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) 4.5 / 11 789 Amy Schumer The Weeknd October 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) 3.9 / 10 790 Tracy Morgan Demi Lovato October 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) 4.2 / 11 791 Donald Trump Sia November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 6.6 / 16 792 5 Elizabeth Banks Disclosure November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 4.0 / 10 793 6 Matthew McConaughey Adele November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 4.6 / 12 794 7 Ryan Gosling Leon Bridges December 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 05 ) 4.1 / 10 795 8 Chris Hemsworth Chance the Rapper December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 3.8 / 10 796 9 Tina Fey & Amy Poehler Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band December 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 19 ) 5.1 / 13 797 10 Adam Driver Chris Stapleton January 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 16 ) 3.0 / 15 in 18 - 49 ( approximately 5.7 overall ) 798 11 Ronda Rousey Selena Gomez January 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 23 ) 5.0 / 12 799 12 Larry David The 1975 February 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 06 ) 5.1 / 12 800 13 Melissa McCarthy Kanye West February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) 4.4 / 11 801 14 Jonah Hill Future March 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 05 ) 4.0 / 10 802 15 Ariana Grande Ariana Grande March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) 4.0 / 10 803 16 Peter Dinklage Gwen Stefani April 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 02 ) 4.0 / 10 804 17 Russell Crowe Margo Price April 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 09 ) 4.0 / 10 805 18 Julia Louis - Dreyfus Nick Jonas April 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) 3.9 / 10 806 19 Brie Larson Alicia Keys May 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 07 ) 4.1 / 10 807 20 Drake Drake May 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 14 ) 3.9 / 10 808 21 Fred Armisen Courtney Barnett May 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 21 ) 3.7 / 10 Season 42 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 42 ) No . overall No. in season Host ( s ) Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 809 Margot Robbie The Weeknd October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 5.8 / 15 810 Lin - Manuel Miranda Twenty One Pilots October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 5.2 / 13 811 Emily Blunt Bruno Mars October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 5.0 / 12 812 Tom Hanks Lady Gaga October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 6.1 / 15 813 5 Benedict Cumberbatch Solange November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) 5.8 / 14 814 6 Dave Chappelle A Tribe Called Quest November 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 6.2 / 16 815 7 Kristen Wiig The xx November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) 4.7 / 12 816 8 Emma Stone Shawn Mendes December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) 4.4 / 11 817 9 John Cena Maren Morris December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) 4.8 / 12 818 10 Casey Affleck Chance the Rapper December 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 17 ) 4.9 / 12 819 11 Felicity Jones Sturgill Simpson January 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 4.3 / 11 820 12 Aziz Ansari Big Sean January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 5.1 / 13 821 13 Kristen Stewart Alessia Cara February 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 5.0 / 13 822 14 Alec Baldwin Ed Sheeran February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 7.2 / 18 823 15 Octavia Spencer Father John Misty March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 5.2 / 14 824 16 Scarlett Johansson Lorde March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 4.8 / 13 825 17 Louis C.K. The Chainsmokers April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) 4.5 / 12 826 18 Jimmy Fallon Harry Styles April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) 7.88 M avg . US viewers 827 19 Chris Pine LCD Soundsystem May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) 6.919 M avg . US viewers 828 20 Melissa McCarthy HAIM May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) 10.337 M avg . US viewers 829 21 Dwayne Johnson Katy Perry May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) 8.272 M avg . US viewers Season 43 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Saturday Night Live ( season 43 ) No . overall No. in season Host ( s ) Musical guest ( s ) Original air date Ratings / Share 830 Ryan Gosling Jay - Z September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 4.5 831 Gal Gadot Sam Smith October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 4.4 832 Kumail Nanjiani P ! nk October 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 4.6 / 11 833 Larry David Miley Cyrus November 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) 4.7 / 11 834 5 Tiffany Haddish Taylor Swift November 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 11 ) 4.3 / 10 835 6 Chance the Rapper Eminem November 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 18 ) 4.3 / 10 836 7 Saoirse Ronan U2 December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 4.3 / 10 837 8 James Franco SZA December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) 4.5 / 10 838 9 Kevin Hart Foo Fighters December 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 16 ) 4.6 / 11 839 10 Sam Rockwell Halsey January 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) 4.6 / 10 840 11 Jessica Chastain Troye Sivan January 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 20 ) 4.3 / 10 841 12 Will Ferrell Chris Stapleton January 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) 4.9 / 11 842 13 Natalie Portman Dua Lipa February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) 4.6 / 12 843 14 Charles Barkley Migos March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 4.2 / 10 844 15 Sterling K. Brown James Bay March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) 4.1 / 10 845 16 Bill Hader Arcade Fire March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) 4.5 / 10 846 17 Chadwick Boseman Cardi B April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 4.6 / 11 847 18 John Mulaney Jack White April 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 3.9 / 9 848 19 Donald Glover Childish Gambino May 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) 4.1 / 10 849 20 Amy Schumer Kacey Musgraves May 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 12 ) 4.3 / 10 850 21 Tina Fey Nicki Minaj May 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 19 ) 4.5 / 11 Specials ( edit ) Title Original air date Ratings / Share `` Mardi Gras Special '' February 20 , 1977 ( 1977 - 02 - 20 ) N / A One of the few episodes to air from a location outside of NBC 's studios at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York , the Mardi Gras Special was broadcast live from New Orleans on Mardi Gras 1977 . It was hosted by Randy Newman , who also performed songs , and featured a number of special guests , including Buck Henry , Eric Idle , Cindy Williams , and Henry Winkler . `` SNL Film Festival '' March 2 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 02 ) N / A A clip show hosted by Billy Crystal which featured SNL 's best pretaped sketches and short films from 1981 to 1985 , including short films by Albert Brooks , Gary Weis , Tom Schiller , and Christopher Guest . `` Saturday Night Live 15th Anniversary Special '' September 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 24 ) N / A An anniversary show celebrating SNL 's 15th season . Chevy Chase returned to reprise his `` opening fall '' bit in the cold open and Tom Hanks performed the opening monologue . Prince and Paul Simon performed . The show featured a number of special guests , including SNL stars Kevin Nealon , Phil Hartman , Dan Aykroyd , Jon Lovitz , Jane Curtin , Christopher Guest , Martin Short , and Buck Henry , as well as others including Robin Williams , Billy Crystal , Mary Tyler Moore , O.J. Simpson , and Bruce Willis . `` 2nd Annual Saturday Night Live Mother 's Day Special '' May , 1993 ( May , 1993 ) TBD A Mother 's Day special featuring the SNL ensemble with their real - life mothers as well as a compilation of sketches from the 1992 - 93 season . `` Saturday Night Live 25th Anniversary Special '' September 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 26 ) N / A A look back at the first 25 years . `` Live from New York : The First 5 Years of Saturday Night Live '' February 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 20 ) N / A A documentary that takes a look back at SNL 's rise to popularity from 1975 to 1979 `` SNL Goes Commercial '' November 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 05 ) N / A A look back at the funniest and most memorable commercial parodies from the past years of SNL . Originally broadcast in the early 90s , hosted by Kevin Nealon and Victoria Jackson ; later revisited in 2005 , hosted by Will Ferrell , featuring a wrap - around of Ferrell heading to a commercial audition ; re-edited and shown with newer commercial parodies on March 8 , 2009 , under the title SNL : Just Commercials . `` Lost & Found : SNL in the ' 80s '' November 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) N / A A look back at SNL 's rocky history in the 1980s : Jean Doumanian 's notorious tenure as producer for the 1980 - 1981 season , the temporary cancelling , retooling , and reviving of SNL with the help of Dick Ebersol , Eddie Murphy , and Joe Piscopo , the return of Lorne Michaels in 1985 ( and the second time that NBC would threaten the show with cancellation ) , and the second golden age of SNL with the hiring of Dana Carvey , Phil Hartman , Jan Hooks , Kevin Nealon , Victoria Jackson , and ( later ) Mike Myers . `` Saturday Night Live : The Best of Saturday TV Funhouse '' April 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) N / A The Ambiguously Gay Duo host a retrospective of Rob Smigel 's most memorable animated segments known as `` TV Funhouse '' while going behind the scenes of Saturday Night Live and tricking Andy Samberg and Jason Sudeikis into riding in the duo 's penis - shaped car . Special appearance by former castmember Jimmy Fallon . `` Saturday Night Live : Best of 06 - 07 '' May 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 05 ) N / A Retrospective of the 32nd season 's most memorable sketches , Digital Shorts , and Weekend Update jokes from episodes hosted by Alec Baldwin , Rainn Wilson , Peyton Manning , Julia Louis - Dreyfus , Dane Cook , Jake Gyllenhaal , Hugh Laurie , Jaime Pressly , Matthew Fox , and Justin Timberlake . `` Saturday Night Live in the ' 90s : Pop Culture Nation '' May 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 06 ) N / A A look at SNL 's rise , fall , and rebirth in the 1990s , featuring the hiring of Chris Farley , Adam Sandler , and David Spade as castmembers ( and critics attacking the show for resorting to lowbrow humor as a result of hiring Sandler , Farley , and Spade ) , Sinéad O'Connor 's infamous performance in the 1992 episode hosted by Tim Robbins , season 20 as yet another critical and ratings low point for the show , and the third golden age of SNL with the hiring of Will Ferrell , Darrell Hammond , Ana Gasteyer , Cheri Oteri , Molly Shannon , Jimmy Fallon , and Horatio Sanz . `` Saturday Night Live Presidential Bash 2008 '' November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) N / A A look at SNL 's past and present political sketches . Special guests included John McCain and Sarah Palin . `` Saturday Night Live Sports Extra 2009 '' January 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 04 ) N / A A clip show episode highlighting SNL 's many sports - themed sketches and the many sports stars who have appeared on the show , such as Derek Jeter , Peyton Manning , Michael Phelps , Nancy Kerrigan , Walter Payton , Joe Montana , Michael Jordan , and Charles Barkley . `` Saturday Night Live Just Game Show Parodies '' March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) N / A A look at SNL 's past and present game show parodies . `` Saturday Night Live : Just Shorts '' May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) N / A A compilation of SNL 's Digital Shorts and various pre-taped segments and short films over the years , hosted by Andy Samberg . `` Saturday Night Live Presents : A Very Gilly Christmas '' December 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) N / A A compilation of SNL 's December holiday - themed sketches , with some new sketches , hosted by Kristen Wiig as her character Gilly . The latest incarnation of SNL Christmas specials , dating back to the early 90s under the title Saturday Night Live Christmas Past . `` Saturday Night Live Sports All - Stars '' January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) N / A A compilation of SNL sport - themed sketches . Several similar specials , under the name Saturday Night Live Sports Extra , aired sporadically from the early 90s to 2009 , traditionally around the time of that year 's Super Bowl . `` Saturday Night Live in the 2000s : Time and Again '' April 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 15 ) N / A Documentary looking back on Saturday Night Live 's transformation and memorable moments from 2000 to 2009 . `` The Women of Saturday Night Live '' November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 2.0 / 5 Tina Fey , Rachel Dratch , Amy Poehler , Maya Rudolph , Julia Louis - Dreyfus , Kristen Wiig , Nora Dunn , Laraine Newman , Molly Shannon , Ana Gasteyer , and Cheri Oteri come together to present new material and relive the best moments of SNL featuring the female cast members . `` Saturday Night Live Backstage '' February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) 3.8 / 6 Originally a special celebrating the 35th anniversary of the show was planned but was scrapped and replaced with this special instead , showing viewers how an SNL episode is created within the span of a week . `` Saturday Night Live Christmas '' November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 7.36 A collection of memorable holiday - themed sketches from past and present eras . `` Saturday Night Live Halloween '' October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 5.32 A collection of Halloween - based sketches and scary movie parodies . `` Saturday Night Live Thanksgiving '' November 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) 4.87 A compilation of SNL Thanksgiving - themed sketches . `` Saturday Night Live Christmas '' December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 7.42 A collection of Christmas and December holiday - based sketches . `` Saturday Night Live : The Best of This Season '' January 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 04 ) 5.6 / 14 A compilation of the best sketches of the 39th season and 38th season . `` Saturday Night Live Presents : A SNL Sports Spectacular '' January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) 4.79 A collection of sketches from episodes hosted by professional athletes and other sports stars , hosted by Seth Meyers . `` SNL Shorts '' April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) N / A A compilation of SNL Digital Shorts . `` Saturday Night Live Thanksgiving '' November 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 26 ) N / A A compilation of SNL Thanksgiving - themed sketches . `` SNL 's NFL Saturday '' January 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) 3.80 Past sketches involving the NFL are shown . `` An SNL Valentine '' February 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) N / A A special dedicated to Valentine 's Day . `` SNL 40th Red Carpet Live '' February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) N / A A special hosted by Matt Lauer , Savannah Guthrie , Carson Daly and Al Roker . They will interview past hosts , current and previous cast members , and musical legends that previously performed on the show . `` Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special '' February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 23.1 A three and a half hour prime - time special celebrating SNL 's fortieth year on the air . `` SNL Goodnight Sweet Prince '' April 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 23 ) 4.5 / 11 Jimmy Fallon hosts this special retrospective of Prince 's rare , but memorable performances on the show , including his first performance on the infamous season six episode hosted by Charlene Tilton ( the one in which Charles Rocket 's accidental utterance of the word `` fuck '' called for NBC to fire then - showrunner Jean Doumanian and most of her cast ) , his performance on the SNL 15th anniversary special , his first performance after 21 years in 2006 on the season 31 episode hosted by Steve Martin , his final performance on the season 40 episode hosted by Chris Rock , a never - before - seen clip of his performance at the cast party following the SNL 40th anniversary special , and clips of the short - lived recurring sketch The Prince Show with Fred Armisen as Prince and Maya Rudolph as Beyonce . `` Weekend Update at the RNC '' July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) N / A Colin Jost and Michael Che host a special edition of Weekend Update from the 2016 Republican National Convention live on MSNBC . Kate McKinnon appears as Ruth Bader Ginsburg . `` Weekend Update at the DNC '' July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) N / A Colin Jost and Michael Che host a special edition of Weekend Update from the 2016 Democratic National Convention live on MSNBC . `` The 2016 SNL Election Special '' November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 2.1 / 7 Recent political sketches involving the 2016 US presidential election , hosted by Tom Brokaw . `` SNL Thanksgiving Special '' November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) 1.6 / 5 Thanksgiving - themed comedy from the Saturday Night Live crew is presented . `` SNL Christmas '' December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 1.6 / 5 Holiday - themed comedy from Saturday Night Live is presented . `` The David S. Pumpkins Halloween Special '' October 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 3.4 / 8 21 - minute animated special where David S. Pumpkins teaches a pair of siblings the true meaning of Halloween . Starring Tom Hanks as David S. Pumpkins , Mikey Day , Bobby Moynihan , and Streeter Seidell . Narrated by Peter Dinklage . `` SNL Presents : Halloween '' October 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 3.1 / 9 A collection of Halloween - and horror - themed sketches . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` ' SNL ' Sees Its Ratings Soar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gough , Paul J. ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` ' SNL ' continues ratings run '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fey as Palin continues to boost ' SNL ' ratings '' . MSNBC . October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gough , Paul J. ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` Palin helps ' SNL ' to best ratings in 14 years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gough , Paul J. ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' still solid '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Charles Barkley Leads Saturday Night Live To 10.4 Million & Best Performance In 14 Months '' . TV By The Numbers . zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron , `` Saturday Night Live '' score higher ratings than prime - time fare Saturday ; `` Ten Commandments '' gives ABC a win `` . Orlando Sentinel. April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live Premiere TV Ratings : Way Down vs. 2008 With No Sarah Palin / Tina Fey '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 5 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live Still Really Misses Sarah Palin / Tina Fey '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live Ratings Down A Fraction From Last Week '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live Hits Season Highs '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2009 ) . `` Wanda Sykes Show premieres 100 % better than Spike Feresten , but nowhere near SNL '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live w / January Jones & Black Eyed Peas Scores 4.7 Household Rating '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live , w / Joseph Gordon - Levitt and Dave Matthews Band Scores A 4.3 Metered - Market Household Rating '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With Blake Lively & Rihanna Scores A 4.4 Household Rating '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Hits Season Highs With Taylor Lautner `` . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With James Franco and Muse Scores 4.4 Household Rating '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Charles Barkley Leads Saturday Night Live To 10.4 Million & Best Performance In 14 Months '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With Sigourney Weaver & The Ting Tings Scores Among The Best Ratings This Season '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With Jon Hamm Down A Bit '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With Ashton Kutcher Up a Bit '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With Jennifer Lopez Second Highest Rated Of Season , Behind Only Charles Barkley 's '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Night Live hosted by Zach Galifianakis scores a 5.0 Household Rating in Metered Markets '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With Jude Law Ratings A Bit Below Average in Preliminaries '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Corrected : Tina Fey Hosted `` Saturday Night Live '' Scores Best Ratings Since Jennifer Lopez `` . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Night Live With Ryan Phillippe & Ke $ ha Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` '' Saturday Night Live '' With Gabourey Sidibe and MGMT Ratings `` . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 9 , 2010 ) . `` Betty White Scores ! Saturday Night Live Sees Best Overnight Ratings In 18 Months '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Hosted by Alec Baldwin Delivers Best Season Finale Ratings in Five Years `` . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' SNL ' Ratings Up In Return From Hiatus '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' SNL ' Ratings Down WIth Host Josh Brolin '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Eli Manning 's ' Saturday Night Live ' Ratings Strong But No Match For Lindsay Lohan 's '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Season Premiere With Seth MacFarlane Delivers Above Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Joseph Gordon - Levitt Delivers Above Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' with Daniel Craig Delivers Above Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Christina Applegate Delivers Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Bruno Mars Delivers Above Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Louis CK and Musical Guest fun Delivers Above Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Anne Hathaway and Musical Guest Rihanna Falls From Previous Week '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Jeremy Renner and Musical Guest Maroon 5 Up From Last Week '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Jamie Foxx and Ne - Yo Delivers Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Martin Short and Paul McCartney Delivers Above Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Matches Its Highest Local People Meter Score Since November 3 '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Adam Levine and Kendrick Lamar Delivers Above Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Justin Bieber Delivers Average Ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Christoph Waltz and Alabama Shakes Down From Last Week '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Kevin Hart and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Up From Last New Episode '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Justin Timberlake is Top Episode Among Adults 18 - 49 Since January , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Melisssa McCarthy and Phoenix Delivers Average Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Vince Vaughn and Miguel Delivers SNL 's Second Highest Rating in Five Months '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Zach Galifianakis and Of Monsters and Men Down From Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Kristen Wiig and Vampire Weekend Up From Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Ben Affleck and Kanye West Even With Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Premiere With Tina Fey & Musical Guest Arcade Fire Equals Finale Rating '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Miley Cyrus Matches Its Highest Local People Meter Result Since April 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Bruce Willis and Musical Guest Katy Perry Falls From Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Edward Norton and Musical Guest Janelle Monae Delivers Average Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Kerry Washington and Musical Guest Eminem Delivers Its Highest Rating Since October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga - Hosted SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE on Par with Miley Cyrus Episode in Adults 18 - 49 '' . BroadwayWorld . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Josh Hutcherson and Musical Guest Haim Delivers Season Low Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE with Paul Rudd Matches March High in Metered - Market Households '' . BroadwayWorld . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host John Goodman and Musical Guest Kings of Leon Delivers Below Average Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Jimmy Fallon and Musical Guest Justin Timberlake Delivers Highest Overnight Ratings in Two Years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host and Musical Guest Drake is the # 1 Telecast of the Night on `` Big 4 '' Networks `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Jonah Hill and Musical Guest Bastille Delivers Average Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Melissa McCarthy and Musical Guest Imagine Dragons Delivers This Season 's Third - Best Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Jim Parsons and Musical Guest Beck is # 1 Telecast of the Night on the `` Big 4 '' Networks `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Lena Dunham and Musical Guest The National is The Number 1 Telecast of the Night on the Big 4 Networks '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Louis CK and Musical Guest Sam Smith Even With Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Anna Kendrick and Musical Guest Pharrell Williams Up From Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Seth Rogen , Ed Sheeran `` SNL '' Ratings Tie Season Low in Households `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 4 , 2014 ) . `` '' SNL '' Delivers Season Low Ratings for Andrew Garfield , Coldplay Episode `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` '' SNL '' Hits Season Low Ratings for Charlie Theron , Black Keys `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Andy Samberg and Musical Guest St. Vincent Matches Highest Rating Since April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Season Premiere With Host Chris Pratt and Musical Guest Ariana Grande Even With Last Season 's Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Sarah Silverman and Musical Guest Maroon 5 Down From Last Week 's Premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Bill Hader and Musical Guest Hozier Down From Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Jim Carrey and Musical Guest Iggy Azalea Hits Highest Adults 18 - 49 Rating Since April '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Chris Rock and Musical Guest Prince Hits Highest Adults 18 - 49 Rating Since February '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Woody Harrelson and Musical Guest Kendrick Lamar Matches Highest Adults 18 - 49 Rating This Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Cameron Diaz and Musical Guests Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars Down From Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host James Franco and Musical Guest Nicki Minaj Rises From Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Martin Freeman and Musical Guest Charli XCX Down from Most Recent Episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Amy Adams and Musical Guest One Direction Even With Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Kevin Hart and Musical Guest Sia Flat With Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host and Musical Guest Blake Shelton Up From Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host J.K. Simmons and Musical Guest D'Angelo Down From Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Dakota Johnson and Musical Guest Alabama Shakes Down From Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Chris Hemsworth and Musical Guest Zac Brown Band Up From Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Dwayne Johnson and Musical Guest George Ezra Down From Last Original '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Michael Keaton and Musical Guest Carly Rae Jepsen Up From Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Taraji P Henson and Musical Guest Mumford and Sons Down From Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Scarlett Johansson and Musical Wiz Khalifa Down From Prior Episode '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Reese Witherspoon and Musical Guest Florence + The Machine Earns Highest Adults 18 - 49 Rating Since January '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Louis C.K. & Musical Guest Rihanna Down from Last Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Season Premiere with Miley Cyrus Nearly Even with Last Season 's Premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' with Amy Schumer dips slightly , still tops night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tracy Morgan 's ' Saturday Night Live ' return gets a ratings bump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( November 8 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Lifts ' Saturday Night Live ' Ratings to Near Four - Year High '' . Variety . Michelle Sobrino . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' ratings fall back into line with season averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' hits second - highest ratings of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' ratings dip but in line with season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' with Chris Hemsworth dips to season low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' with Tina Fey and Amy Poehler ends 2015 on high note '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' hits 2 - year high in adults 18 - 49 overnights '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNL with Host Adam Driver Posts Highest Rating in Adults 18 - 49 in Two Years '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' with Ronda Rousey scores above average ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Ties for the # 1 Telecast of the Night on the Big 4 Networks in 18 - 49 `` . The Futon Critic . February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Was the # 1 Non-News Telecast of the Night on the Big 4 Networks `` . The Futon Critic . February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Is the # 1 Telecast of the Night , Maintaining 100 % of the Same Night Last Year `` . The Futon Critic . March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live , '' With Host and Musical Guest Ariana Grande , Is the # 1 Telecast of the Night `` . The Futon Critic . March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Is the # 1 Telecast of the Night on the Big Four `` . The Futon Critic. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL '' Ranks # 1 for the Night in the Metered Markets ; `` Dateline Mystery '' Matches Its High Since January `` . The Futon Critic. April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL '' Ranks # 1 for the Night in the Metered Markets `` . The Futon Critic. April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL '' Earns Its Top Metered - Market Household Rating , Excluding the 4 / 23 Prince Tribute , Since February `` . The Futon Critic . May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL '' Ranks # 1 for the Night in the Metered Markets ; `` Dateline Mystery '' Wins in Total Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ' Toy Story ' and ' 20 / 20 ′ give ABC a win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' SNL ' Has Biggest Premiere Since 2008 '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ABC leads primetime with college football , ' SNL ' solid in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL '' Scores Its Highest Week 3 Rating in 8 Years `` . The Futon Critic . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' SNL '' Hits Season Highs , Best October Overnights in 8 Years `` . The Futon Critic . October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : CBS college football tops primetime , ' SNL ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ariens , Chris ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` Saturday Night Live Sees Highest Rating Since Donald Trump Hosted Last Year '' . Adweek . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : College football tops primetime , ' Saturday Night Live ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Grows Versus the Year - Ago Night `` . The Futon Critic . December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` John Cena - Hosted SNL Delivers Its Highest Overnights Since November '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ' Saturday Night Live ' hits 4 - episode high , ' SNL Christmas ' and UFC lead primetime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : NFL dominates primetime , ' Saturday Night Live ' returns lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : NBA wins the night , ' SNL ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE Receives Highest Ratings Since November '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pressberg , Matt ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Hits Six - Year High in Metered Markets '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` SNL Receives Second Highest Ratings Since November 12th '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : Spurs - Warriors and ' 48 Hours ' lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Is the # 1 Big 4 Telecast of the Night , Up 10 % vs. Last Year 's April Average `` . The Futon Critic. April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Ratings Rise In All - Live Episode Hosted By Jimmy Fallon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Ratings Slip With Host Chris Pine ; Audience Largest For May Telecast In 5 Years '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Ratings Rise With Host Melissa McCarthy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Has Most Watched Finale In 6 Years With Host Dwayne Johnson , Ratings Slip A Bit But Top Week '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Ratings Rise To Season Highs With Host Kumail Nanjiani , Donald Trump & Harvey Weinstein Skits '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Generates Season Highs & the Show 's 2nd Strongest Week 3 Metered - Market Rating in 6 Years `` . The Futon Critic . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Hits Season High in Overnight Ratings '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC Pulls Back in Front with College Football '' . The Futon Critic . November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ' Saturday Night Live ' rises , ABC leads primetime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : College Football Pushes FOX to Top Spot '' . The Futon Critic . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Edges Competition with Holiday Mix '' . The Futon Critic . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : FOX , NBC Top Demos ; CBS Leads Viewers '' . The Futon Critic . December 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Rides NFL Playoffs to Victory '' . The Futon Critic . January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : NBA Primetime Return Puts ABC on Top '' . The Futon Critic . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ' Saturday Night Live ' hits season highs , NBA leads primetime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC , NBC Split Adults 18 - 49 Crown '' . The Futon Critic . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC , NBA Reclaim Demo Crown '' . The Futon Critic . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` TV ratings Saturday : ' Saturday Night Live ' down a little , ' Dateline ' leads primetime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS , NCAA Continue Win Streak '' . The Futon Critic . March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC , NBA Top Demos ; CBS Leads Total Viewers '' . The Futon Critic. April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Broadcast Ratings : NBC Tops Demos with NHL Playoffs '' . The Futon Critic. April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` TV ratings Saturday : ' Saturday Night Live ' rises , NBA rules primetime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ; Haring , Bruce ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' SNL ' Ratings Boosted By Amy Schumer Star Power In Pre-Mother's Day Airing '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` TV ratings Saturday : ' Saturday Night Live ' finale rises , NHL and royal wedding lead primetime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 : Mardi Gras Special '' . Saturday Night Live Transcripts . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Film Festival Episode Recap '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 15th Anniversary Special : - 09 / 24 -- 89 '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Annual Saturday Night Live Mother 's Day Special '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' 90s ' SNL ' Gets Documentary Treatment '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services , Inc. 5 April 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- NBC 's May Sweeps Features Live Season Finales of Hit Reality Series ' The Biggest Loser : Couples ' and ' The Celebrity Apprentice , '' a Celebration of the 100th Episode of ' The Office , ' a Special Finale of ' 30 Rock , ' an All - New ' SNL ' Special and Guest Stars Galore `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2009 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Sean Saves the World ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : ' Criminal Minds ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' CSI ' Down on Soft Thanksgiving Eve '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Saturday Night Live ' With Host Melissa McCarthy and Musical Guest Imagine Dragons Delivers This Season 's Third - Best Ratings - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Taste ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Parks & Recreation ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' , ' Elementary ' , & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ' NFL Honors ' Up Year - to - Year + ' Red Band Society ' Makes Weak Saturday Debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' Will Celebrate Its 40th Anniversary With A Three - Hour Live Broadcast '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's ' Saturday Night Live ' 40th Anniversary Special Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` SNL anniversary breaks NBC ratings records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : NHL playoffs give NBC a win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Update at the RNC '' . YouTube . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Update at the DNC - SNL '' . YouTube . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 SNL Election Special '' . YouTube . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ratings : ' 2016 SNL Election Special ' Dominates Behind ' The Voice ' '' . Yahoo . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grodsky , Janelle ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` 9 TV Shows & Specials to Watch During the Thanksgiving Holiday '' . InStyle . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : ' Charlie Brown Thanksgiving ' gives ABC the win '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` The 12 Holiday TV Specials You Ca n't Miss This Season '' . Paste . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' David S. Pumpkins '' Is the # 1 Non-World Series Broadcast of the Night in the Metered Markets `` . The Futon Critic . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNL on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . 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-1461008086076766808	Endosperm	Endosperm - wikipedia Endosperm Jump to : navigation , search The endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization . It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch , though it can also contain oils and protein . This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in the human diet . For example , wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread ( the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour ) , while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production . Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut `` meat '' and coconut `` water '' , and corn . Some plants , such as orchids , lack endosperm in their seeds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of endosperm 1.1 Double fertilization 1.2 Endosperm formation 2 Evolutionary origins 3 The role of endosperm in seed development 4 Cereal grains 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin of endosperm ( edit ) Ancestral flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and abundant endosperm , and the evolutionary development of flowering plants tends to show a trend towards plants with mature seeds with little or no endosperm . In more derived flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is non developed or consumed before the seed matures . Double fertilization ( edit ) Endosperm is formed when the two sperm nuclei inside a pollen grain reach the interior of a female gametophyte ( sometimes called the embryo sac ) . One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg cell , forming a zygote , while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with the binucleate central cell , forming a primary endosperm cell ( its nucleus is often called the triple fusion nucleus ) . That cell created in the process of double fertilization develops into the endosperm . Because it is formed by a separate fertilization , the endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the growing embryo . About 70 % of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid . These are typically triploid ( containing three sets of chromosomes ) , but can vary widely from diploid ( 2n ) to 15n . One species of flowering plant , Nuphar polysepala , has been shown to have endosperm that is diploid , resulting from the fusion of a pollen nucleus with one , rather than two , maternal nuclei . The same is supposed for some other basal angiosperms . It is believed that early in the development of angiosperm lineages , there was a duplication in this mode of reproduction , producing seven - celled / eight - nucleate female gametophytes , and triploid endosperms with a 2 : 1 maternal to paternal genome ratio . Endosperm formation ( edit ) There are three types of Endosperm development : Nuclear endosperm formation - where repeated free - nuclear divisions take place ; if a cell wall is formed it will form after free - nuclear divisions . Commonly referred to as liquid endosperm . Coconut water is an example of this . Cellular endosperm formation - where a cell - wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions . Coconut meat is cellular endosperm . Acoraceae has cellular endosperm development while other monocots are helobial . Helobial endosperm formation - Where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei , after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern . Evolutionary origins ( edit ) The evolutionary origins of double fertilization and endosperm are unclear , attracting researcher attention for over a century . There are the two major hypotheses : The double fertilization initially used to produce two identical , independent embryos ( `` twins '' ) . Later these embryos acquired different roles , one growing into the mature organism , and another merely supporting it . Thus the early endosperm was probably diploid , like the embryo . Some gymnosperms , such as Ephedra ( genus ) , may produce twin embryos by double fertilization . Either of these two embryos is capable of filling in the seed , but normally only one develops further ( the other eventually aborts ) . Also , most basal angiosperms still contain the four - cell embryo sac and produce diploid endosperms . Endosperm is the evolutionary remnant of the actual gametophyte , similar to the complex multicellular gametophytes found in gymnosperms . In this case , acquisition of the additional nucleus from the sperm cell is a later evolutionary step . This nucleus may provide the parental ( not only maternal ) organism with some control over endosperm development . Becoming triploid or polyploid are later evolutionary steps of this `` primary gametophyte '' . Nonflowering seed plants ( conifers , cycads , Ginkgo , Ephedra ) form a large homozygous female gametophyte to nourish the embryo within a seed . The role of endosperm in seed development ( edit ) In some groups ( e.g. grains of the family Poaceae ) the endosperm persists to the mature seed stage as a storage tissue , in which case the seeds are called `` albuminous '' or `` endospermous '' , and in others it is absorbed during embryo development ( e.g. , most members of the family Fabaceae , including the common bean , Phaseolus vulgaris ) , in which case the seeds are called `` exalbuminous '' or `` cotyledonous '' and the function of storage tissue is performed by enlarged cotyledons ( `` seed leaves '' ) . In certain species ( e.g. corn , Zea mays ) ; the storage function is distributed between both endosperm and the embryo . Some mature endosperm tissue stores fats ( e.g. castor bean , Ricinus communis ) and others ( including grains , such as wheat and corn ) store mainly starches . The dust - like seeds of orchids have no endosperm . Orchid seedlings are mycoheterotrophic in their early development . In some other species , such as coffee , the endosperm also does not develop . Instead , the nucellus produces a nutritive tissue termed `` perisperm '' . The endosperm of some species is responsible for seed dormancy . Endosperm tissue also mediates the transfer of nutrients from the mother plant to the embryo , it acts as a location for gene imprinting , and is responsible for aborting seeds produced from genetically mismatched parents . In angiosperms , the endosperm contain hormones such as cytokinins , which regulate cellular differentiation and embryonic organ formation . Cereal grains ( edit ) Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit ( grains or caryopses ) , which are primarily endosperm . In the caryopsis , the thin fruit wall is fused to the seed coat . Therefore , the nutritious part of the grain is the seed and its endosperm . In some cases ( e.g. wheat , rice ) the endosperm is selectively retained in food processing ( commonly called white flour ) , and the embryo ( germ ) and seed coat ( bran ) removed . The processed grain has a lower quality of nutrition . Endosperm thus has an important role within the human diet worldwide . The aleurone is the outer layer of endosperm cells , present in all small grains and retained in many dicots with transient endosperm . The cereal aleurone functions for both storage and digestion . During germination , it secretes the amylase enzyme that breaks down endosperm starch into sugars to nourish the growing seedling . See also ( edit ) Ovule References ( edit ) Jump up ^ retrieved 14 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Seed Biology Place - Seed Dormancy '' . Seedbiology.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Friedman , William E. ( 1998 ) , `` The evolution of double fertilization and endosperm : an `` historical '' perspective `` , Sexual Plant Reproduction , 11 : 6 , doi : 10.1007 / s004970050114 ^ Jump up to : Olsen , By Odd - Arne ( 2007 ) , `` Endosperm : Developmental and Molecular Biology '' , ISBN 3 - 540 - 71234 - 8 , ISBN 9783540712350 Jump up ^ `` Figure 1 '' . genomebiology.com . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2002 - 3 - 9 - reviews1026 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Williams J.H. , Friedman W.E. ( 2002 ) . `` Identification of diploid endosperm in an early angiosperm lineage '' . Letters to Nature . 415 ( 6871 ) : 522 . doi : 10.1038 / 415522a . Jump up ^ Friedman , William E. ; Williams , JH ( 2003 ) , `` Modularity of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte and Its Bearing on the Early Evolution of Endosperm in Flowering Plants '' , Evolution , 57 ( 2 ) : 216 -- 30 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2003. tb00257. x , PMID 12683519 Jump up ^ Célia Baroux , Charles Spillane , Ueli Grossniklaus ( 2002 ) . Evolutionary origins of the endosperm in flowering plants . Genome Biol. 3 ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( Friedman WE ( 1995 ) ) Organismal duplication , inclusive fitness theory , and altruism : understanding the evolution of endosperm and the angiosperm reproductive syndrome . Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 1995 Apr 25 ; 92 ( 9 ) : 3913 - 7. PMID 11607532 pdf Jump up ^ Houk , W.G. ( 1938 ) . `` Endosperm and Perisperm of Coffee with Notes on the Morphology of the Ovule and Seed Development '' . American Journal of Botany. 25 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2436631 . JSTOR 2436631 . Jump up ^ Mechanisms of plant growth and improved productivity : modern approaches edited by Amarjit S. Basra 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 9192 - 4 p . Jump up ^ Pearson , Lorentz C. ( 1995 ) , The diversity and evolution of plants , Boca Raton : CRC Press , p. 547 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2483 - 1 Jump up ^ Becraft , P.W. , and Yi , G. ( 2011 ) . Regulation of aleurone development in cereal grains . J Exp Bot 62 , 1669 - 1675 . Jump up ^ Becraft , P.W. , and Gutierrez - Marcos , J. ( 2012 ) . Endosperm development : dynamic processes and cellular innovations underlying sibling altruism . WIREs Dev Biol 1 , 579 - 593 . External links ( edit ) Beach , Chandler B. , ed. ( 1914 ) . `` Endosperm '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . Chicago : F.E. Compton and Co . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	endosperm of gymnosperm is ontogenetically similar to angiospermic	[]	[]
-4436228815690572255	Elizabeth Mitchell	Elizabeth Mitchell - wikipedia Elizabeth Mitchell Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Elizabeth Mitchell , see Elizabeth Mitchell ( disambiguation ) . Elizabeth Mitchell Mitchell at WonderCon in 2014 Elizabeth Joanna Robertson ( 1970 - 03 - 27 ) March 27 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Years active 1992 -- present Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Spouse ( s ) Chris Soldevilla ( m . 2004 ; div. 2013 ) Children Elizabeth Mitchell ( born Elizabeth Joanna Robertson : March 27 , 1970 ) is an American actress known for her role as Dr. Juliet Burke on the ABC series Lost . She also had lead roles on the TV series V and Revolution , as well as the Snow Queen on Once Upon a Time and as Deb Carpenter on Dead of Summer . Mitchell has starred in such films as The Santa Clause 2 and The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause , Gia , and The Purge : Election Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and honors 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Web 5.4 Theater 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Mitchell was born in Los Angeles , California . Her stepfather , Joseph Day Mitchell , and mother , Josephine Marian Mitchell ( née Jenkins ) , are lawyers based in Dallas . Mitchell and her mother moved to Dallas , Texas in 1970 , where her mother married Joseph Mitchell in 1975 . Mitchell graduated from Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts , a public magnet school . She is the eldest of three sisters , the others being Kristina Helen `` Kristie '' Mitchell ( b . 1978 ) , and Katherine Day `` Kate '' Mitchell ( b . 1981 ) . She attended Stephens College , graduating in 1991 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in acting , and then studied at the British American Drama Academy . Career ( edit ) Mitchell worked for six years in Dallas Theater Center and a year at Encore Theater . Mitchell had a recurring role as psychiatrist Dr. Kim Legaspi , the first lesbian lover of Dr. Kerry Weaver ( Laura Innes ) during the 2000 -- 01 season of TV series ER . She played in the 2000 movie Frequency alongside Dennis Quaid and Jim Caviezel . She also played Angelina Jolie 's hairdresser / lover in the movie Gia and had a one - episode role in House M.D. as a patient . In March 2009 , Mitchell was cast in the ABC series V , a remake of the science - fiction television miniseries . Although ABC and Warner Bros. officials told the magazine she was only cast as a guest star , the announcement led to speculation and concern that Mitchell 's character would be killed off at the end of Lost 's fifth season , which ended on a cliffhanger that left the fate of her character unknown . Mitchell was later named the lead actress on V. Mitchell 's character was killed off in the premiere of the sixth ( and final ) season of Lost , but returned for the two - part series finale . Mitchell at a Revolution panel , at WonderCon in 2014 , with actor Stephen Collins V lasted for one more season , which premiered on January 4 , 2011 . Mitchell had a guest - starring role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit in 2011 wherein she played June Frye . Mitchell starred in the film , Answers to Nothing in 2011 as Kate . In 2012 , she joined the cast of the series Revolution as Rachel Matheson , replacing actress Andrea Roth , with whom Mitchell had worked for one episode on Lost . The series premiered on September 17 , 2012 , and ended in May 2014 . She then recurred as the Snow Queen on the TV fantasy series Once Upon a Time in late 2014 . In 2016 , Mitchell starred as Senator Charlene ' Charlie ' Roan in the science - fiction horror film The Purge : Election Year . Also that year , it was announced Mitchell would join the cast of the Freeform supernatural horror series Dead of Summer . She portrays Deb Carpenter , a lead role in the series . Awards and honors ( edit ) For her appearance on the series finale of Lost , Mitchell was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2010 . Personal life ( edit ) Mitchell in Seattle 2008 supporting the Boston Red Sox Between 1994 and 1999 , Mitchell dated actor David Lee Smith and the two lived together in New York City . Whilst filming The Linda McCartney Story in 2000 , Mitchell and co-star Gary Bakewell began dating and later became engaged , but the relationship ended in 2002 . Mitchell married improvisation actor Chris Soldevilla in 2004 and the two lived together in Bainbridge Island , Washington , with their son Christopher Joseph ( CJ ) Soldevilla , who was born in 2005 . In 2013 , Mitchell and Soldevilla divorced due to irreconcilable differences . In 2014 , Mitchell purchased a ranch in Bainbridge Island , Washington . She shares the same name as actress Elizabeth Banks ' birth name , who changed her name to join Screen Actors Guild because the name Elizabeth Mitchell was already taken . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Gia Linda Mitchell 1999 Molly Beverly Trehare 2000 Frequency Julia ' Jules ' Sullivan 2000 Nurse Betty Chloe Jensen 2001 Hollywood Palms Blair 2001 Double Bang Dr. Karen Winterman 2002 The Santa Clause 2 Carol Newman / Mrs. Claus 2006 Running Scared Edele Hansel 2006 The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Mrs. Claus / Carol Newman - Calvin 2011 Answers to Nothing Kate 2016 The Purge : Election Year Charlene ' Charlie ' Roan 2019 The Buried Girl Katherine Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Dangerous Curves Bethanny Haines Guest star Episode : `` Rainbow Serpent '' 1994 -- 1995 Loving Dinah Lee Mayberry Alden McKenzie # 2 Guest star ; unknown episodes L.A. Firefighters Laura Malloy Recurring role ; 6 episodes Sentinel , The The Sentinel Wendy Hawthorne Guest star Episode : `` True Crime '' 1997 JAG Lt. Sandra Gilbert Guest star Episode : `` The Court - Martial of Sandra Gilbert '' 1997 Comfort , Texas Trudy Unsold TV pilot 1998 Significant Others Jane Chasen Recurring role ; 6 episodes 1998 Gia Linda Television movie 1999 -- 2000 Time of Your Life Ashley Holloway Recurring role ; 4 episodes 2000 Linda McCartney Story , The The Linda McCartney Story Linda McCartney Television movie 2000 -- 2001 E.R. Dr. Kim Legaspi Recurring role ; 14 episodes 2001 Beast , The The Beast Alice Allenby Guest star Episode : `` The Price '' 2001 Spin City Nancy Wheeler Guest star Episode : `` Fight Club '' 2002 Man and Boy Cyd Mason Television movie 2003 Lyon 's Den , The The Lyon 's Den Ariel Saxon Recurring role ; 7 episodes 2003 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Andrea Brown Guest star Episode : `` Mercy '' 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Melissa Winters Guest star Episode : `` One Hit Wonder '' Grammercy Park Taylor Elliot Quinn Unsold TV pilot Everwood Sara Beck Guest star Episode : `` Staking Claim '' Boston Legal Christine Pauley Guest star ; 2 episodes House Sister Mary Augustine Guest star Episode : `` Damned If You Do '' 3 : The Dale Earnhardt Story Teresa Earnhardt Television movie 2006 Haskett 's Chance Ann Haskett Unsold TV pilot 2006 -- 2010 Lost Dr. Juliet Burke Series regular Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated -- Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series ( 2007 -- 09 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television ( 2007 , 2009 -- 10 ) 2009 -- 2011 V Erica Evans Lead role Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit June Frye Guest star Episode : `` Totem '' 2012 -- 2014 Revolution Rachel Matheson Lead role Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television 2013 Prosecuting Casey Anthony Linda Drane Burdick Television movie 2013 Kristin 's Christmas Past Barbara Cartwell Television movie 2014 Once Upon a Time Ingrid / Snow Queen / Sarah Fisher Recurring role ; 9 episodes 2015 Crossing Lines Carine Strand Lead role 2016 Dead of Summer Deb Carpenter Lead role 2018 The Expanse Dr. Annushka `` Anna '' Volovodov Recurring role Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 -- 2008 Lost : Missing Pieces Dr. Juliet Burke 4 episodes Theater ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Amateurs Jennifer Red Channels Shelia Harcourt 1995 Three Tall Women 1999 Absolution Gordon 's Wife 2008 A Midsummer Night 's Dream Helena Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2006 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Lost Nominated 2007 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated 2008 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Won 2009 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2011 Saturn Award Best Actress on Television V Nominated 2014 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Revolution Nominated A ^ Tied with Summer Glau . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Lost ' scoop : Juliet mystery ( sort of ) solved Inside TV EW.com Jump up ^ State of California . California Birth Index , 1805 -- 1995 . Sacramento , CA , USA : State of California Department of Health Services , Center for Health Statistics . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Mitchell Biography ( 1970 -- ) Jump up ^ Texas Department of State Health Services . Texas Marriage Index , 1966 -- 2002 . Texas Department of State Health Services , Texas . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Mitchell - Biographical Summaries of Notable People - MyHeritage '' . MyHeritage.com . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Beauty Magazine '' Elizabeth Mitchell `` . www.sobeautymag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Exclusive : Elizabeth Mitchell trading `` Lost '' for `` V '' ? `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Stephen ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Unveils 2009 -- 2010 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Lost scoop : Juliet mystery ( sort of ) solved '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Elizabeth Mitchell Turns Evil on SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Revolution ' : Elizabeth Mitchell on Sticking With Genre Fare and Her Biggest Surprise ( Q&A ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Revolution 's ' ' Lost ' Reunion : Elizabeth Mitchell Joins J.J. Abrams Drama as Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Elizabeth Mitchell spills scoop on the Snow Queen '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Alums Elizabeth Mitchell & Elizabeth Lail Cast in Freeform 's ' Dead of Summer ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Elizabeth Mitchell Fan Club . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Intelligence Wire -- Interview with Gary Bakewell '' . Elizabeth Mitchell Fan Club . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Monica Rizzo ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Lost 's Mystery Woman Elizabeth Mitchell '' . People . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Movies -- News -- ' V ' star joins cast of ' Answers ' -- Digital Spy External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth Mitchell . Elizabeth Mitchell on IMDb Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Justina Vail ( 1999 ) Jeri Ryan ( 2000 ) Jolene Blalock ( 2001 ) Alyson Hannigan ( 2002 ) Amy Acker ( 2003 ) Amanda Tapping ( 2004 ) Katee Sackhoff ( 2005 ) Hayden Panettiere ( 2006 ) Summer Glau / Elizabeth Mitchell ( 2007 ) Jennifer Carpenter ( 2008 ) Julie Benz ( 2009 ) Lucy Lawless ( 2010 ) Michelle Forbes ( 2011 ) Laurie Holden ( 2012 ) Melissa McBride ( 2013 ) Melissa McBride ( 2014 ) Danai Gurira ( 2015 ) Candice Patton ( 2016 ) VIAF : 85620604 LCCN : no2001019619 ISNI : 0000 0001 1773 1393 BNF : cb14207502t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Mitchell&oldid=827447617 '' Categories : 1970 births Actresses from Texas American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American stage actresses Living people People from Dallas Actresses from Los Angeles Stephens College people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Alumni of the British American Drama Academy Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 19 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the ice queen in once upon a time	[ "Elizabeth Mitchell (born Elizabeth Joanna Robertson: March 27, 1970) is an American actress known for her role as Dr. Juliet Burke on the ABC series Lost.[1] She also had lead roles on the TV series V and Revolution, as well as the Snow Queen on Once Upon a Time and as Deb Carpenter on Dead of Summer. Mitchell has starred in such films as The Santa Clause 2 and The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, Gia, and The Purge: Election Year." ]	[ "Elizabeth Mitchell" ]
8436054463509144529	Cryptoriana – The Seductiveness of Decay	Cryptoriana -- the Seductiveness of Decay - wikipedia Cryptoriana -- the Seductiveness of Decay Jump to : navigation , search Cryptoriana -- The Seductiveness of Decay Studio album by Cradle of Filth Released September 22 , 2017 Recorded 2017 Genre Extreme metal Length 52 : 53 65 : 25 ( Deluxe edition ) Label Nuclear Blast Producer Scott Atkins Cradle of Filth chronology Hammer of the Witches ( 2015 ) Hammer of the Witches 2015 Cryptoriana -- The Seductiveness of Decay ( 2017 ) Singles from Cryptoriana -- The Seductiveness of Decay `` Heartbreak and Séance '' Released : July 11 , 2017 `` You Will know the Lion by His Claw '' Released : August 8 , 2017 `` Achingly Beautiful '' Released : September 15 , 2017 Cryptoriana -- The Seductiveness of Decay is the twelfth studio album by the British extreme metal band Cradle of Filth . It was released on September 22 , 2017 , through Nuclear Blast Records . Dani Filth said the album `` is deeply infused with Victorian gothic horror and thus the title is a reflection of that . ' Cryptoriana ' implies the Victorians ' infatuation with the supernatural , the grave and the ghoulish . And the subtitle , ' The Seductiveness of Decay ' , further cements this attraction to death and the glittering lengthy process of self - annihilation '' . The first promotional single , `` Heartbreak and Séance '' , premiered alongside an accompanying music video on July 11 , 2017 . The second single , `` You Will Know the Lion by His Claw '' , premiered together with a lyric music video on August 8 , 2017 . The third single , `` Achingly Beautiful '' was also released in conjunction with a lyric video on September 15 . Vocalist Dani Filth stated the single `` has a very old - school Cradle vibe . '' and compared it to the song `` A Gothic Romance '' from the album Dusk and Her Embrace . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Exquisite Torments Await '' 2 : 15 2 . `` Heartbreak and Séance '' 6 : 24 3 . `` Achingly Beautiful '' 7 : 02 4 . `` Wester Vespertine '' 7 : 24 5 . `` The Seductiveness of Decay '' 7 : 38 6 . `` Vengeful Spirit '' 6 : 00 7 . `` You Will Know the Lion by His Claw '' 7 : 22 8 . `` Death and the Maiden '' 8 : 48 Total length : 52 : 53 ( show ) Digipack Version / Vinyl No . Title Length 9 . `` The Night at Catafalque Manor '' 7 : 31 10 . `` Alison Hell '' ( Annihilator cover ) 5 : 01 Total length : 65 : 25 Personnel ( edit ) Band members Dani Filth -- lead vocals Richard Shaw -- guitar Marek ' Ashok ' Šmerda -- guitar Daniel Firth -- bass guitar Lindsay Schoolcraft -- narrative vocals Martin Marthus Škaroupka -- drums , keyboards , orchestration Guests Liv Kristine -- female vocals on `` Vengeful Spirit '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CRADLE OF FILTH to release ' Cryptoriana - The Seductiveness of Decay ' Album in September '' . Blabbermouth.com . June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Video Premiere : CRADLE OF FILTH 's ' Heartbreak And Séance ' '' . Blabbermouth.com . July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRADLE OF FILTH : Lyric Video For New Song ' You Will Know The Lion By His Claw ' '' . Blabbermouth.com . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRADLE OF FILTH : Official Lyric Video For New Song ' Achingly Beautiful ' '' . Blabbermouth.com . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Cradle of Filth Dani Filth Martin Škaroupka Daniel Firth Lindsay Schoolcraft Richard Shaw Marek `` Ashok '' Šmerda James McIlroy Paul Allender Jonathan Pritchard Darren Garden Was Sarginson Paul Ryan Benjamin Ryan Andrea Haugen Stuart Anstis Jared Demeter Robin Eaglestone Nicholas Barker Damien Gregori Sarah Jezebel Deva Gian Pyres Les Smith Dave Hirschheimer Adrian Erlandsson Dave Pybus Martin Powell Charles Hedger Rosie Smith Ashley Ellyllon Caroline Campbell Studio albums The Principle of Evil Made Flesh Dusk ... and Her Embrace Cruelty and the Beast Midian Damnation and a Day Nymphetamine Thornography Godspeed on the Devil 's Thunder Darkly , Darkly , Venus Aversa The Manticore and Other Horrors Hammer of the Witches Cryptoriana -- The Seductiveness of Decay Live albums Live Bait for the Dead Compilation albums Lovecraft & Witch Hearts Midnight in the Labyrinth Total Fucking Darkness EPs V Empire or Dark Faerytales in Phallustein From the Cradle to Enslave Bitter Suites to Succubi Evermore Darkly Video releases PanDaemonAeon Heavy , Left - Handed and Candid Babalon A.D. ( So Glad for the Madness ) Mannequin Peace Through Superior Firepower Related articles Discography Members The Gospel of Filth Cradle of Fear Anathema Angtoria The Blood Divine Alex Chandon Devilment Categories Albums Members Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptoriana_ -- _The_Seductiveness_of_Decay&oldid = 801857030 '' Categories : Cradle of Filth albums 2017 albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 10 : 02 . About Wikipedia	cradle of filth – cryptoriana the seductiveness of decay	[]	[]
5542413149206700184	Dirty Dancing	Dirty Dancing - wikipedia Dirty Dancing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1987 romantic drama film . For other uses , see Dirty Dancing ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dirty Dancing Theatrical release poster Directed by Emile Ardolino Produced by Linda Gottlieb Written by Eleanor Bergstein Starring Patrick Swayze Jennifer Grey Jerry Orbach Cynthia Rhodes Music by John Morris Erich Bulling Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Peter C. Frank Production company Great American Films Limited Partnership Distributed by Vestron Pictures Release date August 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 21 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $214 million Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance film written by Eleanor Bergstein , directed by Emile Ardolino and starring Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey in the lead roles , and featuring Cynthia Rhodes and Jerry Orbach . Originally a low - budget film by a new studio , Vestron Pictures , Dirty Dancing became a box office hit . As of 2009 , it has earned over $214 million worldwide . It was the first film to sell more than a million copies on home video , and the Dirty Dancing soundtrack created by Jimmy Ienner generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles , including `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , which won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song , and a Grammy Award for best duet . The film 's popularity led to a 2004 prequel , Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights , and a stage version which has had sellout performances in Australia , Europe , and North America . A made - for - TV remake was released in 2017 . Unlike the original theatrical film , the remake received negative reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Production 4.1 Pre-production 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Music 7 Legacy 8 Alternate versions 8.1 Stage version 8.2 Tours and TV show 8.3 Prequel 8.4 20th anniversary releases 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1963 , 17 - year - old Frances `` Baby '' Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman 's , a resort in the Catskill Mountains . Baby , the younger of two daughters , plans to study economics in underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps . Her father , Jake , is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman , the resort proprietor . Baby develops a crush on the resort 's dance instructor , Johnny Castle , and meets his cousin , Billy . The staff holds secret after - hours parties in their quarters , and Baby is surprised by their `` dirty dancing '' . Intrigued , Baby receives a brief , impromptu dance lesson from Johnny . Baby discovers that Johnny 's dance partner , Penny Johnson , is pregnant by Robbie Gould , a womanizing waiter who is cheating on Baby 's older sister , Lisa . Baby borrows money from her father to pay for Penny 's illegal abortion without explaining why . Penny eventually accepts the money but identifies another issue . Penny will miss her weekly dance performance if she goes for the abortion , forfeiting Penny 's and Johnny 's salary for the season . Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her . Johnny 's scoffing overcomes Baby 's initial resistance . Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance . Johnny teaches Baby the mambo , and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together . Baby gradually improves , and they develop a romantic attraction . A scene from the dancing finale Billy takes Penny to an abortionist . Johnny 's and Baby 's performance is mostly successful , although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance 's climactic lift . Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman 's and find Penny in agony . Billy explains that the `` doctor '' turned out to be a back - alley hack . Baby brings her father to help Penny . Johnny claims responsibility for her pregnancy out of fear that Penny will be fired if her relationship with Robbie is revealed . Jake treats Penny but forbids Baby from associating with Johnny or his friends . After Baby apologizes to Johnny for her father 's behavior , they dance and have sex . Jake tells his family they will be leaving early for breakfast but relents when they object . Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father 's warning . She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby , and Johnny is hurt that she will not stand up for him . After Robbie taunts them , Johnny assaults him . Due to his growing feelings for Baby , Johnny refuses payment for sex with another guest , Vivian Pressman . Vivian has sex with Robbie in his cabin , and Lisa accidentally interrupts them . When Vivian leaves the cabin the next morning , she sees Baby leave Johnny 's cabin . Over breakfast , Max and Neil Kellerman reveal to the Housemans that Moe Pressman 's wallet was stolen . Vivian accuses Johnny of the theft in a fit of jealousy . Johnny is unable to provide a verifiable alibi , to protect his relationship with Baby . To save Johnny from being fired , Baby confesses she was with him . Johnny is cleared of the theft after it is revealed that two elderly guests , Mr. and Mrs. Schumacher , stole several guests ' wallets . Max fires Johnny anyway for having a fraternizing affair with Baby . Baby and Johnny embrace and bid farewell to each other , saying they will never regret their affair . Baby pointedly apologizes to Jake for lying about her relationship with Johnny but not for the relationship itself . Baby and her parents watch the end - of - season talent show . Jake gives Robbie a tip in an envelope . Robbie thanks Jake , willingly reveals that he got Penny pregnant ; Jake yanks the envelope back . Staff and guests ( including Lisa ) are singing the closing song together when Johnny interrupts them to perform the last dance of the season . Johnny leads Baby onstage and makes a brief speech about how `` Frances '' has made him a better man . Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet , and the other `` dirty dancers '' join in . Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they practiced . The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration . Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant and reconciles with Baby . All dance joyously to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Grey as Frances `` Baby '' Houseman Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson Jerry Orbach as Doctor Jake Houseman Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman Jack Weston as Max Kellerman Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman Antone Pagán as The Staff Kid Max Cantor as Robbie Gould Charles Coles as Tito Suarez Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman Wayne Knight as Stan Paula Trueman as Mrs. Schumacher Alvin Myerovich as Mr. Schumacher Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Be My Baby '' -- The Ronettes `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' -- Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons `` Where Are You Tonight ? '' -- Tom Johnston `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours `` Love Man '' -- Otis Redding `` Stay '' -- Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs `` Hungry Eyes '' -- Eric Carmen `` Overload '' -- Zappacosta `` Hey ! Baby '' -- Bruce Channel `` De Todo Un Poco '' -- Melon `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' -- The Drifters `` These Arms Of Mine '' -- Otis Redding `` Cry to Me '' -- Solomon Burke `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' -- The Shirelles `` Love Is Strange '' -- Mickey & Sylvia `` You Do n't Own Me '' -- The Blow Monkeys `` Yes '' -- Merry Clayton `` In the Still of the Night '' -- The Five Satins `` She 's Like the Wind '' -- Patrick Swayze `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Note : Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song `` Hula Hana , '' which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene . Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein 's own childhood : she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York , spent summers with her family in the Catskills , participated in `` Dirty Dancing '' competitions , and was herself nicknamed `` Baby '' as a girl . In 1980 , Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film , It 's My Turn . However , the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script , much to her dismay . She then conceived a new story , focused almost exclusively on dancing . In 1984 , she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle , who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb . They set the film in 1963 , with the character of Baby based on Bergstein 's own life , and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace , a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story . She finished the script in November 1985 , but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround , or limbo . Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected , until she brought it to Vestron Pictures , the newly formed studio division of Stamford , Connecticut , based Vestron Inc. , the leading independent home video distribution company . While honing their pitch to Vestron , Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film 's director , who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary , He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' . Ardolino had never directed a feature film , but was extremely passionate about the project ; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty , insisting that he was the best choice as director . The team of Gottlieb , Bergstein , and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron 's president , Jon Peisinger , and the company 's vice president for production , Mitchell Cannold . By the end of the meeting , Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron 's first feature film production . The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million , at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million . For choreographer , Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega , who had been trained by Gene Kelly . For a location , they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills ( as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point ) , so they decided on a combination of two locations : Lake Lure , North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Pembroke , Virginia , and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area . Casting ( edit ) Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act , as he did not want to use the `` stand - in '' method that had been used with Flashdance ( 1983 ) . For the female lead of Frances `` Baby '' Houseman , Bergstein chose the 26 - year - old Jennifer Grey , daughter of the Oscar - winning actor and dancer Joel Grey ( e.g. , of the film Cabaret ( 1972 ) ) , who , like her father , was a trained dancer . They then sought a male lead , initially considering 20 - year - old Billy Zane , who had the visual look desired ( originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look ) , but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations . The next choice was 34 - year - old Patrick Swayze , who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) and Red Dawn ( 1984 ) . He was a seasoned dancer , with experience from the Joffrey Ballet . The producers were thrilled with him , but his agent was opposed to the idea . However , Swayze read the script , liked the multi-level character of Johnny , and took the part anyway , and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish . Grey was initially not happy about the choice , as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn , but when they did their dancing screen test , the chemistry between them was obvious . Bergstein described it as `` breathtaking '' . Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman , Baby 's father ; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman , her older sister . Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend , sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer , to play Mrs. Schumacher , and Joel Grey as her husband . However , Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief . The role went instead to 89 - year - old Paula Trueman , and Joel Grey was not cast . Another role went to Bergstein 's friend , New York radio personality `` Cousin Brucie '' . She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician . The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight ( of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame ) . The part of Baby 's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton , who is briefly visible in the beginning , when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman 's ( she is in the front seat for a few seconds ; her blonde hair is the only indication ) , but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop , who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman , the highly sexed resort guest . Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman , and the film 's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian . Filming ( edit ) A typical family resort in the Catskill Mountains Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure , North Carolina , and Mountain Lake , Virginia . Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp , which is now a private , residential community known as Firefly Cove . These scenes included the interior dancing scenes , Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs , Johnny 's cabin , the staff cabins , the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250 . Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous `` water lift '' scene , dining scenes , Kellerman 's Hotel , the beach games , Penny crying in the kitchen , and the Houseman family 's cabins . The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming , as it was already the tail end of summer . The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke , Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure , N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member , even non-dancers such as Jack Weston . The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and , immersed in the environment , the lead actors , Grey and Swayze , began identifying with their characters . Bergstein built upon this , encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes . She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or `` grinding '' the dance steps , that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months . Filming started on September 5 , 1986 but was plagued by the weather , which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat . The outside temperature rose to 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming , the temperature inside could be as high as 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) . According to choreographer Kenny Ortega , on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting . The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration . Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit ; insisting on doing his own stunts , he repeatedly fell off the log during the `` balancing '' scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling . Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn , which required the set decorators to spray - paint the autumn leaves green . The uncooperative weather then took a different turn , plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October . The crew wore warm coats , gloves , and boots . Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing , to repeatedly dive into the cold water . Despite her character 's enjoyment , Grey later described the water as `` horrifically '' cold , and she might not have gone into the lake , except that she was `` young and hungry '' . Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production . They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project , Red Dawn ( 1984 ) , and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test , but that initial cooperation soon faded , and they were soon `` facing off '' before every scene . There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes . To address this , producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen - tests -- the ones with the `` breathtaking '' chemistry . This had the desired effect , and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm . Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling , even if actors went `` off script '' . One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm ( similar to the pose seen in the movie poster ) . Though it was written as a serious and tender moment , Grey was exhausted , found the move ticklish , and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it , no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for . Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey 's behavior annoying . However , the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film , complete with Grey 's giggling and Swayze 's annoyed expression . It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie , turning out , as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it , `` as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film . '' Post-production ( edit ) The shooting wrapped on October 27 , 1986 , both on - time and on - budget . No one on the team , however , liked the rough cut that was put together , and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop . Thirty - nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot . In May 1987 , the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo . According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold , Russo 's reaction at the end was to say simply , `` Burn the negative , and collect the insurance . '' Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film . Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film , seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience . However , when they learned the film contained an abortion scene , they asked for that part of the plot to be cut . As Bergstein refused , the Clearasil promotion was dropped . Consequently , Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16 , 1987 . The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend , and then send it to home video , since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production . Considering how many people disliked the film at that point , producer Gottlieb 's recollection of her feelings at the time was , `` I would have only been grateful , if when it was released , people did n't yell at me . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 72 % based on reviews from 61 critics and a rating average of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Like its winsome characters , Dirty Dancing uses impressive choreography and the power of song to surmount a series of formidable obstacles . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . For the film 's opening , The New York Times published a review titled `` Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The Times reviewer called the film `` a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 -- orderly , prosperous , bursting with good intentions , a sort of Yiddish - inflected Camelot . '' Other reviews were more mixed : Gene Siskel gave the film a `` marginal Thumbs Up '' as he liked Jennifer Grey 's acting and development of her character , while Roger Ebert gave it `` Thumbs Down '' due to its `` idiot plot '' , calling it a `` tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds . '' TIME magazine was lukewarm , saying , `` If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein 's script is too neat and inspirational , the rough energy of the film 's song and dance does carry one along , past the whispered doubts of better judgment . '' In a retrospective review , Jezebel 's Irin Carmon called the film `` the greatest movie of all time '' as `` a great , brave movie for women '' with `` some subtle , retrospectively sharp - eyed critiques of class and gender . '' Abortion rights advocates have called the film the `` gold standard '' for cinematic portrayals of abortion , which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a `` compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision , a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films . '' The film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens , with viewers rating the film highly . Many filmgoers , after seeing the film once , went right back into the theater to watch it a second time . Word - of - mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States , and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark . By November , it was also achieving international fame . Within seven months of release , it had brought in $63 million in the US and boosted attendance in dance classes across America . It was one of the highest - grossing films of 1987 , earning $170 million worldwide . The film 's popularity continued to grow after its initial release . It was the number one video rental of 1988 and became the first film to sell a million copies on video . When the film was re-released in 1997 , ten years after its original release , Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month . As of 2005 , it was selling a million DVDs per year , with over ten million copies sold as of 2007 . A May 2007 survey by Britain 's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on `` Women 's most - watched films '' , above the Star Wars trilogy , Grease , The Sound of Music , and Pretty Woman . The film 's popularity has also caused it to be called `` the Star Wars for girls . '' An April 2008 article in Britain 's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of `` most romantic movie quotes ever '' , for Baby 's line : `` I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you . '' The film 's music has also had considerable impact . The closing song , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , has been listed as the `` third most popular song played at funerals '' in the UK . Awards and honors ( edit ) Jennifer Grey at the 1988 Academy Awards Year Award Result Ref 60th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Original Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Won Best Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Grammy Awards Best Pop Performance by a Duo Won Best Song written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 93 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- # 86 `` Do You Love Me '' -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Johnny Castle : `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' -- # 98 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Music ( edit ) See also : Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) Rehearsals for the dancing , and some filming , used music from Bergstein 's personal collection of gramophone records . When it came time to select actual music for the film , Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor . Ienner , who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night , opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein 's collection . He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song `` She 's Like the Wind '' . Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz , originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) . John Morris composed the film 's score . The lyrics for the Kellermans ' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film and were sung to the tune of `` Annie Lisle '' , a commonly used theme for school alma maters . Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes , listening to each one . According to Ortega , literally the last tape they listened to had `` The Time of My Life '' , which they saw as the obvious choice . Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it . The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group , an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . The film 's soundtrack started an oldies music revival , and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise . According to Franke Previte , before a single had even been released , there were a million albums on back - order . The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times , selling more than 32 million copies worldwide . It spawned a follow - up multi-platinum album in February 1988 , entitled More Dirty Dancing . Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , composed by Franke Previte , John deNicola , and Donald Markowitz -- this song rose to # 1 on the pop charts . `` She 's Like the Wind '' , performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze , composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz ; this song peaked at # 3 in 1988 . `` Hungry Eyes '' , performed by Eric Carmen , composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola ; this song peaked at # 4 in 1988 . `` Yes '' , performed by Merry Clayton , composed by Neal Cavanaugh , Terry Fryer and Tom Graf ; this song peaked # 45 in 1988 . Additionally , the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours ' single `` Do You Love Me '' . `` Do You Love Me '' was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack ; it was included on More Dirty Dancing . Upon being re-released , `` Do You Love Me '' became a surprise hit all over again , this time peaking at # 11 ( it originally hit # 3 back in 1962 ) . Legacy ( edit ) The iconic scene where Johnny says `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' As for the studio , despite the film 's huge monetary success , Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money . Vestron 's parent company , Vestron Inc. , went bankrupt in 1989 , and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million . The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment , which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003 . Orbach , already known as a successful Broadway actor , continued in different genres . He was the voice of the candelabrum `` Lumiere '' in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , before taking on his best known role , detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order , which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004 . Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies ( 1992 ) and starting in 2006 , the High School Musical series . He also became a director of film and television , including several episodes of Gilmore Girls , in which Dirty Dancing 's Kelly Bishop had a starring role . Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers , soul singer Maurice Williams ( whose song `` Stay '' was featured in the film ) , and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets . Today , Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival . Kellerman 's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel , and it now offers `` Dirty Dancing Weekends '' . Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture . Johnny Castle 's line , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' , has been used in song lyrics , as the title of the `` Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner '' episode of the TV series Veronica Mars , and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song . `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' was also quoted in Supernatural : when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie ; Dean responds : `` Swayze always gets a pass '' . The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard , one of the primary characters , uttered a variation involving his own name , and in Family Guy , where the scene is parodied by Baby 's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth . In Sweden , feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' ( in English ) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square ( 2008 ) and at Karlstad University ( 2012 ) . Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff . In the TV series How I Met Your Mother , Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story ; the original `` Love is Strange '' scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny . The French film Heartbreaker ( 2010 ) pays homage to the film , as a plot detail , with some clips from the film shown and a `` recreation '' by the two main characters of the `` lift '' scene . In the first episode of the TV series New Girl , the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up . Since 2009 , there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure , North Carolina . Alternate versions ( edit ) Stage version ( edit ) The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical , Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage . Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million , it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film , plus a few extra scenes . Musical direction was by Chong Lim ( one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ) , and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company 's Josef Brown as Johnny . Although reviews were mixed , the production was a commercial success , selling over 200,000 tickets during its six - month run . It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London 's West End , where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23 , 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history , earning £ 6 million ( $ US12 million ) . As of March 2011 , over 1 million people have seen the musical in London , selling out 6 months in advance . The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five - year run , prior to a two - year national tour . The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13 , 2013 to February 22 , 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland . A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006 , with the show first starting in other North American cities . It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue , selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The production opened on November 15 , 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre , with an all - Canadian cast , except for Monica West ( Baby Housman ) , Britta Lazenga ( Penny ) , and Al Sapienza ( Jake Housman ) . After Toronto , the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28 , 2008 and officially on October 19 , 2008 , running through January 17 , 2009 , followed by Boston ( February 7 -- March 15 , 2009 ) and Los Angeles . An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington , DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities . Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2 . Tours and TV show ( edit ) Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version . In 1988 , a music tour named Dirty Dancing : Live in Concert , featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen , played 90 cities in three months . Also in 1988 , the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series , however with none of the original cast or staff . The series was canceled after only a few episodes . Prequel ( edit ) In 2004 , a prequel of the film was released , entitled Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights . It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance , when her family relocates to Havana , Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution . Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher -- considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film . 20th anniversary releases ( edit ) For the 20th anniversary in 2007 , the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage , while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes , and included writer commentary . At the same time , Codemasters released Dirty Dancing : The Video Game . In the United Kingdom , the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film ; titled Dirty Dancing : The Time of Your Life , the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort . In the UK , to mark the 20th anniversary of the film , Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing . It was presented by Dawn Porter , an investigative journalist and a self - confessed Dirty Dancing addict . The documentary was very successful , being Channel Five 's highest rated documentary of 2007 . Porter visited the set of the film , met other Dirty Dancing fanatics , and learned the last dance , which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Dirty Dancing ( 2017 film ) In August 2011 , Lionsgate , who owns the film rights , announced their plan to remake the film . It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film 's choreographer , Kenny Ortega , to direct . `` We believe that the timing could n't be better to modernize this story on the big screen , and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm , '' Joe Drake , president of Lionsgate 's Motion Picture Group , explained about the project . A miniseries version of `` Dirty Dancing '' had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina . As of July 29 , 2015 , the miniseries has been put on hold . In December 2015 , ABC ordered a three - hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing , starring Abigail Breslin , Colt Prattes , Debra Messing , Sarah Hyland , Nicole Scherzinger , Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper . It aired on May 24 , 2017 . It received negative reviews from a majority of critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DIRTY DANCING ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 20 , 1987 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` Patrick Swayze , the man who inspired a generation of women to dance , has died '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Kathleen ( August 18 , 1997 ) . `` Save the Last Dirty Dance for the Revival ; Movies : ' Dirty Dancing , ' the Catskills love story with forbidden footwork , steps out again for its 10th birthday '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` ABC Announces May Premiere Date for DIRTY DANCING Event Movie '' . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' : Where Kellerman 's Came to Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vernon , Polly ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Hey Baby -- we 're all Swayze now '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Winterman , Denise ( October 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Time of Your Life '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Different Moves '' . People . Jump up ^ Bergstein , Eleanor , producer ( 2007 ) . Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . Tribute to Emile Ardolino ^ Jump up to : Hartlaub , Peter ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Choreographer Kenny Ortega 's ode to disco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Paul ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' marks 20 years with return to big screen '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing . The E ! True Hollywood Story . September 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( November 7 , 1992 ) . `` You may know Wayne Knight whether you know you do or not '' . Chicago Tribune ( AP ) . ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . 2007 . Jump up ^ Some scenes shot with Lipton in the role of Mrs. Houseman can be viewed on the 20th anniversary 2007 DVD Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( August 16 , 1987 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The New York Times . p . A19 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ; Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Video review on Siskel & Ebert and The Movies '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Review of Dirty Dancing '' . Sun Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( September 14 , 1987 ) . `` Cinema : Teenage Turmoil '' . Time . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Dirty Dancing Is the Greatest Movie of All Time '' . Jezebel ( website ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Herold , Steph ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Led the Way in Depicting Abortion -- If Only Other Media Would Follow '' . Rewire . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tzioumakis , Yannis ( 2013 ) . The Time of Our Lives : Dirty Dancing and Popular Culture . Wayne State University Press . p. 135 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wiams , William ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Baby in the Underworld : Myth and Tragic Vision in Dirty Dancing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Private Dancers '' . The Age . June 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sales / Home Video Top Cassettes of 88 from Billboard magazine '' . The Orlando Sentinel . December 30 , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Kolson , Ann ( August 17 , 1997 ) . `` Fairy Tale Without an Ending '' . The New York Times . p. 2.11 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Sandy ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Lions Gate grabs Swayze Rights '' . TheStreet.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : Baby 's Out of the Corner '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ' is top film obsession ' '' . BBC News . May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alaway , Nick ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Dirty Dancing '' . Fast Rewind . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The insider 's guide to ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . CNN . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Tahira ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Bogart to McGregor : The top ten most romantic movie quotes ever '' . Daily Mail . I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Mary ( Associated Press ) ( March 21 , 1988 ) . `` On the way to a singing career , he found success as a songwriter '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to : Bigelow , Bruce ( January 7 , 1988 ) . `` Three films receive five Golden Globe nominations '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Hoekstra , Dave ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : The movie , the music , the money '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gardinier , Bob ( December 26 , 2007 ) . `` School searches for song of itself '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Lott , M. Ray ( 2004 ) . The American Martial Arts Film . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1836 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taneja , Nikhil ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Those chart busters '' . The Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas go Dirty Dancing - Havana Nights '' . Havana Journal . February 8 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zuma Beach Ent . Appointments President and Completes Acquisition '' . whedon.info . March 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing discography '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnny pulls Baby out of her chair , saying , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner , '' to Jake . He and Baby take the stage , where Johnny announces , `` Sorry about the disruption , folks , but I always do the last dance of the season . This year somebody told me not to . So I 'm gon na do my kind of dancin ' with a great partner , who 's not only a terrific dancer , but somebody who taught me that there are people willing to stand up for other people no matter what it costs them . Somebody who taught me about the kind of person I want to be : Miss Frances Houseman . '' Jump up ^ `` Master actor exits to ringing applause '' . Newcastle Herald . January 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Newmark , Judith ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` How a Disney made - for - TV movie suddenly became ... A ' high school ' craze '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Jump up ^ Full cast and crew for Gilmore Girls on Internet Movie Database . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . Dirtydancingfestival.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lodge Virginia -- Resorts in Virginia Mountain Lake Lodge '' . Mountainlakehotel.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Puts Baby In a Corner '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina town hosts ' Dirty Dancing ' festival '' . USA Today . August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing to make Welsh debut at Wales Millennium Centre in 2012 - Cardiff '' . Visitcardiff.com . March 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Closes 9 Jul , Prior to National Tour '' . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing returns to give West End audiences the time of their lives ! '' . BestofTheatre.co.uk . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sams , Christine ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty moves directed at US '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Dirty Dancing , Musical Based on Hit Film , Opens in Chicago Oct. 19 '' Archived October 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` More Chances to Feel Dirty in Chicago ; Dirty Dancing Gets Six Extra Weeks '' Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. DIRTY DANCING National Tour Opens Tonight at the National Theatre `` , broadwayworld.com , September 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( Film ) - TV Tropes '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Knight - Ridder Newspapers ( November 5 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Notes '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Video Game -- official site '' . Codemasters . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Coming soon to your PC : Dirty Dancing , the Video Game '' . Wired magazine blog network . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dirty Dancing to Film TV Miniseries in WNC Archived May 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Producers put Asheville ' Dirty Dancing ' miniseries in a corner '' . charlotteobserver . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' remake is coming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey The Next TV Musical Is Actually a Pretty Good Idea Vanity Fair . 10 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` See The Cast For The TV Remake Of ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake Adds ' Awkward ' Alum as Robbie ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' ABC Remake Adds Billy Dee Williams As Tito '' . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dirty Dancing . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dirty Dancing Dirty Dancing on IMDb Dirty Dancing at the TCM Movie Database Dirty Dancing at Box Office Mojo Dirty Dancing at Rotten Tomatoes Dirty Dancing at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Emile Ardolino He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' ( 1983 ) Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) Chances Are ( 1989 ) Three Men and a Little Lady ( 1990 ) Sister Act ( 1992 ) The Nutcracker ( 1993 ) Gypsy ( 1993 ) VIAF : 182889742 GND : 4703220 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Dancing&oldid=834473208 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films American films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s dance films 1980s independent films 1980s musical films 1980s romantic drama films 1980s teen drama films 1980s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American dance films American independent films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American teen drama films American teen romance films Borscht Belt Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Dirty Dancing films Feminist films Films about abortion Films about families Films about vacationing Films adapted into plays Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Emile Ardolino Films set in 1963 Films set in New York ( state ) Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in Virginia Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Artisan Entertainment films Lions Gate Entertainment films Vestron Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is dirty dancing supposed to take place	[ "In the summer of 1963, 17-year-old Frances \"Baby\" Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman's,[5] a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby, the younger of two daughters, plans to study economics in underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake, is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman, the resort proprietor. Baby develops a crush on the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle, and meets his cousin, Billy. The staff holds secret after-hours parties in their quarters, and Baby is surprised by their \"dirty dancing\". Intrigued, Baby receives a brief, impromptu dance lesson from Johnny." ]	[ "a resort in the Catskill Mountains" ]
-5313072864537404341	Bird flight	Bird flight - wikipedia Bird flight Jump to : navigation , search A flock of domestic pigeons each in a different phase of its flap . Bird flight is the primary mode of locomotion used by most bird species . Flight assists birds while feeding , breeding , avoiding predators , and migrating . Bird flight is one of the most complex forms of locomotion in the animal kingdom . Each facet of this type of motion , including hovering , taking off , and landing , involves many complex movements . As different bird species have adapted to specific environments , prey , predators , and other needs , they have developed varied forms of wings and varied forms of flight . Research into how birds fly has yielded various theories as to the evolution of bird flight , a topic that is still hotly debated among scholars . Some suggest that flight originated from falling / gliding behaviors ( the trees down hypothesis ) ; some suggest feathers developed for other reasons and gradually enabled birds to lift off the ground ( the ground up hypothesis ) ; and yet others suggest variations on these theories such as the wing - assisted incline running theory and the pouncing proavis theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic mechanics of bird flight 1.1 Lift and drag 2 Wing 3 Wing shape 4 Flight 4.1 Gliding flight 4.2 Flapping flight 4.3 Bounding flight 5 Hovering 6 Take - off and landing 7 Coordinated formation flight 8 Adaptations for flight 9 Evolution of bird flight 9.1 From the trees down 9.2 From the ground up 9.3 Wing - assisted incline running 9.4 Pouncing proavis model 9.5 Uses and loss of flight in modern birds 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Basic mechanics of bird flight ( edit ) Lift and drag ( edit ) The fundamentals of bird flight are similar to those of aircraft , in which the aerodynamic forces sustaining flight are lift and drag . Lift force is produced by the action of air flow on the wing , which is an airfoil . The airfoil is shaped such that the air provides a net upward force on the wing , while the movement of air is directed downward . Additional net lift may come from airflow around the bird 's body in some species , especially during intermittent flight while the wings are folded or semi-folded ( cf . lifting body ) . Aerodynamic drag is the force opposite to the direction of motion , and hence the source of energy loss in flight . The drag force can be separated into two portions , lift - induced drag , which is the inherent cost of the wing producing lift ( this energy ends up primarily in the wingtip vortices ) , and parasitic drag , including skin friction drag from the friction of air and body surfaces and form drag from the bird 's frontal area . The streamlining of bird 's body and wings reduces these forces . Wing ( edit ) A kea in flight . The bird 's forelimbs ( the wings ) are the key to flight . Each wing has a central vane to hit the wind , composed of three limb bones , the humerus , ulna and radius . The hand , or manus , which ancestrally was composed of five digits , is reduced to three digits ( digit II , III and IV or I , II , III depending on the scheme followed ) , which serves as an anchor for the primaries , one of two groups of flight feathers responsible for the wing 's airfoil shape . The other set of flight feathers , behind the carpal joint on the ulna , are called the secondaries . The remaining feathers on the wing are known as coverts , of which there are three sets . The wing sometimes has vestigial claws . In most species these are lost by the time the bird is adult ( such as the highly visible ones used for active climbing by hoatzin chicks ) , but claws are retained into adulthood by the secretarybird , screamers , finfoots , ostriches , several swifts and numerous others , as a local trait , in a few specimens . Albatrosses have locking mechanisms in the wing joints that reduce the strain on the muscles during soaring flight . Female birds exposed to predators during ovulation produce chicks that grow their wings faster than chicks produced by predator - free females . Their wings are also longer . Both adaptations may make them better at avoiding avian predators . Wing shape ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : it appears to lack rigour - it reads like a personal view and lacks citations Please help improve this section if you can . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wing shapes The shape of the wing is important in determining the flight capabilities of a bird . Different shapes correspond to different trade - offs between advantages such as speed , low energy use , and maneuverability . Two important parameters are the aspect ratio and wing loading . Aspect ratio is the ratio of wingspan to the mean of its chord ( or the square of the wingspan divided by wing area ) . Wing loading is the ratio of weight to wing area . Most kinds of bird wing can be grouped into four types , with some falling between two of these types . These types of wings are elliptical wings , high speed wings , high aspect ratio wings and soaring wings with slots . The budgerigar 's wings , as seen on this pet female , allow it excellent manoeuvrability . Elliptical wings Elliptical wings are short and rounded , having a low aspect ratio , allowing for tight maneuvering in confined spaces such as might be found in dense vegetation . As such they are common in forest raptors ( such as Accipiter hawks ) , and many passerines , particularly non-migratory ones ( migratory species have longer wings ) . They are also common in species that use a rapid take off to evade predators , such as pheasants and partridges . High speed wings High speed wings are short , pointed wings that when combined with a heavy wing loading and rapid wingbeats provide an energetically expensive high speed . This type of flight is used by the bird with the fastest wing speed , the peregrine falcon , as well as by most of the ducks . The same wing shape is used by the auks for a different purpose ; auks use their wings to `` fly '' underwater . The peregrine falcon has the highest recorded dive speed of 242 mph ( 389 km / h ) . The fastest straight , powered flight is the spine - tailed swift at 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) . A roseate tern uses its low wing loading and high aspect ratio to achieve low speed flight . High aspect ratio wings High aspect ratio wings , which usually have low wing loading and are far longer than they are wide , are used for slower flight . This may take the form of almost hovering ( as used by kestrels , terns and nightjars ) or in soaring and gliding flight , particularly the dynamic soaring used by seabirds , which takes advantage of wind speed variation at different altitudes ( wind shear ) above ocean waves to provide lift . Low speed flight is also important for birds that plunge - dive for fish . Soaring wings with deep slots These wings are favored by larger species of inland birds , such as eagles , vultures , pelicans , and storks . The slots at the end of the wings , between the primaries , reduce the induced drag and wingtip vortices by `` capturing '' the energy in air flowing from the lower to upper wing surface at the tips , whilst the shorter size of the wings aids in takeoff ( high aspect ratio wings require a long taxi to get airborne ) . Flight ( edit ) Birds use three types of flight . They are distinguished by wing motion . Gliding flight ( edit ) Lesser flamingos flying in formation . When in gliding flight , the upward aerodynamic force is equal to the weight . In gliding flight , no propulsion is used ; the energy to counteract the energy loss due to aerodynamic drag is either taken from the potential energy of the bird , resulting in a descending flight , or is replaced by rising air currents ( `` thermals '' ) , referred to as soaring flight . For specialist soaring birds ( obligate soarers ) , the decision to engage in flight are strongly related to atmospheric conditions that allow individuals to maximise flight - efficiency and minimise energetic costs . Flapping flight ( edit ) When a bird flaps , as opposed to gliding , its wings continue to develop lift as before , but the lift is rotated forward to provide thrust , which counteracts drag and increases its speed , which has the effect of also increasing lift to counteract its weight , allowing it to maintain height or to climb . Flapping involves two stages : the down - stroke , which provides the majority of the thrust , and the up - stroke , which can also ( depending on the bird 's wings ) provide some thrust . At each up - stroke the wing is slightly folded inwards to reduce the energetic cost of flapping - wing flight . Birds change the angle of attack continuously within a flap , as well as with speed . Bounding flight ( edit ) Small birds often fly long distances using a technique in which short bursts of flapping are alternated with intervals in which the wings are folded against the body . This is a flight pattern known as `` bounding '' or `` flap - bounding '' flight . When the bird 's wings are folded , its trajectory is primarily ballistic , with a small amount of body lift . The flight pattern is believed to decrease the energy required by reducing the aerodynamic drag during the ballistic part of the trajectory , and to increase the efficiency of muscle use . Hovering ( edit ) The ruby - throated hummingbird can beat its wings 52 times a second . Several bird species use hovering , one family even specialized in it . True hovering by generating lift through flapping alone rather than by passage through the air demands a lot of energy . This usually confines the ability to smaller birds , but some larger birds such as a Kite or an Osprey can hover for a short period of time . Although not a true hover , some birds remain in a fixed position relative to the ground or water by flying into a headwind . Kestrels , terns and even hawks use this wind hovering . Most birds that hover have high aspect ratio wings that are suited to low speed flying . One major exception to this are the hummingbirds , which are the most accomplished hoverers of all the birds . Hummingbird flight is different from other bird flight in that the wing is extended throughout the whole stroke , the stroke being a symmetrical figure of eight , with the wing producing lift on both the up - and down - stroke . Some hummingbirds can beat their wings 52 times a second , though others do so less frequently . Take - off and landing ( edit ) A male bufflehead runs atop the water while taking off . A magpie - goose taking off . See also : Bird landings Take - off is one of the most energetically demanding aspects of flight , as the bird must generate enough airflow across the wing to create lift . Small birds do this with a simple upward jump . That does n't work for larger birds , which must take a run up to generate sufficient airflow . Large birds take off by facing into the wind , or , if they can , by perching on a branch or cliff so they can just drop off into the air . Landing is also a problem for large birds with high wing loads . This problem is dealt with in some species by aiming for a point below the intended landing area ( such as a nest on a cliff ) then pulling up beforehand . If timed correctly , the airspeed once the target is reached is virtually nil . Landing on water is simpler , and the larger waterfowl species prefer to do so whenever possible , landing into wind and using their feet as skids . To lose height rapidly prior to landing , some large birds such as geese indulge in a rapid alternating series of sideslips or even briefly turning upside down in a maneuver termed as whiffling . Coordinated formation flight ( edit ) A wide variety of birds fly together in a symmetric V - shaped or a J - shaped coordinated formation , also referred to as an `` echelon '' , especially during long distance flight or migration . It is often assumed that birds resort to this pattern of formation flying in order to save energy and improve the aerodynamic efficiency . The birds flying at the tips and at the front would interchange positions in a timely cyclical fashion to spread flight fatigue equally among the flock members . The wingtips of the leading bird in an echelon create a pair of opposite rotating line vortices . The vortices trailing a bird have an underwash part behind the bird , and at the same time they have an upwash on the outside , that hypothetically could aid the flight of a trailing bird . In a 1970 study the authors claimed that each bird in a V formation of 25 members can achieve a reduction of induced drag and as a result increase their range by 71 % . Studies of waldrapp ibis show that birds spatially coordinate the phase of wing flapping and show wingtip path coherence when flying in V positions , thus enabling them to maximally utilise the available energy of upwash over the entire flap cycle . In contrast , birds flying in a stream immediately behind another do not have wingtip coherence in their flight pattern and their flapping is out of phase , as compared to birds flying in V patterns , so as to avoid the detrimental effects of the downwash due to the leading bird 's flight . Adaptations for flight ( edit ) Diagram of the wing of a chicken , top view The most obvious adaptation to flight is the wing , but because flight is so energetically demanding birds have evolved several other adaptations to improve efficiency when flying . Birds ' bodies are streamlined to help overcome air - resistance . Also , the bird skeleton is hollow to reduce weight , and many unnecessary bones have been lost ( such as the bony tail of the early bird Archaeopteryx ) , along with the toothed jaw of early birds , which has been replaced with a lightweight beak . The skeleton 's breastbone has also adapted into a large keel , suitable for the attachment of large , powerful flight muscles . The vanes of each feather have hooklets called barbules that zip the vanes of individual feathers together , giving the feathers the strength needed to hold the airfoil ( these are often lost in flightless birds ) . The barbules maintain the shape and function of the feather . Each feather has a major ( greater ) side and a minor ( lesser ) side , meaning that the shaft or rachis does not run down the center of the feather . Rather it runs longitudinally of center with the lesser or minor side to the front and the greater or major side to the rear of the feather . This feather anatomy , during flight and flapping of the wings , causes a rotation of the feather in its follicle . The rotation occurs in the up motion of the wing . The greater side points down , letting air slip through the wing . This essentially breaks the integrity of the wing , allowing for a much easier movement in the up direction . The integrity of the wing is reestablished in the down movement , which allows for part of the lift inherent in bird wings . This function is most important in taking off or achieving lift at very low or slow speeds where the bird is reaching up and grabbing air and pulling itself up . At high speeds the air foil function of the wing provides most of the lift needed to stay in flight . The large amounts of energy required for flight have led to the evolution of a unidirectional pulmonary system to provide the large quantities of oxygen required for their high respiratory rates . This high metabolic rate produces large quantities of radicals in the cells that can damage DNA and lead to tumours . Birds , however , do not suffer from an otherwise expected shortened lifespan as their cells have evolved a more efficient antioxidant system than those found in other animals . Evolution of bird flight ( edit ) Main article : Origin of avian flight Black - legged kittiwakes fly at Cape Hay in the High Arctic . Most paleontologists agree that birds evolved from small theropod dinosaurs , but the origin of bird flight is one of the oldest and most hotly contested debates in paleontology . The four main hypotheses are : From the trees down , that birds ' ancestors first glided down from trees and then acquired other modifications that enabled true powered flight . From the ground up , that birds ' ancestors were small , fast predatory dinosaurs in which feathers developed for other reasons and then evolved further to provide first lift and then true powered flight . Wing - assisted incline running ( WAIR ) , a version of `` from the ground up '' in which birds ' wings originated from forelimb modifications that provided downforce , enabling the proto - birds to run up extremely steep slopes such as the trunks of trees . Pouncing proavis , which posits that flight evolved by modification from arboreal ambush tactics . There has also been debate about whether the earliest known bird , Archaeopteryx , could fly . It appears that Archaeopteryx had the brain structures and inner - ear balance sensors that birds use to control their flight . Archaeopteryx also had a wing feather arrangement like that of modern birds and similarly asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail . But Archaeopteryx lacked the shoulder mechanism by which modern birds ' wings produce swift , powerful upstrokes ; this may mean that it and other early birds were incapable of flapping flight and could only glide . The presence of most fossils in marine sediments in habitats devoid of vegetation has led to the hypothesis that they may have used their wings as aids to run across the water surface in the manner of the basilisk lizards . In March 2018 , scientists reported that Archaeopteryx was likely capable of flight , but in a manner substantially different from that of modern birds . From the trees down ( edit ) It is unknown how well Archaeopteryx could fly , or if it could even fly at all . This was the earliest hypothesis , encouraged by the examples of gliding vertebrates such as flying squirrels . It suggests that proto - birds like Archaeopteryx used their claws to clamber up trees and glided off from the tops . Some recent research undermines the `` trees down '' hypothesis by suggesting that the earliest birds and their immediate ancestors did not climb trees . Modern birds that forage in trees have much more curved toe - claws than those that forage on the ground . The toe - claws of Mesozoic birds and of closely related non-avian theropod dinosaurs are like those of modern ground - foraging birds . From the ground up ( edit ) Feathers are very common in coelurosaurid dinosaurs ( including the early tyrannosauroid Dilong ) . Modern birds are classified as coelurosaurs by nearly all palaeontologists , though not by a few ornithologists . The original functions of feathers may have included thermal insulation and competitive displays . The most common version of the `` from the ground up '' hypothesis argues that bird 's ancestors were small ground - running predators ( rather like roadrunners ) that used their forelimbs for balance while pursuing prey and that the forelimbs and feathers later evolved in ways that provided gliding and then powered flight . Another `` ground upwards '' theory argues the evolution of flight was initially driven by competitive displays and fighting : displays required longer feathers and longer , stronger forelimbs ; many modern birds use their wings as weapons , and downward blows have a similar action to that of flapping flight . Many of the Archaeopteryx fossils come from marine sediments and it has been suggested that wings may have helped the birds run over water in the manner of the Jesus Christ lizard ( common basilisk ) . Most recent attacks on the `` from the ground up '' hypothesis attempt to refute its assumption that birds are modified coelurosaurid dinosaurs . The strongest attacks are based on embryological analyses , which conclude that birds ' wings are formed from digits 2 , 3 and 4 ( corresponding to the index , middle and ring fingers in humans ; the first of a bird 's 3 digits forms the alula , which they use to avoid stalling on low - speed flight , for example when landing ) ; but the hands of coelurosaurs are formed by digits 1 , 2 and 3 ( thumb and first 2 fingers in humans ) . However these embryological analyses were immediately challenged on the embryological grounds that the `` hand '' often develops differently in clades that have lost some digits in the course of their evolution , and therefore bird 's hands do develop from digits 1 , 2 and 3 . Wing - assisted incline running ( edit ) The wing - assisted incline running ( WAIR ) hypothesis was prompted by observation of young chukar chicks , and proposes that wings developed their aerodynamic functions as a result of the need to run quickly up very steep slopes such as tree trunks , for example to escape from predators . Note that in this scenario birds need downforce to give their feet increased grip . But early birds , including Archaeopteryx , lacked the shoulder mechanism that modern birds ' wings use to produce swift , powerful upstrokes . Since the downforce that WAIR requires is generated by upstrokes , it seems that early birds were incapable of WAIR . Pouncing proavis model ( edit ) The proavis theory was first proposed by Garner , Taylor , and Thomas in 1999 : We propose that birds evolved from predators that specialized in ambush from elevated sites , using their raptorial hindlimbs in a leaping attack . Drag -- based , and later lift - based , mechanisms evolved under selection for improved control of body position and locomotion during the aerial part of the attack . Selection for enhanced lift - based control led to improved lift coefficients , incidentally turning a pounce into a swoop as lift production increased . Selection for greater swooping range would finally lead to the origin of true flight . The authors believed that this theory had four main virtues : It predicts the observed sequence of character acquisition in avian evolution . It predicts an Archaeopteryx - like animal , with a skeleton more or less identical to terrestrial theropods , with few adaptations to flapping , but very advanced aerodynamic asymmetrical feathers . It explains that primitive pouncers ( perhaps like Microraptor ) could coexist with more advanced fliers ( like Confuciusornis or Sapeornis ) since they did not compete for flying niches . It explains that the evolution of elongated rachis - bearing feathers began with simple forms that produced a benefit by increasing drag . Later , more refined feather shapes could begin to also provide lift . Uses and loss of flight in modern birds ( edit ) Birds use flight to obtain prey on the wing , for foraging , to commute to feeding grounds , and to migrate between the seasons . It is also used by some species to display during the breeding season and to reach safe isolated places for nesting . Flight is more energetically expensive in larger birds , and many of the largest species fly by soaring and gliding ( without flapping their wings ) as much as possible . Many physiological adaptations have evolved that make flight more efficient . Birds that settle on isolated oceanic islands that lack ground - based predators often lose the ability to fly . This illustrates both flight 's importance in avoiding predators and its extreme demand for energy . See also ( edit ) Birds portal Flight call Flying and gliding animals Insect flight List of soaring birds Ratites Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Patagium Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Intermittent Flight Studies '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Tobalske , B ; et al . `` The intermittent flight of Zebra Finches : Unfixed gears and body lift '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Baumel JJ ( 1993 ) Handbook of Avian Anatomy : Nomina Anatomica Avium . 2nd Ed . Nuttall Ornithological Club . Cambridge , MA , USA Jump up ^ Videler , JJ ( 2005 ) Avian Flight . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 856603 - 4 pages 33 - 34 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Matt ( 25 March 2011 ) . `` Frightened birds grow longer wings '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Vance ( July 1993 ) . `` Gliding Birds : Reduction of Induced Drag by Wing Tip Slots Between the Primary Feathers '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 180 : 285 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Poessel , S.A. ; Brandt , J. ; Miller , T.A. ; Katzner , T.E. ( 2018 ) . `` Meteorological and environmental variables affect flight behaviour and decision - making of an obligate soaring bird , the California Condor Gymnogyps californianus '' . Ibis. 160 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 53 . doi : 10.1111 / ibi. 12531 . Jump up ^ Parslew , B. ( 2012 ) . Simulating Avian Wingbeats and Wakes , PhD Thesis Jump up ^ Kristen E. Crandell & Bret W. Tobalske ( 2011 ) . `` Aerodynamics of tip - reversal upstroke in a revolving pigeon wing '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 214 : 1867 -- 1873 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 051342 . Jump up ^ Bret W. Tobalske , Jason W.D. Hearn and Douglas R. Warrick , `` Aerodynamics of intermittent bounds in flying birds '' , Exp . Fluids , 46 , pp. 963 -- 973 ( 2009 ) , DOI 10.1007 / s00348 - 009 - 0614 - 9 ( accessed 2 August 2016 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Body , Tips and observations of bird flight : `` Further affects of air resistance on small birds '' , 2009 ( accessed 2 August 2016 ) Jump up ^ Tobalske , B.W. , Peacock , W.L. & Dial , K.P. ( 1999 ) . `` Kinematics of flap - bounding flight in the Zebra Finch over a wide range of speeds '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 202 ( 13 ) : 1725 -- 1739 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rayner J.M.V. ( 1985 ) . `` Bounding and undulating flight in birds '' . Journal of Theoretical Biology . 117 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 77 . doi : 10.1016 / s0022 - 5193 ( 85 ) 80164 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cascades Raptor Center ( 28 February 2012 ) . `` Cascades Raptor Center Show Behavior of the Year 2012 '' . Retrieved 31 March 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Osprey General Information '' . www.newyorkwild.org . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Wild West Nature ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Osprey hovers like a hummingbird hunting in Yellowstone National Park '' . Retrieved 31 March 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Batt , Bruce ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Why do migratory birds fly in a V - formation ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ Lissaman , P.B.S. ; Shollenberger , Carl A. ( 22 May 1970 ) . `` Formation Flight of Birds '' . Science . 168 ( 3934 ) : 1003 -- 1005 . Bibcode : 1970Sci ... 168.1003 L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 168.3934. 1003 . Retrieved 16 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ Portugal , Steven J. ; Hubel , Tatjana Y. ; Fritz , Johannes ; Heese , Stefanie ; Trobe , Daniela ; Voelkl , Bernhard ; Hailes , Stephen ; Wilson , Alan M. & Usherwood , James R. ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Upwash exploitation and downwash avoidance by flap phasing in ibis formation flight '' ( abstract ) . Nature . 505 ( 7483 ) : 399 -- 402 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 505 ... 399P . doi : 10.1038 / nature12939 . PMID 24429637 . Retrieved 16 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ Brush , A.H. ( July 1998 ) . `` Taking Wing : Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight '' . The Auk. 115 ( 3 ) : 806 -- 808 . doi : 10.2307 / 4089435 . Book review that provides a good , non-technical summary of the issues . The book is Shipman , P. ( 1999 ) . Taking Wing : Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84965 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alonso , P.D. ; Milner , A.C. ; Ketcham , R.A. ; Cokson , M.J & Rowe , T.B. ( August 2004 ) . `` The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx '' . Nature . 430 ( 7000 ) : 666 -- 669 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 430 ... 666A . doi : 10.1038 / nature02706 . PMID 15295597 . ^ Jump up to : Senter , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds , and the origin of flapping flight '' ( Automatic PDF download ) . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Videler , JJ ( 2005 ) Avian Flight . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 856603 - 4 pages 98 - 117 Jump up ^ Videler , John ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` How Archaeopteryx could run over water '' . Archaeopteryx. 23 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Voeten , Dennis F.A.E. ; et al. ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx '' . Nature Communications ( 923 ) . doi : 10.1038 / s41467 - 018 - 03296 - 8 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Guarino , Ben ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` This feathery dinosaur probably flew , but not like any bird you know '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feduccia , A. ( 1999 ) . The Origin and Evolution of Birds . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 07861 - 9 . See also Feduccia , A. ( February 1995 ) . `` Explosive Evolution in Tertiary Birds and Mammals '' . Science . 267 ( 5198 ) : 637 -- 638 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267 ... 637F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 267.5198. 637 . PMID 17745839 . Jump up ^ Glen , C.L. & Bennett , M.B. ( November 2007 ) . `` Foraging modes of Mesozoic birds and non-avian theropods '' ( abstract ) . Current Biology . 17 ( 21 ) : R911 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.09. 026 . PMID 17983564 . Jump up ^ Prum , R. & Brush , A.H. ( 2002 ) . `` The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 77 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 295 . doi : 10.1086 / 341993 . PMID 12365352 . Jump up ^ Mayr G. ; Pohl B. ; Peters D.S. ( 2005 ) . `` A well - preserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features '' . Science . 310 ( 5753 ) : 1483 -- 1486 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 310.1483 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1120331 . PMID 16322455 . Jump up ^ Feduccia , A. ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Burgers , P. & L.M. Chiappe ( 1999 ) . `` The wing of Archaeopteryx as a primary thrust generator '' . Nature . 399 ( 6731 ) : 60 -- 62 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 399 ... 60B . doi : 10.1038 / 19967 . Jump up ^ Cowen , R. History of Life . Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 7266 - 0287 - 6 . Jump up ^ Videler , J.J. ( 2005 ) . Avian Flight . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 856603 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burke , A.C. & Feduccia , A. ( 1997 ) . `` Developmental Patterns and the Identification of Homologies in the Avian Hand '' ( abstract ) . Science . 278 ( 5338 ) : 666 -- 668 . Bibcode : 1997Sci ... 278 ... 666B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 278.5338. 666 . Summarized at `` Embryo Studies Show Dinosaurs Could Not Have Given Rise To Modern Birds '' . ScienceDaily . October 1997 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , S. ( April 1998 ) . `` Counting the Fingers of Birds and Dinosaurs '' . Science . 280 ( 5362 ) : 355 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 280 ... 355C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5362. 355a . Jump up ^ Vargas , A.O. ; Fallon , J.F. ( October 2004 ) . `` Birds have dinosaur wings : The molecular evidence '' ( abstract ) . Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B : Molecular and Developmental Evolution . 304B ( 1 ) : 86 -- 90 . doi : 10.1002 / jez. b. 21023 . PMID 15515040 . Jump up ^ Pennisi , E. ( January 2005 ) . `` Bird Wings Really Are Like Dinosaurs ' Hands '' ( PDF ) . Science . 307 ( 5707 ) : 194 -- 195 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 307.5707. 194b . PMID 15653478 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Dial , K.P. ( 2003 ) . `` Wing - Assisted Incline Running and the Evolution of Flight '' ( abstract ) . Science . 299 ( 5605 ) : 402 -- 404 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 299 ... 402D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1078237 . PMID 12532020 . Summarized in Morelle , Rebecca ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Secrets of bird flight revealed '' . Scientists believe they could be a step closer to solving the mystery of how the first birds took to the air . BBC News . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Bundle , M.W & Dial , K.P. ( 2003 ) . `` Mechanics of wing - assisted incline running ( WAIR ) '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 206 ( Pt 24 ) : 4553 -- 4564 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 00673 . PMID 14610039 . References ( edit ) Alexander , David E. Nature 's Flyers : Birds , Insects , and the Biomechanics of Flight . 2002 ( hardcover ) and 2004 ( paperback ) . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6756 - 8 ( hardcover ) and 0801880599 ( paperback ) . Brooke , Michael and Tim Birkhead ( editors ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ornithology. 1991 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36205 - 9 . Burton , Robert . Bird Flight . Facts on File , 1990 Campbell , Bruce , and Elizabeth Lack ( editors ) . A Dictionary of Birds. 1985 . Calton : T&A D Poyse . ISBN 0 - 85661 - 039 - 9 . Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology handbook of bird biology . 2004 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 938027 - 62 - X . ( hardcover ) Del Hoyo , Josep , et al . Handbook of Birds of the World Vol 1 . 1992 . Barcelona : Lynx Edicions , ISBN 84 - 87334 - 10 - 5 . Wilson , Barry ( editor ) . Readings from Scientific American , Birds. 1980 . San Francisco : WH Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1206 - 7 . Attenborough , D. 1998 . The Life of Birds . Chapter 2 . BBC Books . ISBN 0563 - 38792 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bird flight . ' Flight in Birds and Aeroplanes ' by Evolutionary Biologist John Maynard Smith Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust Beautiful Birds in Flight - slideshow by Life magazine ' Pigeon Take off in slow motion ' YouTube video ' Bird Flight I ' Eastern Kentucky University ornithology course site , with pictures , text and videos . 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All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing cleanup from September 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Galego Հայերեն Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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44040147548647104	List of snakes of Illinois	List of snakes of Illinois - wikipedia List of snakes of Illinois Snake species known to be found in the U.S. state of Illinois . Conservation concerns and listed statuses come from the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board 's February 2011 Checklist of Endangered and Threatened Animals and Plants of Illinois and the Illinois Natural History Survey 's website . Image Scientific name Common name Family Venomous Conservation concern Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix southern copperhead Viperidae Yes Locally abundant Agkistrodon contortrix mokeson northern copperhead highland moccasin Viperidae Yes Locally abundant Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma western cottonmouth water moccasin Viperidae Yes Locally abundant Carphophis amoenus helenae midwestern worm snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Carphophis vermis midwestern worm snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Clonophis kirtlandii Kirtland 's snake Colubridae No State Threatened Cemophora coccinea copei northern scarlet snake Colubridae No Current existence in IL uncertain . Single specimen vouchered in 1942 . Coluber constrictor foxii blue racer Colubridae No Coluber constrictor priapus southern black racer Colubridae No Locally common Crotalus horridus timber rattlesnake canebrake rattlesnake Viperidae Yes State Threatened Diadophis punctatus arnyi prairie ringneck snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Diadophis punctatus edwardsii northern ringneck snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Diadophis punctatus stictogenys Mississippi ringneck snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Farancia abacura reinwardtii western mud snake Colubridae No Rarely seen Heterodon nasicus gloydi dusty hognose snake Colubridae No Heterodon nasicus nascius plains hognose snake Colubridae No State Threatened Heterodon platirhinos eastern hognose snake Colubridae No Locally common Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster prairie kingsnake Colubridae No Locally common Lampropeltis getula holbrooki speckled kingsnake Colubridae No Locally common Lampropeltis getula niger black kingsnake Colubridae No Locally common Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum eastern milk snake Colubridae No Not commonly seen Lampropeltis triangulum syspila red milk snake Colubridae No Not commonly seen Masticophis flagellum flagellum eastern coachwhip Colubridae No State Endangered Nerodia cyclopion Mississippi green water snake Colubridae No State Threatened Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster yellowbelly water snake Colubridae No Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta copperbelly water snake Colubridae No `` protected as though it were listed in Illinois '' Nerodia fasciata confluens broad - banded water snake Colubridae No State Endangered Nerodia rhombifer diamondback water snake Colubridae No Locally common Nerodia sipedon pleuralis midland water snake Colubridae No Nerodia sipedon sipedon northern water snake Colubridae No Abundant Opheodrys aestivus rough green snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Opheodrys vernalis smooth green snake Colubridae No Not abundant Pantherophis emoryi Great Plains ratsnake Colubridae No State Endangered Pantherophis spiloides gray ratsnake Colubridae No Locally common Pantherophis vulpina Western fox snake Colubridae No Locally common Pituophis catenifer sayi gophersnake bullsnake Colubridae No Locally common Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus northern pine snake Colubridae No Regina grahamii Graham 's crayfish snake Colubridae No Widespread but uncommon Regina septemvittata queen snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Sistrurus catenatus catenatus Eastern massasauga Viperidae Yes Storeria dekayi wrightorum midland brown snake De Kay 's brown snake Colubridae No Common Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata northern redbelly snake Colubridae No Locally abundant Tantilla gracilis flat - headed snake Colubridae No State Threatened Thamnophis proximus proximus western ribbon snake Colubridae No Locally common Thamnophis radix plains ribbon snake Colubridae No Common in north half of state Thamnophis sauritus sauritus eastern ribbon snake Colubridae No State Threatened Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis northern ribbon snake Colubridae No Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus Chicago garter snake Colubridae No Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis common garter snake Colubridae No Common Tropidoclonion lineatum lineatum northern lined snake Colubridae No State Threatened Virginia valeriae elegans western earth snake Colubridae No References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Illinois Herpetology Species List '' . Illinois Natural History Survey . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Checklist of Endangered and Threatened Animals and Plants of Illinois '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . 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6438260043323844349	2003 World Series	2003 World Series - wikipedia 2003 World Series 2003 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Florida Marlins ( 4 ) Jack McKeon 91 -- 71 , . 562 , GB : 10 New York Yankees ( 2 ) Joe Torre 101 -- 61 , . 623 , GA : 6 Dates October 18 -- 25 MVP Josh Beckett ( Florida ) Umpires Randy Marsh ( crew chief ) , Larry Young , Gary Darling , Jeff Kellogg , Ed Rapuano , Tim Welke Hall of Famers Marlins : Iván Rodríguez Yankees : Joe Torre ( manager ) ALCS New York Yankees defeated Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 NLCS Florida Marlins defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 3 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WQAM ( Marlins ) WCBS ( Yankees ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) Dave Van Horne and Jon Sciambi ( Marlins ) John Sterling and Charley Steiner ( Yankees ) World Series Program ← 2002 World Series 2004 → The 2003 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2003 season . The 99th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Florida Marlins and the American League ( AL ) champion New York Yankees ; the Marlins defeated the heavily favored Yankees , four games to two . The series was played from October 18 -- 25 , 2003 . This is the most recent Series in which the losing team outscored the winning team ; the Yankees lost , despite outscoring the Marlins 21 -- 17 in the Series . This was the Marlins ' second World Series championship win , having won their first in 1997 . As of 2017 , this is the Marlins ' last appearance not only in the World Series , but in the postseason at all . Contents 1 Background 2 Broadcasting 3 Summary 4 Matchups 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 5 Composite box 6 Notes 7 See also 8 External links Background ( edit ) The 2003 World Series featured the New York Yankees in their sixth Series appearance in eight years . Opposing them were the wild card Florida Marlins , appearing in their second World Series in their eleven - year franchise history . The Marlins became the second straight wild card team to win the World Series ; the Anaheim Angels won in 2002 . The series was , however , somewhat overshadowed by the League Championship Series that year , when the Chicago Cubs and the Boston Red Sox , both widely believed to be cursed , went down in dramatic defeats only five outs away from the pennant , and each in seven games . However , Marlins manager Jack McKeon disagreed , and having lived in South Amboy , New Jersey and attending Yankee games when a child , said that he wanted to play the Yankees in his first World Series . Further information : Curse of the Billy Goat , Steve Bartman incident , and Curse of the Bambino By losing the series , the Yankees became the first team to lose two World Series to post 1960 expansion teams ; losing to the Arizona Diamondbacks , who entered the National League in 1998 , in the 2001 World Series and now the Marlins who entered the National League in 1993 . It was the 100th anniversary of the World Series , and advertised as such . However , it was only the 99th event due to a strike cancelling the 1994 World Series and the boycott of the 1904 World Series by the National League . The Marlins started the season 16 -- 22 when they fired manager Jeff Torborg and hired McKeon , who had been retired from baseball for over two years . They went 75 -- 49 under McKeon to win the wild card . At 72 , McKeon would become the oldest manager to ever win a World Series . They lost the first game of the NLDS to the San Francisco Giants , but came back to win the final three . After going down three games to one to the Cubs in the NLCS , they rallied to win the final three games . In the World Series , the Marlins put up their young roster with a $54 million payroll up against the storied Yankees and their $164 million payroll . By facing the Marlins , the Yankees faced every team in the National League that had won a National League pennant . Since then , the 2005 Houston Astros and the 2007 Colorado Rockies have reached the World Series without facing the Yankees . As of 2017 , the Washington Nationals , who were originally the Montreal Expos , are the only National League team to have never made the World Series , joining the Seattle Mariners , who are the only American League team without any pennants . Broadcasting ( edit ) Fox Sports again provided coverage of the World Series on American television . Joe Buck and Tim McCarver broadcast the series for Fox . National radio coverage was provided by ESPN Radio , with Jon Miller and Joe Morgan calling the action . The Marlins ' local broadcast aired on WQAM in Miami and on the Marlins Radio Network . Jon Sciambi and Dave Van Horne were in the booth . The Yankees ' local broadcast was carried by WCBS - AM and the New York Yankees Radio Network , with John Sterling and Charley Steiner broadcasting . Summary ( edit ) The Yankees had been awarded home - field advantage for this World Series , because the AL won the 2003 All - Star game . MLB had alternated home - field advantage for the World Series between the two leagues prior to this , and the NL would have been due for home - field in 2003 before the change . NL Florida Marlins ( 4 ) vs. AL New York Yankees ( 2 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 18 Florida Marlins -- 3 , New York Yankees -- 2 Yankee Stadium 3 : 43 55,769 October 19 Florida Marlins -- 1 , New York Yankees -- 6 Yankee Stadium 2 : 56 55,750 October 21 New York Yankees -- 6 , Florida Marlins -- 1 Pro Player Stadium 3 : 21 65,731 October 22 New York Yankees -- 3 , Florida Marlins -- 4 ( 12 innings ) Pro Player Stadium 4 : 03 65,934 5 October 23 New York Yankees -- 4 , Florida Marlins -- 6 Pro Player Stadium 3 : 05 65,975 6 October 25 Florida Marlins -- 2 , New York Yankees -- 0 Yankee Stadium 2 : 57 55,773 Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Saturday , October 18 , 2003 8 : 06 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 WP : Brad Penny ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : David Wells ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ugueth Urbina ( 1 ) Home runs : FLA : None NYY : Bernie Williams ( 1 ) A trio of Marlins pitchers managed to keep the Yankees in check . Brad Penny , Dontrelle Willis , and Ugueth Urbina held New York to two runs . Juan Pierre scored Florida 's first run in the first on Iván Rodríguez 's sacrifice fly and drove in the other two with a two - run single in the fifth . The Yankees scored on a single by Derek Jeter in the third and a home run by Bernie Williams in the sixth , the eighteenth postseason home run of his career , tying a mark shared by Reggie Jackson and Mickey Mantle . Urbina ran into immediate trouble in the ninth , walking Jason Giambi to lead off the inning and , one out later , walking pinch - hitter Rubén Sierra to put pinch - runner David Dellucci in scoring position . However , Alfonso Soriano was called out looking on a 3 -- 2 pitch and Nick Johnson flied out to center to end the game . David Wells pitched seven solid innings for New York in a losing effort . The defeat marked the first Yankees loss of a home World Series contest since Game 2 of the 1996 World Series . Game 2 ( edit ) Sunday , October 19 , 2003 8 : 00 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 10 WP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Mark Redman ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : FLA : None NYY : Hideki Matsui ( 1 ) , Alfonso Soriano ( 1 ) The Yankees bounced back behind the arm of Andy Pettitte who allowed only six hits and one walk in 8 ⁄ innings . He allowed only one unearned run on a single by Derrek Lee in the ninth . The Yankees ' Hideki Matsui hit a three - run home run in the first inning on a 3 -- 0 pitch , becoming the first Japanese player to hit a home run in a World Series , and also became the second Japanese player to play a World Series game . Nick Johnson hit a bunt single in the second with one out and scored on Juan Rivera 's double with Rivera being tagged out at third . Alfonso Soriano hit a two - run shot off reliever Rick Helling in the fourth . Florida 's starter Mark Redman lasted only 2 ⁄ innings while allowing four runs . It would be the last World Series game won by the Yankees at the old Yankee Stadium . Game 3 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 21 , 2003 8 : 32 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 WP : Mike Mussina ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Josh Beckett ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Aaron Boone ( 1 ) , Bernie Williams ( 2 ) FLA : None Game 3 was a close pitcher 's duel for the first seven innings . Florida starter Josh Beckett held the Yankees to one run through seven innings , the lone run coming on a bases - loaded walk after two consecutive borderline pitches that were called balls . The Marlins struck early off New York starter Mike Mussina with Miguel Cabrera singling in Juan Pierre in the bottom of the first . Mussina settled down and did not allow another run to the Marlins in seven strong innings . Beckett pitched strong into the eighth until he started to tire . He left with one out in the eighth having recorded ten strikeouts for the night . Reliever Dontrelle Willis entered the 1 -- 1 game and got one out , but gave up an opposite - field single to Hideki Matsui to give the Yankees their first lead of the night . Chad Fox relieved Willis and struck out Rubén Sierra to end the inning . The Yankees offense would return in the ninth . Aaron Boone led off the inning with a home run to left , and after walking Alfonso Soriano and hitting Derek Jeter , Bernie Williams hit a three - run shot to center to give the Yankees a 6 -- 1 lead . Williams ' home run was his nineteenth in the postseason , a new Major League record . His 65 RBIs were also the most in postseason history . Yankees closer Mariano Rivera pitched the final two innings for his record 30th career postseason save . Mussina received his fifth postseason win . The game was interrupted in the seventh by a rain delay lasting 39 minutes . It was the first weather - related delay of a World Series game since Game 1 of the 1996 World Series , which also involved the Yankees . Game 4 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 22 , 2003 8 : 24 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 WP : Braden Looper ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jeff Weaver ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None FLA : Miguel Cabrera ( 1 ) , Álex González ( 1 ) The Marlins jumped out to an early lead against Yankees starter Roger Clemens . Miguel Cabrera hit a two - run homer in the first and Derrek Lee hit an RBI single . Clemens settled down and held the Marlins scoreless in the next six innings . When Clemens struck out Luis Castillo to end the seventh , it was then thought to have marked the end of his Major League career . With flashbulbs lighting up the stadium , the crowd gave him a standing ovation ; the Marlins even paused to applaud in recognition of Clemens ' what then appeared to be a hall - of - fame career ( as it turned out , Clemens would put off his retirement to sign with the Houston Astros for 2004 ) . Meanwhile , the Yankees scored their first run on a sacrifice fly by Aaron Boone in the second inning . Marlins starter Carl Pavano held the Yankees to that lone run through eight strong innings . Clemens was set to get the loss until the Yankees rallied in the ninth against Ugueth Urbina . Bernie Williams singled with one out , Hideki Matsui walked and Jorge Posada grounded into a force play . Pinch - hitter Rubén Sierra fouled off two full - count pitches before tripling into the right - field corner to tie the ball game . The game headed to extra innings . The Yankees threatened to score in the top of the eleventh when they loaded the bases with one out off Chad Fox . Braden Looper relieved Fox and struck out Boone , and replacement catcher John Flaherty popped out to third . The Marlins won the game in dramatic fashion in the bottom of the twelfth when Álex González led off with a home run off Jeff Weaver that just cleared the fence in left to help the Marlins win 4 -- 3 . Prior to the home run , Gonzalez had been 5 - for - 53 in the 2003 postseason . Game 5 ( edit ) Thursday , October 23 , 2003 8 : 24 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 9 WP : Brad Penny ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : José Contreras ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ugueth Urbina ( 2 ) Home runs : NYY : Jason Giambi ( 1 ) FLA : None Game 5 featured a rematch of Game 1 's starters , Florida 's Brad Penny versus New York 's David Wells . Before a sellout crowd of 65,975 , the Yankees did not appear very sharp , botching a rundown play in the fifth inning that led to two Marlin runs . Slumping Alfonso Soriano was benched and first baseman Jason Giambi nursed a leg injury . Wells left the game after pitching just one inning due to back spasms . His replacement , José Contreras , pitched three shaky innings , allowing three walks and four runs . The Yankees drew first blood with a sacrifice fly from Bernie Williams in the first . In the second , the Marlins scored on an RBI double by Álex González and Brad Penny helped his own cause by singling in two more runs . They scored again on a Juan Pierre double in the fourth and a two - run single by Mike Lowell in the fifth , to give the Marlins a 6 -- 1 lead . The Yankees began clawing away at that lead with a Derek Jeter RBI - single in the seventh . Dontrelle Willis relieved Penny by pitching a scoreless eighth . In the ninth , Jason Giambi hit a pinch - hit home run to right field off reliever Braden Looper . That made it 6 -- 3 Marlins . After a Jeter single , Enrique Wilson doubled him home to cut the Marlins ' lead to 6 -- 4 . Ugueth Urbina relieved Looper and retired Bernie Williams on a fly ball near the outfield wall which was caught by Juan Encarnación just inches away from a home run and Hideki Matsui on a ground ball to first base to preserve the Marlins win . This would be the seventh and final World Series game at what was then Pro Player Stadium ; the Marlins would continue to play at the stadium until the end of the 2011 Major League Baseball season . This was the first of two consecutive games in this World Series to mark the final World Series game in its respective park . This game also marked the first time in MLB history that 1st inning runs had been scored in the first 5 games played in a World Series . Game 6 ( edit ) Saturday , October 25 , 2003 7 : 55 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 WP : Josh Beckett ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 1 ) Jack McKeon and George W. Bush The series headed back to New York for Game 6 , marking the 100th World Series game ever played at Yankee Stadium . Marlins manager Jack McKeon decided to start 23 - year - old Josh Beckett on three days ' rest . Beckett made the move seem brilliant -- his complete game shutout in the final game of the World Series made him the first to accomplish the feat since Jack Morris of the Minnesota Twins in 1991 . The Marlins scored the game 's only runs on three consecutive two - out singles by Alex Gonzalez , Juan Pierre and Luis Castillo in the fifth and Juan Encarnación 's sacrifice fly next inning . With the victory , the Marlins became the first National League team since the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers , the last opposing team to win a Series championship at Yankee Stadium , to win the World Series without having home field advantage . They are just the fourth team overall to do it since the 1984 Detroit Tigers , following the 1992 Toronto Blue Jays and the 1999 New York Yankees . The 2006 St. Louis Cardinals later accomplished the same of feat , as did the 2008 Philadelphia Phillies , the 2014 San Francisco Giants , the 2016 Chicago Cubs and most recently the 2017 Houston Astros . They also became the second expansion team in the National League to win two World Series titles , following the New York Mets who achieved this feat in 1986 ; the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League , who pulled this off in 1992 and 1993 , are the third major - league expansion franchise to do so . The Kansas City Royals , also of the American League , became the 4th expansion franchise to win two World Series titles , adding the 2015 title to their 1985 win . The Marlins also became the fastest expansion team to win two World Series titles , as the Mets won their second title in their 25th season , and the Blue Jays did it in their 17th ( the Royals , joining the group 12 years later , got their second title in their 47th season ) . The championship was the Marlins ' second despite never having won a division title . The Atlanta Braves had won the NL East every year since 1995 going into this World Series , a strike ended the 1994 season without division winners , and the Philadelphia Phillies won the Marlins ' division in 1993 ( that streak would end in 2006 , when the New York Mets claimed the NL East title ) . The Marlins also became the first team since the creation of the Division Series to win the World Series without ever having home - field advantage during their entire post-season . As of 2015 , the Marlins have a 6 - 0 record in postseason series play ; until the Tampa Bay Rays lost the 2008 World Series , they had extended their home state 's perfect streak to 8 - 0 . This was the last World Series game held in the original Yankee Stadium before its closure after the 2008 season . The last World Series in which two stadiums hosted their final World Series games until this year was the 1959 World Series . The Marlins have not played in a World Series since 2003 , but the Yankees have , as the new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 , the year of their 27th World Championship . Composite box ( edit ) 2003 World Series ( 4 -- 2 ) : Florida Marlins ( N.L. ) over New York Yankees ( A.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Florida Marlins 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 17 47 New York Yankees 0 8 0 0 0 21 54 5 Total attendance : 364,932 Average attendance : 60,822 Winning player 's share : $306,150 Losing player 's share : $180,890 This World Series is notable for being one of the few six - game series in which the winning team was outscored . It happened previously in 1918 , 1959 , 1977 , 1992 , and 1996 . Seven - game series winners were outscored in 1957 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1991 , 1997 , and 2002 ; ( equaled in 2016 and 2017 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Many MLB Wild - Card Teams Have Won the World Series ? '' . The Cheat Sheet . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Reality of title beats McKeon 's wildest dreams '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . McKeon grew up in Perth Amboy , N.J. As a youngster he made repeated trips to Yankee Stadium . ' I wanted to have my first World Series in Yankee Stadium , ' he said . ' Win or lose , I wanted to play it in Yankee Stadium . What finer presence could I have than getting the opportunity to manage my first World Series team in Yankee Stadium . ' Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 1 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 2 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 3 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 4 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 5 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 6 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . See also ( edit ) 2003 Japan Series External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2003 World Series . 2003 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) 2003 World Series at Baseball Almanac 2003 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com The 2003 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet History of the World Series - 2003 at The SportingNews . Archived from the original on 2008 . 2003 World Series Article 2003 Major League Baseball postseason World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League teams Boston Red Sox Minnesota Twins New York Yankees Oakland Athletics National League teams Atlanta Braves Chicago Cubs Florida Marlins San Francisco Giants Florida Marlins 2003 World Series champions 1 Luis Castillo 7 Iván Rodríguez ( NLCS MVP ) 9 Juan Pierre 10 Lenny Harris 11 Álex González 12 Mike Mordecai 14 Todd Hollandsworth 17 Ramón Castro 18 Jeff Conine 19 Mike Lowell 20 Miguel Cabrera 21 Josh Beckett ( World Series MVP ) 22 Brian Banks 25 Derrek Lee 31 Brad Penny 35 Dontrelle Willis 38 Rick Helling 40 Nate Bump 41 Braden Looper 43 Juan Encarnación 45 Carl Pavano 49 Chad Fox 52 Mike Redmond 55 Mark Redman 58 Michael Tejera 74 Ugueth Urbina Manager 15 Jack McKeon Coaches Third Base Coach 13 Ozzie Guillén First Base Coach 16 Perry Hill Hitting Coach 28 Bill Robinson Pitching Coach 38 Brad Arnsberg Bench Coach 47 Jeff Cox Bullpen Coach 67 Pierre Arsenault Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate , or in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book : World Series Category : World Series Miami Marlins Established in 1993 Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the marlins beat in the 2003 world series	[ "The 2003 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2003 season.[1] The 99th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Florida Marlins and the American League (AL) champion New York Yankees; the Marlins defeated the heavily favored Yankees, four games to two. The series was played from October 18–25, 2003. This is the most recent Series in which the losing team outscored the winning team; the Yankees lost, despite outscoring the Marlins 21–17 in the Series. This was the Marlins' second World Series championship win, having won their first in 1997. As of 2017, this is the Marlins' last appearance not only in the World Series, but in the postseason at all.\n" ]	[ "New York Yankees" ]
-5212315641050682277	Tax	Tax - wikipedia Tax Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay A tax ( from the Latin taxo ) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer ( an individual or other legal entity ) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures . A failure to pay , along with evasion of or resistance to taxation , is punishable by law . Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent . Most countries have a tax system in place to pay for public / common / agreed national needs and government functions : some levy a flat percentage rate of taxation on personal annual income , some on a scale based on annual income amounts , and some countries impose almost no taxation at all , or a very low tax rate for a certain area of taxation . Some countries charge a tax both on corporate income and dividends ; this is often referred to as double taxation as the individual shareholder ( s ) receiving this payment from the company will also be levied some tax on that personal income . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Purposes and effects 3 Types 3.1 Income 3.1. 1 Income tax 3.1. 2 Negative income 3.1. 3 Capital gains 3.1. 4 Corporate 3.2 Social security contributions 3.3 Payroll or workforce 3.4 Property 3.4. 1 Property taxes 3.4. 2 Inheritance 3.4. 3 Expatriation 3.4. 4 Transfer 3.4. 5 Wealth ( net worth ) 3.5 Goods and services 3.5. 1 Value added 3.5. 2 Sales 3.5. 3 Excises 3.6 Tariff 3.7 Other 3.7. 1 License fees 3.7. 2 Poll 3.7. 3 Other 3.8 Descriptive labels 3.8. 1 Ad valorem and per unit 3.8. 2 Consumption 3.8. 3 Environmental 3.8. 4 Proportional , progressive , regressive , and lump - sum 3.8. 5 Direct and indirect 3.9 Fees and effective 4 History 4.1 Trends 4.2 Forms 5 Economic effects 5.1 Incidence 5.2 Increased economic welfare 5.2. 1 Government spending 5.2. 2 Pigovian 5.2. 3 Reduced inequality 5.3 Reduced economic welfare 5.3. 1 Cost of compliance 5.3. 2 Deadweight costs 5.3. 3 Perverse incentives 5.3. 4 Reduced production 6 In developing countries 6.1 Key facts 6.2 Tax administration in developing countries 6.3 Summary 7 Views 7.1 Support 7.2 Opposition 7.3 Socialist view 7.4 Choice 7.5 Geoist View 8 Theories 8.1 Laffer curve 8.2 Optimal 8.3 Rates 9 See also 9.1 By country or region 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Pieter Brueghel the Younger , The tax collector 's office , 1640 The legal definition , and the economic definition of taxes differ in some ways such as economists do not regard many transfers to governments as taxes . For example , some transfers to the public sector are comparable to prices . Examples include , tuition at public universities , and fees for utilities provided by local governments . Governments also obtain resources by `` creating '' money and coins ( for example , by printing bills and by minting coins ) , through voluntary gifts ( for example , contributions to public universities and museums ) , by imposing penalties ( such as traffic fines ) , by borrowing , and also by confiscating wealth . From the view of economists , a tax is a non-penal , yet compulsory transfer of resources from the private to the public sector , levied on a basis of predetermined criteria and without reference to specific benefit received . In modern taxation systems , governments levy taxes in money ; but in - kind and corvée taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents . The method of taxation and the government expenditure of taxes raised is often highly debated in politics and economics . Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as the Ghana revenue authority , Canada Revenue Agency , the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) in the United States , Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) in the United Kingdom or Federal Tax Service in Russia . When taxes are not fully paid , the state may impose civil penalties ( such as fines or forfeiture ) or criminal penalties ( such as incarceration ) on the non-paying entity or individual . Purposes and effects ( edit ) The levying of taxes aims to raise revenue to fund governing and / or to alter prices in order to affect demand . States and their functional equivalents throughout history have used money provided by taxation to carry out many functions . Some of these include expenditures on economic infrastructure ( roads , public transportation , sanitation , legal systems , public safety , education , health - care systems ) , military , scientific research , culture and the arts , public works , distribution , data collection and dissemination , public insurance , and the operation of government itself . A government 's ability to raise taxes is called its fiscal capacity . When expenditures exceed tax revenue , a government accumulates debt . A portion of taxes may be used to service past debts . Governments also use taxes to fund welfare and public services . These services can include education systems , pensions for the elderly , unemployment benefits , and public transportation . Energy , water and waste management systems are also common public utilities . According to the proponents of the chartalist theory of money creation , taxes are not needed for government revenue , as long as the government in question is able to issue fiat money . According to this view , the purpose of taxation is to maintain the stability of the currency , express public policy regarding the distribution of wealth , subsidizing certain industries or population groups or isolating the costs of certain benefits , such as highways or social security . Effects can be divided in two fundamental categories : Taxes cause an income effect because they reduce purchasing power to taxpayers . Taxes cause a substitution effect when taxation causes a substitution between taxed goods and untaxed goods . Substitution effect and income effect with a taxation on y good . If we consider , for instance , two normal goods , x and y , whose prices are respectively p and p and an individual budget constraint given by the equation xp + yp = Y , where Y is the income , the slope of the budget constraint , in a graph where is represented good x on the vertical axis and good y on the horizontal axes , is equal to - p / p . The initial equilibrium is in the point ( C ) , in which budget constraint and indifference curve are tangent , introducing an ad valorem tax on the y good ( budget constraint : p x + p ( 1 + τ ) y = Y ) , the budget constraint 's slope becomes equal to - p ( 1 + τ ) / p . The new equilibrium is now in the tangent point ( A ) with a lower indifferent curve . As can be noticed the tax 's introduction causes two consequences : It changes the consumers ' real income ( less purchasing power ) It raises the relative price of y good . The income effect shows the variation of y good quantity given by the change of real income. The substitution effect shows the variation of y good determined by relative prices ' variation . This kind of taxation ( that causes substitution effect ) can be considered distortionary . Budget 's constraint shift after an introduction of a lump sum tax or a general tax on consumption or a proportional income tax . Another example can be the Introduction of an income lump - sum tax ( xp + yp = Y - T ) , with a parallel shift downward of the budget constraint , can be produced a higher revenue with the same loss of consumers ' utility compared with the property tax case , from another point of view , the same revenue can be produced with a lower utility sacrifice . The lower utility ( with the same revenue ) or the lower revenue ( with the same utility ) given by a distortionary tax are called excess pressure . The same result , reached with an income lump - sum tax , can be obtained with these following types of taxes ( all of them cause only a budget constraint 's shift without causing a substitution effect ) , the budget constraint 's slope remains the same ( - p / p ) : A general tax on consumption : ( Budget constraint : p ( 1 + τ ) x + p ( 1 + τ ) y = Y ) A proportional income tax : ( Budget constraint : xp + yp = Y ( 1 - t ) ) When the t and τ rates are chosen respecting this equation ( where t is the rate of income tax and tau is the consumption tax 's rate ) : 1 1 + τ = 1 − t ⇒ t = τ 1 + τ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ tau ) ) = 1 - t \ Rightarrow t = ( \ frac ( \ tau ) ( 1 + \ tau ) ) ) the effects of the two taxes are the same . A tax effectively changes relative prices of products . Therefore , most economists , especially neoclassical economists , argue that taxation creates market distortion and results in economic inefficiency unless there are ( positive or negative ) externalities associated with the activities that are taxed that need to be internalized to reach an efficient market outcome . They have therefore sought to identify the kind of tax system that would minimize this distortion . Recent scholarship suggests that in the United States of America , the federal government effectively taxes investments in higher education more heavily than it subsidizes higher education , thereby contributing to a shortage of skilled workers and unusually high differences in pre-tax earnings between highly educated and less - educated workers . Taxes can even have effects on labour offer : we can consider a model in which the consumer chose the amount of hours spent working and the amount spent in consumption . Let us suppose that only one good exists and no income is saved . Consumers have a given amount of hours ( H ) that is divided between work ( L ) and free time ( F = H - L ) . The hourly wage is called w and it tells us the free time 's opportunity cost , i.e. the income to which the individual renounces consuming an additional hour of free time . Consumption and hours of work have a positive relationship , more hours of work mean more earnings and , assuming that workers do n't save money , more earnings imply an increase in consumption ( Y = C = wL ) . Free time and consumption can be considered as two normal goods ( workers have to decide between working one hour more , that would mean consuming more , or having one more hour of free time ) and the budget constraint is negative inclined ( Y = w ( H - F ) ) . The indifference curve related to these two goods has a negative slope and free time becomes more and more important with high levels of consumption . It 's because a high level of consumption means that people are already spending many hours working , so , in this situation , they need more free time than consume and it implies that they have to be paid with a higher salary to work an additional hour . A proportional income tax , changing budget constraint 's slope ( now Y = w ( 1 - t ) ( H - F ) ) , implies both substitution and income effects . The problem now is that the two effects go in opposite ways : income effect tells us that , with an income tax , the consumer feels poorer and for this reason he wants to work more , causing an increase in labour offer . On the other hand , substitution effect tells us that free time , being a normal good , is now more convenient compared to consume and it implies a decrease in labour offer . Therefore , the total effect can be both an increase or a decrease of labour offer , depending on indifference curve 's shape . The Laffer curve . In this case , the critical point is at 70 % of tax rate . Revenue increases until this peak , then it starts decreasing . The Laffer curve depicts the amount of government revenue as a function of rates of taxation . It shows that after a critical rate , the government revenue starts decreasing as a consequence of labour offer 's fall . This theory supports that , if the system is situated after that critical point , a decrease in tax rate should imply a rise in labour offer that in turn would involve an increase in government revenue . Governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates . They do this in order to distribute the tax burden among individuals or classes of the population involved in taxable activities , such as the business sector , or to redistribute resources between individuals or classes in the population . Historically , taxes on the poor supported the nobility ; modern social - security systems aim to support the poor , the disabled , or the retired by taxes on those who are still working . In addition , taxes are applied to fund foreign aid and military ventures , to influence the macroeconomic performance of the economy ( a government 's strategy for doing this is called its fiscal policy ; see also tax exemption ) , or to modify patterns of consumption or employment within an economy , by making some classes of transaction more or less attractive . A state 's tax system often reflects its communal values and the values of those in current political power . To create a system of taxation , a state must make choices regarding the distribution of the tax burden -- who will pay taxes and how much they will pay -- and how the taxes collected will be spent . In democratic nations where the public elects those in charge of establishing or administering the tax system , these choices reflect the type of community that the public wishes to create . In countries where the public does not have a significant amount of influence over the system of taxation , that system may reflect more closely the values of those in power . All large businesses incur administrative costs in the process of delivering revenue collected from customers to the suppliers of the goods or services being purchased . Taxation is no different ; the resource collected from the public through taxation is always greater than the amount which can be used by the government . The difference is called the compliance cost and includes ( for example ) the labour cost and other expenses incurred in complying with tax laws and rules . The collection of a tax in order to spend it on a specified purpose , for example collecting a tax on alcohol to pay directly for alcoholism - rehabilitation centres , is called hypothecation . Finance ministers often dislike this practice , since it reduces their freedom of action . Some economic theorists regard hypothecation as intellectually dishonest since , in reality , money is fungible . Furthermore , it often happens that taxes or excises initially levied to fund some specific government programs are then later diverted to the government general fund . In some cases , such taxes are collected in fundamentally inefficient ways , for example , though highway tolls . Since governments also resolve commercial disputes , especially in countries with common law , similar arguments are sometimes used to justify a sales tax or value added tax . Some ( libertarians , for example ) portray most or all forms of taxes as immoral due to their involuntary ( and therefore eventually coercive / violent ) nature . The most extreme anti-tax view , anarcho - capitalism , holds that all social services should be voluntarily bought by the person ( s ) using them . Types ( edit ) The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) publishes an analysis of tax systems of member countries . As part of such analysis , OECD developed a definition and system of classification of internal taxes , generally followed below . In addition , many countries impose taxes ( tariffs ) on the import of goods . Income ( edit ) Income tax ( edit ) Main article : Income tax Many jurisdictions tax the income of individuals and business entities , including corporations . Generally , the tax is imposed on net profits from business , net gains , and other income . Computation of income subject to tax may be determined under accounting principles used in the jurisdiction , which may be modified or replaced by tax law principles in the jurisdiction . The incidence of taxation varies by system , and some systems may be viewed as progressive or regressive . Rates of tax may vary or be constant ( flat ) by income level . Many systems allow individuals certain personal allowances and other nonbusiness reductions to taxable income , although business deductions tend to be favored over personal deductions . Personal income tax is often collected on a pay - as - you - earn basis , with small corrections made soon after the end of the tax year . These corrections take one of two forms : payments to the government , for taxpayers who have not paid enough during the tax year ; and tax refunds from the government for those who have overpaid . Income tax systems will often have deductions available that lessen the total tax liability by reducing total taxable income . They may allow losses from one type of income to be counted against another . For example , a loss on the stock market may be deducted against taxes paid on wages . Other tax systems may isolate the loss , such that business losses can only be deducted against business tax by carrying forward the loss to later tax years . Negative income ( edit ) Main article : Negative income tax In economics , a negative income tax ( abbreviated NIT ) is a progressive income tax system where people earning below a certain amount receive supplemental pay from the government instead of paying taxes to the government . Capital gains ( edit ) Main article : Capital gains tax Most jurisdictions imposing an income tax treat capital gains as part of income subject to tax . Capital gain is generally a gain on sale of capital assets -- that is , those assets not held for sale in the ordinary course of business . Capital assets include personal assets in many jurisdictions . Some jurisdictions provide preferential rates of tax or only partial taxation for capital gains . Some jurisdictions impose different rates or levels of capital gains taxation based on the length of time the asset was held . Because tax rates are often much lower for capital gains than for ordinary income , there is widespread controversy and dispute about the proper definition of capital . Some tax scholars have argued that differences in the ways different kinds of capital and investment are taxed contribute to economic distortions . Corporate ( edit ) Main article : Corporate tax Corporate tax refers to income , capital , net worth , or other taxes imposed on corporations . Rates of tax and the taxable base for corporations may differ from those for individuals or other taxable persons . Social security contributions ( edit ) Many countries provide publicly funded retirement or health care systems . In connection with these systems , the country typically requires employers and / or employees to make compulsory payments . These payments are often computed by reference to wages or earnings from self - employment . Tax rates are generally fixed , but a different rate may be imposed on employers than on employees . Some systems provide an upper limit on earnings subject to the tax . A few systems provide that the tax is payable only on wages above a particular amount . Such upper or lower limits may apply for retirement but not health care components of the tax . Some have argued that such taxes on wages are a form of `` forced savings '' and not really a tax , while others point to redistribution through such systems between generations ( from newer cohorts to older cohorts ) and across income levels ( from higher income levels to lower income levels ) which suggest that such programs are really tax and spending programs . Some tax scholars argue that supporting social security programs exclusively through taxes on wages , rather than through broader taxes that include capital , creates distortions and underinvestment in human capital , since the returns to such investments will be taxes as wages . Payroll or workforce ( edit ) Main article : Payroll tax Unemployment and similar taxes are often imposed on employers based on total payroll . These taxes may be imposed in both the country and sub-country levels . Property ( edit ) Recurrent property taxes may be imposed on immovable property ( real property ) and some classes of movable property . In addition , recurrent taxes may be imposed on net wealth of individuals or corporations . Many jurisdictions impose estate tax , gift tax or other inheritance taxes on property at death or gift transfer . Some jurisdictions impose taxes on financial or capital transactions . Property taxes ( edit ) Main articles : Property tax and Land value tax A property tax ( or millage tax ) is an ad valorem tax levy on the value of property that the owner of the property is required to pay to a government in which the property is situated . Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property . There are three general varieties of property : land , improvements to land ( immovable man - made things , e.g. buildings ) and personal property ( movable things ) . Real estate or realty is the combination of land and improvements to land . Property taxes are usually charged on a recurrent basis ( e.g. , yearly ) . A common type of property tax is an annual charge on the ownership of real estate , where the tax base is the estimated value of the property . For a period of over 150 years from 1695 a window tax was levied in England , with the result that one can still see listed buildings with windows bricked up in order to save their owners money . A similar tax on hearths existed in France and elsewhere , with similar results . The two most common type of event driven property taxes are stamp duty , charged upon change of ownership , and inheritance tax , which is imposed in many countries on the estates of the deceased . In contrast with a tax on real estate ( land and buildings ) , a land value tax ( or LVT ) is levied only on the unimproved value of the land ( `` land '' in this instance may mean either the economic term , i.e. , all natural resources , or the natural resources associated with specific areas of the Earth 's surface : `` lots '' or `` land parcels '' ) . Proponents of land value tax argue that it is economically justified , as it will not deter production , distort market mechanisms or otherwise create deadweight losses the way other taxes do . When real estate is held by a higher government unit or some other entity not subject to taxation by the local government , the taxing authority may receive a payment in lieu of taxes to compensate it for some or all of the foregone tax revenues . In many jurisdictions ( including many American states ) , there is a general tax levied periodically on residents who own personal property ( personalty ) within the jurisdiction . Vehicle and boat registration fees are subsets of this kind of tax . The tax is often designed with blanket coverage and large exceptions for things like food and clothing . Household goods are often exempt when kept or used within the household . Any otherwise non-exempt object can lose its exemption if regularly kept outside the household . Thus , tax collectors often monitor newspaper articles for stories about wealthy people who have lent art to museums for public display , because the artworks have then become subject to personal property tax . If an artwork had to be sent to another state for some touch - ups , it may have become subject to personal property tax in that state as well . Inheritance ( edit ) Main article : Inheritance tax Inheritance tax , estate tax , and death tax or duty are the names given to various taxes which arise on the death of an individual . In United States tax law , there is a distinction between an estate tax and an inheritance tax : the former taxes the personal representatives of the deceased , while the latter taxes the beneficiaries of the estate . However , this distinction does not apply in other jurisdictions ; for example , if using this terminology UK inheritance tax would be an estate tax . Expatriation ( edit ) Main article : Expatriation tax An expatriation tax is a tax on individuals who renounce their citizenship or residence . The tax is often imposed based on a deemed disposition of all the individual 's property . One example is the United States under the American Jobs Creation Act , where any individual who has a net worth of $2 million or an average income - tax liability of $127,000 who renounces his or her citizenship and leaves the country is automatically assumed to have done so for tax avoidance reasons and is subject to a higher tax rate . Transfer ( edit ) Main article : Transfer tax Historically , in many countries , a contract needs to have a stamp affixed to make it valid . The charge for the stamp is either a fixed amount or a percentage of the value of the transaction . In most countries , the stamp has been abolished but stamp duty remains . Stamp duty is levied in the UK on the purchase of shares and securities , the issue of bearer instruments , and certain partnership transactions . Its modern derivatives , stamp duty reserve tax and stamp duty land tax , are respectively charged on transactions involving securities and land . Stamp duty has the effect of discouraging speculative purchases of assets by decreasing liquidity . In the United States , transfer tax is often charged by the state or local government and ( in the case of real property transfers ) can be tied to the recording of the deed or other transfer documents . Wealth ( net worth ) ( edit ) Main article : Wealth tax Some countries ' governments will require declaration of the tax payers ' balance sheet ( assets and liabilities ) , and from that exact a tax on net worth ( assets minus liabilities ) , as a percentage of the net worth , or a percentage of the net worth exceeding a certain level . The tax may be levied on `` natural '' or legal `` persons '' . Goods and services ( edit ) Value added ( edit ) Main article : Value added tax A value added tax ( VAT ) , also known as Goods and Services Tax ( G.S.T ) , Single Business Tax , or Turnover Tax in some countries , applies the equivalent of a sales tax to every operation that creates value . To give an example , sheet steel is imported by a machine manufacturer . That manufacturer will pay the VAT on the purchase price , remitting that amount to the government . The manufacturer will then transform the steel into a machine , selling the machine for a higher price to a wholesale distributor . The manufacturer will collect the VAT on the higher price , but will remit to the government only the excess related to the `` value added '' ( the price over the cost of the sheet steel ) . The wholesale distributor will then continue the process , charging the retail distributor the VAT on the entire price to the retailer , but remitting only the amount related to the distribution mark - up to the government . The last VAT amount is paid by the eventual retail customer who can not recover any of the previously paid VAT . For a VAT and sales tax of identical rates , the total tax paid is the same , but it is paid at differing points in the process . VAT is usually administrated by requiring the company to complete a VAT return , giving details of VAT it has been charged ( referred to as input tax ) and VAT it has charged to others ( referred to as output tax ) . The difference between output tax and input tax is payable to the Local Tax Authority . Many tax authorities have introduced automated VAT which has increased accountability and auditability , by utilizing computer - systems , thereby also enabling anti-cybercrime offices as well . Sales ( edit ) Main article : Sales tax Sales taxes are levied when a commodity is sold to its final consumer . Retail organizations contend that such taxes discourage retail sales . The question of whether they are generally progressive or regressive is a subject of much current debate . People with higher incomes spend a lower proportion of them , so a flat - rate sales tax will tend to be regressive . It is therefore common to exempt food , utilities and other necessities from sales taxes , since poor people spend a higher proportion of their incomes on these commodities , so such exemptions make the tax more progressive . This is the classic `` You pay for what you spend '' tax , as only those who spend money on non-exempt ( i.e. luxury ) items pay the tax . A small number of U.S. states rely entirely on sales taxes for state revenue , as those states do not levy a state income tax . Such states tend to have a moderate to large amount of tourism or inter-state travel that occurs within their borders , allowing the state to benefit from taxes from people the state would otherwise not tax . In this way , the state is able to reduce the tax burden on its citizens . The U.S. states that do not levy a state income tax are Alaska , Tennessee , Florida , Nevada , South Dakota , Texas , Washington state , and Wyoming . Additionally , New Hampshire and Tennessee levy state income taxes only on dividends and interest income . Of the above states , only Alaska and New Hampshire do not levy a state sales tax . Additional information can be obtained at the Federation of Tax Administrators website . In the United States , there is a growing movement for the replacement of all federal payroll and income taxes ( both corporate and personal ) with a national retail sales tax and monthly tax rebate to households of citizens and legal resident aliens . The tax proposal is named FairTax . In Canada , the federal sales tax is called the Goods and Services tax ( GST ) and now stands at 5 % . The provinces of British Columbia , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , and Prince Edward Island also have a provincial sales tax ( PST ) . The provinces of Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Newfoundland & Labrador , and Ontario have harmonized their provincial sales taxes with the GST -- Harmonized Sales Tax ( HST ) , and thus is a full VAT . The province of Quebec collects the Quebec Sales Tax ( QST ) which is based on the GST with certain differences . Most businesses can claim back the GST , HST and QST they pay , and so effectively it is the final consumer who pays the tax . Excises ( edit ) Main article : Excise An excise duty is an indirect tax imposed upon goods during the process of their manufacture , production or distribution , and is usually proportionate to their quantity or value . Excise duties were first introduced into England in the year 1643 , as part of a scheme of revenue and taxation devised by parliamentarian John Pym and approved by the Long Parliament . These duties consisted of charges on beer , ale , cider , cherry wine and tobacco , to which list were afterwards added paper , soap , candles , malt , hops , and sweets . The basic principle of excise duties was that they were taxes on the production , manufacture or distribution of articles which could not be taxed through the customs house , and revenue derived from that source is called excise revenue proper . The fundamental conception of the term is that of a tax on articles produced or manufactured in a country . In the taxation of such articles of luxury as spirits , beer , tobacco , and cigars , it has been the practice to place a certain duty on the importation of these articles ( a customs duty ) . Excises ( or exemptions from them ) are also used to modify consumption patterns of a certain area ( social engineering ) . For example , a high excise is used to discourage alcohol consumption , relative to other goods . This may be combined with hypothecation if the proceeds are then used to pay for the costs of treating illness caused by alcohol abuse . Similar taxes may exist on tobacco , pornography , etc. , and they may be collectively referred to as `` sin taxes '' . A carbon tax is a tax on the consumption of carbon - based non-renewable fuels , such as petrol , diesel - fuel , jet fuels , and natural gas . The object is to reduce the release of carbon into the atmosphere . In the United Kingdom , vehicle excise duty is an annual tax on vehicle ownership . Tariff ( edit ) Main article : Tariff An import or export tariff ( also called customs duty or impost ) is a charge for the movement of goods through a political border . Tariffs discourage trade , and they may be used by governments to protect domestic industries . A proportion of tariff revenues is often hypothecated to pay government to maintain a navy or border police . The classic ways of cheating a tariff are smuggling or declaring a false value of goods . Tax , tariff and trade rules in modern times are usually set together because of their common impact on industrial policy , investment policy , and agricultural policy . A trade bloc is a group of allied countries agreeing to minimize or eliminate tariffs against trade with each other , and possibly to impose protective tariffs on imports from outside the bloc . A customs union has a common external tariff , and the participating countries share the revenues from tariffs on goods entering the customs union . In some societies , tariffs also could be imposed by local authorities on the movement of goods between regions ( or via specific internal gateways ) . A notable example is the likin , which became an important revenue source for local governments in the late Qing China . Other ( edit ) License fees ( edit ) Occupational taxes or license fees may be imposed on businesses or individuals engaged in certain businesses . Many jurisdictions impose a tax on vehicles . Poll ( edit ) Main article : Poll tax A poll tax , also called a per capita tax , or capitation tax , is a tax that levies a set amount per individual . It is an example of the concept of fixed tax . One of the earliest taxes mentioned in the Bible of a half - shekel per annum from each adult Jew ( Ex. 30 : 11 -- 16 ) was a form of poll tax . Poll taxes are administratively cheap because they are easy to compute and collect and difficult to cheat . Economists have considered poll taxes economically efficient because people are presumed to be in fixed supply and poll taxes therefore do not lead to economic distortions . However , poll taxes are very unpopular because poorer people pay a higher proportion of their income than richer people . In addition , the supply of people is in fact not fixed over time : on average , couples will choose to have fewer children if a poll tax is imposed . The introduction of a poll tax in medieval England was the primary cause of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt . Scotland was the first to be used to test the new poll tax in 1989 with England and Wales in 1990 . The change from a progressive local taxation based on property values to a single - rate form of taxation regardless of ability to pay ( the Community Charge , but more popularly referred to as the Poll Tax ) , led to widespread refusal to pay and to incidents of civil unrest , known colloquially as the ' Poll Tax Riots ' . Other ( edit ) Some types of taxes have been proposed but not actually adopted in any major jurisdiction . These include : Bank tax Financial transaction taxes including currency transaction taxes Descriptive labels ( edit ) Ad valorem and per unit ( edit ) Main articles : Ad valorem tax and Per unit tax An ad valorem tax is one where the tax base is the value of a good , service , or property . Sales taxes , tariffs , property taxes , inheritance taxes , and value added taxes are different types of ad valorem tax . An ad valorem tax is typically imposed at the time of a transaction ( sales tax or value added tax ( VAT ) ) but it may be imposed on an annual basis ( property tax ) or in connection with another significant event ( inheritance tax or tariffs ) . In contrast to ad valorem taxation is a per unit tax , where the tax base is the quantity of something , regardless of its price . An excise tax is an example . Consumption ( edit ) Main article : Consumption tax Consumption tax refers to any tax on non-investment spending , and can be implemented by means of a sales tax , consumer value added tax , or by modifying an income tax to allow for unlimited deductions for investment or savings . Environmental ( edit ) See also : Ecotax , Gas Guzzler Tax , Polluter pays principle , and Pigovian tax This includes natural resources consumption tax , greenhouse gas tax ( Carbon tax ) , `` sulfuric tax '' , and others . The stated purpose is to reduce the environmental impact by repricing . Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities . As early as 1920 , Arthur Pigou suggested a tax to deal with externalities ( see also the section on Increased economic welfare below ) . The proper implementation of environmental taxes has been the subject of a long lasting debate . Proportional , progressive , regressive , and lump - sum ( edit ) An important feature of tax systems is the percentage of the tax burden as it relates to income or consumption . The terms progressive , regressive , and proportional are used to describe the way the rate progresses from low to high , from high to low , or proportionally . The terms describe a distribution effect , which can be applied to any type of tax system ( income or consumption ) that meets the definition . A progressive tax is a tax imposed so that the effective tax rate increases as the amount to which the rate is applied increases . The opposite of a progressive tax is a regressive tax , where the effective tax rate decreases as the amount to which the rate is applied increases . This effect is commonly produced where means testing is used to withdraw tax allowances or state benefits . In between is a proportional tax , where the effective tax rate is fixed , while the amount to which the rate is applied increases . A lump - sum tax is a tax that is a fixed amount , no matter the change in circumstance of the taxed entity . This in actuality is a regressive tax as those with lower income must use higher percentage of their income than those with higher income and therefore the effect of the tax reduces as a function of income . The terms can also be used to apply meaning to the taxation of select consumption , such as a tax on luxury goods and the exemption of basic necessities may be described as having progressive effects as it increases a tax burden on high end consumption and decreases a tax burden on low end consumption . Direct and indirect ( edit ) Main articles : Direct tax and Indirect tax Taxes are sometimes referred to as `` direct taxes '' or `` indirect taxes '' . The meaning of these terms can vary in different contexts , which can sometimes lead to confusion . An economic definition , by Atkinson , states that `` ... direct taxes may be adjusted to the individual characteristics of the taxpayer , whereas indirect taxes are levied on transactions irrespective of the circumstances of buyer or seller . '' According to this definition , for example , income tax is `` direct '' , and sales tax is `` indirect '' . In law , the terms may have different meanings . In U.S. constitutional law , for instance , direct taxes refer to poll taxes and property taxes , which are based on simple existence or ownership . Indirect taxes are imposed on events , rights , privileges , and activities . Thus , a tax on the sale of property would be considered an indirect tax , whereas the tax on simply owning the property itself would be a direct tax . Fees and effective ( edit ) Governments may charge user fees , tolls , or other types of assessments in exchange of particular goods , services , or use of property . These are generally not considered taxes , as long as they are levied as payment for a direct benefit to the individual paying . Such fees include : Tolls : a fee charged to travel via a road , bridge , tunnel , canal , waterway or other transportation facilities . Historically tolls have been used to pay for public bridge , road and tunnel projects . They have also been used in privately constructed transport links . The toll is likely to be a fixed charge , possibly graduated for vehicle type , or for distance on long routes . User fees , such as those charged for use of parks or other government owned facilities . Ruling fees charged by governmental agencies to make determinations in particular situations . Some scholars refer to certain economic effects as taxes , though they are not levies imposed by governments . These include : Inflation tax : the economic disadvantage suffered by holders of cash and cash equivalents in one denomination of currency due to the effects of expansionary monetary policy Financial repression : Government policies such as interest rate caps on government debt , financial regulations such as reserve requirements and capital controls , and barriers to entry in markets where the government owns or controls businesses . History ( edit ) Egyptian peasants seized for non-payment of taxes . ( Pyramid Age ) The first known system of taxation was in Ancient Egypt around 3000 -- 2800 BC in the First Dynasty of Egypt of the Old Kingdom of Egypt . The earliest and most widespread form of taxation was the corvée and tithe . The corvée was forced labour provided to the state by peasants too poor to pay other forms of taxation ( labour in ancient Egyptian is a synonym for taxes ) . Records from the time document that the Pharaoh would conduct a biennial tour of the kingdom , collecting tithes from the people . Other records are granary receipts on limestone flakes and papyrus . Early taxation is also described in the Bible . In Genesis ( chapter 47 , verse 24 -- the New International Version ) , it states `` But when the crop comes in , give a fifth of it to Pharaoh . The other four - fifths you may keep as seed for the fields and as food for yourselves and your households and your children '' . Joseph was telling the people of Egypt how to divide their crop , providing a portion to the Pharaoh . A share ( 20 % ) of the crop was the tax ( in this case , a special rather than an ordinary tax , as it was gathered against an expected famine ) . In the Persian Empire , a regulated and sustainable tax system was introduced by Darius I the Great in 500 BC ; the Persian system of taxation was tailored to each Satrapy ( the area ruled by a Satrap or provincial governor ) . At differing times , there were between 20 and 30 Satrapies in the Empire and each was assessed according to its supposed productivity . It was the responsibility of the Satrap to collect the due amount and to send it to the treasury , after deducting his expenses ( the expenses and the power of deciding precisely how and from whom to raise the money in the province , offer maximum opportunity for rich pickings ) . The quantities demanded from the various provinces gave a vivid picture of their economic potential . For instance , Babylon was assessed for the highest amount and for a startling mixture of commodities ; 1,000 silver talents and four months supply of food for the army . India , a province fabled for its gold , was to supply gold dust equal in value to the very large amount of 4,680 silver talents . Egypt was known for the wealth of its crops ; it was to be the granary of the Persian Empire ( and , later , of the Roman Empire ) and was required to provide 120,000 measures of grain in addition to 700 talents of silver . This tax was exclusively levied on Satrapies based on their lands , productive capacity and tribute levels . The Rosetta Stone , a tax concession issued by Ptolemy V in 196 BC and written in three languages `` led to the most famous decipherment in history -- the cracking of hieroglyphics '' . Islamic rulers imposed jizya ( a poll tax on conquered non-Muslims ) . In India this practice began in the 11th century . Trends ( edit ) Numerous records of government tax collection in Europe since at least the 17th century are still available today . But taxation levels are hard to compare to the size and flow of the economy since production numbers are not as readily available . Government expenditures and revenue in France during the 17th century went from about 24.30 million livres in 1600 -- 10 to about 126.86 million livres in 1650 -- 59 to about 117.99 million livres in 1700 -- 10 when government debt had reached 1.6 billion livres . In 1780 -- 89 , it reached 421.50 million livres . Taxation as a percentage of production of final goods may have reached 15 -- 20 % during the 17th century in places such as France , the Netherlands , and Scandinavia . During the war - filled years of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century , tax rates in Europe increased dramatically as war became more expensive and governments became more centralized and adept at gathering taxes . This increase was greatest in England , Peter Mathias and Patrick O'Brien found that the tax burden increased by 85 % over this period . Another study confirmed this number , finding that per capita tax revenues had grown almost sixfold over the eighteenth century , but that steady economic growth had made the real burden on each individual only double over this period before the industrial revolution . Effective tax rates were higher in Britain than France the years before the French Revolution , twice in per capita income comparison , but they were mostly placed on international trade . In France , taxes were lower but the burden was mainly on landowners , individuals , and internal trade and thus created far more resentment . Taxation as a percentage of GDP 2016 was 45.9 % in Denmark , 45.3 % in France , 33.2 % in the United Kingdom , 26 % in the United States , and among all OECD members an average of 34.3 % ... Forms ( edit ) In monetary economies prior to fiat banking , a critical form of taxation was seigniorage , the tax on the creation of money . Other obsolete forms of taxation include : Scutage , which is paid in lieu of military service ; strictly speaking , it is a commutation of a non-tax obligation rather than a tax as such but functioning as a tax in practice . Tallage , a tax on feudal dependents . Tithe , a tax - like payment ( one tenth of one 's earnings or agricultural produce ) , paid to the Church ( and thus too specific to be a tax in strict technical terms ) . This should not be confused with the modern practice of the same name which is normally voluntary . ( Feudal ) aids , a type of tax or due that was paid by a vassal to his lord during feudal times . Danegeld , a medieval land tax originally raised to pay off raiding Danes and later used to fund military expenditures . Carucage , a tax which replaced the danegeld in England . Tax farming , the principle of assigning the responsibility for tax revenue collection to private citizens or groups . Socage , a feudal tax system based on land rent . Burgage , a feudal tax system based on land rent . Some principalities taxed windows , doors , or cabinets to reduce consumption of imported glass and hardware . Armoires , hutches , and wardrobes were employed to evade taxes on doors and cabinets . In some circumstances , taxes are also used to enforce public policy like congestion charge ( to cut road traffic and encourage public transport ) in London . In Tsarist Russia , taxes were clamped on beards . Today , one of the most - complicated taxation systems worldwide is in Germany . Three quarters of the world 's taxation literature refers to the German system . Under the German system , there are 118 laws , 185 forms , and 96,000 regulations , spending € 3.7 billion to collect the income tax . In the United States , the IRS has about 1,177 forms and instructions , 28.4111 megabytes of Internal Revenue Code which contained 3.8 million words as of 1 February 2010 , numerous tax regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations , and suppmentary material in the Internal Revenue Bulletin . Today , governments in more advanced economies ( i.e. Europe and North America ) tend to rely more on direct taxes , while developing economies ( i.e. India and several African countries ) rely more on indirect taxes . Economic effects ( edit ) In economic terms , taxation transfers wealth from households or businesses to the government of a nation . Adam Smith writes in The Wealth of Nations that `` ... the economic incomes of private people are of three main types : rent , profit and wages . Ordinary taxpayers will ultimately pay their taxes from at least one of these revenue sources . The government may intend that a particular tax should fall exclusively on rent , profit , or wages -- and that another tax should fall on all three private income sources jointly . However , many taxes will inevitably fall on resources and persons very different from those intended ... Good taxes meet four major criteria . They are ( 1 ) proportionate to incomes or abilities to pay ( 2 ) certain rather than arbitrary ( 3 ) payable at times and in ways convenient to the taxpayers and ( 4 ) cheap to administer and collect . '' Smith , Adam ( 2015 ) . The Wealth of Nations : A Translation into Modern English . Industrial Systems Research . p. 429 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 906321 - 70 - 6 . < / ref > The side - effects of taxation ( such as economic distortions ) and theories about how best to tax are an important subject in microeconomics . Taxation is almost never a simple transfer of wealth . Economic theories of taxation approach the question of how to maximize economic welfare through taxation . Incidence ( edit ) Main article : Tax incidence See also : Effect of taxes and subsidies on price Law establishes from whom a tax is collected . In many countries , taxes are imposed on business ( such as corporate taxes or portions of payroll taxes ) . However , who ultimately pays the tax ( the tax `` burden '' ) is determined by the marketplace as taxes become embedded into production costs . Economic theory suggests that the economic effect of tax does not necessarily fall at the point where it is legally levied . For instance , a tax on employment paid by employers will impact on the employee , at least in the long run . The greatest share of the tax burden tends to fall on the most inelastic factor involved -- the part of the transaction which is affected least by a change in price . So , for instance , a tax on wages in a town will ( at least in the long run ) affect property - owners in that area . Depending on how quantities supplied and demanded vary with price ( the `` elasticities '' of supply and demand ) , a tax can be absorbed by the seller ( in the form of lower pre-tax prices ) , or by the buyer ( in the form of higher post-tax prices ) . If the elasticity of supply is low , more of the tax will be paid by the supplier . If the elasticity of demand is low , more will be paid by the customer ; and , contrariwise for the cases where those elasticities are high . If the seller is a competitive firm , the tax burden is distributed over the factors of production depending on the elasticities thereof ; this includes workers ( in the form of lower wages ) , capital investors ( in the form of loss to shareholders ) , landowners ( in the form of lower rents ) , entrepreneurs ( in the form of lower wages of superintendence ) and customers ( in the form of higher prices ) . To show this relationship , suppose that the market price of a product is $1.00 , and that a $0.50 tax is imposed on the product that , by law , is to be collected from the seller . If the product has an elastic demand , a greater portion of the tax will be absorbed by the seller . This is because goods with elastic demand cause a large decline in quantity demanded for a small increase in price . Therefore , in order to stabilize sales , the seller absorbs more of the additional tax burden . For example , the seller might drop the price of the product to $0.70 so that , after adding in the tax , the buyer pays a total of $1.20 , or $0.20 more than he did before the $0.50 tax was imposed . In this example , the buyer has paid $0.20 of the $0.50 tax ( in the form of a post-tax price ) and the seller has paid the remaining $0.30 ( in the form of a lower pre-tax price ) . Increased economic welfare ( edit ) Government spending ( edit ) The purpose of taxation is to provide for government spending without inflation . The provision of public goods such as roads and other infrastructure , schools , a social safety net , health care , national defense , law enforcement , and a courts system increases the economic welfare of society if the benefit outweighs the costs involved . Pigovian ( edit ) The existence of a tax can increase economic efficiency in some cases . If there is a negative externality associated with a good , meaning that it has negative effects not felt by the consumer , then a free market will trade too much of that good . By taxing the good , the government can increase overall welfare as well as raising revenue . This type of tax is called a Pigovian tax , after economist Arthur Pigou . Possible Pigovian taxes include those on polluting fuels ( like petrol ) , taxes on goods which incur public healthcare costs ( such as alcohol or tobacco ) , and charges for existing ' free ' public goods ( like congestion charging ) are another possibility . Reduced inequality ( edit ) Progressive taxation may reduce economic inequality . This effect occurs even when the tax revenue is n't redistributed . Reduced economic welfare ( edit ) Most taxes ( see below ) have side effects that reduce economic welfare , either by mandating unproductive labor ( compliance costs ) or by creating distortions to economic incentives ( deadweight loss and perverse incentives ) . Cost of compliance ( edit ) Although governments must spend money on tax collection activities , some of the costs , particularly for keeping records and filling out forms , are borne by businesses and by private individuals . These are collectively called costs of compliance . More complex tax systems tend to have higher compliance costs . This fact can be used as the basis for practical or moral arguments in favor of tax simplification ( such as the FairTax or OneTax , and some flat tax proposals ) . Deadweight costs ( edit ) Diagram illustrating deadweight costs of taxes In the absence of negative externalities , the introduction of taxes into a market reduces economic efficiency by causing deadweight loss . In a competitive market the price of a particular economic good adjusts to ensure that all trades which benefit both the buyer and the seller of a good occur . The introduction of a tax causes the price received by the seller to be less than the cost to the buyer by the amount of the tax . This causes fewer transactions to occur , which reduces economic welfare ; the individuals or businesses involved are less well off than before the tax . The tax burden and the amount of deadweight cost is dependent on the elasticity of supply and demand for the good taxed . Most taxes -- including income tax and sales tax -- can have significant deadweight costs . The only way to avoid deadweight costs in an economy that is generally competitive is to refrain from taxes that change economic incentives . Such taxes include the land value tax , where the tax is on a good in completely inelastic supply , a lump sum tax such as a poll tax ( head tax ) which is paid by all adults regardless of their choices . Arguably a windfall profits tax which is entirely unanticipated can also fall into this category . Deadweight loss does not account for the effect taxes have in leveling the business playing field . Businesses that have more money are better suited to fend off competition . It is common that an industry with a small amount of very large corporations has a very high barrier of entry for new entrants coming into the marketplace . This is due to the fact that the larger the corporation , the better its position to negotiate with suppliers . Also , larger companies may be able to operate at low or even negative profits for extended periods of time , thus pushing out competition . More progressive taxation of profits , however , would reduce such barriers for new entrants , thereby increasing competition and ultimately benefiting consumers . Perverse incentives ( edit ) Complexity of the tax code in developed economies offer perverse tax incentives . The more details of tax policy there are , the more opportunities for legal tax avoidance and illegal tax evasion . These not only result in lost revenue , but involve additional costs : for instance , payments made for tax advice are essentially deadweight costs because they add no wealth to the economy . Perverse incentives also occur because of non-taxable ' hidden ' transactions ; for instance , a sale from one company to another might be liable for sales tax , but if the same goods were shipped from one branch of a corporation to another , no tax would be payable . To address these issues , economists often suggest simple and transparent tax structures which avoid providing loopholes . Sales tax , for instance , can be replaced with a value added tax which disregards intermediate transactions . Reduced production ( edit ) If a tax is paid on outsourced services that is not also charged on services performed for oneself , then it may be cheaper to perform the services oneself than to pay someone else -- even considering losses in economic efficiency . For example , suppose jobs A and B are both valued at $1 on the market . And suppose that because of your unique abilities , you can do job A twice over ( 100 % extra output ) in the same effort as it would take you to do job B . But job B is the one that you need done right now . Under perfect division of labor , you would do job A and somebody else would do job B. Your unique abilities would always be rewarded . Income taxation has the worst effect on division of labor in the form of barter . Suppose that the person doing job B is actually interested in having job A done for him . Now suppose you could amazingly do job A four times over , selling half your work on the market for cash just to pay your tax bill . The other half of the work you do for somebody who does job B twice over but he has to sell off half to pay his tax bill . You 're left with one unit of job B , but only if you were 400 % as productive doing job A ! In this case of 50 % tax on barter income , anything less than 400 % productivity will cause the division of labor to fail . In summary , depending on the situation a 50 % tax rate can cause the division of labor to fail even where productivity gains of up to 300 % would have resulted . Even a mere 30 % tax rate can negate the advantage of a 100 % productivity gain . In developing countries ( edit ) Following Nicolas Kaldor 's research , public finance in developing countries is strongly tied to state capacity and financial development . As state capacity develops , states not only increase the level of taxation but also the pattern of taxation . With the increase of larger tax bases and the diminish of the importance of trading tax , while income tax gains more importance . According to Tilly 's argument , state capacity evolves as response to the emergence of war . War is an incentive for states to raise tax and strengthen states capacity . Historically , many taxation breakthroughs took place during the wartime . The introduction of income tax in Britain was due to the Napoleonic War in 1798 . US first introduce income tax during Civil War . Taxation is constrained by the fiscal and legal capacities of a country . Fiscal and legal capacities also complement each other . A well - designed tax system can minimize efficiency loss and boost economic growth . With better compliance and better support to financial institutions and individual property , the government will be able to collect more tax . Although wealthier countries have higher tax revenue , economic growth does not always translate to higher tax revenue . For example , in India , increases in exemptions leads to the stagnation of income tax revenue at around 0.5 % of GDP since 1986 . Researchers for EPS PEAKS stated that the core purpose of taxation is revenue mobilisation , providing resources for National Budgets , and forming an important part of macroeconomic management . They said economic theory has focused on the need to ' optimise ' the system through balancing efficiency and equity , understanding the impacts on production , and consumption as well as distribution , redistribution , and welfare . They state that taxes and tax reliefs have also been used as a tool for behavioural change , to influence investment decisions , labour supply , consumption patterns , and positive and negative economic spill - overs ( externalities ) , and ultimately , the promotion of economic growth and development . The tax system and its administration also play an important role in state - building and governance , as a principal form of ' social contract ' between the state and citizens who can , as taxpayers , exert accountability on the state as a consequence . The researchers wrote that domestic revenue forms an important part of a developing country 's public financing as it is more stable and predictable than Overseas Development Assistance and necessary for a country to be self - sufficient . They found that domestic revenue flows are , on average , already much larger than ODA , with aid worth less than 10 % of collected taxes in Africa as a whole . However , in a quarter of African countries Overseas Development Assistance does exceed tax collection , with these more likely to be non-resource - rich countries . This suggests countries making most progress replacing aid with tax revenue tend to be those benefiting disproportionately from rising prices of energy and commodities . The author found tax revenue as a percentage of GDP varying greatly around a global average of 19 % . This data also indicates countries with higher GDP tend to have higher tax to GDP ratios , demonstrating that higher income is associated with more than proportionately higher tax revenue . On average , high - income countries have tax revenue as a percentage of GDP of around 22 % , compared to 18 % in middle - income countries and 14 % in low - income countries . In high - income countries , the highest tax - to - GDP ratio is in Denmark at 47 % and the lowest is in Kuwait at 0.8 % , reflecting low taxes from strong oil revenues . Long - term average performance of tax revenue as a share of GDP in low - income countries has been largely stagnant , although most have shown some improvement in more recent years . On average , resource - rich countries have made the most progress , rising from 10 % in the mid-1990s to around 17 % in 2008 . Non resource rich countries made some progress , with average tax revenues increasing from 10 % to 15 % over the same period . Many low - income countries have a tax - to - GDP ratio of less than 15 % which could be due to low tax potential , such as a limited taxable economic activity , or low tax effort due to policy choice , non-compliance , or administrative constraints . Some low - income countries have relatively high tax - to - GDP ratios due to resource tax revenues ( e.g. Angola ) or relatively efficient tax administration ( e.g. Kenya , Brazil ) whereas some middle - income countries have lower tax - to - GDP ratios ( e.g. Malaysia ) which reflect a more tax - friendly policy choice . While overall tax revenues have remained broadly constant , the global trend shows trade taxes have been declining as a proportion of total revenues ( IMF , 2011 ) , with the share of revenue shifting away from border trade taxes towards domestically levied sales taxes on goods and services . Low - income countries tend to have a higher dependence on trade taxes , and a smaller proportion of income and consumption taxes , when compared to high income countries . One indicator of the taxpaying experience was captured in the ' Doing Business ' survey , which compares the total tax rate , time spent complying with tax procedures and the number of payments required through the year , across 176 countries . The ' easiest ' countries in which to pay taxes are located in the Middle East with the UAE ranking first , followed by Qatar and Saudi Arabia , most likely reflecting low tax regimes in those countries . Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are among the ' hardest ' to pay with the Central African Republic , Republic of Congo , Guinea and Chad in the bottom 5 , reflecting higher total tax rates and a greater administrative burden to comply . Key Facts ( edit ) The below facts were compiled by EPS PEAKS researchers : Trade liberalisation has led to a decline in trade taxes as a share of total revenues and GDP . Resource - rich countries tend to collect more revenue as a share of GDP , but this is more volatile . Sub-Saharan African countries that are resource rich have performed better tax collecting than non-resource - rich countries , but revenues are more volatile from year to year . By strengthening revenue management , there are huge opportunities for investment for development and growth . Developing countries have an informal sector representing an average of around 40 % , perhaps up to 60 % in some . Informal sectors feature many small informal traders who may not be efficient in bringing into the tax net , since the cost of collection is high and revenue potential limited ( although there are broader governance benefits ) . There is also an issue of non-compliant companies who are ' hard to tax ' , evading taxes and should be brought into the tax net . In many low - income countries , the majority of revenue is collected from a narrow tax base , sometimes because of a limited range of taxable economic activities . There is therefore dependence on few taxpayers , often multinationals , that can exacerbate the revenue challenge by minimising their tax liability , in some cases abusing a lack of capacity in revenue authorities , sometimes through transfer pricing abuse . Developing and developed countries face huge challenges in taxing multinationals and international citizens . Estimates of tax revenue losses from evasion and avoidance in developing countries are limited by a lack of data and methodological shortcomings , but some estimates are significant . Countries use incentives to attract investment but doing this may be unnecessarily giving up revenue as evidence suggests that investors are influenced more by economic fundamentals like market size , infrastructure , and skills , and only marginally by tax incentives ( IFC investor surveys ) . In low - income countries , compliance costs are high , they are lengthy processes , frequent tax payments , bribes and corruption . Administrations are often under - resourced , resources are n't effectively targeted on areas of greatest impact , and mid-level management is weak . Coordination between domestic and customs is weak , which is especially important for VAT . Weak administration , governance and corruption tend to be associated with low revenue collections ( IMF , 2011 ) . Evidence on the effect of aid on tax revenues is inconclusive . Tax revenue is more stable and sustainable than aid . While a disincentive effect of aid on revenue may be expected and was supported by some early studies , recent evidence does not support that conclusion , and in some cases , points towards higher tax revenue following support for revenue mobilisation . Of all regions , Africa has the highest total tax rates borne by business at 57.4 % of profit on average , but has reduced the most since 2004 , from 70 % , partly due to introducing VAT and this is likely to have a beneficial effect on attracting investment . Fragile states are less able to expand tax revenue as a percentage of GDP and any gains are more difficult to sustain . Tax administration tends to collapse if conflict reduces state controlled territory or reduces productivity . As economies are rebuilt after conflicts , there can be good progress in developing effective tax systems . Liberia expanded from 10.6 % of GDP in 2003 to 21.3 % in 2011 . Mozambique increased from 10.5 % of GDP in 1994 to around 17.7 % in 2011 . Tax administration in developing countries ( edit ) Many developing countries have attempted to improve their tax collection capacity by streamlining business processes and introducing information and communication technologies . Summary ( edit ) Aid interventions in revenue can support revenue mobilisation for growth , improve tax system design and administrative effectiveness , and strengthen governance and compliance . The author of the Economics Topic Guide found that the best aid modalities for revenue depend on country circumstances , but should aim to align with government interests and facilitate effective planning and implementation of activities under an evidence - based tax reform . Lastly , she found that identifying areas for further reform requires country - specific diagnostic assessment : broad areas for developing countries identified internationally ( e.g. IMF ) include , for example property taxation for local revenues , strengthening expenditure management , and effective taxation of extractive industries and multinationals . Views ( edit ) Support ( edit ) Main article : Social contract Every tax , however , is , to the person who pays it , a badge , not of slavery , but of liberty . -- Adam Smith ( 1776 ) , Wealth of Nations According to most political philosophies , taxes are justified as they fund activities that are necessary and beneficial to society . Additionally , progressive taxation can be used to reduce economic inequality in a society . According to this view , taxation in modern nation - states benefit the majority of the population and social development . A common presentation of this view , paraphrasing various statements by Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. is `` Taxes are the price of civilization '' . It can also be argued that in a democracy , because the government is the party performing the act of imposing taxes , society as a whole decides how the tax system should be organized . The American Revolution 's `` No taxation without representation '' slogan implied this view . For traditional conservatives , the payment of taxation is justified as part of the general obligations of citizens to obey the law and support established institutions . The conservative position is encapsulated in perhaps the most famous adage of public finance , `` An old tax is a good tax '' . Conservatives advocate the `` fundamental conservative premise that no one should be excused from paying for government , lest they come to believe that government is costless to them with the certain consequence that they will demand more government ' services ' . '' Social democrats generally favor higher levels of taxation to fund public provision of a wide range of services such as universal health care and education , as well as the provision of a range of welfare benefits . As argued by Tony Crosland and others , the capacity to tax income from capital is a central element of the social democratic case for a mixed economy as against Marxist arguments for comprehensive public ownership of capital . Many libertarians recommend a minimal level of taxation in order to maximize the protection of liberty . Compulsory taxation of individuals , such as income tax , is often justified on grounds including territorial sovereignty , and the social contract . Defenders of business taxation argue that it is an efficient method of taxing income that ultimately flows to individuals , or that separate taxation of business is justified on the grounds that commercial activity necessarily involves use of publicly established and maintained economic infrastructure , and that businesses are in effect charged for this use . Georgist economists argue that all of the economic rent collected from natural resources ( land , mineral extraction , fishing quotas , etc . ) is unearned income , and belongs to the community rather than any individual . They advocate a high tax ( the `` Single Tax '' ) on land and other natural resources to return this unearned income to the state , but no other taxes . Opposition ( edit ) Main articles : Tax noncompliance and Taxation as theft Because payment of tax is compulsory and enforced by the legal system , rather than voluntary like crowdfunding , some political philosophies view taxation as theft , extortion , ( or as slavery , or as a violation of property rights ) , or tyranny , accusing the government of levying taxes via force and coercive means . Voluntaryists , individualist anarchists , Objectivists , anarcho - capitalists , and libertarians see taxation as government aggression ( see non-aggression principle ) . The view that democracy legitimizes taxation is rejected by those who argue that all forms of government , including laws chosen by democratic means , are fundamentally oppressive . According to Ludwig von Mises , `` society as a whole '' should not make such decisions , due to methodological individualism . Libertarian opponents of taxation claim that governmental protection , such as police and defense forces might be replaced by market alternatives such as private defense agencies , arbitration agencies or voluntary contributions . Walter E. Williams , professor of economics at George Mason University , stated `` Government income redistribution programs produce the same result as theft . In fact , that 's what a thief does ; he redistributes income . The difference between government and thievery is mostly a matter of legality . '' Socialist view ( edit ) Karl Marx assumed that taxation would be unnecessary after the advent of communism and looked forward to the `` withering away of the state '' . In socialist economies such as that of China , taxation played a minor role , since most government income was derived from the ownership of enterprises , and it was argued by some that monetary taxation was not necessary . While the morality of taxation is sometimes questioned , most arguments about taxation revolve around the degree and method of taxation and associated government spending , not taxation itself . Choice ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an neutral presentation that contextualizes different points of view . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Tax choice Tax choice is the theory that taxpayers should have more control with how their individual taxes are allocated . If taxpayers could choose which government organizations received their taxes , opportunity cost decisions would integrate their partial knowledge . For example , a taxpayer who allocated more of his taxes on public education would have less to allocate on public healthcare . Supporters argue that allowing taxpayers to demonstrate their preferences would help ensure that the government succeeds at efficiently producing the public goods that taxpayers truly value . This would end real estate speculation , business cycles , unemployment and distribute wealth much more evenly . Joseph Stiglitz 's Henry George Theorem predicts its sufficiency because -- as George also noted -- public spending raises land value . Geoist view ( edit ) Main articles : Georgism , Geolibertarianism , and Land value tax Geoists ( Georgists and geolibertarians ) state that taxation should primarily collect economic rent , in particular the value of land , for both reasons of economic efficiency as well as morality . The efficiency of using economic rent for taxation is ( as economists agree ) due to the fact that such taxation can not be passed on and does not create any dead - weight loss , and that it removes the incentive to speculate on land . Its morality is based on the Geoist premise that private property is justified for products of labour but not for land and natural resources . Economist and social reformer Henry George opposed sales taxes and protective tariffs for their negative impact on trade . He also believed in the right of each person to the fruits of their own labour and productive investment . Therefore , income from labour and proper capital should remain untaxed . For this reason many Geoists -- in particular those that call themselves geolibertarian -- share the view with libertarians that these types of taxation ( but not all ) are immoral and even theft . George stated there should be one single tax : the Land Value Tax , which is considered both efficient and moral . Demand for specific land is dependent on nature , but even more so on the presence of communities , trade , and government infrastructure , particularly in urban environments . Therefore , the economic rent of land is not the product of one particular individual and it may be claimed for public expenses . According to George , this would end real estate bubbles , business cycles , unemployment and distribute wealth much more evenly . Joseph Stiglitz 's Henry George Theorem predicts its sufficiency for financing public goods because those raise land value . John Locke stated that whenever labour is mixed with natural resources , such as is the case with improved land , private property is justified under the proviso that there must be enough other natural resources of the same quality available to others . Geoists state that the Lockean proviso is violated wherever land value is greater than zero . Therefore , under the assumed principle of equal rights of all people to natural resources , the occupier of any such land must compensate the rest of society to the amount of that value . For this reason , geoists generally believe that such payment can not be regarded as a true ' tax ' , but rather a compensation or fee . This means that while Geoists also regard taxation as an instrument of social justice , contrary to social democrats and social liberals they do not regard it as an instrument of redistribution but rather a ' predistribution ' or simply a correct distribution of the commons . Modern geoists note that land in the classical economic meaning of the word referred to all natural resources , and thus also includes resources such as mineral deposits , water bodies and the electromagnetic spectrum , to which privileged access also generates economic rent that must be compensated . Under the same reasoning most of them also consider pigouvian taxes as compensation for environmental damage or privilege as acceptable and even necessary . Theories ( edit ) Main article : Theory of taxation Laffer curve ( edit ) Main article : Laffer curve In economics , the Laffer curve is a theoretical representation of the relationship between government revenue raised by taxation and all possible rates of taxation . It is used to illustrate the concept of taxable income elasticity ( that taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation ) . The curve is constructed by thought experiment . First , the amount of tax revenue raised at the extreme tax rates of 0 % and 100 % is considered . It is clear that a 0 % tax rate raises no revenue , but the Laffer curve hypothesis is that a 100 % tax rate will also generate no revenue because at such a rate there is no longer any incentive for a rational taxpayer to earn any income , thus the revenue raised will be 100 % of nothing . If both a 0 % rate and 100 % rate of taxation generate no revenue , it follows from the extreme value theorem that there must exist at least one rate in between where tax revenue would be a maximum . The Laffer curve is typically represented as a graph which starts at 0 % tax , zero revenue , rises to a maximum rate of revenue raised at an intermediate rate of taxation and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100 % tax rate . One potential result of the Laffer curve is that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point will become counterproductive for raising further tax revenue . A hypothetical Laffer curve for any given economy can only be estimated and such estimates are sometimes controversial . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics reports that estimates of revenue - maximizing tax rates have varied widely , with a mid-range of around 70 % . Optimal ( edit ) Main article : Optimal tax Most governments take revenue which exceeds that which can be provided by non-distortionary taxes or through taxes which give a double dividend . Optimal taxation theory is the branch of economics that considers how taxes can be structured to give the least deadweight costs , or to give the best outcomes in terms of social welfare . The Ramsey problem deals with minimizing deadweight costs . Because deadweight costs are related to the elasticity of supply and demand for a good , it follows that putting the highest tax rates on the goods for which there is most inelastic supply and demand will result in the least overall deadweight costs . Some economists sought to integrate optimal tax theory with the social welfare function , which is the economic expression of the idea that equality is valuable to a greater or lesser extent . If individuals experience diminishing returns from income , then the optimum distribution of income for society involves a progressive income tax . Mirrlees optimal income tax is a detailed theoretical model of the optimum progressive income tax along these lines . Over the last years the validity of the theory of optimal taxation was discussed by many political economists . Rates ( edit ) Main article : Tax rate Taxes are most often levied as a percentage , called the tax rate . An important distinction when talking about tax rates is to distinguish between the marginal rate and the effective tax rate . The effective rate is the total tax paid divided by the total amount the tax is paid on , while the marginal rate is the rate paid on the next dollar of income earned . For example , if income is taxed on a formula of 5 % from $0 up to $50,000 , 10 % from $50,000 to $100,000 , and 15 % over $100,000 , a taxpayer with income of $175,000 would pay a total of $18,750 in taxes . Tax calculation ( 0.05 * 50,000 ) + ( 0.10 * 50,000 ) + ( 0.15 * 75,000 ) = 18,750 The `` effective rate '' would be 10.7 % : 18,750 / 175,000 = 0.107 The `` marginal rate '' would be 15 % . See also ( edit ) Advance tax ruling Excess burden of taxation Fiscal capacity Fiscal incidence Government budget balance International taxation List of taxes Price ceiling Price floor Revolutionary tax Robbery Tax competition Tax exporting Tax haven Taxpayer receipt Tax resistance Tax shelter By country or region ( edit ) List of countries by tax rates List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP Category : Taxation by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles E. McLure , Jr . `` Taxation '' . Britannica . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ See for example 26 U.S.C. § 7203 in the case of U.S. Federal taxes . ^ Jump up to : Simkovic , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` The Knowledge Tax '' . University of Chicago Law Review . SSRN 2551567 . Jump up ^ Beardsley , Ruml . `` Taxes for Revenue are Obsolete '' ( PDF ) . American Affairs . VIII ( 1 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Simkovic , Michael . `` The Knowledge Tax '' . University of Chicago Law Review . SSRN 2551567 . Jump up ^ Artoni , Roberto ( 2015 ) . Elementi di scienza delle finanze . il Mulino . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Taxes ( Note by the Chairman ) , 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Programs Throughout the World on the U.S. Social Security website for links to individual country program descriptions '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ By contrast , some countries , such as New Zealand , finance the programs through other taxes . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , India Social Security overview Archived 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States Federal Unemployment Tax Act . Jump up ^ Taxes on the net wealth of corporations are often referred to as corporate tax . Jump up ^ McCluskey , William J. ; Franzsen , Riël C.D. ( 2005 ) . Land Value Taxation : An Applied Analysis . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 1490 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` TPC Tax Topics Federal Budget '' . Taxpolicycenter.org . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 26 USC 877 '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Although Texas has no individual income tax , the state does impose a franchise tax -- soon to be replaced by a margin tax -- on business activity that , while not denominated as an income tax , is in substance a kind of income tax . Jump up ^ `` Economist.com '' . Economist.com. 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Quick , John ; Garran , Robert ( 1 January 1901 ) . The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth . Australia : Angus & Robertson . p. 837 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Facts Tax Facts Listing '' . Taxpolicycenter.org . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com . Archived from the original on 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` luxury tax -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Concise.britannica.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Jeffrey M. ( 1 January 1969 ) . `` Clothing Exemptions and Sales Tax Regressivity '' . The American Economic Review . 59 ( 4 ) : 596 -- 99 . JSTOR 1813222 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , A.B. ( 1977 ) . `` Optimal Taxation and the Direct Versus Indirect Tax Controversy '' . Can . J. Econ. 590 : 592 . Jump up ^ `` What is Difference Between Direct and Indirect Tax ? '' . Investor Guide . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taxes versus fees '' . Ncsu.edu. 2 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Some economists hold that the inflation tax affects the lower and middle classes more than the rich , as they hold a larger fraction of their income in cash , they are much less likely to receive the newly created monies before the market has adjusted with inflated prices , and more often have fixed incomes , wages or pensions . Some argue that inflation is a regressive consumption tax . Also see Andrés Erosa and Gustavo Ventura , `` On inflation as a regressive consumption tax Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Some claim there are systemic effects of an expansionary monetary policy , which are also definitively taxing , imposing a financial charge on some as a result of the policy . Because the effects of monetary expansion or counterfeiting are never uniform over an entire economy , the policy influences capital transfers in the market , creating economic bubbles where the new monies are first introduced . Economic bubbles increase market instability , and therefore increase investment risk , creating the conditions common to a recession . This particular tax can be understood to be levied on future generations that would have benefited from economic growth , and it has a 100 % transfer cost ( so long as people are not acting against their interests , increased uncertainty benefits no - one ) . One example of a strong supporter of this tax was the former Federal Reserve chair Beardsley Ruml . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Reinhart , Carmen M. and Rogoff , Kenneth S. , This Time is Different . Princeton and Oxford : Princeton University Press , 2008 ( p. 143 ) , The Liquidation of Government Debt , Reinhart , Carmen M. & Sbrancia , M. Belen , p. 19 , Giovannini , Alberto ; de Melo , Martha ( 1993 ) . `` Government Revenue from Financial Repression '' . The American Economic Review . 83 ( 4 ) : 953 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Taxes in the Ancient World , University of Pennsylvania Almanac , Vol. 48 , No. 28 , 2 April 2002 Jump up ^ David F. Burg ( 2004 ) . A World History of Tax Rebellions . Taylor & Francis . pp. vi -- viii . ISBN 9780415924986 . Jump up ^ Olmert , Michael ( 1996 ) . Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p. 41 . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ `` Darius I ( Darius the Great ) , King of Persia ( from 521 BC ) '' . 1902encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History Of Iran ( Persia ) '' . Historyworld.net . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The Theocratic Ideology of the Chronicler -- by Jonathan E. Dyck -- p. 96 -- Brill , 1998 Jump up ^ British Museum . `` History of the World in 100 Objects : Rosetta Stone '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Phillipe and Kathryn Norberg ( 1994 ) , Fiscal Crises , Liberty , and Representative Government , 1450 -- 1789 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Phillipe and Kathryn Norberg ( 1994 ) , Fiscal Crises , Liberty , and Representative Government , 1450 -- 1789 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Revenue Statistics : 1965 - 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Tax / Spending Burden , Forbes magazine , 05 - 24 - 04 Jump up ^ `` IRS pick list '' . IRS . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` title 26 US Code '' . US House of Reperesentitives . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Caron , Paul L. ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` How Many Words Are in the Internal Revenue Code ? '' . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 26 CFR -- Table Of Contents '' . Gpo.gov. 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Bulletin : 2012 -- 23 '' . Internal Revenue Service . 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Michael ( 2006 ) , Principles of Microeconomics , p. 134 . Jump up ^ William J. McCluskey ; Riël C.D. Franzsen ( 2005 ) . Land Value Taxation : An Applied Analysis . Ashgate . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 1490 - 6 . Jump up ^ Avi - Yonah , Reuven S. ; Slemrod , Joel B. ( April 2002 ) . `` Why Tax the Rich ? Efficiency , Equity , and Progressive Taxation '' . The Yale Law Journal . 111 ( 6 ) : 1391 -- 416 . doi : 10.2307 / 797614 . JSTOR 797614 . Jump up ^ Johnsson , Richard . `` Taxation and Domestic Free Trade '' . Ideas.repec.org . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Corsi , Jerome , 2007 . `` The VAT : Menace to Free Trade '' , WorldNetDaily Exclusive Commentary , WorldNetDaily , 3 February 2007 Jump up ^ Johnsson , Richard , 2004 . `` Taxation and Domestic Free Trade , '' Ratio Working Papers 40 , The Ratio Institute , revised 7 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Stern , Nicolas ; Burgess , Robin . `` Taxation and Development '' . Journal of Economic Literature . Jump up ^ Besley , Timothy ; Persson , Torsten . `` The Origins of State Capacity : Property Rights , Taxation , and Politics '' . Jump up ^ Besley , Timothy ; Persson , Trosten . `` The Origins of State Capacity : Property Rights , Taxation , and Politics '' . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ; Qian , Nancy . `` Income Inequality and Progressive Income Taxation in China and India , 1986 -- 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : Hazel Granger ( 2013 ) . `` Economics Topic Guide Taxation and Revenue '' . EPS PEAKS . Jump up ^ Africa Economic Outlook 2010 , Part 2 : Public Resource Mobilisation and Aid in Africa , AfDB / OECD ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ According to IMF data for 2010 , from Revenue Data for IMF Member Countries , as of 2011 , ( unpublished ) Jump up ^ IMF FAD ( 2011 ) , Revenue Mobilization in Developing Countries Jump up ^ IMF WP / 05 / 112 , Tax Revenue and ( or ? ) Trade Liberalization , Thomas Baunsgaard and Michael Keen Jump up ^ ' Doing Business 2013 ' , World Bank / IFC ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Keen ; Mansour ( 2010 ) . `` Revenue Mobilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa : Challenges from Globalisation I -- Trade Reform '' . Development Policy Review . 28 ( 5 ) : 553 -- 71 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7679.2010. 00498. x . Jump up ^ See for example Paul Collier ( 2010 ) , The Political Economy of Natural Resources , social research Vol 77 : No 4 : Winter 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Buehn , and Montenegro ( 2010 ) , Shadow Economies all over the World : New Estimates for 162 Countries from 1999 to 2007 . ^ Jump up to : IMF , 2011 , Revenue Mobilization in Developing Countries , Fiscal Affairs Department Jump up ^ See Section 3 ' International Taxation ' e.g. Torvik , 2009 in Commission on Capital Flight from Developing Countries , 2009 : Tax Havens and Development Jump up ^ ' Doing Business 2013 ' , World Bank / IFC 2013 Jump up ^ Paying Taxes 2013 : Total tax rate is a composite measure including corporate income tax , employment taxes , social contributions , indirect taxes , property taxes and smaller taxes e.g. environmental tax . Jump up ^ IMF Working Paper 108 / 12 ( 2012 ) , Mobilizing Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa : Empirical Norms and Key Determinants Jump up ^ African Economic Outlook ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ IMF Revenue Data , 2011 : Total Tax Revenue as a percentage of GDP Jump up ^ Barreto , Ruben ; Sinha , Rajib ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Implementing a Tax Administration System in the Kyrgyz Republic '' . Rochester , NY . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( 1776 ) , Wealth of Nations , Penn State Electronic Classics edition , republished 2005 , p. 704 Jump up ^ Population and Social Integration Section ( PSIS ) , United Nations Social and Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific Jump up ^ Eugene C. Gerhart ( 1998 ) . Quote it Completely ! : World Reference Guide to More Than 5,500 Memorable Quotations from Law and Literature . W.S. Hein . p. 1045 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57588 - 400 - 4 . Jump up ^ Logue , Danielle ( 2009 ) . `` Moving policy forward : ' brain drain ' as a wicked problem '' . Globalisation , Societies & Education . 7 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 50 . doi : 10.1080 / 14767720802677366 . Jump up ^ `` Tax History Project : The Depression and Reform : FDR 's Search for Tax Revision in N.Y. ( Copyright , 2003 , Tax Analysts ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Do Conservatives Have a Conservative Tax Agenda ? '' . Heritage.org . Archived from the original on 22 May 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruiz del Portal , X . 2009 . `` A general principal -- agent setting with non-differentiable mechanisms : Some examples . '' Mathematical Social Sciences 57 , no . 2 : 262 -- 78 . Academic Search Premier , EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Chaturvedi , Skand ( 2009 ) . Financial Management : Entailing Planning for the Future . Global India Publications . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80228 - 56 - 3 . Jump up ^ Van Der Graaf , Rieke , and Johannes J.M. Van Delden. 2009 . Clarifying appeals to dignity in medical ethics from an historical perspective . Bioethics 23 , no . 3 : 151 -- 60 . Academic Search Premier , EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ For an overview of the classical liberal perspective on taxation see www.irefeurope.org Jump up ^ Human Action Chapter II . Sec. 4 . The Principle of Methodological Individualism by Ludwig von Mises Jump up ^ Spencer Heath MacCallum ( 12 September 2007 ) . `` The Rule of Law Without the State , '' . Ludwig Von Mises Institute . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Walter E. ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Government theft , American - style '' . WorldNetDaily . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Li , Jinyan ( 1991 ) . Taxation in the People 's Republic of China . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93688 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frey , Bruno S. ; Torgler , Benno ( 2007 ) . `` Tax morale and conditional cooperation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Comparative Economics . 35 : 136 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jce. 2006.10. 006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Do Earmarks Increase Giving to Government ? '' ( PDF ) . Cbees.utdallas.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations Book V , Chapter 2 , Part 2 , Article I : Taxes upon the Rent of Houses Jump up ^ McCluskey , William J. ; Franzsen , Riël C.D. ( 2005 ) . Land Value Taxation : An Applied Analysis . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 1490 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ William J. McCluskey ; Riël C.D. Franzsen . `` Land Value Taxation : An Applied Analysis '' . Ashgate . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 1490 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : George , Henry ( 1879 ) . Progress and Poverty : An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth . Jump up ^ George , Henry ( 1886 ) . Protection or Free Trade . Jump up ^ Arnott , Richard J. ; Joseph E. Stiglitz ( Nov 1979 ) . `` Aggregate Land Rents , Expenditure on Public Goods , and Optimal City Size '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 93 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 500 . doi : 10.2307 / 1884466 . JSTOR 1884466 . Jump up ^ Locke , John . `` 5 '' . ' Second Treatise of Government . Jump up ^ `` What is LVT ? '' . landvaluetax.org . Jump up ^ Kerr , Gavin ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` ' Predistribution ' , property - owning democracy and land value taxation ' '' . ' Politics , philosophy and economics ' . Jump up ^ Davies , Lindy . `` The Science of Political Economy : What George `` Left Out '' `` . politicaleconomy.org . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Batt , H. William . `` The Compatibility of Georgist Economics and Ecological Economics '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Don ( 2008 ) . Laffer curve . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , Second Edition . Palgrave Macmillan . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . The mid-range for this elasticity is around 0.4 , with a revenue peak around 70 per cent . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian & Conservative News '' . Words Of Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Tax Resources in your library My taxes go where ? How countries spend your money ( 17 February 2015 ) , The BBC Minarik , Joseph J. ( 2008 ) . `` Taxation '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . 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Rothbard The Ethics of Liberty Jean - Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Categories : Property Property law by country GND : 4057399 - 0 LCCN : sh85132846 NDL : 00571492 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tax&oldid=846446872 '' Categories : 3rd - millennium BC establishments in Egypt Egyptian inventions Tax 30th - century BC establishments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2010 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2011 Use dmy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles needing POV - check from November 2012 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 20 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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1033166659359712352	Environmental crime	Environmental crime - wikipedia Environmental crime Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Law and the Environment Environmental Law Pollution control law Environmental impact assessment Air quality law Water quality law Waste management law Environmental cleanup law Natural resources law Species protection Water resources law Mining law Forestry law Fisheries law Game law Reference materials Environmental journals International environmental agreements Environmental laws by country Environmental lawsuits Environmental ministries Supranational environmental agencies Related topics Administrative law Bankruptcy law Earth jurisprudence Energy law Environmental crime poaching Environmental justice Insurance law International law Land law Land use Law of the sea Property law Public trust doctrine Wild law Environmental crime is an illegal act which directly harms the environment . International bodies such as the G8 , Interpol , European Union , United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute have recognised the following environmental crimes : Illegal wildlife trade in endangered species in contravention to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) ; Smuggling of ozone - depleting substances ( ODS ) in contravention to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ; Dumping and illicit trade in hazardous waste in contravention of the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes and their Disposal ; Illegal , unreported and unregulated fishing in contravention to controls imposed by various regional fisheries management organisations ; Illegal logging and the associated trade in stolen timber in violation of national laws . These crimes are liable for prosecution . Interpol facilitates international police cooperation and assists its member countries in the effective enforcement of national and international environmental laws and treaties . Interpol began fighting environmental crime in 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Costs 2 Prosecution by ICC 3 Environmental crime by country 3.1 United States 4 Enforcement 5 Environmental criminology 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Costs ( edit ) International criminal gangs and militant groups profit from the plunder of natural resources and these illegal profits are soaring . Terrorism and even civil wars are consequences of environmental crime . According to UNEP and Interpol , in June 2016 the value of environmental crime is 26 per cent larger than previous estimates , at US $91 -- 258 billion , compared to US $70 -- 213 billion in 2014 , outstripping illegal trade in small arms . More than half of this amount can be attributed to illegal logging and deforestation . Prosecution by ICC ( edit ) On September 2016 it was announced that the International Criminal Court located in The Hague will prosecute government and individuals for environmental crimes . According to the Case Selection Criteria announced in Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation by ICC on 15 September 2016 , the Office will give particular consideration to prosecuting Rome Statute crimes that are committed by means of , or that result in , `` inter alia , the destruction of the environment , the illegal exploitation of natural resources or the illegal dispossession of land '' . Environmental crime by country ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United states ( edit ) Abandoned or little used areas are common dumping places in America - especially railroads . Over $10 million a year are used to remove illegal dumping from polluting towns and the environment . A small organization , CSXT Police Environment Crimes Unit , has been started to stop railroad dumping specifically . Ever since the Environmental Protection Agency 's Office of Criminal Enforcement was founded in 1982 , there has been a steady increase in prosecuted environmental crimes . This includes the prosecution of companies that have illegally dumped or caused oil spills . On a federal level , while the EPA oversees the investigations , the prosecutions are typically brought by the U.S. Department of Justice , through its Environmental Crimes Section , and / or through one of the 94 U.S. Attorney 's Office across the country . Enforcement ( edit ) The effective enforcement of environmental laws is vital to any protection regimes that are designed to protect the environment . In the early days of environmental legislation , violations carried largely insignificant civil fines and penalties . Initial environmental laws and regulations had little or no deterrent effect on corporations , individuals , or governments to comply with environmental laws . Indeed , a major source of failure of US environmental protection legislation was the civil character of federal enforcement actions . Their chief sanction was fines , which many corporations took in stride as a cost of doing business . Environmental criminal law covers narrower ground . Its core consists of the criminal provisions of eight federal statutes passed mainly in the 1970s and amended in the last two decades . In many cases , particularly corporations found it more cost - effective to continue to pollute more than the law allowed and simply pay any associate fines if indeed the corporation was actually found and convicted of violating environmental laws or regulations . Perversely , corporations actually had a disincentive to comply with environmental laws or regulations as compliance generally raised their operational costs which meant that many corporations obeying the environmental laws , whether out of a sense of legal duty or public obligation , were disadvantaged and lost a competitive edge and consequently suffered in the marketplace to competitors who disregarded environmental laws and regulations . As a result of weak environmental legislation and continued adverse public opinion regarding the management of the environment , many governments established various environmental enforcement regimes that dramatically increased the legal powers of environmental investigators . The inclusion of criminal sanctions , significant increases in fines coupled with possible imprisonment of corporate officers changed the face of environmental law enforcement . For example , between 1983 and 1990 the US Department of Justice secured $57,358,404.00 in criminal penalties and obtained sentences of imprisonment for 55 % of defendants charged with environmental offences . Enforcing environmental laws and regulations is an important ingredient in protecting the environment and reducing environmental harm . This is generally achieved by various environmental law enforcement agencies operating at an International , Regional , National , State and Local level . For instance , to some extent environmental law enforcement agencies operate only at an international level whereas others only operate at the local level . Furthermore , environmental law enforcement agencies utilise various enforcement methods to ensure compliance to environmental legislation . In some cases enforcement agencies rely on coercive powers to demand compliance to environmental laws , generally labelled `` command and control '' strategies , while others rely on conciliatory and educational strategies to persuade individuals , organisations and governments to comply with environmental laws and regulations . Moreover , it has increased the need for cooperation between different policing institutions . Environmental law enforcement agencies and police services do not operate in a vacuum ; the legislative instruments that political systems implement govern their activities and responsibilities within society . However , ostensibly it is the legislative instruments implemented by governments that determine many of the strategies utilised by police services in protecting the environment . Generally these International , Regional , National and State legislative instruments are designed to ensure industries , individuals , and governments comply with the various environmental obligations embedded in national statutes and laws . There are also international legal instruments and treaties that also affect the way that sovereign states deal with environmental issues . Environmental criminology ( edit ) Main articles : Environmental criminology and Green criminology Environmental criminology examines the notions of crimes , offences and injurious behaviours against the environment and starts to examine the role that societies including corporations , governments and communities play in generating environmental harms . Criminology is now starting to recognise the impact of humans on the environment and how law enforcement agencies and the judiciary measure harm to the environment and attribute sanctions to the offenders . See also ( edit ) Category : Environmental crime Ecocide Ecotax Environment Agency Environmental Crime Prevention Program Environmental Investigation Agency Environmental issue Environmental killings Environmental law Illegal logging List of environmental lawsuits Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Scottish Environment Protection Agency Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System Wildlife smuggling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Banks , D. , Davies , C. , Gosling , J. , Newman , J. , Rice , M. , Wadley , J. , Walravens , F. ( 2008 ) Environmental Crime . A threat to our future . Environmental Investigation Agency pdf Jump up ^ Interpol ( 2009 ) Environmental crime online Jump up ^ Solheim , E. , Need for global action , in : D + C 9 ( 2016 ) , S. 46 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` UNEP - INTERPOL Report : Value of Environmental Crime up 26 % '' . 2016 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Vidal , John ; Bowcott , Owen ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` ICC widens remit to include environmental destruction cases '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` POLICY PAPER ON CASE SELECTION AND PRIORITISATION '' ( PDF ) . icc-cpi.int . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement Jump up ^ Environmental Crime : The Criminal Justice System 's Role in Protecting the Environment By Yingyi Situ , David Emmons Published by Sage Publications , 1999 ISBN 0 - 7619 - 0036 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 0036 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Tomkins , Kevin . Police , Law Enforcement and the Environment ( online ) . Current Issues in Criminal Justice ; Volume 16 , Issue 3 ; Mar 2005 ; 294 - 306 Jump up ^ White , R. 2003'Environmental Issues and the Criminological Imagination ' , Theoretical Criminology , 7 ( 4 ) : 483 - 506 . Further reading ( edit ) Nellemann , Christian ; et al. , eds. ( 2014 ) . The Environmental Crime Crisis : Threats to Sustainable Development From Illegal Exploitation and Trade in Wildlife and Forest Resources . Nairobi , Kenya ; Arendal , Norway : United Nations Environment Programme ; GRID - Arendal . ISBN 978 - 82 - 7701 - 132 - 5 . Nellemann , Christian ; et al. , eds. ( 2016 ) . The Rise of Environmental Crime : A Growing Threat to Natural Resources , Peace , Development and Security . Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme . ISBN 978 - 82 - 690434 - 0 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Interpol - environmental crime page Environmental Crime - Havocscope Black Markets - Statistics and data on environmental crime Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System Australian Institute of Criminology Monitoring and Enforcement of Climate Policy United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_crime&oldid=790788527 '' Categories : Environmental crime Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം Norsk Occitan Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 02 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	environmental crimes involve violations of the criminal law that damage protected land areas	[]	[]
-6437776766271039773	Archer (season 8)	Archer ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Archer ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Archer ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network FXX Original release April 5 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) -- May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Archer episodes The eighth season of the animated television series Archer , known as Archer Dreamland , began airing on April 5 , 2017 and consisted of eight episodes . This season is also the first to air on FXX since the series was moved from FX . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Episodes 3 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Production ( edit ) FX renewed Archer for three more seasons with each season consisting of a total of eight episodes . On January 12 , 2017 , it was announced that the series will relocate to FX 's sister channel FXX , beginning with Season 8 onwards . This season resolves the cliffhanger from last season , which ended with Archer floating lifeless in a swimming pool after being shot several times . It is revealed that Archer survived but has been in a coma for three months , trapped in a 1947 noir-esque Los Angeles setting called Dreamland . It also reveals the fate of Woodhouse , whose original voice actor George Coe died in 2015 ; the heroin - addicted valet of Archer dies shortly before the season premiere . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Archer episodes No . overall No. in season Title Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 86 `` Archer Dreamland : No Good Deed '' Adam Reed April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) XAR08001 0.74 Archer is in a coma as a result of the gunshot wounds he sustained from Veronica Deane . While in the coma , he dreams he is a private - eye set on finding justice for his murdered partner Woodhouse , following his comatose self unconsciously hearing from Malory Archer of Woodhouse 's death . Archer butts heads with detectives Figgis and Poovey ( who is a man in Archer 's dream , though he still retains Pam 's female face and voice ) . Archer interrogates Woodhouse 's dealer Krieger , a bartender at a club owned by the crime boss known as Mother . Impressed with his experience in the war , Mother agrees to help Archer find Woodhouse 's killer but , in exchange he must get information on Len Trexler , the biggest mob boss in town . While spying on Trexler 's second in command Dutch Dylan , Archer runs into Poovey and together they clumsily stop Trexler 's sex trade scheme . Poovey is sent to help find jobs for all the abducted women , while Archer returns to his office only to find that it has been ransacked and Woodhouse 's envelope of clues has been stolen . Charlotte VanderTunt enters , and hires Archer to murder her . Guest star : Wyatt Cenac as Cliff 87 `` Archer Dreamland : Berenice '' Adam Reed April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) XAR08002 0.50 Charlotte elaborates on her request for Archer to murder her , explaining that she actually wants him to help her fake her own death in exchange for $10,000 . Charlotte has already provided a convincing body double and Archer comes up with a plan . After their plan is set , Archer and Charlotte stop at club Dreamland , where they find Figgis and Poovey are talking to Mother . Dutch hires Krieger to build him new feet . While getting ready to launch Charlotte 's car off of a cliff , Archer and Charlotte are caught red handed with the dead body by detectives Figgis and Poovey . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Len Trexler 88 `` Archer Dreamland : Jane Doe '' Adam Reed April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) XAR08003 0.47 Guest stars : Wyatt Cenac as Cliff , Keegan - Michael Key as Floyd , Wendell Pierce as Verl and Jeffrey Tambor as Len Trexler 89 `` Archer Dreamland : Ladyfingers '' Adam Reed April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) XAR08004 0.48 Guest star : Eugene Mirman as Cecil Vandertunt 90 5 `` Archer Dreamland : Sleepers Wake '' Adam Reed May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) XAR08005 0.44 Lana tries to seduce Archer for a cut of the ransom as he races Figgis and Poovey to collect the money . Guest stars : Eugene Mirman as Cecil Vandertunt and Jeffrey Tambor as Len Trexler 91 6 `` Archer Dreamland : Waxing Gibbous '' Adam Reed May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) XAR08006 0.38 Guest stars : Eugene Mirman as Cecil Vandertunt and Jeffrey Tambor as Len Trexler 92 7 `` Archer Dreamland : Gramercy , Halberd ! '' Adam Reed May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) XAR08007 0.31 Archer and Trexler try to escape a rampaging Dutch by telling the world 's worst knock - knock joke . Guest stars : Eugene Mirman as Cecil Vandertunt and Jeffrey Tambor as Len Trexler 93 8 `` Archer Dreamland : Auflösung '' Adam Reed May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) XAR08008 0.42 Season finale where Archer finally discovers who actually killed Woodhouse . Poovey comes back home to find that all her Chinese sex slave hostages have left , leaving nothing but a good bye note . Episode ends with a credit scene `` Dedicated to George Coe '' the late actor who voiced Woodhouse in the earlier seasons of the series . Guest stars : Eugene Mirman as Cecil Vandertunt and Jeffrey Tambor as Len Trexler Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the season has an approval rating of 88 % based on 8 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . On Metacritic the season has a score of 72 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kofi Outlaw ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Archer Season 8 and The Americans Season 5 Premiere Dates Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Archer renewed for three more seasons on FX '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Archer ' Season 8 Trailer Answers Season 7 Cliffhanger , Introduces ' Dreamland ' '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Underground ' holds steady , ' Archer ' premieres well '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Greenleaf ' holds steady , ' Archer ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Fargo ' returns down , ' The Magicians ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.3. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.17. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.24. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archer : Season 8 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archer : Season 8 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Archer Characters Sterling Archer Cheryl Tunt Lana Kane Seasons `` Mole Hunt '' `` Training Day '' `` The Man from Jupiter '' `` Space Race '' 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archer_(season_8)&oldid=824601938 '' Categories : Archer ( TV series ) seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 10 : 18 . About Wikipedia	when does season 8 of archer come out on dvd	[]	[]
-3807900284698048601	Blue Mountain State	Blue Mountain State - wikipedia Blue Mountain State Jump to : navigation , search Blue Mountain State Blue Mountain State intertitle Also known as BMS Genre Comedy Created by Eric Falconer Chris Romano Starring Darin Brooks Alan Ritchson Page Kennedy Sam Jones III Chris Romano Ed Marinaro Frankie Shaw Denise Richards Rob Ramsay Omari Newton Kwasi Songui James Cade Meghan Heffern Opening theme `` Hell Yeah '' by Rev Theory Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Falconer Chris Romano Location ( s ) Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec Montreal , Quebec , Canada Running time 20 -- 21 mins Production company ( s ) Falconer / Romanski Logo Varsity Pictures Lionsgate Television SGF Entertainment Inc . Release Original network Spike Picture format 1080i HDTV Original release January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) -- November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) Chronology Followed by Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland External links Website www.spike.com/shows/blue-mountain-state Blue Mountain State is an American / Canadian comedy series that premiered on Spike on January 11 , 2010 . The series producers include Chris Romano and Eric Falconer , and it is produced by Lionsgate Television . The series is about a fictional university , Blue Mountain State , and its football team , `` The Mountain Goats '' . It portrays certain aspects of American university life , including American football , sex , binge drinking , drugs , wild partying , and hazing . In February 2012 , it was reported that Blue Mountain State would not be renewed for a fourth season . On April 8 , 2014 , The BMS Movie was announced and a Kickstarter launched on April 15 , 2014 . The Kickstarter campaign reached its goal of $1.5 million on May 11 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special cameo appearance 2 Seasons 3 Reception 4 Filming locations 5 Broadcast 6 Feature film 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Position Seasons Main Cast Alex Moran Darin Brooks Quarterback Second String Starter ; Acting Capt. ( 1 -- 3 ) Kevin `` Thad '' Devlin Castle Alan Ritchson Linebacker Starter ; Capt . Starter ; Capt. ( 4 -- 13 ) Craig Shilo Sam Jones III Running Back Starter Radon Randell Page Kennedy Quarterback Starter Sampson `` Sammy '' Cacciatore Chris Romano Team Mascot Billy , The Mountain Goat Mary Jo Cacciatore Frankie Shaw Cheerleader Cheerleader Denise Roy Gabrielle Dennis Craig Shilo 's girlfriend Student Debra Simon Denise Richards Daniels ' Ex-wife Team supporter Martin `` Marty '' Daniels Ed Marinaro Head Coach Head Coach Recurring Cast Larry Summers Omari Newton Defensive Back Starter Jonathan `` Jon Jon '' Hendricks Kwasi Songui Assistant Coach Assistant Coach Donald `` Donnie '' Schrab Rob Ramsay Center Starter Harmon Tedesco James Cade Placekicker Starting Kicker Travis McKenna Stephen Amell Quarterback Starter Kate Meghan Heffern Cheerleader Cheerleader Marcus Gilday Anthony Lemke Offensive Coordinator Offensive Coordinator Main ( edit ) Alex Moran ( Brooks ) : A Junior starting quarterback , acting Captain , from Cheyenne , Wyoming . Sammy Cacciatore ( Romano ) : The team mascot ( Billy , The Mountain Goat Mascot ) from Cheyenne , Wyoming and Alex 's roommate , childhood friend and Mary Jo 's half brother . Kevin `` Thad '' Castle ( Ritchson ) : A Senior linebacker / team captain from Connecticut . Martin `` Marty '' Daniels ( Mariano ) : Marty is the coach for Blue Mountain State , and former NFL player . Radon Randell ( Kennedy ) ( Starring Season 2 ) : Radon was the new freshman starting quarterback from Detroit . Craig Shilo ( Jones ) ( Starring Season 1 ) : A running back from Columbus , Ohio . National High School Player of the Year , Craig Shilo was the team 's star freshman player . Denise Roy ( Dennis ) ( Starring Season 1 ) : Denise is Craig Shilo 's high school girlfriend . Mary Jo Cacciatore ( Shaw ) ( Starring Season 2 , Recurring Season 3 ) : Mary Jo is Sammy 's younger sister . Debra Simon ( Richards ) ( Recurring Season 2 ; Starring Season 3 ) : Debra is Marty 's ex-wife and current girlfriend . Recurring ( edit ) Harmon Tedesco ( Cade ) : Harmon Tedesco is the drug - abusing kicker for the football team . Harmon exploits in anything to get him high , from smoking weed to sticking ice rods up his rectum . Harmon lives at the Goat House with Thad , Alex , and Sammy . Donald `` Donnie '' Schrab ( Ramsay ) : Donnie Schrab is the center for the Blue Mountain State football team . He is somewhat childish and very easygoing . Donnie lives in the Goat House . It was revealed in Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland that Donnie is gay . Larry Summers ( Newton ) : Larry lives in the Goat House , is Thad 's best friend , and is often seen following him around . He has shown to do anything to help his team , even diving his finger up Thad 's butt on Coach Daniels 's orders . Jon Jon Hendrix ( Sangui ) : Coach Jon Jon is Coach Daniels 's best friend and second - in - command . He is extremely loyal to his boss Pauline ( Chantal Quesnelle ) ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) : Pauline is the resident cougar at the Blue Mountain State Goat house . She loves it when people pee on her , which is what made her become attracted to Sammy since he peed on her while she was drunk . She 's had sex with all the football players and Sammy . In Season 2 , she becomes pregnant and leaves a message at the Goat House . She ultimately decides to raise the baby on her own , until it is announced that Coach Daniels is the father . Kate ( Heffern ) : Kate is Captain of the cheerleading squad . She has shown great disdains towards both Sammy and Mary Jo . In Season 2 , it is revealed that she is Thad 's personal cheerleader after she sprains her ankle , and makes Mary Jo fill in for her . Warren Simon ( Ted Atherton ) ( Season 2 ) : Warren is the dean of Blue Mountain State . He was a nerd in his youth and resents Coach Daniels . He tried to humiliate Alex by holding a banquet in his honor and giving a speech on a paper he knows Alex did n't write , and he convinces the nerds to turn on the jocks . His plans were ruined by a prank led by Sammy . Warren was dating Debra , Daniels ' ex-wife , but she and Daniels eventually got back together . Special cameo appearance ( edit ) Bill Romanowski as Himself Bill Parcells as Himself Brian Bosworth as Himself Boomer Esiason as Himself Craig Carton as Himself Chuck Liddell as Himself Chad Ochocinco as Himself Clay Travis as Himself Dan Patrick as Himself Stacy Keibler as Herself Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of Blue Mountain State episodes Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release date Sneak preview Season premiere Season finale Region 1 Region 2 13 N / A January 11 , 2010 March 30 , 2010 October 5 , 2010 August 22 , 2011 13 October 16 , 2010 October 20 , 2010 January 19 , 2011 September 13 , 2011 N / A 13 September 17 , 2011 September 21 , 2011 November 30 , 2011 February 4 , 2013 N / A Reception ( edit ) Metacritic gave the series 38 out of 100 , from the four reviews it collected . Brian Lowry of Variety found that `` Blue Mountain embraces that ( crude comedy ) aspect of Spike 's mandate over all else -- putting the bodily function / semi-nudity cart before the sitcom horse . '' Lowry also stated : `` ( Spike ) has simply made this too - blue `` Mountain '' into a comedic molehill . '' Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the series a favorable review saying , `` Blue is also frequently funny in a raunchy American Pie way . It 's a college comedy in which the guys want to get wasted and laid , in whatever order . '' Joe Walljasper of the Columbia Daily Tribune describes the series as appealing to those who viewed the film Porky 's and `` felt that the jokes were a little too high - brow . '' . In its first season , the show averaged 949,000 viewers in its first six episodes while improving on the time slot by 165 % among men 18 -- 24 . In its second season , its premiere drew a 1.34 rating in Men 18 -- 34 , up 34 % compared to the first season average and was ranked No. 2 in its timeslot . Over the season it showed significant ratings growth compared to season 1 , delivering a + 33 % increase in Men 18 -- 34 , + 50 % in Men 18 -- 24 , and + 14 % in Men 18 -- 49 . Season 3 of Blue Mountain State started airing on September 21 , 2011 on Spike . The show has gathered a small cult following after it was released on Netflix . Fans of the show often start petitions and Facebook pages to make Spike bring the show back for a fourth season . Many members of the cast , especially Page Kennedy , hinted at a reunion project in the month leading up the announcement of the film . Kennedy made Vines and tweeted with show stars Darin Brooks , Alan Ritchson , Frankie Shaw , Chris Romano and Sam Jones III . Filming locations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olympic Stadium , Montreal , Quebec John Abbott College , Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec ( Practice field ) ( Fraternity House Ext . ) McGill University ( Macdonald Campus ) , Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec ( Dorm , Class Room ) Lower Canada College ( Chamandy Ice Rink ) , Montreal , Quebec ( Ice Rink ) Cunninghams Pub , Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue , Quebec ( Bar ) Mel 's studios ( Fraternity House Interiors ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on Spike on January 11 , 2010 in the United States . In Australia and New Zealand , the series airs on MTV Australia and MTV New Zealand , respectively , beginning April 22 , 2010 . The series began airing in the United Kingdom April 18 , 2010 on MTV . MTV Germany and Viva ( TV station ) also broadcast the series with great success in Germany and The Netherlands . MTV Brasil began airing the series August 3 , 2010 . The show also began airing on The Score in Canada in October 2011 . Season 3 began airing September 21 , 2011 on Spike at 11 pm . Feature film ( edit ) Main article : Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland In March 2013 , Ed Marinaro stated in an interview with Class Act Sports that he was working on a Blue Mountain State film . He continued to hint on Twitter at some ' behind - the - scenes ' work being done on said movie . In early March 2014 , Page Kennedy started hinting at Blue Mountain State reunion project on Instagram , Vine and Twitter along with Darin Brooks , Kelly Kruger , Alan Ritchson , Sam Jones III , Frankie Shaw and Romanski . On April 8 , 2014 , Blue Mountain State : The Movie was officially announced . To help make the announcement , Alan Ritchson , in character as Thad Castle , made a fake video featuring Jimmy Kimmel ( the Kimmel footage was from a 2013 interview with Kanye West ) . On April 15 , the production launched a Kickstarter campaign , much like the hugely successful 2013 campaign by Veronica Mars to get the cancelled show made into a feature film . The project 's goal was to raise $1.5 million by May 15 in order to fund the film . There were rewards for donating to campaign , such as personalized tweets from the cast ( for donating $10 ) , shot and pint glasses with the BMS logo ( $20 ) , and a speaking role in the film ( for a $10,000 donation ) . On May 11 , 2014 , the Kickstarter goal of $1.5 million was reached . On May 15 , 2014 the Kickstarter campaign ended , with the final funds raised being $1,911,827 from 23,999 backers . In May 2014 , it was announced Jay Chandrasekhar would be the director of the film . However , on September 28 , 2014 , Lev L. Spiro was announced as the new director of BMS : The Movie . The crew started filming in late 2014 on location in Wilmington , North Carolina . Filming was reportedly complete by December 14 , 2014 . The film , titled Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland , was officially released on February 2 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate 's ' Blue Mountain State ' Cancelled By . Spike '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Blue Mountain State '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Joe . `` TAKE TWO : An alternative look at the day in sports '' . Columbia , Missouri : Columbia Daily Tribune . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Umstead , Thomas ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Spike 's ` Blue Mountain State ' Scores Second Season Pickup -- high school Football - Themed Series Averaging Nearly 8 Million Viewers '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blue Mountain State ' Renewed By Spike For A Third Season '' . TV by the Numbers . zap2it.com. April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season Three of `` Blue Mountain State '' Kicks - Off on Spike Wednesday , September 21 `` . TV by the Numbers . zap2it.com . August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guys , ' Blue Mountain State ' Is Launching A KickStarter Campaign To Fund A Movie '' . The Huffington Post . April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afternoon Delight : ' Blue Mountain State ' '' . Decider - Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Takes to the Field With New Original Scripted Comedy Series Blue Mountain State '' . TV by the Numbers . zap2it.com . December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Brasil estreia a série Blue Mountain State '' . Portal MTV . March 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FlaxDana ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Blue Mountain State Season Two Coming To DVD '' . SpikeTV . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Satriano , David ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Ed Marinaro tells Class Act Sports exclusively that he is working on a ' Blue Mountain State ' Movie '' . Class Act Sports . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State : The Movie '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay Chandrasekhar is directing BMS The Movie ! . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Jay Chandrasekhar is directing BMS The Movie ! . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Wilmington Film > Home '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WECT Staff ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` New movie to begin filming in Wilmington '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mancuso , Vinnie ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Alan Ritchson Talks ' Rise of Thadland , ' Netflix , and Eating Goat Testicles '' . Observer . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Blue Mountain State at TV.com Blue Mountain State on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Mountain_State&oldid=813197041 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2011 American television series endings 2010s American comedy television series 2010 Canadian television series debuts 2011 Canadian television series endings 2010s Canadian comedy television series American sports television series American television sitcoms College football television series English - language television programs Spike ( TV network ) shows Television series produced in Montreal Television series by Lionsgate Television American sex comedy television series Single - camera television sitcoms Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	blue mountain state what happened to mary jo	[]	[]
-8895143204391815916	Big Brother 19 (U.S.)	Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) - wikipedia Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Brother ◄ Season 19 ( 2017 ) ( show ) HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Josh Day 1 Day 92 Paul Day 1 Day 92 Christmas Day 1 Day 92 Kevin Day 1 Day 86 Alex Day 1 Day 84 Raven Day 1 Day 79 Jason Day 1 Day 79 Matt Day 1 Day 72 Mark Day 1 Day 65 Elena Day 1 Day 58 Cody Day 1 Day 30 Day 23 Day 58 Jessica Day 1 Day 51 Ramses Day 1 Day 37 Dominique Day 1 Day 30 Jillian Day 1 Day 16 Megan Day 1 Day 8 Cameron Day 1 Day 1 Winner $500,000 Runner - up $50,000 Evicted Walked America 's Favorite HouseGuest $25,000 Big Brother 19 is the nineteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name . The season premiered on June 28 , 2017 on CBS in the United States with a two - hour season premiere and Julie Chen returning as host . The season was titled `` Summer of Temptation '' with the various contestants able to receive a temptation which gave the taker a surprise reward or game advantage but also unleashed a game change for one or more other players . Viewers at home were able to vote to offer selected chosen players a secret temptation . A weekly opt - in competition , known as the Temptation Challenge , would give the winner immunity from the week 's nomination but also put the last - place finisher on the block as a third nominee , able to compete in the weekly Veto Competition and avoid a backdoor nomination . On September 20 , 2017 , Josh Martinez won the game in a 5 -- 4 vote against returning Big Brother 18 runner - up Paul Abrahamian , earning the latter the distinction of being the first person to lose a Final 2 jury vote twice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcasts 1.3 Prizes 1.4 Twists 1.4. 1 Standard Temptations 1.4. 2 Battle Back Showdown 1.4. 3 Den of Temptation 1.4. 4 Temptation Competition 1.4. 5 Tree of Temptation 2 HouseGuests 2.1 Future appearances 3 Summary 4 Have - Nots 5 Voting History 5.1 Notes 6 Controversies and criticisms 7 Reception 7.1 Viewing figures 8 References 9 External links Production Development Big Brother 19 is currently being produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . This season of the program has been confirmed since August 10 , 2016 as part of a multi season renewal between Endemol Shine North America and CBS which also includes its twentieth season tentatively scheduled for the summer of 2018 . Julie Chen returned as the host of the series . Broadcasts The main television coverage of the season was screened on CBS beginning June 28 , 2017 with a two - hour season premiere . This season featured no changes to the schedule that was used in the previous edition , with episodes airing on Wednesday , Thursday , and Sunday each week . The weekly Thursday episode , which airs at 6 PM PDT , featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place . During the live eviction , the show will be hosted by Julie Chen . The weekly Sunday episode , which airs at 5 PM PDT , features the nomination ceremony , as well as some highlights from the previous days . The weekly Wednesday episode , which also airs at 5 PM PDT , features the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony , along with more highlights of recent events in the House . The live Internet feeds which have been a staple of the program since its first season will return as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS spin - off series Big Brother : After Dark will return on Pop for its twelfth season . The show serves as a live feed into the House , and is edited for profanity , nudity , slanderous statements and music copyrights . A special episode was aired on July 21 to show the `` Battle Back Showdown '' where one of the 4 first evicted HouseGuests competed to re-enter the Big Brother House . Prizes The HouseGuests will be competing for the main prize of $500,000 . Cash prizes of varying amounts may be offered as `` temptations '' over the course of the season . Kevin Schlehuber was awarded $25,000 on the premiere episode . The second cash temptation of the season was also claimed by Kevin ; this time , it was a smaller sum of $27 . Twists Changes to the main format known as twists occur during the course of the season that will impact the lives of the HouseGuests during their time in the House . The twists for this season center around the theme of temptation where the HouseGuests will be tempted with money , power or safety during their stay . Each temptation however will come with a consequence that will impact the entire House . The overall main twist is being billed by the program as `` The Summer of Temptation '' for this reason . Standard temptations During the season premiere the HouseGuests were presented with the first temptation of the season , in which each new HouseGuest had a chance to secretly win $25,000 . Kevin Schlehuber was the quickest to claim the monetary prize , resulting in two different consequences . The first consequence was personal : Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition ; to keep his winning a secret , he had to throw ( intentionally lose ) the competition . The second consequence unleashed a major twist on the House called the `` BB Swap . '' This resulted in Paul Abrahamian , runner - up from the previous season , entering the House as a full HouseGuest eligible to win by taking the place of an original HouseGuest . Shortly after entering Paul was given nine friendship bracelets which gave immunity from the first eviction . Paul was instructed to take one for himself and give the remaining eight friendship bracelets to the HouseGuests that did a good job tempting him . The remaining eight HouseGuests took part in a competition for safety which resulted in Cameron , Christmas , and Jillian being nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given the power to choose how their fate would be determined . The nominees had a choice of a competition or a house eviction vote . Only Cameron chose to have a competition ; shortly after , the HouseGuests voted to evict Cameron from the House . The following temptation would be during the second Week 1 HoH competition . During the competition , a golden apple appeared that would guarantee safety for the person who grabbed it , but would eliminate the team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team from the HoH competition . In the Week 1 Power of Veto competition , the first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season with the consequence of eliminating themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . Battle Back Showdown Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game . Unlike last season , this showdown was done in playoff style . They will participate in a 3 - Round - Battle in order to gain their spot back in the house . The first competition `` Maze Race '' will eliminate the bottom two finishers , permanently eliminating them from the game . Dominique and Jillian lost the competition to Cody and Cameron respectively ; The second Competition between Cody and Cameron determined which first four evicted HouseGuest will be the last one standing and battle one of the HouseGuests in the house for a chance to get back to the house . If the evicted HouseGuest wins against the current HouseGuest , the remaining evictee will have a second chance to re-enter the house . However if the current HouseGuest defeats the returning evictee , no one will be returning to the house effectively blocking the Battle Back . The HouseGuests unanimously voted to chose Paul to battle Cody in the final competition . Cody chose `` Maze Race '' as the final competition . Cody won and re-entered the house on Day 30 . All three duels aired in a special episode on July 21 . Round # Winner ( s ) Loser ( s ) Cody , Cameron Dominique , Jillian Cody Cameron Cody Paul Den of temptation During the first three weeks of the season , the viewing public will vote for a HouseGuest of their choice to secretly enter a room called the Den of Temptation . The temptation inside the den could provide an advantage in the game but will come with a consequence that may affect one or more HouseGuests . The public 's chosen HouseGuest can choose to accept the temptation or reject it completely . Each HouseGuest can only be chosen to enter the den once during their time in the House . The results of the vote and the HouseGuest decision will be shown during the Sunday primetime episode . No . Date given Temptation ( if accepted ) Consequence ( if accepted ) Den Entrant Consequence Recipient Result Wed , June 28 The Pendant of Protection The HouseGuest will be immune from the next three evictions . The HouseGuest must pick a poison that is tied to another HouseGuest . The HouseGuest whose poison was chosen is now `` cursed '' and must volunteer as a third nominee for eviction in the next 3 weeks . Paul Ramses Accepted Sun , July 2 The Ring of Replacement The HouseGuest will have the power to swap with one of the randomly drawn players in the Power of Veto competition and take their place and have the power to participate in any veto competition . This temptation can only be used once . The HouseGuest must choose 3 HouseGuests to wear `` Ve - Toad '' costumes for the rest of the week . Christmas Cody , Jason , Jessica Accepted Wed , July 19 The Halting Hex The HouseGuest will have the power to stop one of the next 4 evictions , meaning that no eviction vote would be held and no one would be evicted . The `` Temptation Competition '' is unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Jessica All HouseGuests Accepted Temptation competition Due to Jessica accepting the final temptation , the `` Temptation Competition '' was unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Prior to nominations , HouseGuests ( except for the current Head of Household ) would be able to decide if they wanted to compete in this competition or not . The winner of the `` Temptation Competition '' would receive immunity for the week , however , the HouseGuest that finishes last in the competition would be automatically nominated as a 3rd nominee . Week # Competitors Winner Loser 5 Alex , Jason , Mark , Matt Mark Jason 6 Alex , Cody , Elena , Jason , Jessica , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Cody Jessica 7 Cody , Elena , Jason , Josh , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Mark Matt Tree of temptation After Cody and Elena 's eviction , Julie revealed a new twist into the game which unleashed 5 possible temptations for HouseGuests to select for the next 3 weeks . These temptations include powers and punishments . When the apple tree turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the diary room gets to claim a temptation from the apple tree . Once a HouseGuest claims an apple , they are not eligible for another temptation . The results of picking an apple include , save a friend , ca n't play in next HOH , second veto , bounty on your head , and eliminate two eviction votes . Week # Name Description Picker Result 8 Save a Friend The winner earns the right to award immunity to another HouseGuest for the week . Mark Paul 9 None 10 None ^ Jump up to : No one decided to choose an apple temptation . HouseGuests Main article : List of Big Brother 19 houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of the nineteenth season of Big Brother . Top : Ramses , Christmas , Jessica , Mark , Josh , Raven , Dominique and Jason Middle row : Paul , Jillian , Matt , Megan , Alex , Cody and Cameron Bottom : Elena and Kevin The HouseGuests were announced on Monday , June 19 at 6 AM PDT through the CBS website . Interviews with the cast were released at 8 AM PDT on CBS All Access . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Alex Ow 28 Eco-friendly marketing representative California , Camarillo , Camarillo , California Cameron Heard 24 Microbiologist Illinois , Woodridge , Woodridge , Illinois Christmas Abbott 35 Fitness superstar North Carolina , Raleigh , Raleigh , North Carolina Cody Nickson 32 Construction sales representative Texas , Plano , Plano , Texas Dominique Cooper 30 Government engineer Virginia , Woodbridge , Woodbridge , Virginia Elena Davies 26 Radio personality Texas , Dallas , Dallas , Texas Jason Dent 37 Rodeo clown Iowa , Humeston , Humeston , Iowa Jessica Graf 26 VIP concierge California , Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California Jillian Parker 24 Timeshare sales representative Nevada , Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada Josh Martinez 23 Haircare sales Florida , Homestead , Homestead , Florida Kevin Schlehuber 55 Stay - at - home dad Massachusetts , Boston , Boston , Massachusetts Mark Jansen 26 Personal trainer New York , Grand Island , Grand Island , New York Matthew `` Matt '' Clines 33 Renovation consultant Virginia , Arlington , Arlington , Virginia Megan Lowder 28 Dog walker Arizona , Phoenix , Phoenix , Arizona Paul Abrahamian 24 Clothing designer California , Tarzana , Tarzana , California Ramses Soto 21 Cosplay artist Michigan , Grand Rapids , Grand Rapids , Michigan Raven Walton 23 Dance teacher Arkansas , DeValls Bluff , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas Future appearances On October 1 , 2017 , CBS announced that Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson will be competing in the upcoming 30th season of The Amazing Race . Summary On Day 1 , 16 new HouseGuests entered the newest rendition of the Big Brother House . After getting settled in and introductions were done , they were then informed by series host Julie Chen that the theme for this season is `` Summer of Temptation '' , where they would face various offers during the game that would offer them prizes and unique game - changing advantages throughout the season . However , every temptation that was accepted in the House would have a consequence that would affect at least one of the other HouseGuests . They began the summer inside the Garden of Temptation , the first competition of the season . The HouseGuests , while sequestered in 16 separate pods , were given the offer of $25,000 . A flower was placed in front of the pods and the first HouseGuest to press their button when the flower lit up green would win the money . The identity of the person who pressed the button to accept the money would remain anonymous , however their actions would unleash the first twist of the season . Kevin accepted the offer , but in doing so it required him to throw the first Head of Household competition as he was now ineligible to win it . As another consequence for Kevin pressing the button , Paul from Big Brother 18 re-entered the House as the seventeenth HouseGuest . However , it was revealed by Chen that he would be swapping spots with one of the new HouseGuests that would be evicted the same night in a first - ever `` BB Swap . '' Paul was given the task to select eight HouseGuests to receive a `` friendship '' bracelet . Any HouseGuest who received a `` friendship '' bracelet would be immune from eviction . He gave bracelets to Kevin , Raven , Dominique , Mark , Jason , Jessica , Ramses , and Elena . The remaining eight HouseGuests battled for their lives in the Tempted by the Fruit competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to stand on a trapeze bar while holding on to a rope . If a HouseGuest fell off , they had to select an apple from a serpent . Four apples contained safety , while three apples were `` poisonous '' . As the competition continued , Julie would give them clues guiding them to the four safe apples . The last HouseGuest standing would guarantee his or her safety from the eviction , and the three HouseGuests with poisonous apples would be nominated for the first eviction . Cody was the winner ; Christmas , Cameron , and Jillian had the poisoned apples and were put on the block . The nominees were then presented with their own temptation . Each nominee had the power to decide how their fate would ultimately be determined . They would each decide to either face an eviction vote or compete in an eviction competition , with the top 2 finishers guaranteed safety and the third place finisher automatically evicted . By a vote of 2 - 1 , they decided to face an eviction vote , with Cameron voting for an eviction competition . On Day 1 , Cameron was evicted by an 8 - 3 - 2 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Matt voting to evict Jillian , and Josh and Jason voting to evict Christmas . Julie then revealed the next twist to the viewers . Each week , America would vote to select one HouseGuest to enter the `` Den of Temptation . '' Inside the Den , they would be offered a temptation . A HouseGuest is only able to be selected once throughout the entire season . However , every temptation will come with a consequence . Following Cameron 's eviction , Big Brother 18 winner Nicole hosted the HouseGuests in the Hangs in the Balance Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were divided into four same - gender teams . One at a time , HouseGuests had to swing across their ropes and grab a rotten apple and then return it to their station . However , they were all tempted by a golden apple : the first HouseGuest to return a golden apple would earn safety for the week , but would also eliminate their entire team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team . The first two teams to retrieve eight apples would advance to the second round of the competition . The pink team and the blue team were the winners , who then went head - to - head to balance seven apples on a tree . However , only one person per team could compete . The first HouseGuest to successfully balance their apples would be the first Head of Household . Cody was the winner and on Day 5 , he nominated Jillian and Megan for eviction . As Head of Household , Cody was required to name five Have - Nots for the week . He selected Megan , Josh , Jillian , Paul , and Ramses . However , the Have - Nots were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . On Day 8 , Megan walked from the game after an argument with numerous HouseGuests over an alleged racial slur . Paul took the Have - Not temptation and successfully claimed the Have - Not Escape . The HouseGuests learned of the Den of Temptation . Paul was given the offer of the Pendant of Protection , which would give him immunity for the next three evictions . By accepting the offer , another HouseGuest would be cursed . Whichever HouseGuest was represented by the chosen bottle would be the consequence recipient . On Day 9 , Cody nominated Alex to replace Megan on the block alongside Jillian . As consequence for Paul accepting the Pendant , one HouseGuest was `` bitten '' by a snake inside the Den . The HouseGuest bitten will be cursed and be given further instructions by Big Brother . Ramses was bitten and learned that he must place himself on the block as a third nominee within one of the next three nomination ceremonies . On Day 9 , Cody , Alex , and Jillian , alongside Matt , Raven , and Jason , scrapped in the Fin to Win Power of Veto competition , which was hosted by Kevin . In this competition , HouseGuests had to pull the plug on their water timer , causing it to drain . They had to then search the water for starfish and put them on their stacking shelf one at a time . If their water began to run low , they could collect water from the ocean to put in their timer . Once a HouseGuest 's water timer was empty , their starfish were locked in . However , the players were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season . However , they would eliminate themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . The HouseGuest with the most starfish stacked on their shelf after their water had drained would win the Power of Veto . Alex won the Power of Veto , and on Day 11 , she took herself off the block , and Cody attempted to nominate Paul , who was immune thanks to the Pendant of Protection . This led Cody to nominate Christmas as the third replacement nominee . Christmas broke her foot in multiple places as well as tearing some ligaments when she and Jason were clowning around in the backyard . Even though Christmas was Cody 's target , many people were angry with Cody 's unforeseen nomination of Christmas . On Day 16 , Jillian was evicted by an 8 - 4 vote , with Alex , Jason , Jessica , and Ramses voting to evict Christmas . Following Jillian 's eviction , the HouseGuests crushed it in the Sugar Shot Head of Household competition , sponsored by the new CBS game show Candy Crush . In this competition , candies would fall into the yard . The HouseGuests needed to search the candies for tickets . Each ticket would give them one shot on the board . HouseGuests could exchange tickets and take up to three shots at one time . The first HouseGuest to land a ball in the center heart would be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . Cody , Jason , Jessica , and Matt became the Have - Nots for the week . On Day 17 , Christmas was tempted with the `` Ring of Replacement '' inside the Den . If she accepts this temptation , she can replace a randomly drawn player in any Veto competition this season . She accepted the temptation . She was then required to select three HouseGuests for the curse , and these three will be the only people Christmas has the option to replace . She selected Cody , Jessica , and Jason . On Day 17 , Paul nominated Alex and Josh for eviction , with the plan to backdoor Cody , while Ramses revealed his curse and named himself as a third nominee . As consequence for Christmas accepting the temptation , Cody , Jessica , and Jason had to wear toad suits for the week . Jason accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Extension . On Day 18 , Paul , Alex , Josh , and Ramses , alongside Elena and Matt , recalled in the Path of Least Resistance Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must go through a series of rooms and answer questions based on what they have seen throughout the previous rooms . If they answer a question correctly , they may walk through a quicker path . If they answer incorrectly , they must take a delayed path that contains a challenge that will slow them down . The HouseGuest to make it through all five areas in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 20 , Paul took Josh off the block and named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 23 , Cody was evicted by a 7 - 3 - 0 vote , with Christmas , Jessica , and Kevin voting to evict Ramses . Julie then informed Cody and America that the first four evicted HouseGuests would compete in the `` Battle Back Showdown '' with a chance to return to the game . Due to Christmas ' foot injury in the previous week , she was offered two options for the rest of her game : to either receive the medical treatments in the BB House with her having to sit out of some games as she would not be medically eligible to compete , or exit the BB House immediately . She decided to stay in the House . As a result , she cast her eviction vote from the hospital nearby and was sidelined for the following HOH competition . Following Cody 's eviction , the HouseGuests blasted off in the Space Cadets Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests stood on a small foothold and held on to their handles , trying to stay on the side of the space station . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . On Day 24 , Alex nominated Dominique and Jessica for eviction . On Day 25 , Alex , Dominique , and Jessica , joined by Kevin , Christmas , and Jason , felt the heat in the Temple of Temptation Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must walk across their suspended beam and hit their statue . They must then return and hit their button again . Each time they hit their button , they will earn a point . If they fall in the lava , however , their counter will reset to zero . However , the HouseGuests were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to hit their special button will earn a money prize , but they will eliminate themselves from the competition . The first HouseGuest to get fifty points will win the Power of Veto . Kevin claimed the temptation of $27 . Jason was the winner . On Day 27 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 28 , Jessica was tempted with the `` Halting Hex '' . If she accepts this temptation , she can cancel any of the next four evictions . She accepted the offer . On Day 30 , Dominique was evicted by a 10 - 0 vote . The HouseGuests were then informed of the `` Battle Back Showdown '' . The evicted HouseGuests would face off in a series of head - to - head matches , with the winner facing the next evicted HouseGuest . The last standing will have a second chance at the game . Cody was the winner . However , the HouseGuests were given a chance to prevent Cody 's return . They must select one of them to face off against Cody in a final round . If the current HouseGuest wins , no one will return . The HouseGuests selected Paul . Cody beat Paul , and he returned to the game . Following Cody 's return , the HouseGuests stuck it out in the What 's the Hold Up ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must press their red traffic disk up by pressing it against their board with their stick . If a HouseGuest drops their disk , they will be eliminated . As a HouseGuest is eliminated , they must select a HouseGuest to punish , making it more difficult for them to continue . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jessica was the winner . For being the first three HouseGuests out of the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Paul , as well as Josh , became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 31 , Jessica nominated Josh and Ramses for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . On Day 32 , Jessica , Josh , and Ramses mixed it up with Cody , Jason , and Christmas in the BB Juicy Blast Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests will watch the monitor to see a sequence of smoothie ingredients . After the sequence , they will be asked a question based on the sequence they just saw . If a HouseGuest answers incorrectly , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Jessica was the winner . On Day 34 , Jessica decided not to use the Power of Veto . Paul hoped to flip the vote and keep Josh safe and use him to go after Jessica and Cody . On Day 37 , Ramses was evicted by a 7 - 3 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Elena voting to evict Josh . Julie revealed to the viewers that as consequence for Jessica accepting the temptation last week , a new competition known as the `` Temptation Competition '' would be in play for the next three weeks . Each week , each HouseGuest will decide whether or not they wish to participate in the competition . The HouseGuest who wins the competition will earn safety for the week . However , the HouseGuest who places last in the competition will be a third nominee for the week . Following Ramses ' eviction , the HouseGuests were quizzed in the Inked and Evicted Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a series of questions based on photos of the evicted HouseGuests . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . On Day 38 , the HouseGuests learned of the Temptation Competition . Alex , Jason , Mark , and Matt decided to compete in the competition . The four then danced in the Bowlerina Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must spin around their handle fifteen times . They will then earn fifteen seconds of bowling time . If they run out of time , they must spin again to earn more time . The HouseGuest who knocks down their four pins the fastest will win safety for the week , while the slowest competitor will be on the block as a third nominee . Mark was the winner , and Jason became the third nominee . On Day 38 , Paul nominated Cody and Jessica for eviction . Elena accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . On Day 39 , Paul , Jessica , Cody , and Jason , accompanied by Kevin and Raven , weathered the pain in the returned Under the Weather Power of Veto competition . The day before the competition , HouseGuests listened to a series of BB Storm Watch updates . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests looked at a teleprompter for sentences with blanks . HouseGuests had to report the weather and fill in the blanks with the name of one of the first four evicted HouseGuests while standing in a storm . If the sentence passes through the teleprompter before the HouseGuest fills in the blank , they will be incorrect . The HouseGuest who fills in the most blanks correctly will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 41 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Jason . On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex and canceled the eviction . Following Jessica 's use of the Halting Hex , the HouseGuests putted for power in the Gravestone Golf Head of Household competition . In this competition , each HouseGuest will putt their eye ball down the course , attempting to land it in the highest numbered slot possible . The slot their ball lands in will be their score . The HouseGuest with the highest score will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 45 , all HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . The HouseGuests then blacked out in the Strangest Things Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must walk through the pitch black House in search of phrases written on the wall . Each phrase will have a circled letter . They must unscramble the circled letters , locate the correct item , and put it in the box . The HouseGuest who locates the item and puts it in the box in the fastest time will win safety for the week , while the HouseGuest with the slowest time will be a third nominee for the week . Cody was the winner , and Jessica became the third nominee . On Day 45 , Josh nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . On Day 46 , Josh , Mark , Elena , and Jessica , plus Alex , and Christmas , after she used her Ring of Replacement to take Cody 's spot , vied in the OTEV the Possessed Piglet Power of Veto competition . Christmas was not allowed to compete . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests received a question with a number answer . They must search the field for the shoe with the correct number , and return it to OTEV and kneel on a stump . However , there will always be one less stump than HouseGuests . The last HouseGuest to return with the correct number will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . On Day 48 , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Josh named Raven as the replacement nominee . On Day 51 , Jessica was evicted by a 7 - 1 - 0 vote , with Cody voting to evict Raven . Following Jessica 's eviction , the HouseGuests were put under a spell in the Hocus Focus Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests watched a series of magic performances . After each performance , the HouseGuests will be asked questions based on the performance . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . For being the first four HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Jason , and Paul became Have - Nots for the week . The day before the Temptation Competition , the HouseGuests were surprised by a series of random sounds . All HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . On Day 52 , the HouseGuests were irritated in the Where Were You ? Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked where they were in the House when a specific sound went off . They must then stand on their location on the blueprint of the House . Each correct answer earns HouseGuests a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after ten questions will win safety for the week , and the HouseGuest with the least points will be the third nominee for the week . Mark was the winner , and Matt became the third nominee for the week . On Day 52 , Alex nominated Elena and Jason for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Escape . On Day 53 , Alex , Elena , Jason , and Matt , alongside Paul and Mark , launched in the BB Adventure Tour Power of Veto competition , sponsored by Outback Steakhouse . In each round of this competition , each HouseGuest shot an arrow at a map with a series of numbers . After a spot is landed on , it is out of play . The HouseGuest with the lowest score will be eliminated . However , when they are eliminated , they will open a prize . HouseGuests eliminated in future rounds will have the option to swap their prize with a prize that was already revealed . The HouseGuest with the veto at the end will win the Power of Veto , as well as the option to select five HouseGuests to join them for a meal from Outback Steakhouse . Elena claimed $5000 , Alex earned the Camp Guide , Paul won a skydiving outfit to share with another HouseGuest ; he selected Christmas . Mark won a trip to Colorado , and Jason won the Extreme - itard . Matt won the Power of Veto . Matt selected Mark , Elena , Paul , Alex , and Jason for the Outback dinner . However Paul gave up the dinner suggesting that Christmas take his place . On Day 55 , Matt used the Power of Veto on Jason , and Alex named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 58 , Cody was re-evicted by a 7 - 0 vote . He became the first member of the jury . Immediately following Cody 's eviction , the HouseGuests slid in the Let It Slide Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in head - to - head matches . They will each slide a shuffleboard disc down their lane . The HouseGuest with a puck closest to the edge without falling off will win the match and eliminate their opponent . The remaining HouseGuest will then select the next two HouseGuests to face off . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . He immediately nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . Jason , Elena , Mark , Raven , Josh , and Matt then were puzzled in the Kenya - Solve It Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must solve a series of three puzzles , one at a time . Their puzzle pieces must be inside the black outline . The first HouseGuest to complete all three puzzles and buzz in will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . At the Veto meeting , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Jason named Matt as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Elena was evicted by a 6 - 1 vote , with Mark voting to evict Matt . She became the second member of the jury . Following Cody and Elena 's eviction , Derrick from Big Brother 16 surprised the HouseGuests , and they took the opportunity to reflect on the season . Derrick then hosted the HouseGuests in the Tales from Decrypt Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in a tournament - style bracket . In each head - to - head match , the HouseGuests will watch a crypted message be slowly revealed . They must decrypt the message and press the button of the correct HouseGuest . If they are correct , they will advance and eliminate their opponent . If they are incorrect , they will be eliminated and their opponent will advance . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . For being the first two HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Mark and Josh became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 59 , the HouseGuests learned of the Tree of Temptation . In the front hallway is a tree with five apples on it . For the next three weeks , HouseGuests must wait for the tree to turn red . After it turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the Diary Room may claim an apple . A HouseGuest may only accept one apple while the twist is in play . Each apple contains a prize or a punishment , but the HouseGuests will not know what is inside until they open it . On Day 59 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . Mark accepted the temptation . His apple contained the `` Save - A-Friend '' power . He earned the power to grant one HouseGuest other than himself immunity for the week . He gave Paul immunity for the week . On Day 59 , Christmas nominated Jason and Matt for eviction , with the intention to backdoor Mark . On Day 60 , Zingbot surprised the HouseGuests to host them for the Power of Veto competition . Christmas , Jason , and Matt , as well as Raven , Paul , and Mark , slipped in the Home Zing Home Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must fill up their cup , walk down their slippery lane , and pour it into their bowl . They must then walk back down their lane and do it again . There are two bowls for HouseGuests to fill . If they fill their small bowl , they will receive a larger cup with which to fill their large bowl . The first HouseGuest to fill their large bowl enough to retrieve their ball inside will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 62 , Jason used the Power of Veto on himself , and Christmas named Mark as the replacement nominee . On Day 65 , Mark was evicted by a 4 - 2 vote , with Alex and Jason voting to evict Matt . He became the third member of the jury . Following Mark 's eviction , the HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone 's A Wiener Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition , Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 66 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . However , nobody accepted the temptation . On Day 66 , Jason nominated Matt and Raven , with Matt as the target . On Day 67 , Jason , Matt , Raven , Josh , Paul , and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 69 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 71 , Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night . On Day 72 , Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote . He became the fourth member of the jury . Following Matt 's eviction , Julie informed the HouseGuests that the Head of Household competition would be delayed until further notice due to weather conditions . When the delay was over , the HouseGuests sprinted in the Ready , Set , Whoa Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to hold down two buttons in their starting lane . At the end of their lanes , a monitor will cycle though the words `` ready , set , go . '' If a HouseGuest releases a button before the word `` go '' , they will be eliminated . Once they see the word `` go , '' they must run to the end of their lane and hit one of the five buttons . The last person to hit a button will be eliminated . Once a HouseGuest uses a button , it is out of play for future rounds . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . On Day 73 , Christmas nominated Alex and Jason for eviction . Bobby Moynihan surprised the HouseGuests to host the Veto competition . On Day 74 , everyone except Josh fought in the Punch Slap Kick Power of Veto competition , sponsored by the new CBS show `` Me , Myself & I '' . In this competition , HouseGuests were hit with a series of punches , slaps , and kicks . After the sequence , they were asked a question based on their experience . If they answer correctly , they will earn one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after six rounds will win the Power of Veto , as well as a visit to the set of `` Me , Myself & I '' . Alex and Paul tied the competition and then played a series of tiebreaker sequences to determine the winner . Paul was the winner . On Day 76 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Alex , and Christmas named Kevin as the replacement nominee . Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 79 , after Christmas cast the tie - breaking vote , Jason was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote , with Alex and Paul voting to evict Kevin . He became the fifth member of the jury . Immediately after Jason 's eviction , the HouseGuests reported in the Fake News Head of Household competition . In this competition , Julie will read a series of headlines to the HouseGuests . The HouseGuests must identify if these headlines are real or fake . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . Alex immediately nominated Kevin and Raven for eviction . The HouseGuests then dug down deep in the Lime Drop Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must race down their lane , jump into their ball pit , and search for limes . They must find a lime and attempt to drop it in their tube . If a ball hits the ground , it is out of play . The first HouseGuest to drop four limes into their tube and hit their button will win the Power of Veto . Josh was the winner . At the Veto Meeting , Josh decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 79 , Raven was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Josh voting to evict Kevin . She became the sixth member of the jury . Following Jason and Raven 's eviction , the HouseGuests recalled in The Revengers Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a question about the `` Revengers '' movie trailer they were shown . They must find the correct character and place it in front . If they are correct , they will receive one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 80 , Josh nominated Alex and Kevin for eviction . On Day 81 , the HouseGuests geeked out in the BB Comics Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests must zip line by the comic studio window to look at the set of comics on the other side . They must then recreate the set of comics on their computer . However , there are several decoy comics to confuse the HouseGuests . The HouseGuest who replicates the comics on their computer the fastest will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 83 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 84 , after Josh cast the tie - breaking vote , Alex was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Paul voting to evict Kevin . She became the seventh member of the jury . Following Alex 's eviction , the HouseGuests sought a spot in the final three in the What the Bleep ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of clips with a censored word or words . Julie will then give them words as to what the blurred phrase may be . The HouseGuests must then state if Julie 's suggestion is true or false . A correct answer earned a HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . On Day 85 , Paul nominated Josh and Kevin for eviction . On Day 85 , the HouseGuests were steampunked in the Back to the Veto final Power of Veto competition . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests were asked on what day a specific event took place . They must turn their dials to match the day , then hit their button . If they are incorrect , their counter will reset to zero , and they must try again . The last HouseGuest to input the correct day will lose power in their time machine . Three strikes will result in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will win the final Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 86 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 86 , Christmas cast the sole vote to evict Kevin . He became the eighth member of the jury . Following Kevin 's eviction , the HouseGuests engaged in their final battle in the Tail of the Unicorn Part 1 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must stand on their cloud and hold on to the tail of their unicorn . If a HouseGuest lets go of their tail , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win Part 1 and advance to Part 3 . Paul was the winner . Josh and Christmas then faced off in the Knock ' Em Down Part 2 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of scrolls . They must knock down the HouseGuests who do not apply to the clue . The HouseGuest who completes the three scrolls correctly faster will win Part 2 and face Paul in Part 3 . Josh was the winner . Paul and Josh had the final showdown in the Scales of Just - Us Part 3 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were read a series of statements from the jury . They must guess how each juror completed their statement . A correct answer gave them a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight questions will be the final Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 92 , Josh cast the sole vote to evict Christmas . She became the ninth and final member of the jury . On Day 92 , after receiving Cody , Elena , Mark , Alex , and Jason 's votes , Josh was deemed the winner of Big Brother 19 . Paul was declared the runner - up , securing the votes of Matt , Raven , Kevin , and Christmas . Cody was revealed to be America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received $25,000 . Have - Nots This season , the Have - Nots for the week were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . Week No . Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Have - Nots Jillian , Josh , Megan , Paul , Ramses Cody , Jason , Jessica , Matt Jason , Josh , Mark , Ramses Josh , Kevin , Mark , Paul Alex , Christmas , Elena , Mark Elena Jason , Kevin , Mark , Paul Josh , Mark Kevin , Matt none Have - Not Temptation Paul Jason Josh Mark Elena none Mark none none Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Day 1 Day 7 Day 24 Day 30 Day 52 Day 58 Day 73 Day 79 Day 80 Day 85 Day 92 Finale Head of Household ( none ) Cody Paul Alex ( none ) Jessica Paul Josh Alex Jason Christmas Jason Christmas Alex Josh Paul Josh ( none ) Temptation Winner Paul Christmas Jessica ( none ) Mark Cody Mark ( none ) Mark ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Cameron Christmas Jillian Alex Jillian Megan Alex Josh Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jason Jessica Elena Jessica Mark Elena Jason Matt Elena Mark Jason Matt Matt Raven Alex Jason Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Christmas Paul Veto Winner ( none ) Alex Paul Jason Jessica Paul Mark Matt Mark Jason Jason Paul Josh Paul Paul ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Christmas Jillian Paul Alex Cody Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jessica Elena Jessica Raven Cody Elena Matt Elena Matt Mark Matt Matt Raven Jason Kevin Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Josh Christmas Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Nominated No voting Head of Household Cody Elena Mark Matt Jason Kevin Alex Nominated Christmas Winner ( Day 92 ) Paul Not eligible Jillian Head of Household Dominique Alex Ramses Head of Household Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Kevin Raven Kevin Head of Household Nominated Runner - up ( Day 92 ) Christmas Nominated Nominated Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Head of Household Matt Jason Raven Alex Kevin Evicted ( Day 92 ) Paul Kevin Cameron Jillian Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 86 ) Paul Alex Cameron Christmas Nominated Head of Household Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Head of Household Elena Matt Matt Kevin Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 84 ) Josh Raven Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Nominated Cody Elena Mark Nominated Jason Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Paul Jason Christmas Christmas Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Head of Household Matt Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Josh Matt Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 72 ) Paul Mark Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Jessica Cody Matt Nominated Evicted ( Day 65 ) Josh Elena Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Cody Jillian Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 23 ) Josh Nominated Raven Nominated Re-evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Jessica Cameron Christmas Ramses Nominated Paul Head of Household Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 51 ) Ramses Cameron Christmas Nominated Dominique Paul Nominated Evicted ( Day 37 ) Dominique Cameron Jillian Cody Nominated Evicted ( Day 30 ) Jillian Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 16 ) Megan Cameron Nominated Walked ( Day 8 ) Cameron Nominated Evicted ( Day 1 ) Notes 1 , 2 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 6 , 7 6 8 , 9 none 10 , 11 10 12 13 14 , 15 14 , 16 12 17 none 18 Walked none Megan none Evicted Cameron 8 of 13 votes to evict Jillian 8 of 12 votes to evict Cody 7 of 10 votes to evict Dominique 10 of 10 votes to evict Paul 11 of 12 votes to compete Ramses 7 of 10 votes to evict Eviction cancelled Jessica 7 of 8 votes to evict Cody 7 of 7 votes to evict Elena 6 of 7 votes to evict Mark 4 of 6 votes to evict Matt 6 of 6 votes to evict Jason 3 of 5 votes to evict Raven 2 of 3 votes to evict Alex 2 of 3 votes to evict Kevin Christmas ' choice to evict Christmas Josh 's choice to evict Paul 4 votes to win Cody Won re-entry into game Josh 5 votes to win Notes ^ Note 1 : Paul entered the House after the original sixteen HouseGuests due to Kevin accepting a temptation . Paul was given immunity from the first eviction and had to give immunity to eight HouseGuests of his choice by giving them a friendship bracelet . ^ Note 2 : Those who did not get a friendship bracelet had to compete in a competition in order to stay in the house . Cameron , Christmas and Jillian lost this competition and were nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given a choice between an eviction vote or an eviction competition . The eviction vote was held after a 2 - 1 vote in favor of an eviction vote ; only Cameron voted for an eviction competition . Paul was not eligible to vote but would cast a tiebreaker vote if required . ^ Note 3 : Due to accepting the $25,000 temptation on Day 1 , Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition and had to secretly throw it . ^ Note 4 : Because Josh retrieved the Golden Apple in the HoH competition , he was awarded immunity for that week . ^ Note 5 : Because Megan walked from the game while still being one of Cody 's original nominations , he had to choose a replacement nominee , ultimately choosing Alex . ^ Note 6 : For the first three weeks , America voted to tempt three houseguests , one per week . Because Paul accepted the Pendant of Protection temptation , he is immune for the next three evictions . Paul chose to keep this immunity a secret until Cody attempted to nominate him for eviction at the Week 1 Veto Ceremony . ^ Note 7 : During Week 1 , Ramses was cursed with having to nominate himself as a 3rd nominee within the next three weeks . He chose to nominate himself during Week 2 . In the event that the PoV was used on Ramses , no replacement nominee would be named . ^ Note 8 : Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game through the `` Battle Back Showdown . '' All four evictees faced off in a duel , in which two winners of the first round advanced to face each other in the second round and the losers from both rounds were permanently eliminated ; going into the third duel , Cody was the last evictee standing and beat Paul to officially win re-entry into the house . ^ Note 9 : Paul was voted to battle Cody in the final round of the Battle Back Showdown . Ultimately , Cody defeated Paul and re-entered the game on Day 30 . ^ Note 10 : Since Jessica accepted the Halting Hex temptation , the consequence was a new competition unleashed for the next 3 weeks . The winner of the temptation competition would be immune for the week , however , the person that finishes last in the competition will be automatically nominated as a third nominee , indicated in bold . This temptation nominee is irreplaceable if the veto is used on them . ^ Note 11 : On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex , which halted Week 5 's Eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week was a double eviction week . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . ^ Note 13 : Through the Tree of Temptation , Mark earned the power to `` Save a Friend '' which allowed him to grant immunity to another HouseGuest ; he chose Paul . ^ Note 14 : Due to nobody picking an apple from the Tree of Temptation , no one received a temptation . ^ Note 15 : Matt was given a penalty vote for eviction after eating normal food while on the mandatory Have - Not slop diet . ^ Note 16 : As Head of Household , Christmas was forced to break the tie on Day 79 . ^ Note 17 : As Head of Household , Josh was forced to break the tie on Day 84 . ^ Note 18 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Big Brother . Controversies and criticisms Paul Abrahamian received criticism for his controversial mimicking of another HouseGuest . In Week 3 , he targeted Dominique Cooper for eviction and decided to apply black facial cosmetics and clothing that resembled the skin of a snake , a metaphor that she had called him in an effort to expose his strategy to the other HouseGuests . Given that Cooper is African American , Abrahamian 's actions were deemed racist when he referred to the cosmetics as `` blackface . '' When asked by TMZ about the incident , Run the Jewels member Killer Mike remarked that `` ( Abrahamian ) has the right to be stupid '' and `` there are consequences that that come with that . '' Viewers also debated on Abrahamian 's alleged bullying tactics in which he encouraged other HouseGuests to antagonize `` outcasts '' in the House , especially showmance allies Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson . Some notable incidents include Christmas Abbott propagating aspersions on Nickson 's military service , and Alex Ow and Raven Walton engaging in verbal arguments with Graf . Likewise , a physical confrontation nearly transpired between Josh Martinez and Mark Jansen after the latter defended Nickson and the former responded with his frying - pan shtick , prompting Big Brother production to force them to opposite ends of the House . A fistfight almost ensued between Abrahamian and Nickson as well after Abrahamian disrespectfully silenced Graf in front of Nickson in the HoH Room . Abrahamian , who was HoH at that time , bypassed the confrontation instead by sending Nickson out of the room while screaming condescensions at him . Some fans also perceived Megan Lowder 's controversial exit on Day 8 as a result of bullying . During a backyard conversation , Lowder overheard Graf refer to Ow as `` Panda , '' which Lowder considered to be racist due to its Asian connotation . However , Graf actually said `` PaoPao , '' which alluded to the nickname of Big Brother 16 HouseGuest Paola Shea , of whom Ow reminded Graf due to both being Asian Americans . After being informed of the comment by Lowder , Ow clarified the issue with Graf before they assumed that Lowder fabricated the comment for game - related purposes , prompting them to confront her . Lowder felt overwhelmed by the confrontation that she broke down and stayed long in the Diary Room where she brought up her history of posttraumatic stress disorder with the show 's producers . Concerned of her mental health , production came to a mutual decision with Lowder that it would be best for her to self - evict from the game . Viewers called for Jason Dent 's expulsion from the House after he was caught on the live feeds making rape and assault jokes in front of other HouseGuests . In one instance , Dent commented on having sex with Kevin Schlehuber 's wife , Deborah , while all their daughters were tied up and forced to watch the act . In an interview with TMZ , Deborah Schlehuber said that Dent 's comments were disturbing and `` the worst thing she 's ever seen . '' On Twitter , Dent 's family apologized for the comments but stated that the comments were taken out of context , which Deborah doubted as she believed her husband would never joke as such about anyone in any situation . Dent was also seen making similar jokes earlier in the competition , such as suggesting to restrain Walton and have male HouseGuests `` take turns '' on her , and once telling cops about sexually assaulting women at a nursing home . Dent and Nickson sparked backlash after footage of remarks regarded as transphobic was depicted on the live feeds . During a conversation in the hot tub , Graf informed Dent and Nickson about Audrey Middleton of Big Brother 17 as the first transgender contestant in the show 's history . Nickson proceeded to mock the gender identity of Middleton , for whom Dent was also confused about the appropriate pronoun . Middleton addressed the controversy through a Twitter post , urging people not to vilify both male HouseGuests but rather , educate them on the value of emotional intelligence . Nickson was also criticized for using the derogatory term `` tranny '' several times earlier in the game . Fans were heavily divided on the authenticity of some of Walton 's claims in the House . As a gastroparesis ( GP ) sufferer , Walton often commented that her gastric pacemaker was burdensome , that her condition was hereditary and terminal , and that she was sterile , making her consider egg - freezing , hysterectomy , and knee surgery before her death . Even before joining the show , Walton had established a $200,000 campaign on GoFundMe for her treatment , which some skeptical fans considered a scam . Schlehuber also recounted Walton asking viewers for money on camera . Other GP sufferers and organizations like Gastroparesis Patient Association for Cures and Treatment disputed her claims about the severity of the disease . However , Walton 's mother , Stacy , and her physician , Dr. Thomas Abell , took it to social media to combat Walton 's critics , even stating `` there 's basically many different ways to die from gastroparesis ... '' Fans also accused Walton of being an `` attention seeker '' or having hypochondria or Munchausen syndrome due to her allegedly exaggerating other health conditions and lying about having GP based on her unhealthy eating habits in the House . Walton also claimed that she and her mother were members of Mensa International but their names were proven not to be found in the organization 's current directory . Several HouseGuests , especially Graf , attracted controversy for engaging in a certain inappropriate behavior in the House . Footage on the live feeds showed Graf making unwanted contact with some HouseGuests in their `` private areas '' in a joking manner without prior consent . When confronted , Graf dismissed any accusations of such wrongdoing as sexual harassment or invasion of privacy . Ironically , Graf 's behavior incited other HouseGuests like Abrahamian , Matthew Clines , Ramses Soto , and Elena Davies to partake in similar playful acts towards HouseGuests of the same and opposite genders . In one episode of the show , Ow shared with Martinez how the rampant `` touching '' in the House , particularly her experience with Graf , made her uncomfortable because it was reminiscent of her cousin who had been raped and murdered . Reception Viewing figures # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , June 28 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.88 Thursday , June 29 , 2017 1.6 / 7 5.37 Sunday , July 2 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.16 Wednesday , July 5 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.15 5 Thursday , July 6 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.09 6 Sunday , July 9 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.39 7 Wednesday , July 12 , 2017 1.9 / 9 6.45 8 Thursday , July 13 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.11 9 Sunday , July 16 , 2017 1.8 / 8 5.95 10 Wednesday , July 19 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.19 11 Thursday , July 20 , 2017 1.9 / 7 5.96 12 Friday , July 21 , 2017 1.5 / 7 5.45 13 Sunday , July 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 5.98 14 Wednesday , July 26 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.35 15 Thursday , July 27 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 16 Sunday , July 30 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 17 Wednesday , August 2 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.57 18 Thursday , August 3 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.42 19 Sunday , August 6 , 2017 2.0 / 8 6.46 20 Wednesday , August 9 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.39 21 Thursday , August 10 , 2017 1.9 / 8 5.95 22 Sunday , August 13 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.22 23 Wednesday , August 16 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.27 24 Thursday , August 17 , 2017 2.1 / 8 6.48 25 Friday , August 18 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.06 26 Sunday , August 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.42 27 Wednesday , August 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.10 28 Thursday , August 24 , 2017 1.7 / 7 6.03 29 Sunday , August 27 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.28 30 Wednesday , August 30 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.20 31 Thursday , August 31 , 2017 1.5 / 6 4.91 32 Sunday , September 3 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.65 33 Wednesday , September 6 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.33 34 Thursday , September 7 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.24 35 Sunday , September 10 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.27 6 36 Wednesday , September 13 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.38 37 Thursday , September 14 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.12 38 Friday , September 15 , 2017 1.2 / 6 4.89 39 Wednesday , September 20 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.70 ^ Note 1 : Episode 22 was delayed to 8 : 18 PM ET ( 7 : 18 PM CT ) ) due to the PGA Tour golf event running long . References ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces Summer Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Renews Hit Summer Series `` Big Brother '' For Two More Editions '' ( Press release ) . CBS Press Express . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Matthew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Big Brother 19 : Four Weeks Until Season Premiere '' . Big Brother Network . Gravy Train Productions , LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Unveils Summer Schedule , Moves ' Zoo ' to Thursdays '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS ' Zoo , Big Brother , New Asteroid Thriller Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Summer 2017 Premiere Dates for ' Big Brother 19 ' and More '' . Buddy TV . Seattle , Washington . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Announces Programming Slate Featuring New and Returning Original Series , Spanning More Than 400 Hours of Original Content '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Why Big Brother After Dark is censored on TVGN '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight On Big Brother 19 : ' Battle Back ' Special Episode '' . Big Brother Network . 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Big Brother Season Premiere Recap : Which Vet Returned ? Who Got Evicted ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' recap : Paul continues to control the game '' . EW.com. 2017 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Premiere Recap : Season 19 Kicks Off With the Return of a Fan Favorite '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Bosses Explain the Premiere 's Biggest Twist '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dehnart , Andy ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Big Brother 19 's premiere rapidly ruins its potential '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Premiere Recap : The First Night of Temptation and an Eviction '' . Buddy TV . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Sage ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` How Does The Den Of Temptation Work On ' Big Brother 19 ' ? This Season Is All About Tough Choices '' . Bustle . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Reveals Houseguests for Season 19 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Big Brother Season 19 Cast Before Anyone Else '' . CBS . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Janes , Theoden ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fitness star : Being a ' badass ' is about so much more than half - naked pics '' . newsobserver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 's Jessica And Cody Bring Their Showmance To The Amazing Race - CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` ' Big Brother ' contestant unknowingly garners criticism online for saying he wants to use ' blackface ' '' . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Paul Plans ' Blackface ' Stunt , Fans Pissed '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Plans To Dress In `` Blackface '' To Take Revenge On Rival Housemate `` . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . 2017 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Mike Says ' Big Brother ' Star Has the Right to Be Stupid TMZ TV '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' : Bullying Takes Center Stage As Josh Martinez , Paul Abrahamian Rock The House : Has CBS Gone Too Far ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Spoilers : Veto Ceremony Results - Week 5 Live Feed News '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : The House Attacks Jessica and Cody '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Violence on ' Big Brother ' : Contestants Forced to Opposite Ends of the House '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' : Second Houseguest 's Exit Explained '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 Feeds : Jason Dent `` Jokes '' About Raping Kevin 's Wife and Forcing His Children to Watch `` . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Kevin 's Wife Disgusted by Jason Dent 's Rape Comments '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother contestant Jason Dent cracks crude rape joke online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' News : Jason 's Rape Joke About Kevin 's Wife Causes Media Storm As Fans Slam Him On Twitter ( Video ) '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' contestant upsets fans with transphobic comments '' . Los Angeles Blade : LGBT News , Rights , Politics , Entertainment . 2017 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : Raven Begs ' BB19 ' Fans For Money -- Scam Artist Or Really Dying ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother 19 : Is Raven Walton exaggerating her gastroparesis for attention ? '' . Hidden Remote. 2017 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' News : Houseguests Upset With Jessica Graf Over Alleged Unwanted Sexual Touching '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Sexual Hijinks , Butt Poking Rampant , ' You Punched My Vagina ! ' '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Big Brother , ' all others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Grit , ' ' Big Brother ' and reruns unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` No changes in adults 18 - 49 : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Night , ' ' The Wall , ' ' Battle of the Network Stars ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly , ' ' AFV ' rerun adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots : Forever Young ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' Descendants 2 ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spartan ' finale , ' Big Brother ' and everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Carmichael Show ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Penn & Teller ' adjust up , ' Zoo ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` NFL preseason and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' stays on top as everything adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , Teen Choice Awards adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up ; ' Boy Band , ' ' Beat Shazam , ' ' Whose Line , ' NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Blue Bloods ' reruns adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Big Brother ' dips slightly , still wins easily '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Weekend Update , ' ' Boy Band ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , ABC shows and ' Candy Crush ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Zoo , ' ' The Night Shift , ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football and ' Big Brother ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , other networks hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ′ adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's ' Truth and Lies ' special adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . External links CBS Official Site Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Main edition Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top houseguests Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Companion shows House Calls After Dark Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_19_(U.S.)&oldid=808016523 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 11 : 09 . About Wikipedia	who got voted off big brother august 3 2017	[]	[]
3669636085755789865	Tenth Doctor	Tenth Doctor - wikipedia Tenth Doctor Jump to : navigation , search The Doctor The Tenth Doctor Doctor Who character David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor First regular appearance `` The Parting of the Ways '' Last regular appearance The End of Time Portrayed by David Tennant Information Tenure 18 June 2005 -- 1 January 2010 No of series 3 + Specials ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Appearances 36 stories ( 47 episodes ) Companions Rose Tyler Mickey Smith Donna Noble Martha Jones Jack Harkness Astrid Peth Sarah Jane Smith Jackson Lake Rosita Farisi Christina de Souza Adelaide Brooke Wilfred Mott Chronology Series Series 2 ( 2006 ) Series 3 ( 2007 ) Series 4 ( 2008 ) Specials ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Preceded by Christopher Eccleston ( Ninth Doctor ) Succeeded by Matt Smith ( Eleventh Doctor ) The Tenth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who , who is played by David Tennant in three series as well as nine specials . As with previous incarnations of the Doctor , the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin - offs . In the programme 's narrative , the Doctor is a centuries - old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time in his TARDIS , frequently with companions . When the Doctor is critically injured beyond medical repair , he can regenerate his body ; in doing so , his physical appearance and personality change , and a new actor assumes the role . Tennant 's portrayal of the Doctor is of an outwardly charismatic and charming adventurer whose likable and easygoing attitude can quickly turn to righteous fury when provoked . This incarnation 's companions include working class shop assistant Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , medical student Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ) , and fiery temp worker Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) . He eventually parts ways with them all by the end of the 2008 series finale , `` Journey 's End '' , after which he attempts to travel alone for the duration of the 2008 -- 2010 specials before being accompanied by Donna Noble 's grandfather Wilfred Mott on his final adventure in The End of Time . In November 2013 , Tennant 's Doctor was voted `` The UK 's favourite Doctor '' in a survey held by the Radio Times magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Personality 2.1 Appearance 3 Appearances 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Spoofs 3.2 Literature 3.3 Audio drama 4 Reception 5 References 6 Notes 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Executive producer Russell T Davies revived Doctor Who after a 16 - year absence with the premiere of `` Rose '' in 2005 . Following the BBC 's announcement of a second series being commissioned , the story broke that Christopher Eccleston , who played the titular Ninth Doctor , would not be returning for the second series . On 16 April 2005 , the BBC announced that David Tennant had been selected for the role of the Tenth Doctor . His first appearance in the series was for 20 seconds following the Ninth Doctor 's regeneration at the end of `` The Parting of the Ways '' . His first full episode as the Doctor , barring an appearance in a `` mini-episode '' during the 2005 Children in Need show , was the 2005 Christmas Special , `` The Christmas Invasion '' . He then appeared in the 2006 series , the second Christmas Special , `` The Runaway Bride '' , the 2007 series , the third Christmas Special , `` Voyage of the Damned '' , and the 2008 series . Rather than a traditional series run , 2009 features a series of five specials and a series of animated shorts , all starring Tennant as the Tenth Doctor ; he also guest - starred in the two - part The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith of The Sarah Jane Adventures in that year . Tennant also appears in two animated serials ; The Infinite Quest is counted with the third series , and Dreamland is counted amongst the 2008 -- 2010 specials . In 2013 , Tennant reprised his role as the Doctor for the 50th anniversary special `` The Day of the Doctor '' , where it is revealed that due to an uncounted past incarnation , War Doctor , the Tenth Doctor is in fact the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor . The next episode , `` The Time of the Doctor , '' further explains that because the Tenth Doctor underwent an aborted regeneration in `` Journey 's End , '' the Eleventh Doctor ( his twelfth incarnation ) was in fact on his thirteenth and final life . Personality ( edit ) The Tenth Doctor speaks with an Estuary English accent , rather than the Greater Manchester accent ( Christopher Eccleston 's own accent ) that the Ninth Doctor used , the Received Pronunciation of most earlier Doctors , or Tennant 's natural Scottish English . David Tennant told SFX magazine in 2006 that Russell T Davies had asked him to drop his natural Scottish accent , because he felt `` we 'd like to not go for another obvious regional accent , because I suppose they 'd done that '' . In a 23 December interview on BBC Radio 1 , Tennant explained that a line had been scripted for the Christmas special explaining that the newly regenerated Doctor had imprinted on Rose Tyler 's accent , `` like a chick hatching from an egg '' , but the line was cut from the final episode . The depictions of the personalities of the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors shared certain similarities e.g. both being youthful , energetic , friendly , childlike , `` good boyfriend Doctors '' , as Steven Moffat described them and , according to Mark Gatiss `` very human Doctors '' when compared to other incarnations . Appearance ( edit ) The Doctor complains that his tenth incarnation is not `` ginger '' . However , this incarnation was happy to have sideburns and to have more hair than his previous incarnation . He wears his own brown hair in various ways throughout the series : unstyled in `` The Christmas Invasion '' , a 1950s - style quiff in `` The Idiot 's Lantern '' , and flattened forwards in `` The Runaway Bride '' and `` The Day of the Doctor '' , but mainly styled it in a spiked up fashion throughout most of the series , with this style being described by friend and later one - time companion Wilfred Mott as being a , `` Modern style sort of hair . All sticky - uppy '' . He has dark brown eyes and is perceived by most , including companions and other characters such as his future incarnation as `` slim and a little bit foxy '' . His costume was unveiled on July 27 , 2005 . He generally wears either a dark brown ( with blue pinstripes ) or a blue ( with rust red pinstripes ) four - buttoned suit , a shirt and a tie , a light brown faux - suede overcoat ( which he claims was given to him by Janis Joplin ) , and different coloured pairs of Converse All - Star sneakers , depending on his suit . According to an interview on Parkinson , David Tennant and Russell T Davies got the idea for the Tenth Doctor 's costume from an outfit Jamie Oliver had worn on Parkinson just after Tennant had taken the role . David Tennant has commented that he would vary the combination of the buttons he fastened on his jacket in different episodes . Tennant thought the look was very geek chic . The Doctor dons a pair of dark tortoise - shell rectangular frame glasses , an affectation ( along with his signature footwear ) borrowed from the Fifth Doctor . He also occasionally sports a pair of Red - Cyan 3D glasses , both as a joke and for practical reasons . The Tenth Doctor 's costume became so popular that it has spawned numerous recreations ( including a BBC - licensed replica of the Tenth Doctor 's overcoat by AbbyShot Clothiers and a white / red version worn by Tennant when he co-hosted Comic Relief ) , and has been cited by costume designer Louise Page as the costume she is most proud of from her time on Doctor Who . Appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The Ninth Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) regenerates into the Tenth Doctor ( David Tennant ) at the climax of the 2005 series finale , `` The Parting of the Ways '' ; he re-introduces himself to his companion Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) in an untitled Children in Need mini-episode . In the Christmas special , he is in a comatose state for most of the episode , following his regeneration . After eventually waking up , he defeats the alien Sycorax and saves Earth ; in the process , he loses a hand , which regrows owing to his recent regeneration . Amongst other 2006 series adventures , the Doctor and Rose save Queen Victoria ( Pauline Collins ) from a werewolf , resulting in the creation of the anti-alien Torchwood Institute . The Doctor shares an adventure with two former companions , journalist Sarah Jane Smith ( Elisabeth Sladen ) and robot dog K - 9 ( John Leeson ) , before taking on Rose 's boyfriend Mickey ( Noel Clarke ) as a second companion . The TARDIS slips through a crack in the Time Vortex causing them to be stranded on a parallel Earth , where they encounter the Cybermen . After saving parallel Earth , Mickey decides to stay and help stop the Cybermen around the world despite the Doctor telling him he can never return . He and Rose become stranded on a planet orbiting around a black hole where The Beast is waiting , with a Torchwood team . While there The Beast taunts the Doctor and Rose about Rose 's death . During the 2012 Olympic Games , the Doctor picks up the Olympic flame and carries it to the end , starting the Games . The series finale takes place in contemporary London , where modern - day Torchwood is the scene for war between the evil alien Daleks and parallel - universe cyborgs the Cybermen ; saving the Earth costs the Doctor Rose , who is stranded in a parallel universe , along with Mickey and her mother , in `` Doomsday '' . In the closing scene of `` Doomsday '' , a mysterious bride ( Catherine Tate ) inexplicably appears in his TARDIS . The 2006 Christmas special sees the Doctor and bride - to - be Donna Noble save the Earth ; Donna saves the Doctor from going too far in his revenge against the alien Racnoss and declines his offer of companionship . In the 2007 series , the Doctor takes on Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ) as his new companion . Together , they witness the mysterious Face of Boe ( Struan Rodger ) prophesy to the Doctor that `` you are not alone . '' They are rejoined by former companion Captain Jack Harkness ( John Barrowman ) in a three - episode adventure where presumed - deceased archenemy and fellow Time Lord the Master ( John Simm ) becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and enslaves the Doctor for one year . Martha 's plan sees the Doctor infused with the world 's psychic energies , and he easily defeats the Master , who seemingly refuses to regenerate and dies in the Doctor 's arms . Following this adventure , in the dénouement of series finale `` Last of the Time Lords '' , Jack and Martha both depart the TARDIS , and the Doctor is shocked to see what appears to be the RMS Titanic crash into it . Set moments prior , another Children in Need mini-episode , `` Time Crash '' , features a brief encounter between Tennant 's Tenth Doctor and the Fifth Doctor ( Peter Davison ) , containing meta - humour surrounding the fact David Tennant had watched and loved Davison 's doctor as a child . In parallel with the third series , Tennant lends his voice to the animated serial The Infinite Quest . The 2007 Christmas special sees the Doctor and a waitress , Astrid ( Kylie Minogue ) , save the Earth from the impending crash of the starship Titanic ; Astrid dies heroically , and the Doctor encounters Wilfred Mott ( Bernard Cribbins ) for the first time . In the 2008 series première episode , the Doctor is reunited with Donna Noble , Mott 's granddaughter , who becomes his regular companion . In `` Planet of the Ood '' , the alien Ood prophesy the Tenth Doctor 's demise . Martha accompanies them for three episodes ; in two , the Doctor battles the alien Sontarans , and last of which sees him become a father of sorts to Jenny ( Georgia Moffett ) , in `` The Doctor 's Daughter '' . He meets archaeologist and future companion River Song ( Alex Kingston ) for the first time from his perspective in the two - parter `` Silence in the Library '' / `` Forest of the Dead '' ; she dies , but he stores her consciousness to a hard drive to live on forever , after accepting that one day she will come to mean a lot to him . After Donna encounters Rose in a parallel world in `` Turn Left '' , the Doctor realises that Rose 's words to Donna -- `` Bad Wolf '' -- must herald the end of the world . In finale episodes `` The Stolen Earth '' and `` Journey 's End '' ( which cross over with spin - offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures ) , the Doctor and Donna reunite with former companions Rose , Sarah Jane , Martha , Jack , and Mickey to save the universe from Davros ( Julian Bleach ) , the creator of the Daleks . A half - human Doctor is created from the Doctor 's previously severed hand , and Donna is given the mind of a Time Lord ; the Human Doctor enjoys a happy ending with Rose in the parallel universe , though the Doctor is forced to erase Donna 's memories to save her life , leaving him alone . A Doctor Who Prom mini-episode , `` Music of the Spheres '' , features a lone Doctor composing his musical Ode to the Universe before being interrupted by the small alien Graske ( Jimmy Vee ) . In lieu of a 2009 series , Tennant appears as the Tenth Doctor , without a regular companion , in several special episodes over the course of 2008 and 2009 , the last of which aired on New Year 's Day , 2010 . In the Christmas special `` The Next Doctor '' , the Doctor mistakenly believes he has met a later incarnation of himself in an amnesiac Londoner ( David Morrissey ) , with whom he saves Victorian - era London . `` Planet of the Dead '' ( Easter 2009 ) features jewel thief Lady Christina de Souza ( Michelle Ryan ) as the Doctor 's one - off companion , and the Doctor is presented with a prophecy of his imminent death . Tennant makes a crossover appearance in a The Sarah Jane Adventures two - parter , The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith , in which a powerful being known as the Trickster ( Paul Marc Davis ) also alludes to the Tenth Doctor 's impending demise . In `` The Waters of Mars '' , the Doctor tries to alter history and avert the death of one - off companion Adelaide Brooke ( Lindsay Duncan ) ; when she commits suicide , he begins to feel his mortality weigh down upon him . In the animated serial Dreamland , the Doctor is joined by two one - off companions in 1950s Roswell , New Mexico . In the two - part send - off The End of Time , the Doctor confronts the Ood about their original prophecy and is led to contemporary Earth where , in the second part , the again - resurrected Master ( Simm ) restores Gallifrey and the Time Lords to existence , although he redeems himself by assisting the Doctor to defeat Time Lord President Rassilon ( Timothy Dalton ) before disappearing alongside the other Time Lords . The Doctor sacrifices his life to save Mott , exposing himself to 500,000 rads of deadly radiation and triggering his regeneration . He holds it back and is shown visiting several companions . He gives Donna a winning lottery ticket on her wedding day , buying it with money he borrowed from her late father in the past , saves Martha and Mickey from a Sontaran sniper , saves Sarah Jane 's son Luke ( Tommy Knight ) from a car , introduces Jack to a romantic interest ( Russell Tovey ) , and finally , just before regenerating into the Eleventh Doctor ( Matt Smith ) , he informs Rose in 2005 that she is about to have a `` great year '' . As he begins regenerating once in the TARDIS , his last words are `` I do n't want to go '' . Tennant reprised the role for the show 's 50th anniversary in `` The Day of the Doctor '' ( 2013 ) , appearing alongside the Eleventh Doctor ( Smith ) and a forgotten past incarnation , the War Doctor , played by John Hurt . In the special , in which we view scenes from the Tenth Doctor 's time taking place between `` The Waters of Mars '' and The End of Time , the Doctor unintentionally marries Queen Elizabeth I ( Joanna Page ) while luring out a Zygon . He helps the other Doctors in saving Gallifrey at the Time War 's conclusion , but will not retain memories of the event . His final words are , once again `` I do n't want to go '' after being told that he will die on Trenzalore . Spoofs ( edit ) David Tennant has also made numerous cameo appearances as the Doctor outside of Doctor Who , frequently in spoof appearances . Singer and actress Charlotte Church spoofs Doctor Who alongside an actor playing the Tenth Doctor in her own The Charlotte Church Show ( 2006 ) . In an appearance on The Friday Night Project in 2007 , Tennant plays a female companion to the Tenth Doctor ( Justin Lee Collins ) on the Pink Planet , where they are confronted by the alien Gay Lord ( Alan Carr ) . When the show became The Sunday Night Project , Catherine Tate appeared in a skit playing the Tenth Doctor . Tennant starred opposite Catherine Tate in her own The Catherine Tate Show special ( 2007 ) as Lauren Cooper 's ( Tate ) teacher Mr. Logan , who Cooper teases for his resemblance to the Doctor ; eventually , he reveals himself to be the Tenth Doctor and shrinks Cooper into a 5 '' Rose Tyler action figure . In the final episode of Extras ( December 2007 ) , a brief scene shows the Doctor and an unidentified Wren companion attacked by Schlong , a slug - like alien played by Andy Millman ( Ricky Gervais ) . The Tenth Doctor is also featured in political satire ; in a 2007 episode of Dead Ringers , when faced by the question of Gordon Brown 's succession , Tony Blair ( impressionist Jon Culshaw ) regenerates into David Tennant after promising `` New Labour is all about renewal '' , later vowing 100 more years of power . Tennant modifies his first line in `` The Parting of the Ways '' ( `` New teeth , that 's weird '' ) , to `` New Labour , that 's weird '' and proceeds to address the public in a Tony Blair impression resembling Culshaw 's . Tennant also guest voiced his incarnation of the Doctor in an episode of Family Guy . Literature ( edit ) As the face of the Doctor Who franchise for 2005 -- 10 , the Tenth Doctor appears extensively in Doctor Who spin - off media ; in the majority of these series , the character simply takes after the place of the Ninth Doctor , and in turn is replaced by the Eleventh following the debut of the 2010 series . Novels featuring the Tenth Doctor are all published by BBC Books . The character appears in New Series Adventures novels spanning from The Stone Rose ( April 2006 ) to The Krillitane Storm ( September 2009 ) . A number Decide Your Destiny novels were published between July 2007 and March 2008 , as well as five books published as a part of Quick Reads Initiative , a government - sponsored adult literacy project . BBC Children 's Books released their own 10 - part series , The Darksmith Legacy , supported by an interactive tie - in website . Additionally , short stories are frequently published in Doctor Who Magazine , The Doctor Who Storybook series ( 2007 -- 10 editions ) , the BBC website , and annuals and suchlike ; one example being the story `` The Lodger '' by Gareth Roberts , later adapted into an Eleventh Doctor television episode of the same name . National newspapers The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Times have each published one Christmas - themed Tenth Doctor short story . Additionally , the Tenth Doctor appears in a novelisation of his The Sarah Jane Adventures crossover appearance . The Tenth Doctor also appears extensively in comic books , replacing the Ninth Doctor in those published in Doctor Who Magazine , and the younger - audience Doctor Who Adventures and Doctor Who : Battles in Time . American comic book publisher initially published a 2008 Tenth Doctor and Martha Jones miniseries between January and June 2006 . This was later followed by a truly ongoing Tenth Doctor series in July 2009 , set during the 2008 -- 2010 specials and lasting sixteen issues before relaunching with the Eleventh Doctor . In stories set after `` Journey 's End '' , the Doctor is accompanied by numerous one - off and recurring companions who do not feature in the television series . Outside of Doctor Who literature , penciller Georges Jeanty includes a cameo of the Tenth Doctor and Rose in a panel of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight story arc `` No Future for You '' . The Tenth Doctor was utilised in the American satirical political cartoon strip , This Modern World . Arriving in 2003 , the Doctor hints to Sparky the Wonder Penguin ( the strip 's main character ) that in five years ' time , the next President could be a black man , with the middle name Hussein , whose father was a Muslim , referring to the popularity of Senator Barack Obama in the 2008 Presidential election . The character also appeared in a story arc of the webcomic PvP , in which character Brent Sienna hallucinates materialising in the TARDIS . Audio Drama ( edit ) As is the case with the BBC Books novels , the Tenth Doctor replaced the Ninth as the face of the Doctor Who audiobook series , beginning with Pest Control in May 2008 and ending with Dead Air in March 2010 . The majority are read by David Tennant , save one read by Michelle Ryan and two by Catherine Tate . A number of Tenth Doctor novels were also abridged to become audiobooks , again featuring David Tennant 's voice alongside other cast members such as Freema Agyeman and television series guest stars such as Georgia Moffett , Reggie Yates and Anthony Head ; the last of these scheduled is Judgement of the Judoon , for December 2010 . On 26 October 2015 , it was announced Tennant would reprise his role for full - cast audio stories produced by Big Finish Productions , alongside Tate as Donna Noble . The first volume of stories , consisting of Technophobia , Time Reaver , and Death and the Queen , were released in May 2016 . The second volume of stories saw Billie Piper reprise her role as Rose Tyler alongside Tennant , the stories consisted of Infamy of the Zaross , Sword of the Chevalier , and Cold Vengeance , these stories are due to be released in November 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Tenth Doctor has been extremely popular amongst the Doctor Who fandom . He received critical acclaim for his complexity and humanity and is considered one of the greatest incarnations of the character . The BBC went as far as to consider ending the show in 2010 , thinking it would fail without Tennant . In 2006 , readers of Doctor Who Magazine voted Tennant 's Doctor `` Best Doctor '' over perennial favourite Tom Baker . He also won the National Television Awards award for Most Popular Actor in 2006 and 2007 , and the award for Outstanding Drama Performance in 2008 and 2010 . In a poll conducted by Radio Times in March 2007 , Tennant 's Doctor was named the `` coolest character on television '' . IGN ranked the Tenth Doctor the best Doctor in 2011 . In 2013 , IGN again ranked Tennant as the best Doctor , along with the Daily Mail and Radio Times , with Billie Piper also being voted as best companion . Users of Plusnet also voted David Tennant as the best Doctor in 2013 . Users of DoctorWhoTV also voted Tennant as ' Ultimate Doctor ' in 2013 . Voters on Digital Spy also rated Tennant as the greatest Doctor in 2013 with 50.05 % of the votes , and again in 2015 . A poll in November 2013 revealed that Tennant was considered the greatest Doctor with 33 % of the vote , a clear 10 % lead over 2nd place , Tom Baker . Readers of The Telegraph voted Tennant as the greatest actor to play the Doctor in 2014 . Jenna Coleman , who played Clara Oswald and appeared with Tennant in `` The Day of the Doctor '' , said that he was her favourite Doctor , along with Tom Baker . Writer Terry Pratchett considered Tennant 's portrayal to be the greatest Doctor . In 2016 , Digital Spy readers voted the Tenth Doctor the best TV character of the 21st century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Companion Piece '' . BBC News . 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Should Be So Lucky ? '' . 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Confidential at Christmas '' . Doctor Who Confidential . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 25 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Sarah Jane Smith -- Character Guide '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Anton ( 21 July 2009 ) . `` Who 's Your Favorite Doctor Who Companion ? '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Executive Producer Mark Cossey , Executive Producers For Doctor Who Russell T Davies , Julie Gardner , Producer Zoë Rushton , Series Producer Gillane Seaborne ( 25 December 2008 ) . `` ( Untitled ) '' . Doctor Who Confidential . Series 4 . Episode 14 . Cardiff . BBC . BBC Three . Jump up ^ Collins , Robert ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` Doctor Who : Velile Tshabalala '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Cook , Benjamin ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` Sands of time '' . Radio Times ( 11 -- 17 April 2009 ) . pp. 16 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` TV -- Tube Talk -- Ten ' Waters of Mars ' teasers '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Duncan to star in second Doctor Who Special of 2009 '' . BBC . 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Russell T ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` Dr Who 's Easter special '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tennant is tenth Doctor Who '' ( Press release ) . BBC . 16 April 2005 . Retrieved 17 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I agreed to drop Scots accent for Doctor Who -- Tennant '' . The Scotsman. 3 April 2006 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ James T. Cornish ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Doctor Who Series 8 : Everything We Know So Far '' Page 9 of 15 `` . Whatculture.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/aug/16/doctor-who-peter-capaldi Jump up ^ William Martin ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' news summary : Everything we know so far about Peter Capaldi 's Doctor '' . CultBox . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who series 8 : Mark Gatiss on Peter Capaldi 's Doctor '' . Den of Geek . 2014 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Who ' : Steven Moffat Teases ' Doctor Rude ' ; New Season 8 Images '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Writer Russell T Davies , Director James Hawes , Producer Phil Collinson ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` New Earth '' . Doctor Who . Cardiff . BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Storer , Jackie ; Lane , Megan ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` Doctor Who , fashion icon '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 26.1 '' . Parkinson ( TV series ) . London . 5 May 2007 . ITV . ITV1 . Jump up ^ David Tennant ( 5 May 2007 ) . David Tennant on Parkinson . Interview with Michael Parkinson . Parkinson . ITV . London . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Fashion Line from AbbyShot Clothiers '' , UberSciFiGeek.com , 12 March 2010 Jump up ^ Doctor Who Magazine # 418 , February 2010 Jump up ^ Tomorrow , Tom ( 10 June 2008 ) . `` This Modern World : The Week that Was '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Scott ( 19 January 2009 ) . `` Stowaway '' . PvP . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Tenth Doctor Adventures '' . Big Finish Productions . 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - The Tenth Doctor and Rose Return ! '' . Big Finish. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Dan ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who : Why is David Tennant still the nation 's favourite Doctor ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' at 50 : Is David Tennant the greatest Doctor of all ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 28 December 2014 ) . `` David Tennant 's debut voted best Doctor Who Christmas special '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Could Have Ended With Tennant '' . Doctor Who TV . 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant named ' best Dr Who ' '' . BBC News . 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Matt ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Tennant 's Doc voted coolest TV character '' . London : Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the coolest man on TV ? '' . Metro . London : Associated Newspapers. 28 March 2007 . ISSN 1469 - 6215 . OCLC 225917520 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Ranking the Doctors '' . IGN. 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Vote for your favourite Doctor '' . IGN. 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant is voted your favourite Doctor Who of last 50 years in landslide result '' . Daily Mail . 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who 50th anniversary : David Tennant and Billie Piper named best Doctor and companion '' . Radio Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Martyn ( 23 November 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who is named TV show to be most proud of by British public '' . Plusnet . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Your ultimate Doctor revealed '' . DoctorWhoTV. 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s7/doctor-who/news/a667587/who-is-the-greatest-doctor-of-all-time-rank-the-stars-of-doctor-who.html#~poh0wqNfjkuUXL Jump up ^ Solomons , Mark ( 3 November 2013 ) . `` Timelord David Tennant tops poll as best Doctor Who '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` Peter Capaldi 's Doctor Who : how does he rate ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Jenna Coleman : David Tennant and Tom Baker are my favourite Doctors '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Pratchett on Why David Tennant is the Best Doctor '' . Anglonerd. 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 27 September 2016 ) . `` David Tennant 's 10th Doctor is voted the best TV character of the 21st century after a tense battle '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Notes ( edit ) A serial of The Sarah Jane Adventures starring the Eleventh Doctor called Death of the Doctor clarifies that the Doctor , in fact , made visits to every former companion . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tenth Doctor . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tenth Doctor Tenth Doctor on Tardis Data Core , an external wiki `` The Tenth Doctor '' , Doctor Who , UK : The BBC . Doctor Who series two ( press launch report and audio interviews ) , Wiltshire : BBC . 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Grant The Other Grandfather Paradox See also List of actors who have played the Doctor List of actors considered for the part of the Doctor Companions of the Tenth Doctor Main Rose Tyler Martha Jones Donna Noble Recurring Mickey Smith Jack Harkness One - off Astrid Peth Sarah Jane Smith Jackson Lake Lady Christina de Souza Adelaide Brooke Wilfred Mott Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Doctor&oldid=795086315 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Doctor Who Doctors The Sarah Jane Adventures characters Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Commons category template with no category set Commons category without a link on Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Español Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	david tennant's last episode of doctor who	[ "This incarnation's companions include working class shop assistant Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), medical student Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and fiery temp worker Donna Noble (Catherine Tate). He eventually parts ways with them all by the end of the 2008 series finale, \"Journey's End\", after which he attempts to travel alone for the duration of the 2008–2010 specials before being accompanied by Donna Noble's grandfather Wilfred Mott on his final adventure in The End of Time." ]	[ "The End of Time" ]
6526892201620671466	Rory McCann	Rory McCann - wikipedia Rory McCann Jump to : navigation , search For the Irish cricketer , see Rory McCann ( cricketer ) . Rory McCann McCann , San Diego Comic Con International ( 2014 ) ( 1969 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1969 ( age 48 ) Glasgow , Lanarkshire , Scotland Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Height 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) Relatives Sally - Gay McCann ( sister ) Rory McCann ( born 24 April 1969 ) is a Scottish actor and musician , best known for portraying Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright 's crime - comedy Hot Fuzz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) McCann was born in Glasgow , Scotland . He has a sister , Sally - Gay McCann , born in 1972 . Before becoming an actor , McCann was a painter who studied at the Scottish School of Forestry near Inverness . He also worked as a bridge painter ( on the Forth Road Bridge ) , landscape gardener and carpenter . Rory McCann was first trained as an actor by writer - artist Robert Parsifal Finch in The Actor 's Workshop , Glasgow. 1998 . Career ( edit ) McCann 's first acting job was as an extra on the film Willow ( 1988 ) . He was fired because he laughed during the takes . He appeared in an advertisement for Scott 's Porage Oats , dressed in a vest and kilt . As his first major acting role , McCann played a disabled personal trainer in the 2002 television comedy drama The Book Group , winning the Scottish BAFTA for the best television performance of 2002 . Since then , he has taken television roles as Detective Inspector Stuart Brown in State of Play , Peter the Great in Peter in Paradise , and a priest in the award - winning British comedy drama series Shameless . He made his Hollywood debut in the 2004 film Alexander , which required the actors to go through a boot - camp in the African desert , and included shooting in Thailand , Morocco as well as a London studio . In 2007 , he appeared as Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong in Hot Fuzz . In 2008 , he played Moby in The Crew and Atilla the Hun in the BBC docudrama Heroes and Villains . McCann portrays Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones . Other projects include a BBC TV Series by writer Jimmy McGovern called Banished , set in Australia in the 18th century . McCann plays a blacksmith named Marston . Personal life ( edit ) McCann 's younger sister , Sally - Gay McCann , works on costumes for film and television ; he worked alongside her on Alexander and Game of Thrones . McCann is a supporter of the Scottish Green Party , and appeared in its 2007 Scottish Parliament general election broadcast . In 1990 , McCann broke multiple bones in a near - fatal rock climbing accident in Yorkshire . McCann is the former frontman of a defunct band called Thundersoup . He plays the piano , guitar , banjo and mandolin . McCann is known for living a solitary , transient lifestyle . He often lives on his boat or in places without modern conveniences . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Pasty Faces Goon 2003 The Devil 's Tattoo Eric 2003 Young Adam Sam Alexander Craterus 2005 Beowulf & Grendel Breca 2006 Sixty Six Policeman 2007 Hot Fuzz Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong 2008 The Crew Moby 2009 Solomon Kane McNess Clash of the Titans Belo 2011 Season of the Witch Soldier Commander Credited as Rory MacCann 2015 Slow West John Ross 2017 XXX : Return of Xander Cage Tennyson `` The Torch '' Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Coming Soon Fergus Television film 2000 Randall & Hopkirk Bouncer Episode : `` Mental Apparition Disorder '' 2000 Monarch of the Glen Roger Episode No . 1.6 2002 London 's Burning Keith Episode No . 14.7 2002 -- 2003 The Book Group Kenny McLeod Main role ; 12 episodes 2003 State of Play Stuart Brown Episode No. 1.1 ; uncredited 2003 Rockface Adam Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2003 Peter in Paradise Peter the Great Television film 2006 Shameless Father Critchon 2 episodes 2008 Heroes and Villains Attila the Hun Episode : `` Attila the Hun '' 2011 The Jury Derek Hatch Main role ( season 2 ) ; 5 episodes 2011 -- present Game of Thrones Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Main role ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) ; 33 episodes 2015 Banished Marston Main role ; 4 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Rory McCann on ' The Hound ' and Season Four '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Scott ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rory McCann ( ' Shameless ' , Beowulf & Grendel ' , `` Alexander ' ) '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rory McCann -- What I know about women '' . The Scotsman. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McIver , Brian ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Games of Thrones star Rory McCann on his meteoric rise from carpenter to fantasy TV star '' . Daily Record . Glasgow : Trinity Mirror . ISSN 0956 - 8069 . OCLC 500344244 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Jen ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Meet the Hound , Scottish actor Rory McCann '' . LA Times . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , Lorna ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Why he 's always up for it : From dubious tree surgeon and Forth bridge painter to giant of porridge commercials , Book Group star Rory McCann tells Lorna MacLaren of his next move '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : English , Paul ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Hulk Rory Leaves No Stone Unturned ; Scott 's Porage Oats Star Rory McCann Spills the Beans on how he won a part in Oliver Stone 's movie Alexander by Telling the Great Man to take a Hike . '' . Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Rory McCann teases road trip of ' death and destruction ' in season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann Joue Les Petits Rigolos à L'avant - Première de `` Game of Thrones '' à New York , le Mardi 18 ... `` . Pure / Trend . 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Davey , Cathie ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Cast announced for Jimmy McGovern 's epic new series , Banished , for BBC Two '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scottish Green Party ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` First Vote Green on the 3rd of May 2007 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 28 March 2002 ) . `` I fell into acting says Oats hunk ; Scots actor and climber Rory McCann on the mountain plunge that changed his life . '' . Daily Record ( Scotland ) . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Flett , Michael ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Rory McCann - Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , Game of Thrones `` . Geek Chocolate . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Game Of Thrones ' Hound on bumfluff , hugs and the magic of Wilko Johnson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 : Q&A Rory McCann Talks Sandor Clegane ( The Hound ) '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Rory McCann on IMDb VIAF : 107576464 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rory_McCann&oldid=804272392 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Scottish male television actors Scottish male film actors 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Male actors from Glasgow Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actor that plays the hound	[ "Rory McCann (born 24 April 1969) is a Scottish actor and musician, best known for portraying Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright's crime-comedy Hot Fuzz." ]	[ "Rory McCann" ]
-6284168063200706400	Just Tell Me That You Want Me: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac	Just Tell Me That You Want Me : a Tribute to Fleetwood Mac - wikipedia Just Tell Me That You Want Me : a Tribute to Fleetwood Mac Jump to : navigation , search Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac Compilation album by Various artists Released August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) Recorded 2012 Genre Indie rock Label Hear Music Producer Randall Poster Gelya Robb Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac is a tribute album produced by Randall Poster and Gelya Robb , featuring various indie rock artists covering Fleetwood Mac songs . It was released on August 14 , 2012 . The title refers to a lyric from the song `` Tusk '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Rolling Stone Rolling Stone compared the album favorably to Poster and Robb 's 2011 tribute album , Rave On Buddy Holly . NPR 's Stephen Thompson also compared this album and the producers ' prior Buddy Holly tribute , saying they both `` possess both a sense of cohesion and a reasonably high hit rate '' , giving highest praise to The New Pornographers ' `` perfect power - pop throwback '' cover of `` Think About Me '' , and noting that first part of the album was more pop in spirit than the `` hazier , more dance - driven musings in the second '' . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performer Length 1 . `` Albatross '' Lee Ranaldo Band and J Mascis 4 : 15 2 . `` Landslide '' Antony 3 : 33 3 . `` Before the Beginning '' Trixie Whitley 4 : 46 4 . `` Oh Well '' Billy Gibbons & Co . 4 : 45 5 . `` Rhiannon '' Best Coast 3 : 07 6 . `` Think About Me '' The New Pornographers 2 : 56 7 . `` Angel '' Marianne Faithfull 2 : 55 8 . `` Silver Springs '' Lykke Li 4 : 10 9 . `` Gold Dust Woman '' Karen Elson 5 : 42 10 . `` Storms '' Matt Sweeney and Bonnie ' Prince ' Billy 5 : 42 11 . `` Straight Back '' Washed Out 3 : 43 12 . `` That 's All for Everyone '' Tame Impala 3 : 43 13 . `` Sisters of the Moon '' Craig Wedren and St. Vincent 3 : 45 14 . `` Dreams '' The Kills 4 : 56 15 . `` Gypsy '' Gardens & Villa 4 : 40 16 . `` Tusk '' The Crystal Ark 5 : 30 17 . `` Future Games '' MGMT 9 : 01 18 . `` Hold Me '' Haim 3 : 40 19 . `` The Green Manalishi '' The Entrance Band 6 : 12 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 45 US Top Rock Albums 15 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pelly , Jenn ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` New Fleetwood Mac Tribute Includes St. Vincent , Best Coast , and More ; Hear New Pornographers Do `` Think About Me '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac -- Various Artists '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hermes , Will ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Stephen ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` First Listen : ' Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute To Fleetwood Mac ' '' . NPR . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac -- Various Artists Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Fleetwood Mac Mick Fleetwood John McVie Christine McVie Lindsey Buckingham Stevie Nicks Peter Green Jeremy Spencer Bob Brunning Danny Kirwan Bob Welch Bob Weston Dave Walker Billy Burnette Rick Vito Bekka Bramlett Dave Mason Studio albums Fleetwood Mac Mr. Wonderful Then Play On Kiln House Future Games Bare Trees Penguin Mystery to Me Heroes Are Hard to Find Fleetwood Mac Rumours Tusk Mirage Tango in the Night Behind the Mask Time Say You Will EPs Extended Play Compilations English Rose The Pious Bird of Good Omen Fleetwood Mac in Chicago Black Magic Woman The Original Fleetwood Mac Greatest Hits Vintage Years Greatest Hits 25 Years -- The Chain Madison Blues The Vaudeville Years The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions 1967 -- 1969 Show - Biz Blues The Best of Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac The Essential Fleetwood Mac Live albums Live Live in Boston Live at the BBC The Dance Shrine ' 69 Live in Boston Tribute albums Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac 1960s songs `` I Believe My Time Ai n't Long '' `` Hellhound on My Trail '' `` Shake Your Moneymaker '' `` Stop Messin ' Around '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` Madison Blues '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Black Magic Woman '' `` Albatross '' `` When You Say '' `` Man of the World '' `` Somebody 's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked in Tonite '' `` Rattlesnake Shake '' `` Oh Well '' 1970s songs `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' `` Dragonfly '' `` Jewel - Eyed Judy '' `` Sentimental Lady '' `` For Your Love '' `` Hypnotized '' `` Angel '' `` Monday Morning '' `` Warm Ways '' `` Blue Letter '' `` Over My Head '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` Rhiannon '' `` Landslide '' `` World Turning '' `` I 'm So Afraid '' `` Second Hand News '' `` Dreams '' `` Never Going Back Again '' `` Do n't Stop '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Songbird '' `` The Chain '' `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` I Do n't Want to Know '' `` Oh Daddy '' `` Gold Dust Woman '' `` Silver Springs '' `` Tusk '' `` Sara '' `` Think About Me '' `` Not That Funny '' `` Sisters of the Moon '' `` Walk a Thin Line '' `` Angel '' `` I Know I 'm Not Wrong '' `` Brown Eyes '' 1980s songs `` Hold Me '' `` Gypsy '' `` Oh Diane '' `` Love in Store '' `` Ca n't Go Back '' `` Big Love '' `` Seven Wonders '' `` Little Lies '' `` Everywhere '' `` Family Man '' `` Tango in the Night '' `` Is n't It Midnight '' `` As Long as You Follow '' `` No Questions Asked '' 1990s -- 2010s songs `` Skies the Limit '' `` In the Back of My Mind '' `` Love Is Dangerous '' `` Save Me '' `` Love Shines '' `` Paper Doll '' `` I Do '' `` Temporary One '' `` Murrow Turning Over in His Grave '' `` Peacekeeper '' `` Say You Will '' `` Sad Angel '' Concert tours Heroes Are Hard to Find tour Fleetwood Mac tour Rumours Tour Tusk tour Mirage tour Shake the Cage Tour Behind the Mask Tour Say You Will tour Unleashed 2013 tour On with the Show Related people Ken Caillat Richard Dashut Clifford Davis John Mayall Keith Olsen Related articles Discography List of Fleetwood Mac band members Buckingham Nicks Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie Bekka & Billy Stretch ( `` Bogus Fleetwood Mac '' ) `` Rumours '' ( Glee episode ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Tell_Me_That_You_Want_Me:_A_Tribute_to_Fleetwood_Mac&oldid=798474731 '' Categories : 2012 compilation albums English - language compilation albums Fleetwood Mac tribute albums Hear Music compilation albums Indie rock compilation albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	just tell me that you love me fleetwood mac	[]	[]
8317468874128420563	The Divergent Series: Allegiant	The Divergent Series : Allegiant - Wikipedia The Divergent Series : Allegiant Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel , see Allegiant ( novel ) . The Divergent Series : Allegiant Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Schwentke Produced by Lucy Fisher Pouya Shahbazian Douglas Wick Screenplay by Bill Collage Adam Cooper Noah Oppenheim Based on Allegiant by Veronica Roth Starring Shailene Woodley Theo James Jeff Daniels Miles Teller Ansel Elgort Zoë Kravitz Maggie Q Ray Stevenson Bill Skarsgård Octavia Spencer Naomi Watts Music by Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by Stuart Levy Production companies Red Wagon Entertainment Mandeville Films Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) ( Bangkok ) March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $179.2 million The Divergent Series : Allegiant is a 2016 American science fiction action adventure film directed by Robert Schwentke with a screenplay by Bill Collage , Adam Cooper , and Noah Oppenheim . It is intended as the first of two cinematic parts based on the novel Allegiant , the final book in the Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth , and the third installment in The Divergent Series . The film stars Shailene Woodley , Theo James , Jeff Daniels , Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Zoë Kravitz , Maggie Q , Ray Stevenson , Bill Skarsgård , Octavia Spencer , and Naomi Watts , and is the sequel to Insurgent and could be followed by the concluding entry , Ascendant ( Allegiant and Ascendant were originally to be titled Allegiant -- Part 1 and Allegiant -- Part 2 ) . Allegiant was released on March 18 , 2016 , in theaters and IMAX and received mainly negative reviews . The film was a box office bomb , grossing $179 million worldwide , becoming the lowest - grossing Divergent film . This led to budget cuts on the fourth film . It was later announced that the final installment in the series , Ascendant , would be released as a television film instead of a theatrical one , and it will be followed by a television spinoff series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 3.2 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Expanded franchise 5.1 Cancelled fourth film 5.2 Ascendant ( TV series ) 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After Evelyn forbids anyone from leaving Chicago , she announces that all Erudite members involved in the previous coup attempt are to be put on trial and executed if found guilty . Tris and Four rescue Caleb from execution and try and escape over the wall , along with Tori , Peter and Christina . The group is ambushed by Edgar , who kills Tori , but the group escape over the wall and are intercepted by soldiers with advanced weaponry who take the group to the Bureau of Genetic Welfare , a city of advanced technology hidden behind a cloaking shield . They learn that years ago the U.N believed that society 's problems were caused by `` damaged genes '' . In an attempt to create a better society they began to tamper with people 's genes ; this eventually led to the Purity Wars and the destruction of most of the planet . To try and reverse the destruction a series of `` experiments '' were set up in an attempt to repair this mistake , establishing isolated cities across the remains of the world . Tris and Four are tested by Matthew and Nita to verify and study their Divergence . Tris is shown to be truly Divergent , and the first Chicago Divergent to be 100 % genetically pure , but Four 's genetic structure indicates that his genes still carry damage . Caleb and Peter are assigned to surveillance teams that remotely monitor Chicago , while Christine and Four are assigned to the military . Matthew then brings Tris to the leader of the Bureau , David ( Jeff Daniels ) . David gives Tris a device that allows her to view her foster mother 's memories , and she sees that her mother was rescued from the wastelands as a child before volunteering to join the Chicago experiment out of dedication to the project . In return for his help in restoring peace to Chicago , which David claims only the council has the power to intervene in , Tris agrees to help David continue the experiment . Meanwhile , Four and Christina train with Nita . They join the military on a rescue mission to a nearby wasteland village , though Four becomes mistrustful of the Bureau 's intentions after realizing that they are simply kidnapping children and wiping their memories with amnesia gas . Four also attempts to warn Tris of the Bureau 's intentions , but they are interrupted by a video call from David . Caleb warns Four of a rapidly escalating conflict back in Chicago between Johanna 's group of Allegiants and Evelyn 's factionless . Four appeals to Tris for her to return to Chicago with him to end the bloodshed , but she decides to go with David . David agrees to reinsert Four back into Chicago , escorted by Matthew and some Bureau soldiers . Once in the air , Matthew quietly reveals to Four that the flight is a trap and he is meant to be killed . A skirmish breaks out and Four defeats all of the soldiers , though the transport crashes as a result . Matthew gives Four a device to allow passage through the cloaking shield , and Four proceeds to Chicago while Matthew remains behind to be rescued by the Bureau and warn Tris . Meanwhile , Tris and David meet with the council . Tris disagrees with the council 's objectives and criticizes how they have done nothing to stop the violence in Chicago . The council responds that David has full power to intervene whenever he desires , revealing that he has lied to her from the beginning . During the return flight to the Bureau , Tris ends their partnership . Upon her return , she gathers Caleb and Christina in David 's hovercar to return to Chicago . Nita helps them escape , revealing the Davids rule is not popular with everyone in the Bureau . Four is captured by the factionless and confronts Evelyn to end the violence . Tris , Caleb , and Christina arrive to find the city tearing itself apart at the opening stage of a full assault by the Allegiant . Back at the Bureau David makes a deal with Peter in exchange for Peter 's promotion and inserts him into Chicago to convince Evelyn to deploy a hidden Bureau stockpile of amnesia gas to wipe the memories of the attackers and force a peace in her favor , to which she agrees . Peter takes her to a hidden vault . Tris and Christina fight through the factionless and arrive at the vault , having rescued Four along the way . At the vault door , Four convinces Evelyn to stop the gas attack , as he would not remember that she was his mother if she carried it out . She capitulates and stops the release , but is shot in the leg by a frustrated Peter . Peter gloats until the same gas starts flooding the vault as well . Realizing David has betrayed him , Peter opens the vault so Tris and Four can stop the gas release and flees back towards the cloaking shield , as Four says he will find and kill Peter . Caleb arrives and aids Tris in destroying the gas dispersion hub , stopping the release . The group gathers atop the Erudite building as they watch Davids shuttle autpilot back towards the Bureau , heavily laden with explosives . Tris transmits a message to the whole world , revealing to them the existence of the Bureau and that Chicago was an experiment in genetic purity . Her message to the Bureau is that Chicago is no longer their experiment , but the home of its citizens . Caleb detonates the explosives at the end of the message , tearing a massive hole through the cloak wall and revealing the Bureau . As the group watches , David 's image is revealed standing behind Tris via a Bureau remote viewing device . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Divergent characters Shailene Woodley as Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior Theo James as Tobias `` Four '' Eaton Ian Belgard as Young Four Miles Teller as Peter Hayes Ansel Elgort as Caleb Prior Zoë Kravitz as Christina Jeff Daniels as David Maggie Q as Tori Wu Naomi Watts as Evelyn Johnson - Eaton Octavia Spencer as Johanna Reyes Bill Skarsgård as Matthew Ashley Judd as Natalie Prior Anna Stevenson as Young Natalie Keiynan Lonsdale as Uriah Pedrad Nadia Hilker as Juanita `` Nita '' Ray Stevenson as Marcus Eaton Daniel Dae Kim as Jack Kang Mekhi Phifer as Max Xander Berkeley as Phillip Jonny Weston as Edgar Joseph David - Jones as Hollis Production ( edit ) Initially intended as a final film based on the final book of the series Allegiant It was later decided to split the novel into multiple parts , similar to what have been done with other young adult novel series adapted into films . Initially donning the subtitle `` Part one '' , this idea was later dropped in favor of each installment donning a unique name . By March 2015 , all of the series regular casts had confirmed their involvement with newcomers Jeff Daniels and Bill Skarsgards added to the cast that April and May respectively . Filming began on May 18 , 2015 , in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded on August 23 , 2015 . From June 11 to June 23 , filming took place at the Lindale Mill in Lindale , Georgia , where the set was being built in late May. and additional filming set in Chicago , Illinois . Music ( edit ) In December 2015 , it was confirmed that Joseph Trapanese would return to compose the score for the film . The first track for the Allegiant soundtrack , `` Scars '' , written by Tove Lo , Jakob Jerlström , Ludvig Söderberg , and performed by Tove Lo , was released as a single on February 19 , 2016 . Promotion ( edit ) A teaser trailer was released on September 15 , 2015 , followed by a full - length trailer two months later , on November 12 , 2015 . Another full - length trailer was released on January 22 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Allegiant grossed $66.2 million in North America and $113.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $179.2 million . Due to its underperformance , The Hollywood Reporter called it `` the second big - budget miss for Lionsgate this year after Gods of Egypt '' . Many critics have blamed the underperformance of the film on Lionsgate 's decision to split the last novel into two pictures . As a result , Lionsgate will cut the budget of the fourth and final movie in the series , Ascendant . Due to the box office struggles of Allegiant , Lionsgate has planned to wrap up the film series with a television movie which it then hopes to continue as a television series spinoff . Made on a total budget of $183.6 million , including net production budget , advertising and promotion costs , and domestic home entertainment costs , Deadline.com projects the film to make a mere profit of $3.5 million should it earn a net total of $187.1 million from various platforms ( including theatrical revenues , TV rights and DVD sales ) . By comparison , Divergent made a net profit of $71.8 million and Insurgent $30.6 million . In the United States and Canada , Deadline.com projected the film to make around $28 -- 30 million in its opening weekend from 3,740 theaters , which would make it the lowest opening among the franchise . It earned the lowest previews among the series , with $2.35 million from 2,800 theaters . On its opening day , it made $11.9 million ( including previews ) , down 43.6 % from Insurgent , becoming the first film in the series to fail to open with over $20 million . Scott Mendelson of Forbes compared the decline in opening day to the third installment of The Chronicles of Narnia film series , Voyage of the Dawn Treader , which had a similar amount of drop . In comparison , the third Hunger Games film , Mockingjay -- Part 1 fell only 21 % from its previous film . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $29 million from 3,740 theaters , finishing second at the box office behind Zootopia . It was the first film of the franchise not to finish in first at the box office , and its opening was 46 % below Divergent 's and 44 % behind Insurgent 's . Lionsgate president of domestic distribution Richard Fay labeled the opening `` pretty solid '' . As a result of the poor opening , Lionsgate 's stock fell the next day , on Monday . Due to Allegiant 's poor box - office resulting in Lionsgate 's stock declining 3.3 % by 72 cents to $21.13 in trading , Moody 's Investors Service lowered Lionsgate 's Speculative Grade Liquidity rating from SGL - 2 to SGL - 3 . The Divergent Series : Allegiant also struggled internationally where Lionsgate does not have operations in most countries and sells distribution rights to partners . It opened in 45 international markets a week ahead of its US debut , from March 9 , and will receive a scattered release worldwide . Unlike its predecessor Insurgent , Lionsgate decided not to have a day and date release for Allegiant , instead intending to take advantage of various school holidays in international markets , and at the same time avoid competition with Walt Disney 's animated Zootopia . Allegiant took the top spot in its opening day in France , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands and Sweden . In its opening weekend , it earned $25.2 million from over 7,000 screens in 45 countries . It added 32 markets in its second weekend , earning a total of $22 million from 77 countries , which is down 13 % . The top openings were in France ( $5 million ) , Brazil ( $2.7 million ) , the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $2.6 million ) , Mexico ( $2.5 million ) . In the United Kingdom , it posted the lowest opening in the series , opening at No. 2 behind Kung Fu Panda 3 including previews , which is 37 % behind the opening of Insurgent . It had a very unsuccessful opening in South Korea with $523,000 from 392 screens . In China , it opened in third place behind The Angry Birds Movie and Captain America : Civil War with $10.8 million . As a result , it helped the film cross the $100 million mark internationally and immediately became the film 's second biggest market behind Italy only . In terms of total earnings , its largest markets are China ( $18.7 million ) , France ( $15.1 million ) , followed by Brazil ( $6.9 million ) , the U.K. ( $6.5 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant was met with mostly negative reviews by critics , who criticized the lack of originality and character advancement . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 12 % , based on 172 reviews , with an average rating of 4.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Allegiant improves on previous entries in The Divergent Series on a few superficial levels , but they are n't enough to counteract a sense of growing boredom with a franchise that 's gone on too long . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 33 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 37th Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress Naomi Watts Nominated Shailene Woodley Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Song -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film `` Scars '' -- Tove Lo Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action The Divergent Series : Allegiant Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Action Theo James Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Action Shailene Woodley Won Choice Movie : Chemistry Shailene Woodley & Theo James Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Shailene Woodley & Theo James Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Miles Teller Nominated Expanded franchise ( edit ) Cancelled fourth film ( edit ) A theatrical sequel , based on the latter half of the Allegiant book , was originally meant to wrap up the series and was originally planned for a March 24 , 2017 release , later a June 9 , 2017 release , with Lee Toland Krieger directing . Ascendant ( TV Series ) ( edit ) In July 2016 , after Allegiant underperformed at the box office , it was announced that Lionsgate would instead release the final film as a TV movie and follow it with a television spinoff series , in which both projects would add new characters to the story , moving beyond the books . In September 2016 , Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized , and that it was `` a limbo waiting game '' . In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format , although noting that she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film . In February 2017 , when it was announced that the fourth film will be a television project , it was announced Woodley had backed out of her starring role . In August 2017 , Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series . See also ( edit ) 2016 in science fiction Eugenics Gattaca Germinal choice technology List of films featuring drones Transhumanism § Genetic divide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE DIVERGENT SERIES : ALLEGIANT ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Cuts ' Ascendant ' Budget After ' Allegiant ' Falters at Box Office '' . Collider . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for ' Allegiant Part 1 ′ ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Evry , Max . `` The Divergent Series ' Last Two Films Renamed Allegiant and Ascendant '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THIRD BOOK IN VERONICA ROTH 'S BLOCKBUSTER DIVERGENT TRILOGY , ALLEGIANT , WILL BE PRODUCED AND RELEASED AS TWO SEPARATE FILMS '' . LIONSGATE . LIONSGATE . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ THR staff ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Divergent Series : Allegiant ' Gets Panned by Critics '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Galloway and Pamela McClintock ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate to Slash ' Ascendant ' Budget as ' Divergent ' Franchise Fizzles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Jeff Daniels Joining ' Divergent ' Series in Key Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Hemlock Groves Bill Skarsgard to join Shailene Woodley in Divergent sequel Allegiant exclusive '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Dents , Satin ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Announces Casting of Nadia Hilker as Nita + Start of Production on # Allegiant ! '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Final Two ' Divergent ' Films Get New Titles , Logos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent : Allegiant Part 1 Update : Production , Cast : Jeff Daniels and Bill Skarsgard as ' main bads ' ? Will Tris die in the sequel ? '' . Venture Capital Post . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Jeff Daniels Joins Final ' Divergent ' Movies '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Part 1 ′ filming in Lindale , GA June 11 -- 23 '' . onlocationvacations.com . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Divergent 3 ' Stalls With Series - Low $29.1 M ; ' Zootopia ' Nears $600 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Stumbles , Lionsgate Stock Slides on Faltering ' Divergent ' Series '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Fritz ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Divergent Series : Allegiant ' Stumbles at the Box Office '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters , Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` After Lionsgate 's ' Divergent ' YA Series Breaks Down At The B.O. , Can ' Allegiant ' Possibly Turn A Profit '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Lowest Opening In ' Divergent Series ' : Was It Wise To Split The Last Novel Into Two Movies ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Third - Highest Preview In ' Divergent ' Series -- Thursday Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Divergent Series : Allegiant ' Tops With Series - Low $11.9 M , ' The Bronze ' Bombs '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Divergent : Allegiant ' Crumbles , ' Miracles From Heaven ' Nabs Divine Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Gang Mauled By ' Zootopia ' Animals As ' Miracles ' Happen -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Stock Falls as Analysts Assess ' Allegiant ' Damage '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Moody 's Lowers Lionsgate Outlook , Blames ' Allegiant ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Divergent Series ' Succeeded Despite Not Being Different '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Divergent Series : Allegiant ' Hits The Overseas Box Office Battlefield , Targets $30 M - $40 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Pledges $26.7 M ; ' Zootopia ' Hops With $83 M 5th Frame -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' A Flash Away From $600 M WW ; China Welcomes ' The Revenant ' With $31 M Bow -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kung Fu Panda 3 chops Allegiant down to size at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Dawns With $103.3 M ; ' Angry Birds ' Sings $55.5 M ; ' Zootopia ' # 4 Animated Pic Ever WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR staff ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Divergent Series : Allegiant ' Gets Panned by Critics '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Ascendant Movie ( Pre-Production ) : Dec. 29 , 2016 - added Lionsgate as a distributor '' . Movie Insider . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters , Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Offers Confident Outlook for ' Divergent ' TV Spinoff : ' There 's a Tremendous Fandom ' '' . variety . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shailene Woodley on Divergent Finale Ascendant : We 're in `` Limbo '' `` . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey . `` The Divergent TV Series Just Took a Serious Blow '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Has Officially Exited The ' Divergent ' Franchise '' . Uproxx . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` ' Ascendant ' : TV Series Based On the ' Divergent ' Movie Franchise In Works At Starz From Lionsgate '' . Deadline . External links ( edit ) Official website The Divergent Series : Allegiant on IMDb The Divergent Series : Allegiant at Box Office Mojo Divergent series by Veronica Roth Book series Divergent Insurgent Allegiant Film series Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Music Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Spin - offs Four : A Divergent Collection `` Free Four '' The World of Divergent : The Path to Allegiant Other Characters Factions Films directed by Robert Schwentke Tattoo ( 2002 ) Eierdiebe ( 2003 ) Flightplan ( 2005 ) The Time Traveler 's Wife ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) R.I.P.D. 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3357169273682353941	Love So Soft	Love So Soft - wikipedia Love So Soft Jump to : navigation , search `` Love So Soft '' Single by Kelly Clarkson from the album Meaning of Life A-side `` Move You '' Released September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) Format Digital download streaming Recorded 2017 Genre R&B soul trap Length 2 : 52 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Maureen `` Mozella '' McDonald Jesse Shatkin Priscilla Renea Producer ( s ) Jesse Shatkin Kelly Clarkson singles chronology `` Softly and Tenderly '' ( 2016 ) `` Love So Soft '' / `` Move You '' ( 2017 ) `` Christmas Eve '' ( 2017 ) `` Softly and Tenderly '' ( 2016 ) `` Love So Soft '' / `` Move You '' ( 2017 ) `` Christmas Eve '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Love So Soft '' on YouTube `` Love So Soft '' is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson , from her eighth studio album , Meaning of Life ( 2017 ) . Written by Mozella , Priscilla Renea , and Jesse Shatkin , and produced by Shatkin , it features a session appearance by the American soul band Earth , Wind & Fire . A soul - trap R&B anthem , it was released by Atlantic Records alongside `` Move You '' as a double A-side from the album on September 7 , 2017 . As of September 14 , 2017 , the song sold 36,100 copies in the United States . The song was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release and reception 2.1 Awards and nominations 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Love So Soft '' is a soul - trap R&B anthem written and produced by Mozella , Priscilla Renea , and Jesse Shatkin . It features session appearances by the American soul band Earth , Wind & Fire led by Verdine White and Gary Bias . Critics noted the song 's soulful sound and its departure from the usual mainstream pop sound of Clarkson 's previous releases . NPR 's Karen Gwee noted that the song makes a familiar emphasis on percussion over melody but was surprised that its chorus was chanted rather than belted -- a surprising move for Clarkson . Hugh McIntyre of Forbes described the trap verses as `` odd '' on its own , but is complimentary harmonized `` when the horns kick in and bring the soul the song needed '' . Idolator 's Mike Wass compared the song as from the ' 90s , but is also quintessentially 2017 , describing it as falling closer to the Back to Basics - era Christina Aguilera in its blend of old and new . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Love So Soft '' was released by Atlantic Records as the lead single from Meaning of Life alongside `` Move You '' on September 7 , 2017 . Both songs marked as Clarkson 's first single release from the label . The track was sent to American radio stations from September 11 -- 12 , 2017 . In her review of the track for NPR , Gwee praised Clarkson 's vocals as it pulls the song from ubiquitous - anonymous , grocery aisle territory , and noted that there are only few others who have her easy confidence and her vocal ability . Reviewing for Forbes , Hugh McIntyre despite the song failing to have the immediate punch that previous album - introducers like `` Since U Been Gone '' or `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' managed , that it appears to be the point -- that `` This is an older , wiser , more experienced Kelly Clarkson , one who has now been in the business for 15 years , refused to accept the idea of what a pop star needs to look like , gotten married and become a mom , all while seemingly letting criticism slip away like water off a duck 's back . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) `` Love So Soft '' was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards but lost to Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Love So Soft '' was released the same day as the track . It was directed by Dave Meyers , whom Clarkson had previously collaborated with on `` Breakaway '' ( 2004 ) . The video features Clarkson and her background vocalists performing the track in various scenes -- including flowing yellow gown that transmutes into butterflies , a series of Clarkson clones with their eyes obscured by hat brims as a nod to Beyoncé 's `` Formation '' video , and a bold zoom into Clarkson in the living room of an avant - garde , cliff - side abode . Critics praised the video as a successful showpiece to the song , with some noting its ' 90s influence and its `` psychedelic '' visual effects . Clarkson performing `` Love So Soft '' at the 2017 Invictus Games in Toronto Live performances ( edit ) Clarkson presented `` Love So Soft '' in an intimate live performance at the Rainbow Room in New York City on September 6 , 2017 . She premiered the song live on The Today Show on September 8 , 2017 . She also performed it during the twelfth season finale of America 's Got Talent on September 20 , 2017 . On October 27 , 2017 , she performed it on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , again on The Today Show on October 30 , 2017 . On November 19 , 2017 , she performed it at the American Music Awards along with past hit `` Miss Independent . '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' 2 : 52 2 . `` Move You '' 3 : 22 Cash Cash Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' ( Cash Cash Remix ) 4 : 16 Ryan Riback Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' ( Ryan Riback Remix ) 3 : 07 Dave Aude Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' ( Dave Aude Remix ) 3 : 57 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits lifted from Tidal . Performance credits Kelly Clarkson -- lead vocals Maureen `` Mozella '' McDonald -- background vocals Priscilla Renea -- background vocals Nicole Hurst -- background vocals Bridget Sarai -- background vocals Personnel Gary Bias -- tenor saxophone Raymond Brown -- conductor Bobby Burns -- trumpet Chris Cerullo -- assistant engineering Samuel Dent -- engineering Sean Erick -- trumpet , flugelhorn Earth , Wind & Fire Horn Section -- Horns Chuck Findley -- trumpet Iain Findlay -- assistant engineering Michael Harris -- engineering Sean Kantrowitz -- guitar Maureen `` Mozella '' McDonald -- songwriter , vocal production Gabriel Noel -- bass The Regiment Horns -- Horns Priscilla Renea -- songwriter , vocal production Buddy Ross -- organ Jesse Shatkin -- bass , songwriter , engineering , production , drum programming , drums , guitar , programming Leon Silva -- baritone saxophone , tenor saxophone Todd Tidwell -- assistant engineering JoAnn Tominaga -- coordinator Verdine White -- bass Kevin Williams Jr. -- trombone , tuba Reggie Young -- trombone Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 88 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 73 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 10 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 35 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 63 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 31 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 81 UK Download ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Venezuela Anglo ( Record Report ) 17 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) List of releases , showing region , date , format , version , record label , and catalog number Region Date Format Version Label Catalog number Ref . Various September 7 , 2017 Digital download streaming N / A Atlantic USAT21703569 South Korea September 8 , 2017 USAT21703597 United States September 11 , 2017 Adult contemporary radio Atlantic RRP N / A September 12 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Various October 6 , 2017 Digital download streaming Cash Cash Remix Atlantic USAT21704061 Ryan Riback Remix USAT21704063 Italy October 27 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio N / A Warner N / A References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Is ( Still ! ) Our Idol In EW 's Fall Music Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. ( 1481 ) . ISSN 1049 - 0434 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Cook - Wilson , Winston ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Releases Singles `` Love So Soft '' and `` Move You '' , Announces New Album Meaning of Life `` . Spin . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Reappears With A Pair Of New Singles , ' Love So Soft ' And ' Move You ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 60th GRAMMY Awards : Full Nominees List Grammy.com , November 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Love So Soft ( metadata ) . Kelly Clarkson . Atlantic Recording Corporation / WEA International . 2017 . USAT21703569 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft by Kelly Clarkson '' . Tidal . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitaker , Alexandra ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's 2 New Songs Are a Total Departure from Her Usual Music '' . InStyle . Time Inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gwee , Karen ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Returns With ' Love So Soft ' '' . NPR . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Reinvents Herself With `` Love So Soft '' & `` Move You '' `` . Idolator . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Brings the Soul and the Pipes on New Song ' Love So Soft ' '' . Time . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aswad , Jem ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Premieres New Album , ' Meaning of Life , ' at Intimate New York Concert '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.ellentube.com/episode/kristen-bell-mila-kunis-kathryn-hahn-kelly-clarkson.html ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft by Kelly Clarkson '' ( in Korean ) . South Korea : Melon . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft ( Cash Cash Remix ) by Kelly Clarkson '' . Apple Music . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft ( Ryan Riback Remix ) by Kelly Clarkson '' . Apple Music . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 438 '' . auspOp . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201752 into search . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Love So Soft '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Love So Soft '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Love So Soft by Kelly Clarkson '' . Spotify . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson - Love So Soft RadioDate '' . All Access Music Group . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Kelly Clarkson songs Discography Thankful `` The Trouble with Love Is '' `` Miss Independent '' `` Low '' `` Beautiful Disaster '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` Before Your Love '' Breakaway `` Breakaway '' `` Since U Been Gone '' `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' `` Because of You '' `` Gone '' `` Walk Away '' My December `` Never Again '' `` One Minute '' `` Sober '' `` Do n't Waste Your Time '' `` Be Still '' All I Ever Wanted `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' `` I Do Not Hook Up '' `` Cry '' `` All I Ever Wanted '' `` Already Gone '' `` If I Ca n't Have You '' `` Save You '' `` Whyyawannabringmedown '' `` Long Shot '' `` Can We Go Back '' Stronger `` Mr. Know It All '' `` Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) '' `` Dark Side '' `` Einstein '' `` I Forgive You '' `` Hello '' `` The War Is Over '' `` Do n't You Wanna Stay '' `` Why Do n't You Try '' Greatest Hits -- Chapter One `` Catch My Breath '' `` People Like Us '' `` Do n't Rush '' Wrapped in Red `` Wrapped in Red '' `` Underneath the Tree '' `` Winter Dreams ( Brandon 's Song ) '' `` 4 Carats '' `` Just for Now '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' Piece by Piece `` Heartbeat Song '' `` Invincible '' `` Someone '' `` Take You High '' `` Piece by Piece '' `` Run Run Run '' `` Dance with Me '' `` Nostalgic '' `` Good Goes the Bye '' Meaning of Life `` Love So Soft '' `` Move You '' `` I Do n't Think About You '' Collaborations `` Foolish Games '' `` Little Green Apples '' `` PrizeFighter '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Second Hand Heart '' Other songs `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` My Grown Up Christmas List '' `` Up to the Mountain '' `` Get Up ( A Cowboys Anthem ) '' `` Tie It Up '' `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' `` Christmas Eve '' Book Songs Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_So_Soft&oldid=826394233 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Blue - eyed soul songs Kelly Clarkson songs Song recordings produced by Jesse Shatkin Songs written by Jesse Shatkin Songs written by MoZella Songs written by Priscilla Renea Music videos directed by Dave Meyers ( director ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdownload Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote love so soft by kelly clarkson	[ "\"Love So Soft\" is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson, from her eighth studio album, Meaning of Life (2017). Written by Mozella, Priscilla Renea, and Jesse Shatkin, and produced by Shatkin, it features a session appearance by the American soul band Earth, Wind & Fire. A soul-trap R&B anthem, it was released by Atlantic Records alongside \"Move You\" as a double A-side from the album on September 7, 2017. As of September 14, 2017, the song sold 36,100 copies in the United States.[4] The song was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[5]", "\"Love So Soft\" is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson, from her eighth studio album, Meaning of Life (2017). Written by Mozella, Priscilla Renea, and Jesse Shatkin, and produced by Shatkin, it features a session appearance by the American soul band Earth, Wind & Fire. A soul-trap R&B anthem, it was released by Atlantic Records alongside \"Move You\" as a double A-side from the album on September 7, 2017. As of September 14, 2017, the song sold 36,100 copies in the United States.[4] The song was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[5]", "\"Love So Soft\" is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson, from her eighth studio album, Meaning of Life (2017). Written by Mozella, Priscilla Renea, and Jesse Shatkin, and produced by Shatkin, it features a session appearance by the American soul band Earth, Wind & Fire. A soul-trap R&B anthem, it was released by Atlantic Records alongside \"Move You\" as a double A-side from the album on September 7, 2017. As of September 14, 2017, the song sold 36,100 copies in the United States.[4] The song was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[5]" ]	[ "Mozella", "Priscilla Renea", "Jesse Shatkin" ]
9093723135333891793	Minister of Home Affairs (India)	Minister of Home Affairs ( India ) - Wikipedia Minister of Home Affairs ( India ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Union Minister of Home Affairs Emblem of India Incumbent Rajnath Singh Ministry of Home Affairs Style The Honourable Member of Union Cabinet National Security Council Reports to The Prime Minister Seat North Block , Rashtrapati Bhavan , New Delhi Appointer President on the advice of the Prime Minister Term length No fixed term Aryan Singh , Akash Singh Formation 15 August 1947 India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Minister of Home Affairs ( or simply , the Home Minister ) is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India . One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet , the chief responsibility of the Home Minister is the maintenance of India 's internal security ; the country 's large police force comes under his ambit . Occasionally , he / she is assisted by the Minister of State of Home Affairs and the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of Home Affairs . Ever since the time of independent India 's first Home Minister , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , the office has been seen as second in seniority only to the Prime Minister in the Union Cabinet . Like Patel , several Home Ministers have since held the additional portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister . As of February 2018 , three Home Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister who are : Lal Bahadur Shastri , Charan Singh and P.V. Narasimha Rao . Since 26 May 2014 , the Home Minister of India is Rajnath Singh of the Bharatiya Janta Party , taking over the reins from Sushilkumar Shinde . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Home Ministers 2 Ministers of State of Home Affairs 3 References 4 External links List of Home Ministers ( edit ) No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 15 August 1947 15 December 1950 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru C. Rajagopalachari 26 December 1950 25 October 1951 Kailash Nath Katju 25 October 1951 10 January 1955 Govind Ballabh Pant 10 January 1955 7 March 1961 Lal Bahadur Shastri 4 April 1961 29 August 1963 6 Gulzarilal Nanda 29 August 1963 14 November 1966 Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi 7 Yashwantrao Chavan 14 November 1966 27 June 1970 Indira Gandhi 8 Indira Gandhi 27 June 1970 4 February 1973 9 Uma Shankar Dikshit 4 February 1973 10 October 1974 10 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy 10 October 1974 24 March 1977 11 Charan Singh 24 March 1977 1 July 1978 Janata Party Morarji Desai 12 Morarji Desai 1 July 1978 28 July 1979 ( 7 ) Yashwantrao Chavan 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh 13 Giani Zail Singh 14 January 1980 22 June 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi 14 R. Venkataraman 22 June 1982 2 September 1982 15 Prakash Chandra Sethi 2 September 1982 19 July 1984 16 P.V. Narasimha Rao 19 July 1984 31 December 1984 Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 17 Shankarrao Chavan 31 December 1984 12 March 1986 Rajiv Gandhi ( 16 ) P.V. Narasimha Rao 12 March 1986 12 May 1986 18 Sardar Buta Singh 12 May 1986 2 December 1989 19 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 10 November 1990 Janata Dal ( National Front ) V.P. Singh 20 Chandra Shekhar 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party ( National Front ) Chandra Shekhar ( 17 ) Shankarrao Chavan 21 June 1991 16 May 1996 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao 21 Murli Manohar Joshi 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee 22 H.D. Deve Gowda 1 June 1996 29 June 1996 Janata Dal ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda 23 Indrajit Gupta 29 June 1996 19 March 1998 Communist Party of India ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 24 L.K. Advani 19 March 1998 22 May 2004 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 25 Shivraj Patil 22 May 2004 30 November 2008 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh 26 P. Chidambaram 30 November 2008 31 July 2012 27 Sushilkumar Shinde 31 July 2012 26 May 2014 28 Akash Singh , Aryan Singh 31 July 2015 19 April 2018 Rajnath Singh 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party BJP ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi Ministers of State of Home Affairs ( edit ) Name Term of office Political Party Prime Minister Minister of Home Affairs Subodh Kant Sahay April 1990 November 1990 Janata Dal National Front V.P. Singh Mufti Mohammed Sayeed Shriprakash Jaiswal 23 May 2004 2009 Indian National Congress United Progressive Alliance Manmohan Singh Shivraj Patil P. Chidambaram R.P.N. Singh 28 October 2012 26 May 2014 Indian National Congress United Progressive Alliance Manmohan Singh Sushilkumar Shinde Kiren Rijiju 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party National Democratic Alliance Narendra Modi Rajnath Singh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Sahai , Shri Subodh Kant Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Jaiswal , Shri Sriprakash Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Singh , Shri Ratanjit Pratap Narain External links ( edit ) Home Ministry , Govt. of India hide Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Minority Affairs North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)&oldid=846411871 '' Categories : Union ministers of India Ministers of Internal Affairs of India Ministers of Internal Affairs by country Cabinet of India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 16 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the home minister of india 2013	[ "\n\n№\nName\nPortrait\nTerm of office\nPolitical party\n(Alliance)\nPrime Minister\n\n\n1\nSardar Vallabhbhai Patel\n\n15 August 1947\n15 December 1950\nIndian National Congress\n\nJawaharlal Nehru\n\n\n2\nC. Rajagopalachari\n\n26 December 1950\n25 October 1951\n\n\n3\nKailash Nath Katju\n\n25 October 1951\n10 January 1955\n\n\n4\nGovind Ballabh Pant\n\n10 January 1955\n7 March 1961\n\n\n5\nLal Bahadur Shastri\n\n4 April 1961\n29 August 1963\n\n\n6\nGulzarilal Nanda\n\n29 August 1963\n14 November 1966\nJawaharlal Nehru\nLal Bahadur Shastri\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n7\nYashwantrao Chavan\n\n14 November 1966\n27 June 1970\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n8\nIndira Gandhi\n\n27 June 1970\n4 February 1973\n\n\n9\nUma Shankar Dikshit\n\n4 February 1973\n10 October 1974\n\n\n10\nKasu Brahmananda Reddy\n\n10 October 1974\n24 March 1977\n\n\n11\nCharan Singh\n\n24 March 1977\n1 July 1978\nJanata Party\n\nMorarji Desai\n\n\n12\nMorarji Desai\n\n1 July 1978\n28 July 1979\n\n\n(7)\nYashwantrao Chavan\n\n28 July 1979\n14 January 1980\nJanata Party (Secular)\n\nCharan Singh\n\n\n13\nGiani Zail Singh\n\n14 January 1980\n22 June 1982\nIndian National Congress\n\nIndira Gandhi\n\n\n14\nR. Venkataraman\n\n22 June 1982\n2 September 1982\n\n\n15\nPrakash Chandra Sethi\n\n2 September 1982\n19 July 1984\n\n\n16\nP. V. Narasimha Rao\n\n19 July 1984\n31 December 1984\nIndira Gandhi\nRajiv Gandhi\n\n\n17\nShankarrao Chavan\n\n31 December 1984\n12 March 1986\nRajiv Gandhi\n\n\n(16)\nP. V. Narasimha Rao\n\n12 March 1986\n12 May 1986\n\n\n18\nSardar Buta Singh\n\n12 May 1986\n2 December 1989\n\n\n19\nMufti Mohammad Sayeed\n\n1989\n10 November 1990\nJanata Dal\n(National Front)\n\nV. P. Singh\n\n\n20\nChandra Shekhar\n\n10 November 1990\n21 June 1991\nSamajwadi Janata Party\n(National Front)\n\nChandra Shekhar\n\n\n(17)\nShankarrao Chavan\n\n21 June 1991\n16 May 1996\nIndian National Congress\n\nP. V. Narasimha Rao\n\n\n21\nMurli Manohar Joshi\n\n16 May 1996\n1 June 1996\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\nAtal Bihari Vajpayee\n\n\n22\nH.D. Deve Gowda\n\n1 June 1996\n29 June 1996\nJanata Dal\n(United Front)\n\nH.D. Deve Gowda\n\n\n23\nIndrajit Gupta\n\n29 June 1996\n19 March 1998\nCommunist Party of India\n(United Front)\n\nH. D. Deve Gowda\nI. K. Gujral\n\n\n24\nL. K. Advani\n\n19 March 1998\n22 May 2004\nBharatiya Janata Party\n(National Democratic Alliance)\n\nAtal Bihari Vajpayee\n\n\n25\nShivraj Patil\n\n22 May 2004\n30 November 2008\nIndian National Congress\n(United Progressive Alliance)\n\nManmohan Singh\n\n\n26\nP. Chidambaram\n\n30 November 2008\n31 July 2012\n\n\n27\nSushilkumar Shinde\n\n31 July 2012\n26 May 2014\n\n\n28\nAkash Singh,Aryan Singh 31 July 2015 19 April 2018\n\nRajnath Singh\n\n26 May 2014\nIncumbent\nBharatiya Janata Party BJP\n(National Democratic Alliance)\n\nNarendra Modi\n\n" ]	[ "Sushilkumar Shinde" ]
-53935027150296363	Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo	Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo - Wikipedia Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo `` Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo '' Song Genre Ghazal ( Raag Yaman Kalyan ) Length 7 : 11 Composer ( s ) Sohail Rana Lyricist ( s ) Fayyaz Hashmi Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo ( Urdu : آج جانے کی ضد نہ کرو ‬ ‎ ; please do n't insist on leaving today ) is a Nazm written by Pakistani poet Fayyaz Hashmi . The tune was composed by Sohail Rana , an eminent composer from Pakistan . It was popularized by noted classical vocalists , Habib Wali Mohammad who also sang this song as a film playback singer in a Pakistani film Badal Aur Bijli ( 1973 ) . Then the famous ghazal singer Farida Khanum also used to sing it in her television performances and in her live public concerts . It is sung in Raag Yaman Kalyan . The song is sung by many artistes like Asha Bhosle ( Asha Bhosle : Love Supreme , 2006 ) The song was used as background music in a scene in the Mira Nair 's Golden Lion award - winning film , Monsoon Wedding ( 2001 ) . Habib Wali Mohammad 's version of the song is also very popular . It is also a part of ' The Shruti Box ' , online music series by Shankar Tucker , where it was sung by Rohini Ravada . A.R. Rahman had performed this number in MTV Unplugged Season 2 . In 2015 , this song was recomposed by Strings for Coke Studio Pakistan and re-sung by Farida Khanum after a significant gap from music in the finale episode of eighth season , concluding their run of 2015 season . The song was used in an episode of Crime Patrol broadcast on 9 Feb 2016 on Sony TV . Arijit Singh also recreated the song for TV show Naamkarann , telecast on Star Plus channel in August 2016 . The song was also recreated by Pritam , and featured in 2016 film Ae Dil Hai Mushkil in the voice of Shilpa Rao . A version of the song was also performed by singer Papon in MTV_Unplugged_ ( India ) # Season_7 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` When mood and melody merged '' . The Hindu newspaper . Chennai , India . 2006 - 11 - 13 . , Retrieved 31 October 2016 Jump up ^ http://www.sohailrana.com/biography.html Jump up ^ `` New Delhi News : Bollywood tales of stardom and the big bad world Cinema '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu newspaper . 2008 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramnarayan , Gowri ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) . `` The romance of the verse '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . , Retrieved 31 October 2016 Jump up ^ Love Supreme - Asha Bhosle - View More by This Artist 2006 itunes , Retrieved 31 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks for Monsoon Wedding ( 2001 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://mtv.in.com/unplugged/videos.php?cid=12598 , Retrieved 31 October 2016 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbG0SG9flmQ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crQcAGNJQtc External links ( edit ) Nazm Lyrics Aaj Jane Ki Zid Na Karo By Arijit Singh Uploaded By Arijit Singh Fan Club Nepal Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo , lyrics MTV Unplugged 2 Performed by A.R. Rahman Coke Studio - S08E07 Performed by Farida Khanum , Retrieved 31 October 2016 This song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaj_Jaane_Ki_Zid_Na_Karo&oldid=856652764 '' Categories : Ghazal songs Urdu - language songs Pakistani songs Music videos featuring Ranbir Kapoor Song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Urdu - language text All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	aaj jaane ki zid na karo lyrics original singer	[]	[]
7429806736213525464	Rocket Raccoon	Rocket Raccoon - wikipedia Rocket Raccoon Rocket Raccoon Rocket Raccoon on the cover of Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord # 2 Art by Nic Klein Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Created by Bill Mantlo Keith Giffen In - story information Place of origin Halfworld Team affiliations Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers Nova Corps Partnerships Groot Notable aliases Rocky Raccoon , Ranger Rocket Abilities Master tactician and field commander Skilled marksman and hand - to - hand combatant Accomplished starship aviator Normal - physical attributes of an Earth raccoon Rocket Raccoon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Keith Giffen , the character first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) . He is an intelligent , anthropomorphic raccoon , who is an expert marksman and master tactician . His name and aspects of his character are a nod to The Beatles ' 1968 song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy . The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team , including animated television series , toys , and video games . He appears in the live - action films Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , and Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , all set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In these appearances , Rocket Raccoon is voiced by Bradley Cooper , with motion capture provided by Sean Gunn . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Guardians of the Galaxy 2.2 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video games 4.4 Toys 4.5 Newspaper comic strips 4.6 Theme park attractions 5 Collected editions 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) The character was created by Bill Mantlo and Keith Giffen , and inspired by the Beatles song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Other references to the song were featured in Rocket 's appearance in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , which was titled `` Now Somewhere In the Black Holes of Sirius Major There Lived a Young Boy Named Rocket Raccoon '' and saw the Hulk help Rocket stop a villain trying to steal `` Gideon 's Bible '' , which in the Marvel Universe was a book that contained the sum of all knowledge on the Loonies colony . Rocket Raccoon first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) , in the back - up feature `` The Sword in the Star '' , under the name `` Rocky '' . He would next appear in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , where it is learned that `` Rocky '' is short for `` Rocket '' . In 1985 , he received his own four - issue limited series and in an afterword to the first issue , Mantlo himself asserted that this was the same character seen in Preview , penciled by Mike Mignola and inked by Al Gordon with Al Milgrom . Rocket appeared in Quasar # 15 in 1990 and later appeared in three issues of Sensational She - Hulk in 1992 ( # 44 - 46 ) . The character only appeared in a total of ten comic books in his first thirty years of existence . Besides a brief appearance in a 2006 issue of Exiles , Rocket Raccoon was next seen in 2007 's Annihilation : Conquest and Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord limited series , and their spin - off series , a new volume of Guardians of the Galaxy . He remained a regular member of the series cast until it was canceled with issue # 25 in 2010 , also appearing in the follow - up limited series The Thanos Imperative . Along with fellow Guardian Groot , Rocket starred in backup features in Annihilators # 1 - 4 ( March -- June 2011 ) and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 - 4 ( Sept. -- Dec. 2011 ) . Rocket Raccoon , along with the other members of the Guardians , appeared in issues # 4 - 8 of Avengers Assemble , a series intended as a jumping - on point for fans of the film The Avengers . He appears prominently in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 , a part of the 2012 Marvel NOW ! relaunch . In February 2014 , it was announced that Skottie Young will be the writer and artist for a Rocket Raccoon ongoing series . The series began in July 2014 , with the first issue selling over 300,000 copies . Jake Parker replaced Young as the artist beginning with issue # 5 . The series ended in May 2015 as one of many titles to be cancelled for Marvel 's Secret Wars event . A new volume , titled Rocket Raccoon and Groot , began in January 2016 as part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel relaunch . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon # 1 ( May 1985 ) . Cover art by Mike Mignola and Al Gordon . Rocket Raccoon acts as the `` Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant '' , an area of outer space sealed off from the rest of the cosmos by the so - called Galacian Wall . Rocket is captain of the starship Rack ' n ' Ruin , and he and his first mate Wal Rus ( a talking walrus ) come from the planet Halfworld in the Keystone Quadrant , an abandoned colony for the mentally ill where the animal companions were genetically manipulated to grant them human level intelligence and bipedal body construction for many to become caretakers of the inmates . Rocket was Halfworld 's chief law officer ( `` ranger '' ) who protected the colony against various threats . At one point , Judson Jakes tried to steal the Halfworld Bible , but was thwarted by Rocket and various animal associates . Later , Lord Dyvyne abducted Rocket 's friend Lylla , and Jakes began the Toy War . As the Toy War continued , Blackjack O'Hare teamed up with Rocket , and Rocket was reunited with Lylla . The Rack ' n ' Ruin was soon destroyed , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne teamed up to kill Rocket Raccoon . Rocket Raccoon and his friends cured the Loonies of their mental illnesses , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne were apparently killed . Rocket and the animals as well as the robots left Halfworld and took off into space for their own adventures . Some time later , Rocket was revealed to have been a laboratory subject on the Stranger 's planet , and escaped his captivity there . Guardians of the Galaxy ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon resurfaced as a member of the team chosen to accompany Star - Lord on his mission to stop a Phalanx infiltration of the Kree homeworld . Rocket is depicted as a gifted military tactician who is fearless , loyal , and insightful . It is heavily implied that he has a case of obsessive compulsive disorder . Rocket 's trademark rocket skates are absent . Rocket joins the new Guardians of the Galaxy at the behest of his friend Star - Lord . It is he who suggests that the team adopt that moniker after hearing it mentioned by Major Victory . Later , when the team almost disbands and Peter Quill ( Star - Lord ) disappears ( sent into the Negative Zone by Ronan ) , Rocket keeps the team alive , and brings in Groot as member , as they had become firm friends . Rocket takes over as leader until they rescue Peter and save the Earth from an alien invasion . When the team tries to halt the growing War of Kings , Rocket leads the portion of the team assigned to make contact with the Shi'ar . They are unable to teleport into the Emperor Vulcan 's flagship and have to be rescued by the Starjammers and Rocket 's old friend Ch'od . They are able to bring back the rightful queen of the Shi'ar , but she is killed after Rocket departs , much to his horror . After the Guardians disband , Rocket Raccoon takes up a normal job with Timely Inc . He and Groot were reunited and tricked into returning to Halfworld : there , he found that his memories of the place were mostly half - truths and deliberately crafted fake memories . In reality , Jakes and Blackjack O'Hare had worked with Rocket in providing security at Halfworld Asylum for the Criminally Insane ; Doctor Dyvyne had been Head of Psychology there ; and both the anthropomorphic animals and the automaton clowns were deliberately created to work at the asylum , as their appearance would calm the inmates . The crises that Rocket half - remembered had been caused by the psychic supervillain the Star Thief , who had been admitted as an inmate and used his psychic powers to turn the inhabitants against each other . Rocket had turned the warders into a biological `` key '' to keep Star - Thief locked up , and deliberately altered his mind and left Halfworld so it could never be opened - but he was tricked into returning by the Thief , whose mind had escaped into the asylum after his host body died . When the Guardians of the Galaxy title was relaunched in 2013 , Rocket was again a member of the team . In the first issue of Secret Wars , the Guardians of the Galaxy take part in the incursion between Earth - 616 and Earth - 1610 , in which Rocket and Groot are killed by the Children of Tomorrow . All - new , all - Different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel , Rocket Raccoon takes leadership of the Guardians of the Galaxy while Star - Lord was busy handling things on Spartax . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon possesses the normal attributes of an Earth raccoon , including speed ( which has been additionally amplified by his training ) , and an acute sense of smell , sight , hearing and touch . Sharp claws allow him to scale walls , buildings , and trees with ease . He is an accomplished starship pilot , a brilliant engineer and technician , and an expert marksman with the two laser pistols he carries as well as having an affinity for heavy weapons . He is a master military tactician and leader , attributes that help him take charge of the Guardians of the Galaxy when Star - Lord is unavailable . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Greg Ellis . He ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) is seen in the episode `` Michael Korvac '' . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Billy West ( in the episodes `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' ) and later by Trevor Devall ( for subsequent episodes ) . In the episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , he is shown as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and Sam Alexander 's trainer . Spider - Man and the Guardians save Earth from Korvac 's Chitauri army . In the episode `` The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy '' , Rocket Raccoon was with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they land on Earth to repair their spaceship at the time when Titus leads the Chitauri into targeting Sam 's Nova helmet . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a pirate version of Rocket Raccoon that lives in a pirate reality . He and Cosmo the Spacedog assisted Howard the Duck in a mutiny against Web Beard the Pirate when he claimed the treasure for himself . With help from Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid , the mutineers and Web Beard got back together even when helping Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid into fighting the Kraken . Rocket Raccoon appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced initially by Seth Green in `` Guardians and Spaceknights '' and later by Trevor Devall in `` Widow 's Run '' . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' , where Seth Green reprises the role . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , voiced by Fumihiro Okabayashi . Trevor Devall reprises his role in the Guardians of the Galaxy series . His history with Halfworld remains intact here . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures : Frost Fight ! , voiced again by Trevor Devall . In order to afford money to repair their ship , Rocket Raccoon and Groot take on the bounty to obtain Santa Claus and end up meeting Mrs. Claus . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Rocket and Groot shorts , voiced again by Trevor Devall . Rocket Raccoon appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat , voiced again by Trevor Devall . Film ( edit ) Rocket in a character poster for the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . An adaptation of the character appears in the live - action Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy , portrayed by Sean Gunn via motion capture and voiced by Bradley Cooper . His real name in the film is 89P13 . In addition to being genetically altered , Rocket is shown to have cybernetic implants within his body . He is only referred to as Rocket in the film , and asks `` What 's a Raccoon ? '' when told of his resemblance to the animal by Peter Quill . He serves as the team 's pilot and technical expert , providing the weapon that Quill uses against Ronan the Accuser in the final confrontation and piloting a Ravager ship in the final assault against Ronan 's fleet . Rocket also displays a talent for engineering jailbreaks . Having previously escaped from 22 prisons , he devises and executes a scheme to free his eventual teammates from a Nova Corps prison . Screenwriter Nicole Perlman has stated that early drafts of the film did not include the character due to `` a little bit of a fear that he would come across as cartoonish because he 's a raccoon . '' Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige was persuaded to approve Rocket 's inclusion in the film . A live raccoon named `` Oreo '' was used on set to help animators accurately capture the motion and behaviors of it for their CGI model . Director James Gunn took Oreo to the film 's European premiere . Cooper and Gunn reprised their roles for Rocket in the sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , released in 2017 . In the film , he causes the team to get chased by the Sovereign after stealing their anulax batteries . He is left on the planet where they crash landed ( as a result of him and Quill fighting over the controls ) to guard Nebula with Baby Groot after the rest explore Ego 's planet . When captured by the Ravagers , Rocket and Yondu bond over their similarities and manage to escape the ship alongside Groot and Yondu 's right - hand man Kraglin . They assist the other Guardians in combating Ego 's forces . When Yondu stays behind to save Quill from the planet 's destruction , Rocket gives him equipment and welcomes him as a member of the Guardians . He is saddened by Yondu 's sacrifice in the climax . Running gags throughout the film include Rocket repeatedly being mistaken for different animals , angered when called a raccoon , and criticized for his rude behavior . Cooper and Gunn reprise their role in the film Avengers : Infinity War . In this film , Rocket joins with Groot and Thor in helping to forge Thor 's new weapon Stormbreaker . In addition , Rocket Raccoon helps provide Thor a prosthetic eye to replace the one that he lost in his fight with Hela . He later joins the other Avengers and Groot on Earth in the battle of Wakanda . After Thanos wipes out half the universe , Rocket is the only remaining Guardian left alive on Earth , with Nebula surviving on Titan . A running gag throughout the film is Thor referring to Rocket as `` rabbit . '' Cooper will reprise his role in the untitled sequel ( 2019 ) . Video games ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Super Hero Squad Online ; he is in the Rocket Box . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the crossover fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , voiced by Greg Ellis in a Cockney accent . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by Steven Blum . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by John DiMaggio . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Nolan North . He also appears in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Rocket and Groot appear as a combined character in Marvel Puzzle Quest . Rocket Raccoon appears in Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , voiced by Nolan North . Rocket Raccoon appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , with Trevor Devall reprising his role . He will be assisted by Groot during gameplay . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 , voiced by Mikey O'Connor . Toys ( edit ) A Rocket Raccoon action figure was available as part of a Guardians of the Galaxy three pack in 2011 as part of the Marvel Universe toyline . Rocket Raccoon is a build - a-figure in the Marvel Legends toyline released in 2013 . A Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set with a `` Dancing Baby Groot '' will be released by Hot Toys . Newspaper comic strips ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon began appearing in The Amazing Spider - Man newspaper comic strip in December 2016 , in a story where Spider - Man and Mary Jane discover him in a spaceship that has crashed upon the Earth . Theme park attractions ( edit ) Rocket appears in the ride Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! at Disney California Adventure with Bradley Cooper reprising his role from the films . He and the rest of the Guardians were captured by the Collector to be put on display , but he manages to escape and enters the room the guests are in through a vent ( where he 's an audio animatronic ) and hijacks the video to explain his plan on rescuing his friends . The guests will use their access passes to enter the gantry lift while Rocket rides on top to blow up the generator so that the Guardians , as well as the other creatures in the collection , can escape . The Guardians will then reunite with Mantis so that they can escape . Collected editions ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon : Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant ( hardcover , Aug. 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5527 - 0 ) collects : The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , and the story from Marvel Preview # 7 ( `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' ) . Rocket Raccoon & Groot : The Complete Collection ( softcover , April 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 6713 - 6 ) collects : a story from Tales to Astonish # 13 , the story from Marvel Preview # 7 , The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , Annihilators # 1 -- 4 , and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 -- 4 . Rocket Raccoon : A Chasing Tail ! ( hardcover , March 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193890 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon : Storytailor ! ( hardcover , August 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193906 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 7 - 11 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 0 : Bite and Bark ( softcover , October 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1302902186 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 11 , Groot # 1 - 6 , and material from Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers # 1 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 1 : Tricks of the Trades ! ( softcover , August 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199731 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 2 : ( softcover , November 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199748 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 7 - 10 , TBD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mazza , Ed ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Mantlo , Rocket Raccoon Co-Creator , Gets Private Guardians Screening In Care Facility '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Bill ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` 365 Reasons to Love Comics # 163 '' . Comics Should Be Good . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Brian ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Unlikely Journey of Guardians of the Galaxy Star Rocket Raccoon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rocket Raccoon at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Giffen , Keith ( p ) , Giffen , Keith ( i ) . `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' Marvel Preview 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Rise of Guardians of the Galaxy 's Rocket Raccoon '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Rocket was a punchline , putting in brief comic - relief cameos in titles like Incredible Hulk and She - Hulk ; he appeared in 10 comics total over 30 years . Jump up ^ Warmoth , Brian . `` Getting Exclusive at Marvel 's Cup O ' Joe '' . WizardUniverse.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Greeting the Guardians : Rocket Raccoon , Groot '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beames , Robert ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Teasing Guardians of the Galaxy As Next Movie ? '' . WhatCulture ! . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - book Avengers assemble ahead of movie version '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` NYCC : Bendis , McNiven & Wacker Relaunch the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meylikhov , Matthew ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Blasts Off ( and Probably Other Puns ) in New Skottie Young Series '' . Multiversity Comics . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon # 1 By Mister Skottie Young To Sell 300,000 ( Update ) '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . I understand that orders for Rocket Raccoon # 1 , the new comic from Mister Skottie Young that received such a strong showing for Free Comic Book Day , is close to topping 300,000 pre-orders from Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Jake Parker brings extra Groot to Rocket Raccoon # 5 ′ '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Announces Groot # 1 -- To Replace Rocket Raccoon For Secret Wars '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . During Secret Wars , Rocket Raccoon is cancelled and replaced by Groot . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon & Groot Reunite For New Adventures '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Skottie Young and Filipe Andrade continue the exploits of these two Guardians of the Galaxy in their own spotlight series ! Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Buscema , Sal ( p ) , Buscema , Sal ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon ! '' The Incredible Hulk 271 ( May 1982 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon / Animal Crackers '' Rocket Raccoon 1 ( May 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Masque of the Red Breath '' Rocket Raccoon 2 ( June 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Book of Revelations '' Rocket Raccoon 3 ( July 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Age of Enlightenment '' Rocket Raccoon 4 ( August 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gruenwald , Mark ( w ) , Manley , Mike ( p ) , Panosian , Dan ( i ) . `` Death Watch ( Journey Into Mystery Part 3 of 4 ) '' Quasar 15 ( October 1990 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 1 ( September 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 2 ( October 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Somebody 's Got To Do It '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 1 ( July 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Legacy '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 2 ( August 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Past Mistakes '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 8 ( February 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ; Livesay , John ( i ) . `` Blastaared '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 10 ( April 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Peacemakers '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 13 ( June 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` The Head That Wears the Crown '' War of Kings 3 ( July 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Sepulveda , Miguel ( p ) . `` Devastation '' The Thanos Imperative : Devastation 1 ( March 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Blame it on the Black Star '' Annihilators 1 ( May 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Wraithfire '' Annihilators 3 ( July 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Dell , John ( i ) . `` What exactly do you think you 're doing , Mister Quill ? '' '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 1 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` The End Times '' Secret Wars 1 ( July 2015 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Schiti , Valerio ( p ) , Schiti , Valerio ( i ) . Guardians of the Galaxy v4 , 1 ( December 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Arbeiter , Michael ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Other Films and TV Shows Where You Can Find the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Is A Joke Character ; Guardians of the Galaxy To Appear In Ultimate Spider - Man Cartoon Written By Bendis '' . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Avengers Assemble Clip : Teaming with the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN. April 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melching , Steven ( writer ) ; Archibald , Patrick ( director ) ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' . Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Season 1 . Episode 26 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` The voice of # RocketRaccoon is from Edmonton , Canada & is known for his anime voice over work ! # GuardiansVoiceCast # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 17 February 2015 ) . ``. @ TrevorDevall will voice # Rocket on # DisneyXD 's # Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy ! # GuardiansVoiceCast '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ End credits for Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names Avengers Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dietsch , T.J. ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel Comics . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Writer Reveals Hit Marvel Film Nearly Did n't Star Rocket Raccoon '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Kevin was a big fan of Rocket , and I 'm so glad because I really felt like that was necessary and that was needed . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : How They Made Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Space Adventure '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . We needed a raccoon to study how he looked and his behavior , so that our on - screen raccoon , which is generated through CGI will be realistic . Our Rocket is based on a combination of our voice actor , Bradley Cooper , our on - set actor , my brother Sean Gunn , the movements and behavior and look of Oreo ( the raccoon ) , as well as my own animation . Jump up ^ Smith , Kat ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` THN Catch - Up With Oreo Raccoon AKA Rocket Raccoon From Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . The Hollywood News . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . As we all know from the photos all over the internet Oreo did indeed go to the premiere . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Marvel Comics . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dominguez , Noah ( September 23 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers 4 : Benedict Wong Shares Bizarre Photo From the Set '' . Comic book Resources . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2018 . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocket Box Now Available ! '' . Heroup.com . September 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 roster leaked '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Who Should Voice Rocket Raccoon in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Bradley Cooper 's Rocket Raccoon Voice Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket Raccoon joins Marvel Heroes '' . Marvel Heroes . July 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voice Compare Guardians of the Galaxy Rocket Raccoon '' . Behind the Voice Actors . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Goofing Around With Mr. Fantastic '' . Game Informer . August 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyld , Leo ( August 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Gaming Update '' . Guardthegalaxy.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nolan North is Rocket in Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy game Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://earachevoices.com/voice/mikey-oconnor/ Jump up ^ `` Marvel Hasbro Toys Toy Fair 2013 '' . MTV . 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Rejoice Because Hot Toys Is Making THAT Groot Toy from Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . The potted Groot is a bonus accessory available exclusively to people who order the Hot Toys Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set from Sideshow Collectibles . External links ( edit ) Superhero fiction portal Fictional characters portal 1970s portal Rocket Raccoon at the Marvel Universe wiki Rocket Raccoon at the Comic Book DB Rocket Raccoon entry at the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Rocket Raccoon at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nebula Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Black Order Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korath the Pursuer Korvac Magus Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Related articles Asgardians of the Galaxy Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) Marvel 's cosmic setting Alien species Acanti Badoon Beyonders Brood Celestials D'Bari Dire Wraiths Galadorians Kree Kymellians Phalanx Shi'ar Skrulls Symbiotes Watchers Groups Access Blood Brothers Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) High Evolutionary Howard the Duck Maelstrom Magus Molecule Man Nebula Paibok the Power Skrull Super-Skrull Thanos Uatu the Watcher Wraith Universal Church of Truth Agents of Cosmos Agent Venom Elders of the Universe Astronomer Champion Collector Contemplator Ego the Living Planet Gardener Grandmaster Obliterator Possessor Runner Trader Fraternity of Raptors Darkhawk Gyre Talon Razor Heralds of Galactus Air - Walker Fallen One Firelord Morg the Executioner Nova Praeter Red Shift Silver Surfer Stardust Terrax the Tamer Tyrant Imperial Guard ( Shi'ar ) Electron Fang Flashfire Gladiator Hobgoblin Magique Mentor Neutron Nightside Oracle Pulsar Smasher Starbolt Titan Nova Corps Garthan Saal Powerhouse Richard Rider ( Nova Prime ) Rhomann Dey Sam Alexander Royal Family ( Inhumans ) Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak the Shatterer Luna Maximoff Maximus Medusa Triton Spaceknights Ikon Rom the Spaceknight Starshine Microverse Jarella Psycho - Man Psyklop Negative Zone Annihilus Blastaar Ravenous Storylines The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative Infinity The Black Vortex Superhuman races Deviants Eternals Inhumans Teams Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Cosmo the Spacedog Gladiator Ikon Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Enigma Force Arcturus Rann Bug Flare Marionette Quark Guardians of the Galaxy Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Mantis Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Infinity Watch Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Maxam Moondragon Pip the Troll Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Hepzibah Korvus Raza Longknife Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Planets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocket_Raccoon&oldid=865096437 '' Categories : Animal superheroes Anthropomorphic animal characters Characters created by Bill Mantlo Characters created by Keith Giffen Comics characters introduced in 1976 Comics featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional aviators Fictional engineers Fictional inventors Fictional marksmen and snipers Fictional raccoons Fictional soldiers Guardians of the Galaxy characters Marvel Comics superheroes Marvel Comics titles Marvel vs. Capcom fighters Superhero film characters Talking animals in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from May 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Scots Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 18 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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-9093624963741529886	Super Bowl LIII	Super Bowl LIII - Wikipedia Super Bowl LIII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LIII Date February 3 , 2019 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia TV in the United States Network CBS Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ← LII Super Bowl LIV → Super Bowl LIII , the 53rd Super Bowl and the 49th modern - era National Football League ( NFL ) championship game , will decide the league champion for the 2018 NFL season . The game is scheduled to be played on February 3 , 2019 , at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . This will be the third Super Bowl in Atlanta , having previously hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - selection process 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 3 Entertainment 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Host - selection process ( edit ) Atlanta will be the host of Super Bowl LIII in 2019 . On May 19 , 2015 , the league announced the four finalists that will compete to host Super Bowl LIII in 2019 , LIV in 2020 , and LV in 2021 . NFL owners voted on these cities on May 24 , 2016 , with the first round of voting determining the host for Super Bowl LIII , the second round deciding a different site for Super Bowl LIV , and the third round deciding the site for Super Bowl LV . The four finalists for Super Bowl LIII , all in the Southeastern United States , were : Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia : This will be the first Super Bowl played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium after it opened in 2017 . The city has previously hosted two Super Bowls at the Georgia Dome , with the last being Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida : South Florida has previously hosted 10 Super Bowls , with the last being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana : New Orleans has previously hosted 10 Super Bowls , with the last being Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida : Tampa has hosted four Super Bowls , with the last being Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 . After three votes , Atlanta was awarded Super Bowl LIII at the NFL owners ' meeting on May 24 , 2016 . The losing candidates , except for New Orleans which removed itself from the voting for all games except Super Bowl LIII due to event conflicts in 2020 and 2021 , were then pitted against Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood , California for Super Bowl LIV and Super Bowl LV hosting rights . Miami eventually won the rights to host Super Bowl LIV , and Los Angeles won the rights to host Super Bowl LV . However , on May 23 , 2017 , NFL owners opted to award Super Bowl LV to Tampa and give Super Bowl LVI to Los Angeles after it was announced that Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park would open in 2020 due to construction delays . The NFL unveiled the official logo for Super Bowl LIII in February 2018 ; it is a navy blue - tinted version of the design introduced at Super Bowl LI , and the overall branding of the game will feature use of blue and red . The host committee logo features a stylized overhead rendition of Mercedes - Benz Stadium 's roof . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . Entertainment ( edit ) In February 2018 , Bruno Mars , who had headlined the halftime show at Super Bowl XLVIII and appeared again in the halftime show at Super Bowl 50 , made a widely - discussed proposal that the NFL should pick a hip hop artist to headline the Super Bowl LIII halftime show , noting the hip hop culture of the host city , and suggesting Atlanta - based artists including Outkast , T.I. , Gucci Mane , Jeezy , Jermaine Dupri , and Lil Jon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Finalists for 2019 , 2020 Super Bowls : Atlanta , Miami , New Orleans , Tampa '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Triplett , Mike ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Miami , New Orleans , Tampa eye 2019 , 2020 Super Bowls '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . NFL.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NFL awards future Super Bowls to Atlanta , South Florida and Los Angeles , CBS Sports Jump up ^ `` LEADOFF : Atlanta 's Super Bowl gets a second logo from NFL '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marzovilla , Julia ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Bruno Mars Calls on NFL to Pick a Hip - Hop Artist for 2019 Atlanta Super Bowl Halftime '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Bruno Mars Wants NFL To Pick Hip - Hop Artist For 2019 Super Bowl Halftime In Atlanta '' . Sports Illustrated . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LIII . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to sports in the US state of Georgia is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LIII&oldid=828136405 '' Categories : Super Bowl 2018 National Football League season 2019 in American football 2019 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Scheduled sports events Sports in Atlanta 2019 in American television February 2019 sports events in the United States American football stubs Georgia ( U.S. state ) sport stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Commons category without a link on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 19 : 42 . About Wikipedia	who's performing at the super bowl 2019	[]	[]
-2040485664349881165	Flight (Grey's Anatomy)	Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=804214813 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who survives the plane crash on grey's anatomy	[ "After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.", "After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.", "After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.", "After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.", "After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching." ]	[ "Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)", "Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh)", "Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw)", "Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey)", "Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane)" ]

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